For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1 Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 1

MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONS – EVOLUTION AND ACADEMIC

PERSPECTIVES

Lecture 2

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Early management practice

Management in the ancient world:

• 4000BC – Egyptians – planning, control organizing

• 1500BC – Hebrews – management by exception, chain of command

• 1100AD – Ghazali – traits of a manager

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Early management practice

Management in the medieval world

1340AD Venetians – double entry bookkeeping

1525AD Machiavelli’s four main themes:

Mass consent

Cohesiveness

Leadership

Survival

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Early management practice

Management in during the Industrial Revolution:

• 1767 Sir James Stewart – source of authority and impact of automation

• 1810 Robert Owen – personnel management, training, worker’s housing

• 1832 Chares Babbage - scientific approach to work organization

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THE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONS

Mainstream approaches:

– Goal seeking

– Order and hierarchy

– Managerialsim

– Organizational science

Critical approaches:- Reflexive- Embedded- Multi-dimensional- Dialectical and contradictory- Socially transforming

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The study of management

The critical perspective on the study of management:

•Management is a social practice• Tensions exist in management practice• Critical studies are embedded• Critical studies seek to illuminate and transform power relations• Critical theory contains an emancipatory intent• Critical analysis is concerned with the critique of ideology• Critical theory implies a reconstruction of mainstream perspectives

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SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

• Perronet’s time study (1760)

• Scientific management - identify what each job involves

• Design appropriate tools• Selection & training of appropriate employees• Encourage high productivity through incentive-based wage structure• Appropriate management of work

• Evidence of other people interested in application of work study

• Jevons - different size of spade for different material densities• Babbage - application of strict division of labour and incentive payments

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ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

Weber Fayol

Barnard

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THE HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL

• England - Industrial Fatigue Research Board (First World War)

• America - Christian-based church group conference (1921)

• The Hawthorne Studies (1924-33)

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THE QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL

The impact of management science:

• Quality control

• Production-planning

• Forecasting methods

• Scenario planning

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SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT

• Continuum of complexity in systems development• Open system• Studies of 1940s coal mining practices

•Sociotechnical nature of effective job design

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SOCIOLOGICAL & OTHER PERSPECTIVES ON MANAGEMENT

• Critical as opposed to individual perspective of psychology

• Consider context in which behaviour takes place as opposed to just behaviour itself

• Marcuse (1964)

• Demonstration of possibility that use of certain terminologies can repressindividuality and disguise exploitation• Encourages creation of ‘false needs’

• Reed (1989)

• Technical perspective• Political perspective• Critical perspective

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NEW THINKING ABOUT ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT

Modernism and postmodernism

Watson (1994) - will never be a single overall organization theory

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POSTMODERNISM

Postmodernism is meaningful in terms of itsjuxtaposition with modernism:

Modernism is characterised by:

a) Reason & Observation

b) Fundamentalism

c) Universal design

d) Machine metaphor

Postmodernism is characterised by:

a) Representation

b) Reflexivity

c) Writing

d) Difference

e) De-centring the subject

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Looking into the 21st Century