Foreign Affairs 1920-1945 X-1 HardingCoolidgeHooverFDR.
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Transcript of Foreign Affairs 1920-1945 X-1 HardingCoolidgeHooverFDR.
Foreign Affairs1920-1945 X-1
HardingCoolidgeHoover
FDR
The Treaty of Versailles
Never ratified by U.S. War ended for U.S. July, 1921
Joint resolution of Congress U.S. did not belong to the League of
Nations U.S. did not belong to the World Court Young Plan: All debts scaled down 30%-
80% Dawes Plan: U.S. loaned $ to Germany,
Germany used loan to make payments to Brits and French, who used the $ to repay U.S.
Treaty of Versailles
Germany: lost colonies, Alsace-Lorraine, Sudetenland, Polish corridor, no army, no navy, Saar region, $32 billion in reparations
Austria-Hungary: Lost 2/3 land. Down to 8 million people
Ottoman Empire: To Turkey. Br. And Fr. mandates in the Middle East
New: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland
1921 Washington Conference
Was called to arrange a series of treaties dealing with China and the Pacific
For purposes of disarmament To guarantee territorial integrity of
China Japan used WWI to expand holdings Those attending:
Major naval powers Those with interests in China and the
Pacific
The Four-Power Treaty
The U.S. France Britain Japan
Ended an alliance between Britain and Japan
All agreed to respect each others’ Pacific holdings
The Five-Power Treaty
The U.S., France, Britain, Japan, Italy
Established limits of total naval tonnage
Intended to freeze naval strength for 1st class ships
Ratio: 5,5,3 U.S.-5, Brits-5, Japan-3, Italy-1.75,
France- 1.75
The Nine-Power Treaty
U.S., China, Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Britain
All agreed to preserve commercial rights in China and promised not to take advantage of position there for privelidges
In the 20’s
The U.S. stand on disarmament was a strong contribution to world peace
BUT: Agreements did not touch land forces
Naval disarmament only concerned first-class ships
Japan gave only VERBAL agreements
U.S. would not commit to mutual defense of Pacific possessions
1928: Kellogg-Brian Treaty
Multi-lateral treaty (63 nations) All agreed to settle disputes
peacefully Did not prevent wars in self-defense No enforcement machinery
Disarmament may have worked if U.S. would have joined a collective security force…
Latin America
In the 20’s U.S. intervened occasionally to restore order
Growing awareness of L.A. resentment against U.S.
Mexico, 1917, Carranza: New Constitution
Nationalized mineral resources Threatened American investments U.S. ambassador sent to fix the
problem
Hoover in Latin America
Took a tour of L.A. prior to inauguration
Good Neighbor Policy: worked hard NOT to intervene, to promote better relations
While President, Hoover arbitrated a dispute between Chile and Peru
All came to nothing due to the effects of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Latin America
Had the U.S. LOWERED the tariff, L.A. countries may have been able to pay us back
Hoover and disarmament
Hoover wanted to disarm to prevent future wars and to save money
1930 Naval Disarmament Conference in London
5-Power countries invited To extend limitations to other naval
craft (beyond 1st-class ships)
1930 Naval Disarmament Conference
Failed:
France would not sign any more disarmament agreements without the formation of an international army.
Was concerned with the growing military strength of Germany
Italy and France no longer liked their ratio
Europe
Hitler rising in Germany German debt and unemployment
endangered the Weimar Republic Gave rise to the Communist Party
and the Nazi Party To prevent collapse of the Republic
Hoover issued a moratorium on war debts for 1 year in 1931. Payments never restarted.
Purpose of Moratorium
To prevent German republic from collapse
To safeguard American investments in Germany
To stimulate international trade
Too late Payments never restarted Only Finland paid us back in full Hitler took power 1933
China
1911 Manchu dynasty fell Sun Yat-sen: Nationalist Chinese
Leader Encouraged foreigners to leave Most did…not Japan or Russia…
Manchuria 1924 Sun Yat-sen died New Chinese Nationalist: Chaing
Kai-shek
China
Chaing Kai-shek tried to drive Russia out of Manchuria
Russia sent troops China backed down Russia cited with violation of
Kellogg-Briand Pact Russia claimed self-defense
China 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria Violated: Kellogg-Briand Pact, 9-Power
Treaty, League of Nations Charter
China appealed to the League League asked U.S. to investigate We did (Stimson) and found that Japan at
fault U.S. sent a nasty letter to Japan refusing
to accept legality of territorial acquisition League did the same.
Japan in China
NOTE: Japanese aggression did NOT imperil freedom of American people or American trade.
Also: U.S. involvement in China might excite the suspicion of the whole world
1932 Japan took Shanghai
U.S. Response
1933 Congress voted to give Philippines independence after 10 years
To do this, Congress had to override Hoover’s veto
Congress did not want to have to defend islands
BUT ultimately, U.S. isolation was dangerous
Europe
Totalitarianism on the Rise: complete subordination of the individual to the state
1922 Italy Mussolini: Abolished universal suffrage Crushed all dissidents Established Fascism: a dictatorial
socialism Blamed ills on foreigners
Europe
Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s problems
Denounced democracy Established a police state Crushed all dissidents Glorified violence Said he intended to unite all German-
speaking peoples Hitler will be given concession after
concession U.S. isolation & Europe’s Policy of
Appeasement
Totalitarianism
Germany resorted to wild inflation German mark was reduced to one-
trillionth of its pre-war value
1934 Johnson Act: U.S. would not loan $ to countries owing us money
1935 Pittman Neutrality Resolution: Under no circumstances would the U.S. come to the aid of victims of aggression
Latin America
FDR and Hoover very different in L.A.,
1933 FDR at Pan-American Conference in Montevideo (Chile)
Nullified the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Gave up the right to intervene
Treaty with Cuba: nullified the Platt Amendment (right to intervene)
Latin America
1936 Pan-American Conference: Drew up Declaration of Principles:
Would settle disputes peacefully Would not interfere in one another's
affairs No forcible payment of debts Would not conquer new territory
Back to Europe
FDR wanted to join the World Court & League
Congress: no way 1933 International Economic Conference
(London) Other countries abandoned the gold
standard FDR: said he would not let them drag us
down They could do little without U.S.
cooperation U.S. lowered the gold content in dollar but
remained on the gold standard
No More Tariffs to Know
1933-34: Reciprocal Trade Agreements: We would lower our tariff on a country’s goods if they would lower their tariffs on ours. To promote a healthier world economy To promote a healthier U.S. economy To prevent congressional logrolling
Russia
Lenin: Dropped out of WWI Established world’s first communist
country U.S. no recognition of USSR The way they took power They promoted the overthrow of
democratic governments 1933 Stalin took power
Roosevelt-Litvinov Treaty
U.S. gave formal recognition to USSR if they would make arrangements to pay us back and would quit trying to overthrow the U.S. government
The Third International (out of Moscow) was calling on workers of the world to unite and overthrow their governments
Spain
Was a Republic (constitutional monarchy)
Juan Carlos: King Mid-1930’s
Spanish Civil War: Francisco Franco (fascist)
Overthrew king with t he help of Hitler and Mussolini
The Jewish Question
Scapegoats in Germany Social Darwinism The Aryan Race, Berlin Olympics,
Jessie Owens Marriage laws, racial pollution,
Racial Hygiene laws Dachau, Auschwitz Kristallnecht
The Jewish Question
Ghettos in Warsaw and Lodz “resettlement”
Children’s transports The Final Solution 22,000 Gypsies The Pope Protestant ministers Himmler: SS, Gestapo with Goering
(luftwaffe) Goebbels: Propaganda minister
The Holocaust
Italy Denmark
Resistance: Tito: Yugoslavia DeGaulle: Free French
movement
Aggression
1935 Italy took Ethiopia with modern weapons
U.S. oil shipments to Italy tripled League protested Italy left the League
1936 Japan withdrew from disarmament agreements and increased navy
By 1937 Japan had N. & C. Chinese plains
Aggression
Hitler ignored Treaty of VERsailles Built up army and navy Nazi subversion all over Europe 1938 Annexed Austria 1938 The Sudetenland Brits and French at Munich
Conference: Policy of Appeasement (Chamberlain)
1939 Germans took the rest of Czechoslovakia
U.S. and Neutrality Acts
Embargo on the sale and transport of arms to warring countries
Forbade loans to nations at war outside of the W. Hemisphere
Raw materials to warring nations: cash and carry
U.S. citizens ordered out of war zones and off of ships of nations at war
NOTE: Neutrality Acts DID hurt U.S. freedom of the seas
U.S. and Neutrality Acts
FDR did not like neutrality acts but signed them to keep U.S. out of war
FDR would have preferred an embargo of American grade to keep U.S. out of war
More Aggression
1939 Italy took Albania 1939 Germany took the rest of
Czechoslovakia Japan called WWII the Greater East
Asian War Saw itself as liberating Asia from
western imperialists Conquered regions for raw
materials, economics, military needs Bloodbaths…Chinese suffered most
Asia
1937 The Panay: American Ship on Chinese river attacked and sunk broad daylight
Japanese: an accident…apology We accepted and left China
Because Japan did not make a formal declaration of war while invading China, U.S. sent Chinese everything but troops to help without violating neutrality acts
Ludlow Resolution
Missed passing by one vote
Unless actually attacked, the U.S. could not go to war without a popular referendum