For BA MALAYALAM - University of Calicut · School of Distance Education ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛...

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛ -]q¿∆-L´w 1

ae-bmf IhnXþ]qÀÆ-L«w

CORE COURSE

For

BA MALAYALAMIV SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

145



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

IV SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿∆-L´w

Prepared by: - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,Njayath House,P.O. Mulayamkavu, Kulukkallur.

Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,Kozhikode - 673009.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

(c)Reserved



Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿

samU-yqƒ ˛ 1 5

samU-yqƒ ˛ 2 63

samU-yqƒ ˛ 3 73

samU-yqƒ ˛ 4 102



samU-yqƒ ˛ 1

cma-N-cnXw

BZn Imh-y-ambn hm-evaoIncmam-b-WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-dp-f-f-Xp-t]mse ae-bm-f-Ønse

]mNo-\Xa--amb Imh-y-ambn cma-N-cn-XsØ ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂p. sFXn-lm-knI ]Xn-`-\mb Hcp

alm-Ihn Iev]-\m-ssh-`-h-tØmsS ]mńs‚ coXn-bn¬ mc-Xob CXn-lm-k-ß-fn¬ apJ-y-amb cmam-b-W-

I-Ysb P\-km-am -\ -y -Øns‚ kmln -X -y -cq -] -Øn -tebv°v BZ-y -ambn ]I¿∂p-sh-® -XmWv

cma-N-cn-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kz-X-z -]-Im-i-\-Øn-\p-ff [oc-km-l-kn-I-amb BZ-ysØ Im¬

sh-∏mbn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Im-hy Ncn-X-Øn¬ kp]-[m-\-amb Hcp

\mgn-I-°-√m-Wn-Xv.

cma-N-cn-X-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw Imehpw C∂pw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. F¶nepw In.]n 12mw iX-I-

Øn¬ cNn-bv°-s∏´ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-sX∂v s]mXpsh mjm-N-cn-X-Im-c≥am¿ kΩ-Xn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. Xangv

alm-Ihn Iº-cpsS Ime-Øn\p tijhpw \ncWw Ihn-Iƒ°p apºpw D≠mb IrXn-bm-sW∂v Iº-cm-

am-b-W-Øn\pw IÆ-»-cm-am-b-W-Øn\pw cma-N-cn-X-hp-am-bp-ff ]c-kv]c kz-m-[o-\X ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬

hy-‡-am-Ipw.

thWmSp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ Hcp Nocm-a-\mWv cma-N-cnX I¿Øm-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-y-ap-≠v.

""BXn-tX-h-\n-e-angv¥ a\-Im-ºp-Sb No˛

cma-\-ºn-s\m-Sn-b‰n\ Xan-gv°-hn''

F∂p kqN-\-bp-f-fXv Cu A`n-]m-b-Øn\v Dt]m¬_-e-I-hp-am-Wv. bp≤- o-Xn-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ \mńse

`S-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hoc- ckw t]m÷-z-en-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n cmPm-hmb Ihn hmfloIn cmam-b-W-

Ønse bp≤-Im-WvUsØ tIµo-I-cn-s®-gp-Xnb Imh-y-am-Wn-sX∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ihn cmPmthm

£Xn-bt\m Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\v hy-‡-amb sXfn-shm-∂p-an-√. amX-a√ sX°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]nd∂

Imh-y-am-Wn-sX∂pw JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-™q-Iq-Sm. ]tX-y-In®v hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse aWn-bmWn \mb≥am¿

BZ-cn-bv°p∂ Cu Imh-y-Øn¬ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ amXw ]Nm-c-ap-ff Nne ]mtZ-in-I-]-Z-ßfpw ImWp-

∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ sX°pw hS°pw Hcp t]mse ]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ K‘-am-Wn-sX∂pw sXfn-™n- p-

≠v. AXp-sIm≠v DØ-c-tI-c-fo-b-\mb Hcp ]WvUn-Xs‚ cN-\-bm-Wn-sX∂pw h∂p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bn-√.

thWm-ńse £Xn-bcpw tIme-Øncn cmP-hw-i-hp-ambn ]g-b-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kº¿°w Cu

IrXn-bpsS ]Nm-csØ kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-bv°m\pw hgn-bp≠v;

AXn-_-r-l-Ømb cma-N-cnXw Km\-Im-h-y-Øn¬ 164 ]S-e-ß-fn-embn 1814 ]m´p-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. ]gb

Xangv Imh-y-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse Hcp ]S-e-Øn¬ ]Xn-s\m∂v ]m´m-Wp-f-f-Xv. ]Øp ]m´p hoXhpw ]¥≠v

]m´p hoXhpw Dff Nne ]S-e-ßfpw Cs√-∂n-√. cmam-b-W-Ønse bp≤-Im-WvU-amWv apJ-y-]-Xn-]m-Z-yw.

kpµ-c-Im-WvU-Øntebpw Bc-W-y-Im-WvU-Øn-tebpw IY-Ifpw kmµ¿`n-I-ambn kw-K-ln®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

bp≤-h¿Æ-\-bmWv ]Xn-]m-Z-y-sa-¶nepw cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ `‡nbv°p ]m[m-\-y-ap-ff kµ¿`-ßƒ

hf-sc-bp-≠v. Hcp \nebv°v tIc-f-Ønse `‡n-]-ÿm\ then-tb‰wkqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ BZ-ysØ D∂X

Xc-w-K-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv cma-N-cnXw F∂p IqSn ]d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v' F∂v vtUm-I-S¿ Fw. eoem-hXn A`n-]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. s]mXpsh hmevao-In- cm-am-b-W-tØbpw Iº-cm-am-b-W-tØ-bpw- D-]-Po-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw



iocm-as\ Ah-Xm-c-ambn ImWp∂ Iº-cpsS hgn-bn-emWv Xm¬]-c-yw. G‰hpw ]gb ae-bmf IrXn

F∂-Xn-ep-]cn ]m´p ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Xan-gp-]m-c-º-c-y-Øn\v A\-i-z-c-amb Hcp kvamcIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

Xan-gn¬\n∂v XnI®pw kz-X-¥-amb ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _rl-Ømb cq]-in-ev]hpw al-Ømb mh-in-ev]hpw

HØn-W°n cNn-bv°-s∏´ BZn-Im-h-y-amWv cma-N-cn-Xw. h¿Æ\m kma¿∞-yw, kwKl]mS-hw, mhhnkvX-

cWw, Ae-¶mc ]tbm-K-Ønse HuNn-X-yw, ]Z-]-tbm-K-]m-Shw, `mh\ XpS-ßnb KpW-ßƒ cma-N-cn-X-

Øn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.Npcp-°-Øn¬ alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp t]mse

i_vZm-K-a⁄¿°pw kmln-Xy ckn-I¿°pw AX-y¥w BI¿j-Wo-b-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp

DØaImh-y-amWv cma-N-cn-Xw.

GXm≠v Ccp-]-tXmfw hy-X-y-kvX-hr-Ø-ßƒ (hn-cp-Ø-ßƒ) cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. ]n∂oSv

Infn-∏m-´p-I-fnepw Xpf-f¬Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-sa√mw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°-s∏´ ae-bmf hrØ-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆ cq]-ß-

fmWv Cu hrØ-ßƒ.

Df-f-S° kwKlw

- cma-N-cnXw H∂mw ]S-e-Ønse BZ-ysØ ]Øp ]m´nepw ]gb kº-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v CjvS

tZ-h-Xm-h-µ\w \S-Øp∂ awK-fm-N-c-W-am-W-Xv. ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]m´n¬ CXnhr-Øn-tebv°p ]th-in-°p-

∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv \nWw Ihn-Ifpw Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—-\p-sam-s° Imh-y-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\

-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

cma-N-cnXw aq∂mw-]-S-ew.

H∂mw ]S-e-Øn¬ CjvStZ-h-Xm-h-µ-\hpw Imthym-t±-iiyhpw KŸkz- m-hhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

c≠mw ]S-e-Øn¬ koXm-t\-z-jWw I-gn™p Xncn-s®-Ønb l\p-am≥ iocm-a-t\mSv koXsb I≠

hnh-chpw cmh-Ws‚ ssk\-y-_ehpw a‰pw DW¿Øn-°p∂p.

koXsb ]tem-`n-∏n-°m≥ Ag-Inb cmhWs‚ AtimI h\nIm ]thiw XpSßn Xm≥ I≠

hkvXp-X-Iƒ l\p-am≥ hni-Zo-I-cn®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv ]mT-y-`m-K-amb aq∂mw ]S-e-Øn¬.

]m´v 1 Ccp-¥-hÆw = Ccp-∂-t]m-se, ad¥v + ad-™v, CS-Xp-d+ CS-Xq¿∂v, ]c-¥+ ]c-∂, sh¨N-

hcn + sh¨Nm-a-cw, Ic-¥p= Ic-™p, (C-hnsS D®-Øn¬ F∂¿∞w ), aS-hm¿ + kvXo, XpXn= kvXpXn,

sNbvb°-\n-hn¬ = Zb-tbmsS sNøp-tºmƒ, h¥m≥ = h∂p, t]msegpw = t]mse-bp-ff CsX-Øm≥

= lnX-Øm¬˛ CjvS-tØm-sS.

AXp-hsc ad-™n-cp∂ Ccp´v s]s´∂p IS∂p hcp-∂-Xp-t]mse vC-S-Xq¿-∂-ssk-y-ßƒ, sh¨

sIm-‰-°p-S, sh¨Nm-acw XpS-ßnb cmP-Iob ]Xm-]-ß-tfm-sS,-kp-µ-cn-am¿ D®-Øn¬ at\m-l-c-ambn

kvXpXn-Ko-X-ßƒ ]mSn-s°m≠v Np‰pw IqSn A\p-K-an-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]mse-

bp-ff cmh-W≥ henb Xm¬]-c-y-tØmsS Atßm-´p-h-∂p.

]m´v ˛ 2 CXw = lnXw, Cabv°v = IÆnash-´p-I, Xfn-cnS = Xfn-cp-Iƒ°nS-bn¬, ]X-Ø-fn¿ = ]Zw

(Im¬), Xfncv = hoÆp = hoW-p ]X-dn-°p-e™ = t]Sn-®p-hn-d-°p-∂, Nme-Øp-Xn®p = hgn-t]mse

kvXpXn-®p, \mep-hgn = NXp-c-]m-bw˛ kma-Zm-\-t`-Z-Z-WvUw =- \√ hm°p ]d-b¬, kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬I¬,

Iq´p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v H‰-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, in£.



A¥m-Zn-]mkw i≤n-°pI ˛ Hcp ]m´ns‚ Ah-km-\sØ hm°p sh®p ASpØ ]m´v

Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂p.

D¬km-l-tØmsS cmh-W≥ hs∂Øn Ca sh´p-∂-Xn\p aptº l\p-am≥ inwin-]m-hr-£-Øn-

tebv°p NmSn-°-bdn AXns‚ Ipfn¿Ø Xfn-cp-Iƒ°p-f-fn¬ ad-™n-cp-∂p. cmh-W≥ t]Sn®p

hnd-bv°p∂ koX-bpsS Im¬Ø-f-ncp-I-fn¬ hoWp \a-kv°-cn®v th≠ hn[-Øn¬ Ahsf kvXpXn-

bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. e-an-s√-∂p-I≠p NXp-cp-]m-b-ßfpw ]tbm-Kn-®p. ho≠pw sXmgp-Xp-sIm≠vv ]d™p.

]m¿´v 3 sNm∂h ]gn™v = ]d™ Imc-y-ßsf ]gn®v Hcp sNm√n¬ + H‰-hm-°p-sIm≠v

Dc-sN-bvX-bmƒ + H∂p+-A-∂-\-S-bmƒ. AXp°v = AXn-\v, Nn\w- CuSn = tZjyw s]cp-In,

]nf¿¥v=-]n-f¿∂vv, ]cpIn =\pW-®p-Ip-Sn-®p, -F-∂n-S¿ = Fs‚ Zp.-Jw. AW¥m≥ = AW-™p.

At∏mƒ koX cmh-Ws‚ hm°p-Isf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hscm‰ hm°p-sIm≠v adp-]Sn ]d™p

B Ac-b∂ Ka-\. AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ ISpØ tIm]-tØmsS \ns‚ Cu icocw sh´n -s]m-fn®v NpSp-

tNmc kzm-tZmsS IpSn®v C\n Fs‚ Zp;Jw Xo¿°p-∂p≠v F∂p ]d™p cmh-W≥ koXbv°p t\tc

ASpØp.

]m´v ˛ 4 Xncp-hp-S-ºn¬ = Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬, Aangpw ap≥ = Xmgp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv, IpWw -In-f¿ = \∑-bp-f-f,

\n-Nm-Ncn = \nim-Ncn, IpXn-¿Øp = IpXn-®p, aWw XIp-a-e¿°p-g¬ = kpK-‘-ap-ff ]q°ƒ apSn-bn¬

NqSn-b-hƒ ,˛kpµ-cn-bmb aS-¥-b¿ = kXoIƒ, hW¶ = hµn-°-th, aX-ao-S-n - = aZws]-cpIn,

ad-¥m≥ = ad-™m≥.

cmh-W≥ Hmßnb hmƒ koX-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ X´p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]mbn \√-h-fmb Hcp cm£kn

(a-t≠m-Z-cn) Xncn-s®Øn XS™p. kpµ-cn-bmb a‰p cm£-kn-am-sc√mw hµn-®p-\n¬s° Al-¶m-cn-bmb

cmh-W≥ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.

]m´v ˛ 5 ad-¥-\-\-c-°≥ = cm£k≥ ad-™-t∏mƒ, hf¿N-qew = hen-b-iq-ew, \nd-¥-\=-\n-d-™,

Npg-s∂-gpw= Np‰pw \n¬°p-∂, ad-¥-\-\n-cm-a≥ = ad∂ cma≥

cmh-W≥ Xncn-®p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ henb iqe-ßfpw hmfp-Ifpw ssII-fn-te¥n Np‰pw \n¬°p∂

cm£-kn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ ""\ns∂ \jvS-s∏- -Xn-\p-tijw ad-∂p-I-f™ cma≥ Xnc™p h∂-sXm-∂p-an-√t√m''

F∂pw a‰pw koX-tbmSv ]d™p XpS-ßn.

]m´v- ˛ 6 F‚pw = F∂pw (H-cp-Im-e-Øpw) CWßn hcm = tN¿®-bmp≠m-In-√, a‚n¬ = a∂n¬,

hmgv= hmgvhv ˛ Pohn-Xw, sh‚n-In-f¿ = hnPbw \nd™ (sF-i-z-cy ]q¿Æ-amb )s]cnIv = henb

Hcp ImeØpw \nßƒ XΩn¬ C\n IqSn-t®-cp-I-bn-√. cma\v `qan-bn¬ C\n Gsd-Imew Pohn-X-

hp-an-√. sFi-z-c-y-]q¿Æmb cmPyw shdpsX If™p t]m∂-h-\-t√? Ah≥ \n m-c≥ Xs∂. AXp-

X-s∂-bmWv AXn\p Imc-Ww.

]m´v ˛ 7 - -----------NcXw = kXyw , Ime-an-S-bn-´-dn-bemw = Ime-I-taW a\- n-emIpw \n\-°nX = \n\°v

lnX-am-bn-´p-f-fXv \√-Xv, sNm√nt‚mw = Rßƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

CXp-hsc Cu cm£-ksc shdp-sX- hnSm≥ CX-√msX a‰p Imc-W-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√ F∂-XmWv

bYm¿∞w. A√tbm kpµcn \n\°v \≥a- h-cp-Øm-\p-ff \ne-bmWv Rßƒ D]-tZ-in-bv°p-∂Xv .



]m´v - 8 Ccm-I-h≥ = cmL-h≥, \n∂≥]v = \n∂ kvt\lw H∂p-h-f-cn‚Xv Cßv = ChnsS

hf-cp∂Xmbm¬, B\m¬ = F¶n¬ CS¿ = ZpJw , \n\°v Ad \nebv°pw = \n\°v Adth

th-scm-sS) C√m-Xm-hpw.

C∂p-ap-X¬°v C\n cma-t\m-Sp-ff \ns‚ kvt\lw cmhWt\mSm-bm¬ AXn¬ sXs‰-¥v? cmh-

Ws‚ at\m-l-cam-b -In-S∏-d-bn-tebv°p t]mIm≥ Ct∏mƒ \o kΩ-Xn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AtXmsS

\ns‚ IjvS-X-I-sf√mw \nt»jw Xocpw.

]m´v ˛ 9 \ne-bv°-bn√ = Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂n-√, s]cpa = aln-a(-tbm-K-y-X), Nen-∏p-h-sc√mw = Cf°w

(tIm-´w) D≠m-th≠ XN-ap-I≥ = Zi-ap-J-≥, ]ndhn = P∑w, \Æn = hnNm-cn-®v, ape-Øn-b-\ v= ]pkvX-y-\v,

\¥-\≥ = ssa¥≥ = a-I≥, \ew = tbmK-yX

\ns‚ Xd-hm´p aln-a-bm-tem-Nn®v tN¿® ImWp-∂n√ F∂m-sW-¶n¬ cmh-Ws‚ P∑sØ (Ip-e-

a-ln-a) tbm¿Øv Hcp tIm-´hpw hcm-\n-√. ]pe-kvXy al¿jn-bpsS ]pXs‚ (hn-i-h- ns‚)

]pX-\m-Wn-h≥. C-hs‚ Xd-hm-Sn\pw tbmK-y-Xbv°pw h√ Ipd-hp-apt≠m ?

]m´v ˛ 10 \nΩn¬ = \nßƒ XΩn¬, Xh = X] v , ]nf∂v = ]nf¿∂v, NI-entØ = iI-en-®v, Xp≠p

Xp≠m-°n, Ipcp-Xn-°fn = tNmc-°p-gºv , ]cp-Int≥dmw =R-ßƒ cpNn-bmbn `£n-bv°pw.

Cßs\ cmh-W\v bmsXmcp \yq-\-X-bp--an-√. C-\nbpw Xo cmh-W-\p-ambn tNcm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Gsd-

°mew X]- p-sNbvX \ns‚ Cu icocw shń-°o-dn, Xp≠p-Xp-≠m°n Rßƒ Chn-sS-bn-cp∂v \n∂v CS-

bv°-Sbv°v \ns‚ sNt©m-cbpw IpSn-bv°pw.

]m´v 11 IpS-¥v= IpS-™v, Nne = hn√v, Xcn-Øc N¿ tIm≥ = [cn® alm cmPm-hv, ASn-a-e¿°n-g-

a¿¥-Xv= ASn-a-e-cn\v Iogvs∏-´Xv, H√m-]n-cn-h≥ = ]ncn-bm-\m-hn-√, Dc-™mƒ = Ahƒ Dc®p ]d-™p.

XpS¿∂v koX adp-]Sn ]d-™p. \nßƒ s]cpw- iq-e-ßƒ Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ IpØn-bn-d°n

IpS™v tNmc IpSn -®mcpw hn√mfn hoc -\mb NI-h¿Øn -bpsS (tImZ -fi-]m -\n -bmb

iocm-as‚) Ime-Sn-I-fn¬ ]Xn™ Fs‚ kvt\lsØ th¿]n-cn-bv°m≥ -I-gn-bn√m.

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

1. eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ

\qdp hm°ntem \q‰-ºXp hm°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h

1) "Nm-e-Øp-Xn®v ]ns∂ \mep-h-gnbpw sXmgp-Xp-sN-∂m≥' kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

2) ""IpWw Ipfn¿ \nNm-Ncn IpXnØp ]nSn-s]-´mƒ B¿ ? Bsc ? Ft∏mƒ ]nSn-s]´p ?

3) cm£-kn-Iƒ koX-tbmSp ]d-™-sX-s¥√mw ?

4) Ipe-Øn\pw \e-Øn\pw hnhcw Ipd-hp-t≠m? kµ¿`hpw A¿∞hpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

5) koX Imh¬°m-cmb cm£-kn-am-tcmSv ]d™ adp-]-Sn-bpsS Hu-Nn-Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-°pI

D-]-]-ymk tNmZ-y-ßƒ

1. ]mńs‚ e£Ww Fgp-Xn- B ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ cma-N-cn-X-Øn-\p-ff ÿm\w hne-bn-cp-ØpI

2. cma-N-cnXw AXp-≠mb ImesØ ae-bm-f-∏m-ń-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kmln-Xy `mj-bn-emWv cNn-

®n-´p-f-fXv " Cu ]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøpI

IÆ-»-cm-am-bWwkpµ-c-Imfiw

sN¥-an-gns‚bpw kwkvIr-X-Øns‚bpw ta¬t°m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS

Bflm-hns\ kz-X-¥-am-°m≥ Xan-gv, kw-kvIrX `mj-I-fn¬ Hcp t]mse ]WvUn-X≥am-cmb alm-I-hn-

Iƒ \S-Ønb Bflm¿∞-amb ]cn-i-a-amWv \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ. Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy

temI-Øn¬ sImSn-IpØn hmWn-cp∂ aWn-]-hmf ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ mjm-ku-µ-cyw ae-bm-f-∏m- n-tebv°v

hym-]-cn-∏n-®-XmWv \nc-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]tX-y-IX. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse ]m´p-]-ÿm-\-

Øns‚ c≠mw L´-ambn CXns\ ImW-Ww. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS ico-c-Øn-s\bpw Bflm-hn-t\bpw

CX-amXw kzm-[o-\n® IrXn-Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v ae-bmf `mjm-km-ln-Xy Ncn-X-

Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√mbn \ncWw IrXn-Isf IW-°m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-ff ]mńs‚ e£-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Imc-y-amb Hcp hy-Xn-N-e\w

\ncWw Ihn-I-fpsS ]m´p-I-fn¬ ImWmw. "Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£c \n_≤w' F∂ H∂m-a-sØ- \n-b-a-

Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv Cu am‰w. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ CXv ]m´p ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb NI-hmfw

krjvSn-®p. kw-kvIr-X-an-i-amb aWn-]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v a-e-bmf IrXn-Isf th¿Xn-cn®p

ImWn-bv°m-\mWv eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ ]mń\v e£W Iev]\ \S-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ mjm-]-c-ambn aWn-

]-hm-f-k-z-`m-hsØ ]m´p-I-fn-tebv°v hne-bn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv \ncWw Ihn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. e£-W-samØ

]ms´∂v AwKo-Imcw t\Snb cma-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj IrXn-a-amsW∂pw AXns‚ hnI-e-k-z-`mhw ae-b-

fn-Iƒ°v Atcm-N-I-am-sW∂pw -- t\-cn´p a\- nem°n mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ amXw aWn-]-hmf coXn kzo-I-cn®v

C-Xn-hrØ kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw hrØ ]tbm-K-Ønepw BJ-ym-\-co-Xn-bnse `mh-Øn\pw ]mńs‚

k-ºZmbw Xs∂ \ne-\n¿Øp-I-bp-amWv \nc-Ww- I-hn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. ]m´p-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXv

al-Ømb Hcp hn]vf-h-Øn\p \mµn Ipdn-®p.

\ncWw Ihn-Iƒ

am[-h-∏-Wn-°¿, i¶-c-∏-Wn-°¿, cma-∏-Wn-°¿, F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p Ihn-I-sf-bmWv \ncWw

Ihn-Iƒ AYhm IÆ-»-∑m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ hy-h-l-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ Htc IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw -A-√, F√m-hcpw \nc-W-Øp-Im-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠v Cßs\ hnfn-®np h-cm≥ CS-h-∂-Xm-

sW-∂pw- c-≠-`n]mbw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ D≠-mbn-cp∂p. Ihn-Xm-co-Xn, `mjm-k-º-Zmbw, hrØ-

]-tbmKw F∂o Imc-y-ß-fn¬ kmZri-y-ap-ff ]m´p Imh-y-ß-fmWv i¶-c-I-hn-bpsS m-cX-am-ebpw am[-h-

∏-Wn-°-cpsS mjm K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS cmam-b-W-hpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-bv°Ww

Cu Ihn-Isf ka-Im-eo-\-cmtbm Htc IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fmtbm kwi-bn-bv°m-\nSh∂-Xv.

Ch-sc-°q-SmsX cma-∏-Wn-°¿ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmbpw ]q¿∆nI\mbpw D -b-Ih-zn-i-z-c-\mbpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂

Hcp Icp-tW-i-\-ap-≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv At±lw D`-b-I-ho-i-z-c-\m-bXv Ft∂m At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ

GsX-√m-am-Wv Ft∂m Df-f-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√.

Xncp-h-√-bn¬ \ncWw Kma-Ønse ]kn-≤-amb Xr°-]m-eo-i-zc t£X-Øn-\-SpØv IÆ-»≥

]-dºv Fs∂mcp ]pc-bnSw D≠v. cmam-b-W-I¿Øm-hmb cma-∏-Wn-°-cpsS `h\w Chn-sS-bmWv.

Icp-tW-i-s\∂ ]q¿∆-I-hn-bpsS a°-fmWv i¶-c\pw am[-h-\p-sa∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ aI-fpsS aI-\mWv

cmam-b-W- I¿Øm-hmb cma-∏-Wn-bv°-sc∂pw alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ tIcf kmln-Xy Ncn-X-Øn¬

]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ i¶-c≥ sh≈m-ß-√q¿°m-c\pw am[-h≥ ae-bn≥Iogv kztZ-in-bp-am-sW∂v

D]-cn- Kth-j-W-ß-fm¬ hy-‡-am-bn- p-≠v. Ch-cpsS Ime-L- hpw hy-X-y-kvX-am-Wv. hrØ-k-zo-Im-c-Ønse





v

sFI-y-cq-]-y-amWv Ch¿°v s]mXp-th-bp-f-f-Xv. \nc-W-Øp-Im-c≥ cma-∏-Wn-°¿ amX-am-Wv. cmam-b-W-

Øn\p ]pdta `mK-hXw ]m´v, `mcXw ]m´v, inh-cmXn amlm-flyw F∂o IrXn-IƒIqSn cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cp-

sS-Xm-sW-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. cma-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS Pohn-X-Im-ehpw JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-s√∂pw

sIm√-h-¿jw Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-am-sW-∂mWv s]mXpth Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xv . GXm-bmepw Xp©-sØ-gp -Ø-®\p apºmWv F∂ Imcyw IrXn -I -fpsS ]c-kv]-c -

k-zm-[o-\Xm ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw t_m-≤-y-am-Ipw.

IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw

kpµ-c-ImWvUw

Df -f -S -°w; IÆ-»-cm -am -bWw kpµ-c -Im -WvU-Ønse BZ-ysØ ]Xn -s\m∂p

]m´p-I-fmWv ]mTy-hn-j-bw.

]m´v 1 : A¿∞ kqN\

B¿Ien = kapZw, ]pIp¥p = ]th-in®v F∂pw = F∂, -sa-∂-S-bmƒ = `wKn-bn¬ \S-°q-∂-hƒ

( kpµ-cn) aoƒh≥ = Xncn-®p-hcpw , sh∂n = hnP-bw, \oSm¿ ta\n-In-f¿∂ = \o≠ (D-∂-X) ico-c-tØmSp

-Iq-Sn-b≥, NnIcw = inJcw = sImSp-ap-Sn, aoXn-eIp = Db¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p.

kmcw = kapZw NmSn-°-S∂v e¶-bn¬ sN∂v kpµ-cn-bmb koXsb I≠p thK-Øn¬ Rm≥

aS-ßn-h-cp-∂p≠v F∂v Xocp-am-\n® hnP-b-Øn¬ hni-zm-k-tØmsS D∂-X-i-co-c-\mb l\p-am≥, Rm≥

CXn¬ \n∂v IpXn®p NmSp-tºmƒ Cu ]¿∆-X-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw sshj-ayw kw`-hn-bv°ptam Cu

ae Ipep-ßn-t∏m-Iptam Fs∂√mw i¶n®v AX-dn-bm≥ BImiw ap´n \n¬°p∂ sImSp-ap-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-

Snb atl-µ-sa∂ ]kn-≤-amb ]¿∆-XsØ H∂p-e®p t\m°n.

]m´v 2 a¶-b-tcm-Sp-IqS = kvXoI-tfm-sSmØv aIngv¥v = kt¥m-jn®v , am\n-\n-am-cp-ambv + Aw_-cw

(-B-Im-iw)

]¿∆Xw hnd-®t∏mƒ AXn-t∑-ep-ff ]qa-c-ßƒ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff ]qag s]mgn-®p. At∏mƒ

]¿∆-X-Ønse Kpl-I-fn¬ Iman-\n-am-tcm-sSmØv ckn-®n-cn-bv°p∂ tZhtbm\n hnti-j-ß-fmb In∂c∑m¿,

Dc-K-ßƒ, Nmc-W-∑m¿, XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Xn∂pw IpSn®pw ]m´p-]m-Snbpw ]e-X-c-Øp-ep-ff t\c-tºm-°p-I-

fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s]´∂v ]¿∆Xw hnd-®-t∏mƒ h√mØ b-∏m-tSmsS Xo‰bpw IpSnbpw

\n¿Øn Iq´p-Im-cn-I-tfm-sSm∏w BIm-i-Øn-te-bv°p-b¿∂v ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Cf°w t\m°n \n∂p.

]m´v 3 Bcg-temSpv = henb Zp.-J-tØmsS, `qX-PmXn = Poh-Pm-ew, \nI¿ = -Xp-e-yw, ]¥n=-Iq-´w(-]w‡n)

Iq¥¬ = apSn, t\cf = \o≠ amfw)

B ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ hknbv°p∂ ]e Xc-Øn-ep-ff h\y Pohn-I-fpsS i_vZ-Øm¬ , Cu ]¿∆Xw

I-Tn-\-amb Zp;Jw sIm≠v hmhn-´p-I-c-bp-I-bmtWm F∂p tXm∂n. IÆo-cn\p Xpe-y-ambn shffw [mcmfw

Hen-®n-d-ßn. ]¿∆-tXm-]cn BIm-i-Øn¬ Nn∂n-∏-c-∂p-I≠ taL-ßƒ NnX-dnb apSn-t]mse tXm∂n®p

]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff [mXp-°fpw , ]qsºm-Sn-Ifpw Ie¿∂ Pew I≠m¬ tNmc-sbm-en-bv°p-I-bmtWm



F∂p tXm∂pw shf-f-an-√m-Øn-SØpw shf-f-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂n®p (N-e-\-Ønse Xnf°w Imc-Ww)

IpS¬ ame shfnbv°p NmSpw t]mse \o≠ amf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff ]mºp-Iƒ ]p-dØp

NmSn. Aßs\ BsI Xf¿∂ B ]¿∆vXw Zb-\o-bm-h-kvY-bn-em-bn. (iol¿js‚ kw-kvIrX Nºq

cmam-bWw kpµ-cImWvUØnse BZy `mK-Øp-ff \o≠ KZ-y-sØ-bmWv c≠pw aq∂pw ]m´n¬ Ihn

A\p-k-cn-®n-´p-f-f-sX∂p tXm∂pw. CX-ns‚ Ombm-\p-I-cWw IrjvW-Km-Y-bnepw ImWmw.)

]m v 4 \nd-∂= at\m-l-c-amb, Gj = B (A-h≥) CuSnb = hf¿∂, amcp-Xn-bm-RvP-t\-b≥ =

acp-Øns‚ (Im-‰v)-bpw ARvP-\-bp-tSbpw ]pX≥ ˛ l\p-am-≥ , tadn = BK-ln®v, hm-[-sbm-gnbv°pw =

_m[ (i-e-yw) \o¿°pw Db-cØv = BIm-i-Øv, X\q-P≥= ]pX≥

alm-_p-≤n-im-enbpw hm\-c-\m-b-I-\pw, hmbp `K-hms‚bpw ARvP-\-bp-sSbpw ]pX-\p-amb

l\p-am≥ G‰hpw hen-bXpw tim`-tb-dn-b-Xp-amb ico-c-tØmsS ss[c-y-k-taXw IS-en¬ ÿnXn-

sN-øp∂ e¶-bn¬ ]th-in-bv°p-hm≥ atlµ ssie-Øn¬ Ibdn Hcpßn \n∂p. At∏mƒ BIm-i-

Øn¬ \n∂v tZh-∑m¿ FXncn-√mØ ]cm-I-an-bmb Ch≥ aq∂p-e-In-ep-ffhcp-tSbpw D]-Z-h-ßƒ

C√mXm°pw F∂p ]iw-kn®v Gsd kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]qa-g-s]m-gn-®-t∏mƒ tXP- m¿∂ ico-c-tØmsS

apº-tØ-Xnepw Gsd hoc-y-tØmsS \n∂p.

]m´v 5 `hXmw = \nß-fp-sS, Ce¶ = e¶, hnIev]w = c≠p-]£w

At∏mƒ (a-tl-µ-]¿∆XØn\p Xmsg) \n∂v Xs∂ ]iw-kn-bv°p-∂-h-cmb hm\-c-ho-c≥am-tcm-

sS-√m-h-tcm-Sp-ambn ]cn-ip-≤-\mb l\p-am≥ hn\-b-tØmsS Cßs\ ]d-™p. C∂v Rm≥ e¶-bn¬

sN∂v koX-tbbpw I≠v kk-t¥mjw Xncn-®p-h-cpw. AX-s√-¶n¬ th≠n-h-∂m¬ tZh-tem-I-Øn¬

sN∂n´p iocm-a-]Xv\nsb Rm≥ thK-Øn¬ ImWpw. \nß-fpsS a\- n¬ bmsX#cp thh-em-Xnbpw

th≠, AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Imcyw sNømw. cmh-W\pw a‰p cm£-k-∑m-cp-a-S-ßp-∂ -e-¶sb Fs‚

Hcp-ssI-bn¬ ]pg-°n-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p hcpw. CXn¬ bmsXmcp i¶-bp-an-√.

]m´v 6 GsXmcp PmXn = F]-Imcw , sNmeve= sNm√p-tºmƒ , \mw Ccnt∏mw = Inbbv°v enwK-]p-cp-

j-h-N\ ]X-ybw tN¿Ø cq]w, -sN-¥m-a-c-ao-X¿Ω=-sN-¥m-a-c-bn¬ IpSn-sIm-f-fp-∂, hncn-©≥= _“mhv

A∂v + B¿Ien =A-∂m¿I-en, Xp\n™p = Hcp-sº´v

Fß-s\-bmtWm cma-_mWw t]mIp-∂Xv A]-Imcw Rm≥ bmsXmcp XS- -hp-an-√m-sX t]mbn

\njv]-bmkw Xncn-®p-hcpw F∂v l\p-am≥ ]d-bsh Rßƒ ChnsS Ccnbv°mw. kpJ-am-bn-

t]m-bn-h-cnI F∂v hmc≥am¿ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. A—-\mb hmbp-tZ-h-t\bpw , kqc-y-tZ-h-t\bpw Ac-hn-

µ- -h-\mb _“m-hn-t\bpw tZth-µ-t\bpw a‰p tZh∑m-tcbpw hWßn kaptZm-]cn NmSp-hm≥ Hcp-ßn-\n-

∂p.

]m´v 7 B\-Xp-Imew = A-t∏mƒ,- sIm-sS‰n = Np-g-‰n,- A-ap°n = Aa¿Øn, \n¥v + AN-e-Øn¬,-DuSp-cp-

hn-∂-hmbp = ]mW-hmbp, Xmgzn-b-emX = Xmgvhv (C-f-∏w)C√mØ

B ka-bØv kapZw NmSn-°-S∂v sXt°-°-c-bn¬ (e-¶) FØp-hm≥ bmsXmcp ]bm-k-hp-an-

√msX t\sc-bp-ff hgn t\m°n-°≠v l\p-am≥ hm¬ Npg‰n ImSp-Iƒ \nd™ ]¿∆-XsØ H∂-a¿Øn.

icocw Ipep-°n, taL-ß-sf-t∏mse Aedn (C-Sn-\m-Zw) Ip\n™p .\n∂v ]¿∆-X-Øns≥d aosX

Imep-Iƒ \∂m-bp-d-∏n-®v, sasøm-Xp-°n, ]mW-hm-bp-hns\ sNdpØv Df-fn-sem-Xp°n Fßpw ]cm-P-b-



ta¿°mØ B hm\-c-ho-c≥ kap-Z-Øn\p aosX IS-°m≥ AXn-bmb thK-ho-c-y-_-e-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn

IpXn-®p-b¿∂p.

]m´v 8 thK-h-ti\ = thKw Imc-Ww, \oSm¿ = henb, Im¿ap-In -tem-N= Im¿ap-In -sem-®,

]ncn-Iq-d-p-s]-t´= X≠m-bn-∏n-cn-™p. t]mIn-Iƒ=-t`m-Kn-Iƒ k¿∏-ßƒ, ssh\-tX-b≥ = hn\-Xm-]p-X≥-

˛-K-cp-U≥

BIm-i-tØ-bv°p-b¿∂ l\p-ams‚ thKX \nanØw B henb ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ \n∂n-

cp∂ ac-ßƒ IqSn At±-l-Øns‚ ]n∂mse IS-]p-gßn Iptd- -Zqcw ]n∂mse ]mdn IS¬

sh-f-f-Øn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS sImgn™p hoWp. (C-hn-sSbpw Nºp-cm-am-b-W-tØmSv _‘w)

l\p-ams\ ]Io¿Øn®psIm≠v In∂-c-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb tZh-K-W-ßƒ sXfn™p ]mSn, l\p-ams‚

Nm´Øns‚ Du°v BIm-i-Øn¬ CSn\mZw t]mse apg-ßn. BIm-i-Øn¬ ]mdn-t∏m-Ip∂

taL-ßfpw Icp-tØ-dnb IS¬Øn-c-sh-f-fhpw c≠mbn ]Ip-°-s∏-´p. k¿∏-ßƒ CXm-K-cp-U≥ ]d-∂p

-h-cp∂p F∂p IcpXn `b-s∏--t´m-Snsbmfn-®p.

]m´v 9 Agnhv = \miw, C√-bmX = C√m-Ø-h, A\-Ø v= F√mw, shø-h≥= kqc-y≥, ]gn= \nµ, ]cn-Nv

= hn[-Øn¬, Ic-]¥n = IX ]w‡n (In-cW Pmew), Nn¥n-\≥ + A¶v (A-ßv) apgp-aXn = ]q¿Æ Nµ≥,

A≥]v + Cg-In\ (kvt\-l-ap-f-f) ssa¥≥ = ]pX≥.

Hcn-°epw \mi-an-√m-Ø-h-\pw, k¿∆-Po-h-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw Poh-\m-bn-´p-f-f-h-\pw, B¿°pw

hy-‡-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ cq]-ap-f-f-\hpw BZn-tZ-h-\p-amb kqc-y≥ Bt£-]-Øn-\nS hcmsX

l\p-ams‚ ico-cØn\vv ]qtS¬∏n-°msX XWp-t∏-Ipw- hn[w Zb-thmsS Xs‚ civan Pme-ßsf Ahs‚

ta¬ s]mgn®p. ]q¿Æ-N-µ-s\-t∏mse ico-c-`w-Kn-bp-ff l\p-am≥ Im¿ta-L-am-e-Iƒ°p-f-fn¬ IS∂p

ad™pw CSbv°p ]pd-Øp-h∂pw sX‰p-]-‰mØ t\¿h-gn-bn-eqsS t]mIp-tºmƒ hm’-e-y-\n-[n-bmb hmbp-

tZ-h≥ AcnsI h∂v ]pXs‚ icocw Xtem-Sn.

]m´v 10 Xc¶ ]¥n-Iƒ = XcwK ]w‡n-Iƒ, s]men-¥m≥ = tim`n-®p, shø-h≥ = kqc-y≥

t]m¬ + A¶v (A-ßv) + Ah\v + B\-\w. Achw = ]mºv,

a¥-c-am-a-e= aµ-c-]¿∆-Xw s]men-hp-‰nXv + BSv+ Ac-h-ßƒ

Db¿∂v h∂ Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS Iq´w BImiw ap´pw hn[w h≥k-ap-ZsØ Cf-°n-a-dn-®p-sIm≠v

t]mIp∂ l\p-ams‚ hmep-sIm≠v hebw sNbvXp tim`n-bv°p-∂-i-cocw ]cn-th-j-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb

kqc-y-a-WvUew t]mse-bp≠v. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ apJw k‘-ym-k-a-bØv XpSp-Øp-Im-Wp∂

kqc-y-a-WvUew t]mse tim`n®p s]cpØ aµ-c-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Ccp-]p-d-Øp-ap-ff Kpl-I-fn¬ \n∂v

s]cp-ºm-ºp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse At±-l-Øns‚ \o≠ c≠pIcXmcp-Ifpw \nh¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.

]m- v11 Xm¿°p-g¬ = ]qthWn (kp-µ-cn) amXv = AΩ, Xpbcv = Zp;-Jw, C-f-bv°n¬ = sNøm-Xn-cp-

∂m¬, Acpw ]gn = ISpØ Bt£-]w, Hcp tbmP-\= kpam¿ A©p In.ao

kpµ-cn-bmb koXm-tZhn A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ sImSpw Zp:-J-Øn\p kam-\-amb kap-Z-Øns‚ aosX

bmsXmcp Xf¿®-bp-an-√msX l\p-am≥ IpXn®p apt∂-dp-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ thK-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb

\ng¬ ]Øp-tbm-P\ hoXn-bnepw AXns‚ aq∂n-c´n \of-Ønepw ImW-s∏- -t∏mƒ kapZw Nn¥n-®p. cma-

Zq-X-\mb Chs\ Rm≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w k¿°-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. AXn¬ hogvN h∂m¬ Zp;-J-Øn\v Imc-

W-amb \µn-tI-Smhpw. ImcWw ]≠v kqc-y-Ip-e-Øn¬ P\n® cmP-Ip-am-c∑m-cmWv Fs∂ hep-Xm-°n-b-Xv.



kqNn-X-I-Y: kqc-y-hwi cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ kK-c\v tIin-\n, F∂pw kpaXn F∂pw, c≠p ]Xv\n-

am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ tIin-\nbv°v Hcp aI\pw kpa-Xnbv°v Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw a°fpw D≠m-bn.

F√m-hcpw Icp-Ø-∑m¿, Aß-s\-bn-cns° kK-c≥ Hcp Ai-z-ta[w Bcw-`n®p \qdp-bmKw ]q¿Øn-bm-

°n-b-h¿ Cµ-]-´-Øn\v A¿l-cmWv. AXn-\m¬ Bsc-¶nepw bmKw XpS-ßn-bm¬ Cµ≥ AXp-ap-S-°p-

hm\pw ianbv°pw. `mhn-bn¬ X\n-bvs°mcp ]Xn-tbm-Kn-bp-≠m-I-cp-X-t√m. CØ-hW kK-cs‚

bmKm-i-zsØ Cµ≥ ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p t]mbn ]mXm-f-Øn¬ X]- -\p-jvTn-°p∂ £n]-tIm-]n-bmb I]ne

aj¿jn-bpsS Bi-a-Øn¬ Xf®p. bmKm-i-zsØ At\-z-jn®p ]pd-s∏´ kKc]pX≥am¿ Adp-]-Xn-\m-

bncw t]cpw `qan-bn¬ Fßpw AXns\ ImWm-™-Xn-\m¬ ]mXm-f-Øn¬ At\-z-jn-°m≥ `qan Ipgn®v

Xmtgm´p t]mbn B Ipgn-I-fmWv kap-Z-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®Xv kK-c-\-c-]-Xn-X-\-b-sXs∂ h-f¿°-bm¬

kmKcw F∂p sNm√p∂p F∂v Infn-∏m´v kpµ-c-Im-WvU-Ønse ]kvXmhw i≤n-bv°p-I. kK-c-]p-

X≥am¿ I]n-es‚ tIm]m-·n-bn¬ Zp¿ar-Xn-b-S™p Ah-cpsS Bflm-°-fpsS k¬K-Xn-bv°p-th≠n

kK-cs‚ s]u-X-\mb Ko-c-Y≥ Ko-c-Y-]-b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS kz¿§KwKsb ]mXm-f-Øn-se-Øn®p F∂mWv

]pcm-W-I-Y.

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I \qdp-hm-°ntem \q‰-º-Xp-hm-°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h

1 ae-bv°p-≠mbv hcptam Ipep-°-hp-sa-∂-tXm¿Øp Bcv ? Ft∏mƒ ? AX-dn-bm≥ F¥p- sNbvXp?

2 atl-µ-]¿∆Xw H∂p Ipep-ßn-b-t∏mƒ In∂-tcm-c-K-Nm-c-W-∑m¿ F¥p sNbvXp?

3 atl-µ-]¿∆Xw l\p-am≥ Ipep-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]¿∆-X-Øn-\p-≠mb ssZ\-ym-hÿ hnh-cn-bv°pI

4 \n¿Ω-e-\mb hmbp X\q-P- \m-Z-c-thmSp sNm∂m≥ BtcmSv ? sNm∂-sX¥v ?

5 kap-Z-ew-L-\-Øn-\p-ff l\p-ams≥d Xømsd-Sp∏v NnXo-I-cn-bv°p∂Xnse Ihn-bpsS \nco-£W

]mShw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

6 t]mIn-Iƒ ssh\-tX-b-\n-h≥ hcp-∂-h-s\-∂-gn-¥m¿ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Ipdn-bv°p-I.

7 h¥p-X-c¶ ]¥n-I-f-ºcw XS-hp-¥cw \oƒ h≥ IS-se-°-e-°n\ thK-sam-sSgpw amcp-X-Ønv≥

\¥-\-s∑bv Npg-∂n-e-In∂ hmen-s\m´pw s]men-¥m≥ \≥]-I-tem-\-S≥ ]-cn-th-j-tam-Sp-b-cn-

∂t]mse

A¥n\-ndw Ie¿∂p Nph∂ shø-h≥ a≠ew t]me-¶m-h-\m-\\w s]men-hp‰n XmS-c-h-¶-fo-Sm¿

a¥-c-am-a-e-bv°Iw \n∂p h¥n-cp-]mSpw \ofpw. hÆw \nh¿Øn \≥ I]o-ho-c≥ \oƒI-c-Xm-cn-

c≠pw Cu ]Z-y-Ønse Imhy `wKn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI

II D]-\-ymk tNmZ-y-ßƒ

1. cma-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v IÆ-»-cm-am-b-W-ØnseØptºm-tgbv°pw ]m´p ]ÿm-\-Ønse

`mjbv°p h-cp∂ hy-X-ym-k-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Nq≠n-°m-´pI

2. IÆ» cmam-b-W-Ønse h¿Æ-\-I-fpsS NmcpX hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.



IrjvW-KmY

tla¥ h¿Æ\sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn

ae-bmf mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw hnImk ]cn-Wma ]≤-Xn-bnse Hcp hgn-ØncnhmWv

IrjvW-Km-Y. AYhm IrjvW-∏m-´v. kma-am-\y P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fp-

tSbpw ]WvTn-X≥am¿°v amXw e`n-®n-cp∂ kwkvIrX kmln-X-yØns‚bpw kwkv°mc ka-\-z-b-amWv

IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. \mtSmSn Km\-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS ssien-bn¬ kmln-Xy KpW-k-ºp-jvS-ambn

ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠mb H.-∂m-asØ alm-Im-h-y-amWv IrjvW-KmY F∂p]d-bmw. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Bcw- -Øn¬ D≠m-b-sX∂v hni-z-kn-°m-hp∂ Cu IrXn-bn-ep-]-bp-‡-amb ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kmc-fyw C∂pw

A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. kwkvIrX mj-bnepw kwkvIr-X-Øn\v ap≥Xq-°-ap-ff aWn-]-hm-f-Ønepw amXw

Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-∂Xv `qj-W-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-°hn FgpXnb kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-ap-

ff Hcp IrXn F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw AXn-\p-≠v. `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ a-e-bm-f-tØmSpw BJ-ym\ ssien-

bn¬ aWn-]-hmf kºZmb-tØmSpw tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS as‰mcp

]tX-y-I-X. ip≤-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-ß-fpsS Hc-]q¿∆ tiJcw IqSn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y. F-gp-Ø-—\v apºv

]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ BJ-ym\w sNbvX Hcp anI® Imhyw F∂ \nebv°pw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øns‚

Bcw`w kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ IrXn F∂ \nebv°pw IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-ff ]m[m-\yw hnkva-cn-bv°m-h-X-√.

sNdp-t»cn Xºq-Xncn

tIme-Øncn cmPm-hmb Hcp DZ-b-h¿Ωs‚ Bin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cn-sb∂pw

At±-l-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-]-Imcw cNn-®-XmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-sb∂pw Imh-y- m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v kv]jvS-am-Wv.

"]mem-gn-amXp Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂

tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥

BPvR-sb-s®-bvI-bm¬'

F∂ KŸm-cm-w`-Ønse kqN-\bpw

'B⁄bm tIme `q]-ky

]m⁄-tk-ym-Z-b-h-ΩWm ˛

IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ybmw'

F∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff A≤ymbß-fpsS Ah-km-\-ß-fpw CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ sXfn-shm∂pw e`n-®n-´n-√. IrjvW-

Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv cmam-b-Ww, `mcXw XpS-ßnb ]kn≤ aWn-]-hm-f-N-ºp-°-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb

]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw Hc- n-]m-b-ap-≠v. IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-t∏mse alm- m-c-XKm-Y-sb-s∂mcp IrXnbpw

Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXpw DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw cNn-®-sX-∂mWv kqN-\. Cu c≠p

KmY-Ifpw GI I¿Ør-I-am-sW∂pw Hc-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.



IrjvW-Km-Y, `mc-X-Km-Y, cmam-b-W alm `mcX Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bnse BJ-ym-\-co-Xnbpw

`mjm-co-Xnbpw Ah hn`n∂ I¿Ør-I-ß-sf∂v hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. Ime-I-a-Øn¬

sNdp-t»cn C√w A\yw \n∂v ']q\w' C√-Øn¬ ebn-®p-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-l-yhpw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Cu

IY Adn-bp-∂-h≥ IrjvW-KmY ]p\-Øns‚sX∂pw A√m-Ø-h¿ sNdp-t»-cn-bp-tS-sX∂pw ]d™p

h∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-bv°Ww IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv ]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂ hni-zmkw D≠-

mb-sX∂v alm-Ihn Df-fq¿- A-`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-cs‚ t]cv i¶-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ s]mXpth C-√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-™p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ At±lw sNdp-t»cn F∂

t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-e-Ø v]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Dulnbv°mw. InkvX-z_vZw ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠mWv

IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS cN-\m-Imew F∂v `qcn-]£w kmln-X-y-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p.

KŸ-k-z-cq]w

`‡n-c-k-]-[m-\-amb `mK-h-X-Ønse Zi-a-kvI-‘-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse IYm-h-kvXp. Ihn

DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hp-ambn NXp-cwKw Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmPm-hn\v Ifn-bn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥ th≠

kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠p cm⁄n Hcp Xmcm-´p-]m-Sn-sb∂pw B Xmcm-ńs‚ coXn-bn¬ "Ziaw' IYsb

Ah-ew-_n®v Hcp ae-bmf Imhyw cNn-bv°m≥ cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®p-sh-∂p-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-

bpsS Dev]-Øn-sb-∏-‰n-bp-ff ]kn-≤-amb sFXn-l-yw. IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ `mK-hXw Zi-a-kvI-‘-Øn¬

hnh-cn-°p∂ ioIrjvWm-h-Xmcw apX¬ kz¿§m-tcm-l-Ww-h-scbp-ff ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv

apJ-y-ambpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]¥≠pw kvI‘-ß-fn-tebpw Nne `mK-ßƒ hnh-cn-

°p-∂p-≠v. `mK-h-X-I-Y-IfpsS icn-∏-I¿∏mb Hcp ]p\-cm-Jy-m\-a√ IrjvW-Km-Y. aqe-I-Ysb kz¥w

A`n-cp-Nn-bv°-\p-k-cn®vv Npcp-°n-∏-d-bm\pw hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]m-Zn-°m\pw At±-lw a-Sn-®n√. "kp -Zm-l-cWw"

t]mse aqe-Øn¬ Npcp°n ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xns\ Hcp ]q¿Æ Imhy cq]-Øn-em°n h¿Æn-°p∂ mK-ß-fpw

D-≠v. Hcp kz-X¥ Imh-y-Øns‚ coXn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. kwkvIr-X-Øn-

tebpw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw ]q¿∆-I-hn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bi-b-ßƒ kzo-I-cn®v \qX\ wKntbmsS

kz¥w IrXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xnepw sNdp-t»cn t]mcmbva I≠nń-√. ]c-Io-bm-i-b-ßƒ°v

kz¥w `mh-\m-hn-emkw sIm≠v sau-en-I-Xzw hcp-Øp-∂-Xnepw At±lw _≤-i-≤-\m-bn-cp∂p

]ma-c-∑m-cn¬ ]pcm-W-I-Ym-J-ym-\-Øn-eqsS `‡n Dd-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sshcmKyw P\n-∏n-bv°p-I-bp-amWv

Imh-y-e-£vyw.

tla¥ h¿Æ\w

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

Imfnb-a¿±\w IYbv°v tijamWv IrjvW-KmY-bn¬ EXp-°-fpsS h¿Æ-\-bm-cw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xv.

ioIr-jvW≥ Iuamc ]mb-Øn¬ tKm-]-∑mcpw tKm]n-I-am-cp-samØv IoUn®p \S-°p-tºmƒ Imem-h-

ÿ-Iƒ amdn amdn h∂p F∂ ań-emWv h¿Æ-\w. Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Bdv EXp-°-tfbpw As√-¶n¬ Ah-

bn¬ Nne-Xn-t\-sb-¶nepw h¿Æn-bv°Ww F∂Xv alm-ImhyØns≥d e£-W-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p

""]q¶m-hmgn hnhm-l-a-Z-n\-Kcw sZu-Xyw Ipam-tcm-Zbw

irwKmcw arKbm hnt\m-Z\ ar-Xp-°q´w hk-t¥m-’hw

Nµm¿t°m-Z-b-h¿Æv\w, \ni-bp-j- m-a-¥-Ww-\m-b-tIm¬

°¿jw sXm´ at\m-⁄-hkvXp \nhlw h¿Æn-bv°n¬ h≥Im-h-yamw""



alm-Im-h-y-Øns‚ GI-tZi e£-W-an-XmWv IrjvW-KmY Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´

BZ-ysØ alm-Im-h-y-am-Wv.

sNm¬s°m≠p \ns∂mcp .....................................

sI¬∏tc sh∂n-Sm-sa-t∂-bp-ffp (1-˛10)

sNm¬sIm≠p = ]kn-≤-am-b, tla-¥-Imew = a™p-Imew, sI¬∏¿ = i‡¿, Ba-µw=-sas√

sas√, ]mte-bw=-a™v , NWvU≥ = DK≥, H∏v = tbmPn-∏v, ]¶-P-\m-Y≥, Xma-c-bpsS `¿Ømhv

(kq-c-y≥) ˛ Aßs\ Ihn-k-t¶-Xw

t]cp tI´ B \√-Imew Aßs\ t]mbn-°-gn-™p. (sXm´p ap≥]v ic¬°mesØbmWv

h¿Æn-®n- p-f-fXv ic-Øn\p ]n∂mse tla¥w h∂p) XWp-t∏-dnb a™p-Imew ItaW FØn-t®¿∂p.

]m¬°-S-ense ip≤amb shfp-Ø-sh-ffw ap°n-Øq-hp-∂Xp t]mse a™p s]øm≥ XpS-ßn. Pz-en®p

\n∂n-cp∂ kqc-y-a-fiew At∏mƒ aßn-h-im-bn. \n m-c-∑m¿°pw HsØm-cp-an-®m¬ ]_-e-∑m-sc Pbn°mw

F∂m-W-Xns‚ kqN-\.

hmcp-‰-Im¥n Ie¿s∂mcp ....................................................

Iq¿∏mkw ta\n-bn¬ tN¿®-]q-°p (11-˛20)

hmcp‰ ˛ `wKn-tb-dnb , kz-kvXn-Im-_‘w = kz-kvXn-I-s°´v (C-hnsS ssI amdØv ]nW®p

shbv°¬ hmbv]m¿∂v = \√, Im¿∏mkw = ]cp-Øn. Iq¿∏mkw = Ip∏mbw

at\m-l-c-ambn tim -tbmsS \n∂n-cp∂ Xma-c-Iƒ Hmtcmt∂mtcm-∂mbn aßn-sbm-Sn-bm≥ XpSßn

(kq-c-ys‚ ]Xv\n-bmWv Xma-c. a™n¬ kqc-y-a-WvVew aßn. a™p-Im-eØv Xma-c-Iƒ°pw tim`

Ipd-hm-Wv˛ ImcWw (Ihn ASpØ hcn-I-fn¬ Duln-bv°p-∂p.)

`¿Øm-°≥am-cpsS tim`-Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ `mc-y-am-cpsS apJhpw hmSp-a-t√m. ITn-\-amb XWp-∏p-

sIm≠v F√m-hcpw Ipg-ßn. Ft∏mgpw ssIIƒ sIm≠v amdØv kz-kvXnI _‘n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.

\√ ]cp-Øn-°p-∏m-b-ßƒ F√m-hcpw AWn-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

BZn-Xy tkhbpw ]mh-I-tk-h-bpw........

sIm¶-I-sf∂ t]mse (21-˛32)

BZn-Xy tkh = shbn¬ Imb¬, ]mhI tkh = XoIm-b¬, DtZ-ym-Kw = -D¬kmlw,

hoX-ßƒ = AS-™-h, hmcn-hn-lmcw = PeIo-U, Nµ-in-em-Xew = shÆ-°¬Ød

shbn¬ sImf-fepw Xo Imb-ep-ambn A°m-eØv ]e-cp-tSbpw ]Wn. ]qt¥m- -Øn¬I-fn-bv°m≥

B¿°pw D¿km-l-an-√. hmXn-ep-I-sf√mw AS-bv°-s∏-´p. Pe-tI-fn-Ifpw B¿°pw th≠ ico-c-Øn¬

Nµ\w ]pc-´¬ Ipd™p h∂p. \nemhv G¬°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcyw ]d-bp-Itb th≠. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb

shÆ-°¬Ø-d-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ B¿°pw th≠. AXv ssh[hy Zp:Jw A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ kvXoI-fpsS

kvX\-ßƒ t]mse Bh-i-y-°m-c-\n-√m-Xm-bn.

amtebw \o°n \¬°p-¶p-a-am-°n-\mƒ................

...................................................\oimcw ]q≠ßp \n∂o-sXßpw (33-˛40)



amtebw = Nµ-\w, -cmKw = Cfw Nph∏v F∂pw A\p-cm-K-sa-∂pw, taXn¬ = `qan-bn¬, Bi =

Zn°v \olmcw = a™v,- \o-imcw = ]pX∏v

bph-Xn-I-sf√mw amdn¬ Nµ-\-Øn\p ]Icw C-t∏mƒ Ip¶paw ]qim≥ XpS-ßn. kvXoIƒs°m∂pw

shfp-∏X Imc-y-a-√. Nph∏p ffn-SsØ A\p-cmK ap≠mhq (A-Xp-sIm-≠mtWm Ip¶paw ]qin-b-Xv-

F∂p tXm∂pw) `qan-bn¬ \nd™p Ihn-™- X-Wp∏p kln-bv°m-\m-hm-™n-´mtWm F∂pw tXm∂pw

ań¬ Zn°p-I-sf√mw a™vsIm≠p-ff ]pX-∏p-sIm≠v ]pX®p ImW-s∏-´p.

tImI-ß-sf√mw ]pe¿∂p XpS-ßn-\m≥

Nmse hnd®p Xpßo-X-t∏mƒ (41-˛52)

tImI-ßƒ = NIhmIßƒ , kqIcw = ]∂n,- A-`n-km-cnI = ]pcp-j-s\-tØ-Sn-t∏m-Ip∂ kvXo,

PmcX = ]ckvXo _‘ kz-`m-h-w

NI-hm-I-∏£n t\cw ]pe-¿-∂n´pw Zp:-Jn®p sImt≠-bn-cp∂p (kq-c-y-\p-Zn-®n´pw shfn-®-am-hmØ

]Xo-Xn-bmWv C\n-bp-ff GXm-\pw- h-cn-I-fn¬ hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. NI-hm-I-∏-£n-Iƒ°v cmXn-bn¬ sXm -

Sp-Øn-cn-bv°p∂ CW-sb-t∏mepw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√ F∂pw. CW-]n-cn-b¬ Ak-l-y-amb Pohn-I-

fmWv NI-hm-I-ßƒ F∂pw Ihn kt¶-Xw) cmXn Cc tXSn \mń-en-d-ßnb ]∂n-Iƒ kqc-y-\p-Zn-®n´pw

Imń-tebv°p aS-ßp-∂n-√. A`n-km-cn-I-amcpw Pmc-∑mcpw t\cw ]pe¿∂n´pw Btcbpw t]Sn-bv°msX

\S-∂p. a™p-s]m-gn-bv°p∂ tla-¥-Im-e-am-Ip∂ `qXw Bth-in®v Ien-I-b-dnb shfn-®-∏m-Sp-am-sc-

t∏mse `qan-bn-ep-ff P\-ß-sf√mw At∏mƒ hnd-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.

Z¥-ß-sf-s°m≠p Xmfw ]nSn-®n-´pw.........................

.............................-]q≠p XpS-ßn-\m¿ Iman-\n-am¿ (53-˛66)

Pm\p = Im¬ap´v

_m“-W¿ ]√p-sIm≠v Xmfw ]nSn-®psIm≠v k‘-ym-h-µ\w XpS-ßn. (sh-f-f-Øn¬ Cdßn

\n¬°p-tºmƒ XWp-∏p-sIm≠v ]√p-Iƒ Iqń-bn-S-nbv°¬) hmbp \ntcm-[amw hÆw Iman-\n-ImapI-∑m¿

Benw-K-\w-_-≤-cmbn hnc-ln-Iƒ. XWp-∏ns‚ ieyw kln-bv°m-\m-hmsX Npcp-≠pIqSn apJw Im¬

ap-´p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]qgvØn-°nS-∂p. a\- n-\n-W-°-an-√mØ Imap-I-∑m-tcbpw At∏mƒ Iman-\n-am¿

Benw-K\w sNbvXp.

shf-f-sa-∂n-ß-s\..................

...........................-D-ffw sXfn-™p-ff amap-\n-am¿ (67-˛74)

shf-f-sa∂p tI´m¬ Xs∂ F√m-hcpw hnd-®p-Xp-f-fm≥ XpS-ßn. Xo°p-t]mepw CØncn Xo

Im™m≥ sImf-fm-sa∂p tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßn. F∂m¬ Cu i‡-amb XWp-∏ns\ Aev]w t]mepw

IqkmsX al¿jn-ti-jvT≥ shf-f-Øn¬ Cdßn \n∂v sXfn™ a\-t msS P]n-bv°m≥ XpSßn (Pn-

tX-µn-b-∑m-cm-Wt√m Ah¿)



tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ \qdp hm°ntem \q‰-ºXphm°ntem DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h

1. "" Im¥\p Im¥n Ipd-™Xp ImWp-tºmƒ

Im¥-am¿ Im¥nbpw aßp-at√m"" Ihn Cßs\ Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

2. " BZn-Xy tkhbpw ]mhI tkhbp ˛

ambn ØpSßn ]e¿°p-a-t∏mƒ ' kµ¿`hpw Bi-b-hp-sa-gp-XpI

3 "DucIw ]qIn-\m kqI-c-sam-∂pta

t]mIp-∂-Xn√m ]pe¿∂p Xm\m¬ ' Ft∏mƒ ? F¥p-sIm≠v ?

4 "Nmse hnd®p XpS-ßo-\-t∏mƒ'

Ft∏mƒ ? Bcv ? GXp t]mse ?

5. ""Xo°pw X∂p-f-fnse tXm∂n XpS-ßosX

Xo°mb thW-sa-\n-bv°p-sa∂v. '' kµ¿`w ImWn®v Bibw hy-I1-X-am-°pI

6. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS ^enX ]tbm-K-Øn\v tla¥ h¿Æ-\-bn¬ \n∂v c≠p ^enX ]tbm-K-ßƒ

Nq≠n-°m-Wn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI

vII D]-\-ymk tNmZ-y-ßƒ

1. `mjm-co-Xn-bnepw BJ-ym\ coXn-bnepw aWn-]-hm-f-Øns‚ hgn-bmWv sNdp-t»cn IrjvW-∏m- n¬

]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv ˛ Cu ]ÿm-h-\- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI.

2. sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS h¿Æ-\m-ssh-`hw tla-¥-Ime h¿Æ-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-ØpI



A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m v

InjvIn-‘--ImWvUwXp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

Fgp-Ø-—≥

ae-bmf `mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn-\pw -am-X-a√ tIcf kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw Hcp \thm-∞m\w

kw`-hn-bv°p-∂Xv alm-Ihn Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm´m-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]nXm-sh∂p

hnfn-bv°p∂ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ.

ss]Xemw ae-bmf `mj-X≥ icn-bmb

PmXIw Ipdn-®n-´-XØn\p \mcmbw Xm≥

F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£cw ]Xn-i-cn-bm-Wv. aWn-]-hm-f-sa∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-I-

fmbn th¿]n-cn™p InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbv°v c≠p ]ÿ-m\ßfntebpw \√-h-i-ßƒ kzo-I-cn®v

]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°v Hcp-t]mse kzo-Im-c-y-amb Hcp ]pXnb kw`m-h-\. B Imh-y- m-j-bv°m-Is´ ]m´nse

IrXnaX-ztam aWn-]-hm-f-Ønse ImTn-\-ytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _ml-y-ku-µ-cyw amX-a√ B¥-c-

Ku-c-hhpw AXns‚ ]tX-y-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. yq-U-en-k-Øns‚ XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ [m¿Ωn-Im-[:-]-X-\-

Øn\p t\sc I¨Xp-d-∏n-®Xpw km[m-c-W-P-\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[hpw Bflo-b-Nn-¥bpw DW¿Øm≥

t]cn-∏n-®-Xp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-bpsS hnP-bw.

ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥ ]d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥ P\n-®-

sX∂pw ]me-°m´p Pn√-bnse Nn‰q (Xp-©≥ aTw)cn¬ sh®mWv Pohn-Xm-¥yw kw -hn-®-sX∂pw hni-z-kn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX Imew, IpSpw-_-N-cn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ F¥n-\-[nIw t]cp-t]mepw

X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. InkvX-z_vZw 16mw iXIw (sIm-√-h¿jw 650\pw 750 \pw ≥Sbn¬) BWv At±-l-

Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂v `qcn-]£w ]fin-Xcpw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. ipZ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw cma≥

F∂p t]cmbn Kpcp-hm-b -Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em°mw.

A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw `mK-hXw F∂o Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\w, ssIh-e-y-\-h-\o-

Xw, Nn¥m-cXv\w, cmam-b-Ww Ccp-]-Øn-\mep hrØw F∂n-h-sb-√mw- A-t±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fm-sW∂p

hni-z-kn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ Xs∂ A`n-]m-b-t`-Z-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- B-Z-ysØ c≠p Infn-∏m-´p-Ifpw At±-l-

Ønt‚sX∂p F√m-hcpw Aw-Ko-I-cn®p Ign-™n- p-≠v. Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P-s\-gp-Ø-—≥ F∂mWv hnfn®p

hcp-∂-Xv.

Infn-∏m´v

Infnsb k¬°-cn®v kt¥m-jn-∏n®v IY ]d-bm-\m-h-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v Infn IY ]d-

bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂-XmWv Infn-∏m´v ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kt¶-Xw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Infn-∏m´p ]ÿm-\-

Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v Xp©-sØ-g-Ø-—s\ hnfn-bv°p-∂p. shdpw _ml-y-amb kt¶-X-Øn¬ amXw

HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Infn-∏m- ns\ Hcp ]ÿm-\-tØmfw ]pI-gvtØ-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Fgp-ØNvs‚ A≤ym-fl-

cm-am-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw Kuch-ta-dnb Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff c≠p k¶o¿Ø\ Imh-y-ß-fm-sW∂pw

kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°-mSn-s\-t∏m-ep-ff ]WvUn-X≥am¿ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Xan-gnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw Infn-Isf

IYm-J-ym\ I¿Øm-°-fm-bn-°m-Wp∂ ]mc-º-cyw ]≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw FgpØ-—s‚ Imew

sXm v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Infn-∏m´p cq]-Øn-emWv [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-bv°-s∏- -sX∂v AwKo-Icn-bv°msX hø.



A≤-ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v

cmam-b-Whpw alm- m-c-X-hp-amWv \ΩpsS c≠n-Xn-lm-k-ßƒ. cmam-b-WsØ BZn-Im-hyw F∂pw

X¬°¿Øm-hmb hmevaoIn al¿jnsb BZn-Ihn F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. DØ-a-]p-cp-js‚ amXr-

I-bm-bmWv hmevaoIn iocm-as\ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. cmas‚ Ab\w (bmX ˛ Pohn-X-bm-X)

cmam-b-Ww. cmam-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C¥-y-bn¬ F√m-`m-j-I-fnepw Hcp-]mSp kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ cmam-bWw Infn-∏m-ń\v Ah-ew_w hm-eva-oIn cmam-bWw A√. A≤ym-fl-

cm-am-b-W-am-Wv. io]-c-ta-i-z-c≥ ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS At]-£-]-Imcw ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Damatl-i-zc

kwhmZ cq]-Øn-emWv A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-Øns‚ cN-\. CXn¬ \mb-I-\mb iocm-as\ Cui-z-cm-h-Xm-

c-ambn NnXo-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. `‡nbv°pw A≤-ym-flnIXtX-zm]-tZ-i-ßƒ°p-amWv Imh-y-ku-µ-c-y-Øn-t\-

°mƒ aqe-Ihn i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn- p-f-f-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ Xs‚ Imh-y-c-N-\m-e-£-y-Øn\v A≤-ym-fl-

cm-am-b-W-amWv IqSp-X¬ kzo-Im-c-ysa∂p Icp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. aqe-Ir-Xn-tb-°mƒ Cui-z-c`-‡n-bv°pw,

XtØ-zm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ°pw IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°n-sIm-≠mWv Fgp-Ø-—s≥d IhnX ]ptcm-K-an-bv°p-

∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ Infn-∏m´pw Xp©sØgpØ-—s‚ BZ-ysØ apJy IrXnbpw A≤-ym-fl-

cm-am-bWw Infn-∏m-´m-Wv. AXn¬ kmln-vX-y-`w-Kn-bn¬ alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m-ńs‚ Xmsg-bmWv cmam-bWw

Infn-∏m-ńs‚ ÿm\w.-

InjvIn-‘m-Imfiw

cmam-b-W-Ønse \memw Imfiw (A-≤-ymbw )BWv InjvIn-‘m-Im-fiw. hm\-c-

km-am-P-y-amWv InjvIn‘. h-\-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ cmh-W≥ Xń-sIm-≠p-t]mb koXsb At\-z-jn®p

k¶-S-s∏´p \S-°p∂ iocm-a\pw e£va\pw hm\c kmam-P-y-Øn¬ FØn-s∏-´p-∂Xpw kpKo-h-\p-ambn

kJyw sNbvXv koXm-t\zj-W-Øn\pw CXn-hrØ eI-vj-y-amb cmhW h[-Øn\pw ]›m-Øesamcp-°p-

∂-Xpw Cu Imfi-Øn-em-Wv. CXnhr-Ø-]-c-ambn kp]-[m-\-amb Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hmWv InjvIn-‘m-Im-

fiw. \nk-zm¿∞-Xbv°pw kzm-an-`-‡nbv°pw temtIm-Ø-c-am-Xr-I-bm-b cma-b-W-Ønse DP-ze IYm-

]m-X-amb l\p-am≥ cmam-bW IY-bpsS kqX-[m-c-Xzw hln-bv°p-∂Xv InjvIn-‘m-Imfiw apX¬°m-

Wv. temI kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Xs∂ l\p-am\v Xpe-y-\mb Hcp hninjvS IYm-]mXw Dt≠m F∂v kwi-

b-am-Wv.

l\p-a¬kw-Kaw,kp-Ko-h-k-J-yw, iocm-as‚ bi- n\v Xocm-°-f¶w tN¿Ø _men-h-[w,

B≤-ym-fln-tIm-]tZi ][m-\-amb Xmtcm-]-tZiw , kpKo-hs‚ A`n-tj-Iw, koXm-t\-z-j-Ww, kºm-Xn-hm-

I-yw, kap-Z-ew-L\ ]cn-iaw F∂n-h-bmWv InjvIn-jv[-Im-fi-Ønse ][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ.

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

imcn-I-ss∏-Xte Nmcp-io-te................................

C≠epw Xo¿Øp aµw \S-∂n-Sn-\m¿

imcn-I = X-Ø,- A-\w-Kmcn ˛ Imamcn = inh≥, Ah-c-P≥ = A\p-P≥, ]ºm-k-Xn-Øv+ XSw = ]ºm-\-Zn-

bpsS Xocw, kw]m]y = ]m]n-®n-´v, tImiw = Hcp hnfn∏mSv Zqcw, Ievlm-cw= sku-K-‘n-Iw,

aWvUnXw = Ae-¶-cn-bv°-s∏-´, IpapZw = Bº¬,- Im-cfiw = Ipft°mgn, tImbjvSn = \o¿t°mgn ,

kqIcw = ]∂n



Infn-∏m-ńs‚ Nn´-b-\p-k-cn®v Ihn XØsb hnfn-®p-h-cpØn _m°n-bp-ff IY-Ifpw IqSn ]d-bp-

hm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imam-cn-bmb ]c-ta-i-z-c≥ ]≠v ]Xv\n-bmb ]m¿∆-Xn-tbmSv ]d™ tijw IY-

Iƒ Rm≥ ]dbmw F∂p ]d™v XØ Bc-W-y -Im -fi-Øn -\p -ti -j-ap -ff IY-Iƒ

]d-bm≥ XpSßn (D-am-a-tl-i-z-c-kw-hmZ cq]-Øn-em-Wt√m A≤-ymfl cmam-b-Wm-J-ym-\w).

Zi-c-Yt‚bpw sIu-k-e-y-bp-tSbpw ]pX\pw k¬Kp-W-k-º-∂-\p-amb iocm-a≥ A\p-P-\mb

e£va-W-t\m-Sp-IqSn ]ºm-\Zo Xoc-sØØn Bcp-tSbpw a\- n\v kam-[m\w \¬Ip-∂-Xpw, ]e-Xcw

Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ \nd-™-Xpw, hncn™p \n¬°p∂ Xma-c, sku-K-‘nIw, Icn-¶q-hfw F∂n-h-sIm-≠-e-¶-

cn-bv°-s∏-´-Xpw, Ac-b-∂w, Ipf-t°m-gn, h≠v, Ipbn-ev, tImgn, \o¿t°m-gn,- ]mºv, knwlw, \cn, ]∂n

F∂o P¥p-°-fp-f-fXpw Bbn Hcp hnfn-∏m´p hoXn-bn¬ Bcp-tSbpw a\- ns\ BI¿jn-bv°m≥ t]m∂

B ]pW-y-ÿew I≠v A¤p-X-s∏´v sXfn-\ocpw IpSn®v Zmlw Xo¿Øv apt∂m´p \S∂p-Xp-S-ßn.

Imte hk-t¥-kp-io-X-tf..............................................

...........................-an-X-sa-∂p-f-f-sa-t∂m-SpsN√Ww

NqXm-bp-[≥= Ima-tZ-h≥ (NqXw = amhv amºqhv Bbp-[-am-b-h≥)

B .h-k¥ ImeØv kpJ-io-X-f-amb `qan-bn-eqsS cmP-Ip-am-c-∑m-cmb Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw

Ei-y -aq-Im-New F∂ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Xmgvhc-bn¬ s\Sp-ho¿∏n´v koX-sb-∏n-cn™ Zp:Jw kln-bv°m-\m-

hmsX Ic™p sIm≠v, Ima-t-hZ\ kln-bv°msX k¶-S-tØmsS \S-°p-∂Xp I≠v ]¿∆-X-Øns≥d

apI-fn¬ Ignbp∂ kp-Ko-h≥ (Zn-\-I-c-]p-X≥) `b-]-c-h-i-\mbn a¥n-I-tfbpw Iqń AXns‚ Db¿∂

(D-ØpwKw) sImSp-ap-Sn-bn¬ (ssi-em-Kw) Ib-dn. kpKo-h≥ t]Sn-®p-sIm≠v l\p-am-t\mSv (am-cpXn =

acp-Øns≥d ˛ Im‰ns‚ aI≥) Cßs\ ]d™v F¥n\pw Xøm-dmbn hcp∂ Cu c≠p t]¿ Bcm-Wv.

\o Imc-y-ßƒ F√mw icn-bmbn a\- n-em°n hcq. ImgvN-bn¬ C-h¿ \√ hoc≥am-cm-Wv. tPy-jvT≥ (_m-

en) ]d-™-b®v Fs∂ sIm√m≥ hcp-∂-h-cmtWm ? ]cm-I-an-I-fmb Ch-cpsS tim` Zn°p-I-fn-seßpw ]c-

°p-∂Xp I≠nt√ ? Xm]-k-∑mcpsS thj-am-Wv. ]t£ ssIbn¬ hn√v,- Aºv, hmfv (A-kn) XpS-ßnb

Bbp-[-ß-fp-ap-≠v. \o Hcp _m“-Ws‚ thjw-[-cn®v Ah-cpsS kao-]-Øp- sN∂v Imc-y-ß-sf√mw

tNmZn®p a\- n-em-°-Ww. apJw, IÆv, kw`m-jW kº-Zmbw F∂nh i≤n®v Ah-cpsS mhw a\- n-

em°n \ΩpsS iXp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬ \ns‚ ssIIƒ sIm≠v Adn-bn-°pI ( ChnsS c≠¿∞-amhmw

iXp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬ \√ ]qip-sIm-SpØv \ΩpsS Du°v Adn-bn-°pI (2) ssIIƒ sIm≠v AS-bmfw

Imń F\nbv°p kqN\ \¬Ip-I) As√-¶n¬ \ns≥d apJ-]-km-Z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]p©ncn sIm≠p-ff

AS-bmfw (kw-⁄) sIm≠ v-Fs∂ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

I¿Ω km£n kpX≥ .......................

..........................................tXm∂p∂p \nc-¥cw

I¿Ω km£n = kqc-y≥, Bew_y = kzo-I-cn-®v, ARvP-km = hgn t]mse, ¿Ør = cn-bv°p-

∂-hs‚, IRvPw = Xma-c, IpRvPcw = B\, AwK-P≥ = Ima-tZ-h≥, Bfl+-`m-km+-Gh = Bfl`m-

sskh = kz¥w tXf- p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nim-I-c≥ = Nµ≥, Btem-Iy = I≠n´v, tNXkn = a\- n¬

, `mXn = tXm∂p-∂p, Ai-z-\o-tZ-h-Iƒ tZh-tem-I-Ønse sshZ-y-∑m-cmb kpµ-c-∑m¿ eoebm = Ifn-bm-bn v



kpKoh≥ ]-d-™Xp tI´v l\p-am≥ Hcp _m-“-h-Sphns‚ cq]saSpØv temI-\m-b-I-\mb

io-cm-as‚ Im¬°¬ ka-kvI-cn-®p. kpµ-c-∑m-cpw, Kwò-c-∑m-cp-amb Ahsc sXmgp-Xp-sIm-≠p

tNm-Zn®p Ima-tZ-h-t\-°mƒ kpµ-c-∑m-cmb \nßƒ Bcm-sW-∂-dn-bm-\m-K-l-ap-≠v. kXyw ]d-bWw .

kz¥w tXP- p-sIm-≠v temIw apgp-h≥ ]tim-`n-bv°p∂ \nßƒ kqcy Nµ≥am-cm-tWm? aq∂p

temI-tØbpw krjvSn® hoc-∑m¿ \nß-fm-sW∂p I≠m¬ tXm∂pw. temI-Ønse G‰hpw anI®

hoc-∑m-cmb \nßƒ Aiz-\o-tZ-h-I-fmtWm ? temI-\m-Y-∑m-cmb \nßƒ a\p-j-y-th-j-sa-SpØp \S-°p-

I-bmtWm ? `‡-∑msc c£n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p th≠nbpw shdpw hnt\m-Z-Øn-eqsS `qan-bpsS `mcw- Ip-d-

bv°p-∂-Xn\p th≠nbpw cmP-Ip-am-c-∑m-cpsS cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn® Znh-y-∑m-cmWv \nßƒ. temI-Øns\

kwc-£n-bv°p-I, \in-∏n-bv°p-I, krjvSn-bv°pI (P-K¬ ÿnXn kwlmc k¿§-MvMƒ) F∂o I¿Ω-

ßƒ Hcp hnt\m-Z-ambn kzo-I-cn® \nXy kz-X-¥-∑m-cm-Ip∂ \nßƒ F√m Pohn-Iƒ°pw tam£w

\¬Ip∂ \c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m-cmWv Fs∂-\nbv°v Dd-∏m-bn-tXm-∂p-∂p.

C∞w ]d™p sXmgp-Xp...............................

............................-sXm-gpXp Ipcp-l-em¬

]iy = t\m°q , h-Sp-cq-]o-I-cWw = _m“W _“-Nm-cn-th-j-°m-c-s\, At\-\-ipXw =

Ch\m¬ tIƒ°-s∏-´Xv = Ch≥ ]d-™Xv , sshbm-I-cW≥ = hym-I-c-W -]-fin-X≥, Im\-\-ko-a\n =

Imń¬

Cßs\ ]d™v sXmgpXp \n¬°p∂ `‡-t\mSv iocm-a≥ ]d-™p, -e-£vaWm t\m°q Cu

_m“-W-Ip-am-c≥ H∂mw Xcw `mj-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Chs‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ Hcp sNdnb

]ng-t]m-ep-an-√. Ch≥ Hcp hym-I-cW ]WvUn-X-\mWv (kq-c-y-\mWv l\p-ams‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥). ]ns∂

iocm-a≥ l\p-am-t\mSp ]d™p cmas\∂mWv Fs‚ t]cv. Zi-cY-cm-Pm-hns‚ aI-\m-Wv. Fs‚ A\p-

P-\mb e£va-\W\m-Wn-h≥. CXmWv kX-yw. Pm\-In-bmWv Fs‚ `mc-y. A—s‚ Iev]-\ -]-Imcw

Rßƒ aqhcpw Imń¬ X]- p-sN-øm≥ t]m∂p. Aßs\ Rßƒ "ZfiIw' F∂ Imń¬ Ign-bp-

tºmƒ apjvI-c-\mb Hcp cm£-k≥ Ahsf I´p sIm≠p t]mbn. Rßƒ Ahsf Imń¬ Xnc™p

\S-°p-I-bmWv. CXp-h-tcbpw I≠p-In-ń-bn-√. AXn-\n-S-bn-emWv Xm¶sf I≠-Xv. C\n Xm¶ƒ Bcm-

sW∂p ]dbq F∂p-tI-´-t∏mƒ l\p-am≥ sXmgp-Xp-sIm≠p ]d™p

kpKo-h-\m-In-b-hm-\-tc-µ≥....................

...........................-\-\p-hm-Zhpw sNbvXm≥

AX = ChnsS , ]cn-Klw = `mc-y, kvI‘w = tXmfv

A√tbm cLp-]-tX, kpKo-h-s\∂ hm\-c-ti-jvT≥ Cu ]¿∆-Xm-K-Øn¬ Xma-kn-bv°p-∂p-≠v.

a¥n-am-cmb Rßƒ \mep t]¿ ]ncn-bmsX At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS-bp-≠v. tPy-jvT-\pw, ]cm-I-an-bpw,

hm\-c-cm-Pm-hp-amb _men A\p-Ps\ \mń¬ \n∂v Bń-tbm-Sn-®p. kpKo-hs‚ `mc-y-tbbpw tPy-jvT≥

Xń-sb-Sp-Øp. Ei-y-ap-Im-New F∂ ÿeØv kpc-£n-X-\mbn kpKo-h≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Rm\-t±-l-

Øns‚ Hcp `rX-y≥ amX-am-Wv. Fs‚ A—≥ hmbp AΩ ARvP\. bmsXmcp k¶-Shpw hcmsX

Fs∂ c£n-bv°-W-ta. kpKo-h-\p-ambn Aßv kJyw ssNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ X≠p-t]¿°pw iXp-

°sf \in-∏n-bv°mw. AXn-\p-th-≠-sX√mw Rm≥ sNømw -thsd KXn-bn-√. CX-ßbv°p kΩ-X-am-sW-

¶n¬ \nßƒ°p Fs‚ IqsS-t]m-cmw. F√m k¶-S-ßfpw DSs\ XocpwF∂p ]d™p l\p-am≥ Xs‚

bYm¿∞ cq]-Øn¬ \n∂p \ap-°p-t]mImw. \nßƒ c≠p-t]cpw Fs≥dtXm-fn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p-I.-

A-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp hnj-a-hp-am-≠m-In-√. At∏mƒ i_cn t\csØ ]d™ Imcyw IqSn Hm¿Øp-



sIm≠v iocm-a≥ kΩXw sImSp-Øp. (B-c-Wy Imfiw Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂Xv i_-cn-bpsS tam£

]m]vXn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. iocm-a-t\mSv i_cn AhnsS sh®v kpKo-hs\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imc-y-ßƒ

]dWv™v At±-l-hp-ambn kJyw sNøp-∂Xv koXmt\z-j-W-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw ]d-™n-cp-

∂p. A°m-c-y-amWv iocm-a≥ Ct∏mƒ Hm¿Ø-Xv.-

kpKoh kJyw

iocm-a-e-£va-W-∑msc .............................

................................-k-¥m-]-kw-Lhpw

hyKw = D¬°-WvT, Zmcm∞w = ]Xv\n-bv°p-th-≠n, hnim¥ tNXkm =a-\:-k-am-[m-\-tØm-sS,

anX-tKmXw = kqc-y-hw-iw, hnjvS]w = `qan, hnjvScw = ]oTw

iocma e£va-W-∑msc Igp-Øn-te‰n l\p-am≥ \S-∂p. Ahsc kpKo-hs‚ ap∂n¬ FØn®

tijw ]d-™p. kpKoh Aßp C\n ]cn-`-an-bvt°-≠-Xn-√. iocm-a\pw e£va-W\pw \jvS-s∏´

koXsb At\-z-jn®v ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂Xv \ΩpsS alm-`m-K-y-am-Wv. At∏mƒ temI-\m-b-I-∑m-cmb

cma-e-£va-W-∑m¿ B ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ Hcp ac-Ø-W-en¬ k¥p-jvS-cmbn \n∂p. l\p-amb

henb kt¥m-j-tØmsS ho≠pw kpKo-h-t\mSp ]d™p. C\n Aßp bmsXm-cm-tfbpw t]Sn-bvt°-

≠. AXn-\mWv tbmtK-i-z-c-∑m-cmb cma e£va-W-∑m¿ Ctßm-s´-gp-∂-f-fn-b-Xv. Ahsc sN∂p hWßn

]c-kv]cw kJyw sNbvXp Cui-z-c-`-‡-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I. k¥p-jvS-\mb kpKo-h≥ At∏mƒ _lp-am-

\-tØmsS Fgp-t∂‰v ]cn-`-a-tØmsS `qan-]-Xn-bmb iocm-a\v Ccn-bv°m≥ Cfw Xfn-cp-Iƒ s]m´n®v

`qan-bn-en´v Ccn-∏n-S-sam-cp-°n. AXp- I≠ l\p-am≥ e£va-W\pw e£va-W≥ kpKo-h\pw Ccn-∏n-S-ßƒ

Hcp-°n. kt¥m-j-tØmsS F√m-hcpw Ccp-∂p. B¿°pw bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw tXm∂n-bn-√.

anXm-fl-Pt\mSp e£va-W≥.................

.........................-ap-ºn¬ sh®o-Sn-\m≥

]pjv°-c-am¿§w = BImiw ,`m-an\n = kvXo

At∏mƒ kpKo-h≥ iocm-a-t\mSp ]d-™p. kvXo cXv\amb koXm-tZ-hnsb Rm≥ Xnc™p

I≠p ]nSn-®p- X-cmw.

Aß-bpsS iXp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ Hcp `rX-y-s\-t∏mse Ign-bp-∂-sX√mw sNømw.

C°m-cyw Nn¥n®v C\n H´pw Zp:Jw D≠m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS hnj-aßƒ Rm≥ C√mXm°mw.

cmh-Ws\ hwi-tØmsS apSn®v Rm≥ koXsb Xncn-®p-sIm≠p hcmw. Rms\m-cp -kw-`hw ImWp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. AXp ]d-bmw. Rm\pw \mep-a-¥n-amcpw Cu ]¿∆-X-in-J-c-Øn¬ Ccn-bv°p-tºmƒ Hcp

Znhkw kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp bph-Xnsb Hcp cm£k hoc≥ BIm-i-Øn¬ IqSn sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xp-

I≠p. At∏mƒ c-£n-bv°m-\m-cp-an√msX cmam-cmam F∂p hnfn®p Ic-™n-cp-∂p. Ahƒ Aß-bpsS

]Xv\n-bm-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. DØ-a-bmb Ahƒ Rßsf ]¿∆X inJ-c-Øn¬ I≠-t∏mƒ Zb-\o-b-ambn

Xs‚ B`-c-W-ßƒ DØ-co-b-Øn¬ s]mXn™v ae-ap-I-fn-te-bv°n-´p. Rm\Xv FSpØv kq£n-®p-sh-®n-

´p-≠v. thW-sa-¶n¬ Aß-bv°Xp ImWmw. koXm-tZ-hn-bpsS B`-c-W-ßƒ Aß-bv°-dn-bm-at√m ?

Cßs\ ]d™v kpKo-h≥ AsX-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂v iocmas‚ ap∂n¬ sh®p.



A¿tÆm-P-t\-X-s\-Sp-Øp.......................................

...................................... ssiem-tK-a-cp-hn-\m¿

iocm-a≥ B B`-c-W-ßƒ I≠ amX-bn¬ IÆp \ocp-sIm-≠mWv t£am-t\-z -jWw

\S-Øn-b-Xv. Fs∂-t∏mse \nßfpw kpµ-cn-bmb koX-sb-∏n-cn-™pthm F∂p ]d™p koX-bpsS

t]cv hnfn®p hne-]n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. At±lw B B`-c-W-ßƒ amd-Ø-a¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p temssI-I-\m-Y-

\mb incm-a≥ shdpw km[m-c-W-°m-sc-t∏mse Cßs\ Ic-bm≥ XpSßn. Zp;-Jn®p t_m[-a‰p

InS-°p∂ tPy-jvT-t\mSv e£va-W≥ ]d-™p. Aßv Ic-b-cp-Xv. kpKo-hs‚ klm-b-Øm¬ hm\-c-

∑msc Iq´n cmh-W-s\-sIm∂v ]Xv\nsb hos≠-Sp-°mw. Aßv ]km-Zn-®m-epw. bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-

√msX Xmh-W-s\-s°m∂v koXsb Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®p Xcmw F∂v kpKo-h\pw ]d-™p. e£vaW

kpKo-h-∑m-cpsS Bi-zmk hm°p-Iƒ tI´ iocm-a≥ Aev]-sam-∂-S-ßn. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ A·n-

P-z-en-∏n®v \s√mcp aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ Ahsc kJyw sNøn-®p. c≠p-t]cpw apS°w IqSmsX Imc-y-ßƒ

t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂m-i-z-kn®v B ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ Ccp-∂p.

_menbpw Xm\pw ]nW°w ......................

..........................-_men alm-_-e-hm≥ XZm

Zm\-h≥ = Akp-c≥, hne-Z-zmcn = Kplm-apJw

_menbpw kpKo-h\pw XΩn¬ hntcm-[-ap-≠m-b-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw kpKo-h≥ hnh-cn®p. ]≠v

abs‚ ]pX-\mbn ambmhn F∂ Hc-kp-c≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤-Øn\v FXn-cm-fn-bmbn

Btcbpw In´msX Ah≥ Al-¶-cn®v \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcn-bv°¬ InjvI-‘-bnepw FØn.

_mensb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-®p. AXp tI´v sNmSn®v _menbpw ]pdØp h∂p. _men-bpsS CSn-tb‰v

ZpjvS-\mb ambmhn HmSn-Øp-S-ßn. _menbpw ]n∂mse HmSn . AXp-I≠v kpKo-h\pw _men-bpsS IqsS-

s®∂p. At∏mƒ Akp-c≥ Hcp Kpl-bn-sem-fn-®p. At∏mƒ hm\-c-ti-jvT-\mb _men kpKo-h-t\mSp

]d-™p. Rm\o Kpl-bn¬ IS∂v Chs\ XI¿°mw. \o Cu Kp-lm -ap-J-Øp-Xs∂ \n¬°p-I. Kpl-

bn¬ \n∂v ]m¬ Hen®p h∂m¬ Akpc≥ acn-®n-´p-≠m-hpw; A√ tNmc-bmWv Hgp-Inh-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ acn-

®Xv Rm\m-bn-cn-bv°pw. At∏mƒ \o Kplm-Zzmcw I√n-´p-aqSn Xncn®p t]mbn \mSp-hm-gp-I. Cßs\

]d™p _men Kpl-bn¬ IS∂p. Rm≥ ]pdØp ImØp-\n-∂p. Hcp amkw ImØp \n∂n´pw _men

Xncn®p h∂n-√. At∏mƒ Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v tNmc-sbm-en®p h∂p. AtXmsS Rm≥ Zp;-Jn-X-\mbn

tPy-jvTs\ alm_e-hm\mb ambmhn sIm∂n- p-≠m-hp-sa-∂q-ln-®p. k¶-S-tØmsS Rm≥ InjvIn--‘bn¬

Xncn-s®-Øn. hm\-c-∑mcpw Zp:-Jn-X-\m-bn. GXm-bmepw hm\-c-\m-b-I-∑m¿ Fs∂ hm\-c-cm-Pm-hmbn

A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. ]ns∂bpw Ipd-®p-Iqew IqSn Ign-™-t∏mƒ i‡-\mb _men Xncn-s®-Øn.

I√n´p Rm≥ hne-Z-zmcw .........................

.................................. cma-`m-jnXw tIhew

Rm≥ I√p-sIm≠v Kplm-apJw AS-®Xv _mensb NXn-®p-sIm-√m-\m-sW∂v _men sX‰n-≤-cn-®p.

AXn-\m¬ Ip]n-X-\mb _men Fs∂ sIm√m\Sp-Øp. Rm≥ HmSn-c-£-s∏-´p. t]mIp-∂n-S-sØ√mw

_menbpw h∂p. Hcn-SØpw Ccn-bv°-s∏m-dp-Xn-bn-√m-Xmbn Aßs\ Rm≥ Eiy-aq-Im-N-e-Øn¬

h∂n-cp-∂p. al¿jn-bpsS im]w ImcWw _men ChnsS hcn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ ChnsS hni-zkn--®n-

cn-bv°p-∂p. Ahn-th-In-bmb _men Fs‚ `mc-y-tbbpw IeymWw Ign-®p. Ct∏mƒ Rm≥ \mSpw

\K-chpw hoSpw `mc-y-bpw H∂p-an-√ms\ Zp;-Jn®p Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. Xma-c-∏q-t]m--ep-ff Aß-bpsS



Ime-Sn-Isf sXm´p-h-W-ßm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Ct∏mƒ F√m-k-¶-S-ßfpw Xo¿∂p. kpKo-hs‚

(an--Xm-fl-P≥) hm°p-tI´v iocm-a≥ kplr-Øns≥d Zp:Jw (an-X-Zp:-Jw) \nanØw k¥m-]-tØmsS

IcpW \nd™ a\-t msS ]d-™p. Xm¶-fpsS iXp-hn-s\s°m∂v ]Xv\ntbbpw cmP-y-Øn-t\bpw

kº-Øp-I-tfbpw Xncn®p hcp-∂p-≠v. Cu cmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ ]ng-bv°n-√.

am\-th-tµm-‡n-Iƒ tI´p.................................

.............................-............sXm-gpXp \n∂o-Sn-\m¿

am\-th-tµm-‡n-Iƒ =a-\p-jy tijvTs‚ (cm-as‚) hm°p-Iƒ, `m\p-X-\-b≥ = kqc-y-]p-X≥,

kz¿-tem-I-\m-Y-P≥ = Cµ-]p-X≥ , amlnjw = t]mØns‚ , irwKw = sImºv, DØ-amwKw = Xe,

aZ-zm-Iy--Ku-chw = Fs‚ hm°p-I-fpsS i‡n, aµcw t]mse = aµ-c-]¿∆Xw t]mse

iocmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´ kpKo-h≥ Cßs\ ]d-™p. Cµ-]p-X-\mb _mensb sIm√m≥ CØncn

_p≤n-ap-´p-≠v. Ah-t\mfw i‡n a‰m¿°p-an-√. _men-bpsS ssIøp°p Rm≥ ]d-™p-X-cmw. ]≠p

Zpµp`n F∂p t]cmb Hcp Akp-c≥ t]mØns‚ cq]-Øn¬ InjvIn-‘-bpsS tKm]p-c-Øn¬ h∂v bp≤-

Øn\v hnfn®p AXp-tI´v Ien-sIm≠v _men ]pd-Øp-h∂v Ahs‚ sImºp-Iƒ qan-bn¬ hogvØn Nhnń

saXn®v Xe ]-dn-s®-SpØv Npg‰n Fdn-™p. B Gdn¬ Akp-c-c‡w aXw-K-a-l¿jn-bpsS ]¿Æ-im-e-

bn¬ sXdn®v Ai-p-≤-ambn. C-ßs\ Bi-asØ Aip-≤-am°nb _men Fßm\pw C\n taen¬ Cu

E-i-y-aq-Im-N-e-Øn¬ Im¬Ip-Øn-bm¬ Ahs‚ Xe s]mń-sØ-dn®v NØp-t]m-Is´ F∂v aXw-K-a-l¿jn

i]n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v A∂p apX¬ _men ChnsS IS-°p-I-bn√. AXp-sIm≠v Poh-`-b-an-√msX

Rm\pw ChnsS Ign-bp-∂p. Hcp aµ-c-]--¿∆Xw t]mse B InS-°p-∂-XmWv Zpµp-`n-bpsS Xe. AsX-Sp-

sØ-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-∂-h\v _mensb sIm√m\pw Ignbpw F∂p-d∏v. CXp tI´v H∂v Nncn®v (Xs≥d i‡n-

bn¬ kpKo-h-\p-ff Bi¶ a\- n-embn F∂-a-ń¬) iocm-a≥ Xs‚ Imens‚ If-f-hn-c¬sIm≠v B

Xe tXm≠n-sb-dn-™p. B Xe \qdp-tbm-P-\-bv°-∏pdw sN∂p ho-Wp. CXp I≠-tXmsS kpKo-hs‚

apJw sXfn™p a¥n-am¿ A¤p-X-s∏-´p. tIaw Xs∂ F∂v ]iw-kn®v Ah¿ cma-s\sXmgpXp \n∂p.

]ns∂-bp-a¿°m-∑-P≥...........................

...........................................-Iq-∏nsØmgpXp sNm√o-Sn-\m¿

k]vX-Im-ew= Ggp-ºm-ew, _mew = ]\-t]mse hf-Xp∂ Hscm-‰-Ø-Sn-hr-£w, XqWocw = Bh-\mgn

kpKo-h≥ ]nt∂bpw ]d-™p. cmPmth Cu ImWp-∂-Xm-Wt√m k]vXkm-e-ßƒ _menbv°v

ssIØ-cn∏v Xo¿°m-\p-ff Ggp-km-e-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. _men (hrXm-c-]p-X≥) H∂p ]nSn®p Ipep-°n-bm¬

Cu G-gp-a-c-ß-fp-tSbpw Ce apgp-h≥ s]mgn-bpw. Hcp hrØ-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Cu ac-ßsf H‰-b-ºp-

sIm≠v ]nf¿°m-sa-¶n¬ Abmƒ°v _mensb sIm√m\pw Ignbpw kpKo-hs‚ C]-Im-c-ap-ff hm°p-

Iƒ tI´v B kqc-y-hw-i-cm-Pmhv (A-\-y-tbm-Zv`q-X≥ = Ipe-Øn¬ ]n∂-h≥) hn√v \∂mbn Ipe®v \s√m-

c-kvXw sXmSp-Øp-hn-´p. h´-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ggp kme-ß-tfbpw ]nf¿∂v B icw ]mdbpw `qanbpw

Xf-®p-I-bdn D÷-z-en-®p-sIm≠v Xncn-®p-h∂v iocm-as‚ Bh-\m-gn-bn¬ ]th-in®p InS-∂p. AXp-I≠v

A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-\mb kpKo-h≥ Dffp Xpds° Nncn®v iocm-a-s\-sØm-gpXpsIm≠p ]d-™p.

km£m¬ PK-∂m-Y\mw ................

........................................................



Aßv km£m¬ PK-Zo-i-z-\pw, F√m-h¿°pw km£n-`q-X-\p-am-Wv. ]≠p Rm≥ sNbvX ]pWyw

Im≠m-hn-cnbv°mw Aßsb t\cn´p ImWp-hm≥ `mK-y-ap-≠m-b-Xv. P∑-a-c-W-ßfn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-

Sphm≥ (tam£w In´p-hm≥) ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-°ƒ Aßsb `Pn-bv°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw tam£w sImSp-

°p-∂-h-\mb Aßv ]X-y-£-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ tam£-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Rm\pw At]-£n-bv°p-∂n-√.

]pX≥, `mc-y, [\w, cmPyw apX-em-b-h-sb√mw \njv^-e-amWv. AsXms° Aß-bpsS amb

sIm≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v alm-a-lm-flmth as‰m-∂nepw F\nbv°v BKlw (B-Imw-£)-

C-√. temI-\m-bIm F∂n¬ sXfn-tb-Wta . ]c-am-\-µm-\p-`q-Xn-bmbn hym-]n®p \n¬°p∂ Aßsb

`mKyw sIm≠v ]m]n®p Ign-™p. Hcmƒ aÆn-\p-th≠n qan Ipgn®-t∏mƒ \n[n In´n-bXp t]mse-bmbn

F\n-bv°n-t∏mƒ. [¿Ωm-N-c-Ww, Zm\w, hXm-\p-jvTm-\w, Xo¿∞-kv\m-\w, X]- v, bmKw (I-Xp, CjvSn)

I¿Ω-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ F∂n-h-sIm≠v amXw Hcp-Ø\v temI Pohn-X-Zp:Jw (kw-km-cw) Ah-km-

\n-bv°p-∂n-√. AXv Aß-bn-ep-ff `‡n sIm≠p amXw kw`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-

µ-ßsf F\n-bv°n-t∏mƒ ImWm≥ Ign-™Xpw Aß-bpsS A\p-Klw sIm≠p Xs∂. BcpsS

a\- mtWm Cf-ImsX Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ßfn¬ Aev]-k-a-b-sa-¶nepw Dd®p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ah\v

A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmb Adn-hn-√mbva C√m-Xm-Ipw. C\n a\ v Dd®p \n¬°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn

cma-cma F∂v P]n-bv°p-∂-hs≥d ]m]-ß-sf√mw Xocpw Ah≥ DØ-a-\mbn ]cnip≤-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

sNøpw. aZ-y-]m-\n-bm-sW-¶nepw _m“-Ws\ sIm∂-h-\m-sW-¶nepw Ah≥ s]s´∂p (k-Z-y) Xs∂ B

]m]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Ic-I-bdpw. C\n-sb-\nbv°v iXp-hns\ sIm√p-∂-Xnepw mc-y-tbm-sSmØp Ign-bp-∂-

Xnepw bmsXmcp Xm¬∏-c-y-hp-an-√. F\nbv°v tam£w In´p-hm-\p-]-I-cn-bv°p∂ ‡n-b-√msX as‰m∂pw

tht≠ tht≠. Aß-bpsS ]mZ-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ th≠-Xmb `‡n-am¿§w sIm≠v temI-\mYm

Fs‚ ]m]-ßsf ]q¿Ævambpw \in-∏n-®mepw (D-Zv]m-S-b) iXp, CS-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h≥, _‘p Cß-

s\-bp-ff hy-X-ymk Nn¥ Cui-zcm Fs‚ a\- n¬ C√m-Xm-bn. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ßƒ I≠-

tXmsS F\nbv°v kmX-zn-I-⁄m\w e`n®p Ign-™p. Fs≥d a\ v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bpsS Imep-I-fn¬

Dd-bv°-Ww. \mW-an-√msX Aß-bpsS \maw P]n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ amXw ck-a-\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-bv°-

Ww Fs‚ \mhvv. Aß-bpsS ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ß-fn¬ Ft∏mgpw ]qP sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-bv°Ww Ft∏mgpw

Fs‚ ssIIƒ. Fs‚ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bpsS Xncp-ta-\n-Im-Wm≥ km[n-bv°-Ww.

sNhn-sIm≠v Ft∏mgpw Aß-bp-sS, at\m-l-c-I-Y-Iƒ tIƒ°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. AN-yp-X-\mb AßbpsS

t£X-ß-fn¬ FØm≥ Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ Imep-Iƒ \S-°-Ww. PK-Zo-i-z-cm, Aß-bpsS Ime-Sn-bnse

s]mSn-bm-Ip∂ Xo¿∞w (X-z¬∏m-Z-]mw-kp-Xo-∞w) Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ ico-cmw-K-ßƒsIm≠v G¬°m≥

Ign-b-Ww. `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Aß-bpsS Im¬°¬ Fs‚ Xe-sIm≠v ho≠pw ho≠pw \a-kv°-cn-

bv°m-dm-I-Ww. Cßs\ kvXpXn® kpKo-hs\ iocm-a≥ a\- p-sXfn-™p Benw-K\w sNbvXp. AwK-

kwKw (Aw-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ff kv]¿iw) sIm≠v ]m](I-eva-jw) ßƒ thc‰v ]cn-ip-≤-\m-bn-Øo¿∂

kpKo-hs\ Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb io cma≥ At∏mƒ cmh-W-h[w F∂ e£y ]m]vXn-bv°p-th≠n amb-

sIm≠v tamln-∏n-®p. At±lw Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ]d™p \o ]d-™-X-Xbpw kXyw Xs∂. iocma ‡n

]N-cn-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb ]cn-iaw l\p-a¬ kvXp-Xn-bnepw kpKoh kvXpXn-

bnepw ImWmw iocm-as\ s]s´∂v vC-h¿ Cui-z-c-\mbn Xncn-®-dn-™Xp t]mse-bp≠v IYm-K-Xn-bn¬

Xs∂ IrXnaw tXm∂pw)



_men kpKo-h-bp≤w

_men-sb-s®∂p hnfn°m..........................................

.........................................................................................

\ncm-Ipew = B Ipe-X-bn-√msX, ]rY-zo-cqlw = acw , B¿Xym = ZpJ-tØmsS

C\n-thKw sN∂v _mensb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-bv°pI. _men-sb-s°m∂v \n\°v cmP-ym- n-tj-

Ihpw sNbvXv Rm≥ kwc-£nbv°mw F∂v iocm-a≥ ]d-™p-tI v Ah-sc-√m-hcpw InjvIn-‘-bn-te-

bv°p ]pds∏-´p. tKm]p-c-Øn¬ sN∂v kpKo-h≥ _men-Isb bp≤-Øn\p hnfn®p a‰p-f-f-h≥ Hcp

hr£w ad™p \n∂p. _men t]mcn\p h∂p. `¶-c-amb bp≤w \S-∂p. tNmc-bn¬Ip-fn®v BIr-Xn-

bmepw ]Ir-Xn-bnepw Hcp-t]m-se-bp-ff Ahsc ZpcØp \n∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ a´n-em-bn. _‘p-

hn\v B]Øp kw`-hn-bv°ptam F∂ i¶ aqew iocm-a≥ AkvXw ]tbm-Kn-®n-√. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ _men-

bpsS a¿±-\-ta‰v tNmc O¿±n®v Ah-i-\mb kpKo-h≥ HmSn-c-£-s∏-´p. _men sIm´m-c-Øn-tebv°v

Xs∂ Xncn®p t]mbn. b-]-c-hi (hn-kvX-kvX≥) \mb kpKo-h≥ acw ad™p \n¬°p∂ iocm-as\

iIm-cn-®p.

iXp-hns\ s°m≠p..................................

..............................................tam Zme-b-®o-Sn-\m≥

_≤m-ip-t\-X≥ = IÆo-tcm-sS, tcmj-th-K-ßƒ = tIm]-tØmsS thK-Øn-ep-ff ]hr-Øn-

Iƒ, anX-Lm-Xn-X-z-am-i-¶y = _‘p-hns\ sIm∂-h-\m-bn-Øo-cptam F∂v kwi-bn®v , ap‡-hm-\m-b-Xn√

kvXw = A-º-b-®n√, _≤zm = _‘n®v = AWn-bn®v

iXp-hns\ sIm≠v Fs∂ sIm√n-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Aß-bpsS Dt±iw F∂-dn-™n-√. Rm≥

sIm√-s∏-tS-≠-h-\m-sW-¶n¬ Aß-bpsS Aºp sIm≠p Xs∂ Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ aXn-b-t√m. kX-y-

amWv ASn-ÿm-\w F∂p hnNm-cn-®p. AXp shdp-sX-bm-bn. Aßv kX-y-k-‘-\m-sW∂p Rm≥ hnNm-

cn-®Xpw ]mgn-em-bn. (Z-bm-\n-t[ ic-Wm-K-X-h¬kem XpS-ßnb kwt_m[-\-I-fpsS aq¿® i≤n-°p-I).

kpKo-hs‚ hmIp-Iƒ tI´p IÆo-scm-en-®p-sIm≠v iocm-a≥ ]d-™p. H´pw - -bs∏tS≠. AX-y¥

tcmj-th-K-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn \nß-fpS bp≤-Øn-\n-Sbv°v A_-≤-h-im¬ Aºv _‘p-hn-t\¬°ptam F∂

Bi¶ \nanØw Rm≥ Bbp[w ]tbm-Kn-®n-√. C\n Cu sX‰p hcm-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ \n\-s°m-c-S-bmfw

D≠m-°mw. iXp-hmb _mensb DS-s\-Xs∂ bp≤-Øn\p hnfn-bv°q. _men acn®p Ign™p F∂p

Xs∂ Dd-∏n®p sImf-fp-I. Rm≥ cma-\m-sW-¶n¬ Fs‚ hm°v ]ng-bv°n-√. F∂nßs\ kpKo-hs\

Bi-z-kn-∏n® iocm-a≥ e£va-W-t\mSp Hcp ]qam-e-bp-≠m°n kpKo-hs\ AWn-bn®v ]S-bv°p- ]-d-™-

b-bv°m≥ ]d-™p. e£va-W≥ Aßs\ sNbvXp

_men h[w

hrXm-cn-]p-Xs\ .................................

.............................awKZw cmPyw Ipe-©ta

_≤-zm-]-cn-Icw = Acbpw Xebpw apdp°n, `¿Øp-ctK = `¿Øm-hns≥d ap∂n¬, hnKlw =

bp≤w, l¥-h-y≥ = h≤-y≥ , DZ¥w = hm¿Ø, h\-ym-i-\≥ = Im´n¬ \n∂p In´p-∂Xv Xn∂p-∂-h≥,

-Ip-e-©tX =Ip-ew+-N+tX Aß-bpsS hwihpw. bmln= t]mbmepw



_mensb kpKo-h≥ ho≠pw bp≤Øn\p hnfn-®p. tKm]p-c-Øn¬ \n∂v knwl-\mZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn-bv°p∂ kpKo-hs\ I≠v _men A¤p-X-s∏´p. s]s´∂p Ien Ibdn Acbpw Xebpw apdp°n bp≤-

Øn\p ]pd-s∏´ _men-bpsS apºn¬ Xmc-h∂p \n∂v XS-™p. Hcn-bv°¬ bp≤-Øn¬ tXmt‰m-Sn-b-h≥

ho≠pw bpZv[Øn\p hnfn-bv°p-tºmƒ Ah\v Icp-Ø-\mb Hcp klm-bn-bp-s≠-∂p-d-∏n-bv°-Ww. F∂p

Xmc ]d-™-t∏mƒ _men tNmZn-®p. kpKo-h\v BcmWv _‘p? F\n-bv°m-cmWv iXp? Hcp iXp

]Sn-°¬ h∂v t]mcn-\p-hn-fn-bv°p-tºmƒ tIń-s√∂p \Sn®v Cf-Im-Xn-cn-bv°p-∂Xv BWp-ßƒ°p tN¿∂-

X-√. At∏mƒ Xmc-]p-Xn-sbmcp hm¿Øb-dn-bn®p. Ah-cpsS ]pX-\mb AwK-Z≥ Imń¬ \mbm-ń\p

t]mb-t∏mƒ Adn-™-Xm-W-Xv. iocm-a\pw kpKo-h\pw XΩn¬ kJyw sNbvX IY-bm-WXv (]p-cmW

IY-Ifpw `‡nbpw hmb-\-°m-cn¬ Dd-∏n-bv°m≥ cmam-bWØn¬ ]e Znbv°nepw Bh¿Øn-®p -]-d-

bp∂ coXn Fgp-Ø-—≥ kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Bh¿Ø\w Hcp Imhy tZmj-am-sW-¶nepw e£yw am¿§sØ

km[q-I-cn-bv°p-∂p) Xmc ]d-™-h-km-\n-∏n-®p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ct∏mƒ kpKo-h≥ bp≤-Øn\v ho≠pw

h∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ kpKo-h-t\m-Sp-ff iXpX Hgnhm°n At±-lsØ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-bmbn hmgn-

bv°q. Aßv io-cm-as\ icWw ]m]nbv°m≥ thKw t]mbmepw Aßs\ Ft∂bpw \ΩpsS ]pX-\mb

AwK-Z-t\-bpw, cmP-y-tØbpw \ΩpsS hwi-tØbpw c£n-®m-epw.

(Xm-c-bpsS kz-`m-hw, `¿Ør-kvt\-lw˛ hwi-kvt\lw ˛ bp‡n-t_m[w ˛ Zo¿L-Z¿i-\w)

Cßs\ sNm√n-°-c-™p..........................

..............................-A-IØp ]q°n-Sn-\mƒ

`qan-`m-c-l-c-Wm¿∞w = qan-bpsS mcw Xn¿°m≥, \n¿§p-W≥= ]tX-y-In®v KpW-sam-∂p-an-√m-Ø-

h≥,- X-Zv+-N-cWw = X®-c-Ww= At±-l-Øns‚ Imep-Iƒ, thiva\n = sIm´m-c-Øn¬

Cßs\ Imep-]n-Sn®p Ic-bp∂ Xmcsb BenwK\w sNbvXmi-z-kn-∏n®v kvt\l-tØm-sS- _men

]d™p. kvXo kz-`mhw sIm≠p \o t]Sn-°-cp-Xv. F\n-bvs°m´pw b-an-√. iocm-a-e-£va-W-∑m¿ h∂n-

´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-scs‚ `mK-Øp-tNcpw cmas\ Ft∂mfw kvt\lw a‰m¿°p-an-√. `q`mcw Xo¿°m≥

Ah-X-cn® km£m¬ alm-hn-jvWp-hm-W-t±lw. \n¿KvKpWmflmhmb iocm-a\v ]£ tZZ-an-√. At±-

l-Øns‚ Im¬h-Wßn Rm≥ Hcq amfn-I-bn-sebv°v Iq-ń-sIm-≠p-hcpw. At±-l-Øn\v kpKo-h-t\-

°mƒ A[nIw D]-Imcw Fs∂ sIm≠m-hpw. Atßm´p `Pn-bv°p-∂-hsc At±lw Ctßm´v tkhn-

bv°pw. as‰mcp `mhw Cui-z-c-\n-√. `‡n-sIm≠p amXw kao-]n-bvt°≠ km£m¬ Cui-z-c-\m-W-t±-

lw. `‡n-bm-Is´ Fs∂-t∏mse B¿°pw C√. \o Zp:-Jn-bv°msX sIm´m-c-Øn¬ t]mbn Ccp-∂m-epw.

C]-Imcw Ahsf kam-[m-\n-∏n®v th≠-Xmb Hcp-°-tØmsS Ip]n-X-\mbn kpKo-hs\ sIm√m≥ bp≤-

Øn-\n-d-ßn. IÆo-scm-gp-°n-s°m≠v Xmc- A-¥:-]p-c-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßn. (_m-en-bpsS ss[c-yw, am\-y-X,

]Xv\o kvt\lw, ip≤-K-Xn, iocm-a-`‡n s]u-cpjw F∂nh i≤-n°p-I)

]√pw ISn-®-e-dn-s°m-≠p.......................

...............................-tIm-]m-Ip-e-tN-Xkm

cpjvS≥ = Ip]n-X≥, Ime-Im-e≥ = inh≥, inh-`-‡-\mb am¿Imtfi-bs\ acn-∏n-°m≥ h∂-

t∏m-gmWv Ime\pw inh\pw XΩn¬ bp≤-ap-≠m-b-Xv. kmZw = £oWw, hr£-j-fiw= aX-Ø-Sn, hnZp-

Xw= thK-Øn¬, tamlw = t_m[-t°-Sv, Z£n-W-lkvXw = hew-ssI, Noc-h-k-\w=-a-c-tØm¬ hkvXw,-

Xp-Wo-cw= Bh-\m-Sn, CSw-s]´ = hnim-e-am-b, Nm¿hm-bXw= at\m-l-chpw \o≠Xpw , Zp¿∆m-Z-f—--hn =

Idp-I-\m-ºns‚ tim`-bp-ff K¿ln®p = \nµn-®p.



_menbpw kpKo-h\pw XΩn¬ ISp-Ø-bp≤w XpSßn B bp≤-Øns‚ ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw

t]mep-ff Hcp h¿Æ-\-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hoc-c-km-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\pw bp≤-h¿Æ-\-I-fnse

\nco-£W ssh`h-Øn\pw kym-`m-hn-I-Xbv°p-sams° Cu `mKw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ]cp-jm-£c ]Z-ß-

fpsS kwtbm-Khpw \o≠ hmIy LS-\-bpwsIm≠v h¿Æ-y-hn-j-b-Øn\p tN¿∂ `mj-bmbn Bthiw

P\n-∏n-bv°p-∂p. CXp-t]mse Hcp Zz-µ-z-bp≤w C\n alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m-ńse I¿Æ-]¿∆-X-Ønse

òa Zp»m-k\ bp≤-Ønte ImWq. A—≥ sImSpØ Hcp ame (k¿§-Ønse aµm-c-∏q°ƒ-sIm-≠p-≠m-

°n-b-Xv)-_m-enbv°pw iocm-a≥ sImSpØ ame kpKo-h-\p-ap-≠v. CX-√msX Ah¿°v bmsXmcp

hy-X-ym-k-hp-an-√. At∏m-tgbv°pw kpKo-h\v bp≤ £X-ßƒ G¬°m≥ XpS-ßn. £oWn® kpKo-h≥

Zb-\o-b-ambn cmas\ t\m°n. ac-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ \n¬°p∂ At±lw amtlµw F∂ ZnhymkvXw

_men-bpsS amdn-te-bv°-b-®p. Aºp-sIm≠ _men Hcp Ae¿®-tbmsS hoWp. At∏mƒ `qan

Ipep-ßn. Aev]-t\cw _men-t_m-[-an-√msX InS-∂p. t_m[w sXfn-™-t∏mƒ Nm] _mW-ßƒ [cn®v

ac-hp-cn-bp-SpØv Bh-\m-gn-bp-ambn ]p©n-cn®p \n¬°p-∂, at\m-l-c-am-b- P-Sm-`mcw [cn®, hnim-e-amb

amdn¬ ]qam-e-b-Wn-™, \o≠p-cp≠ ssIIfpw Idp-I- Z-f-Øns‚ \nd-hp-ap-ff, Ccp-]p-dØpw

e£va-W\pw kpKo-h\pw tkhn®p \n¬°p∂ iocm-as\°≠v _men tIm]-Xm-]-ß-tfmsS

At±-lsØ ]gn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.

F¥p Rms\m∂p \nt∂m-Sp............................

.............................-D-Ø-c-am-b-cpƒ sNbvXp cLq-Ø-a≥

Rm\-tß-b°v F¥p sX‰p sNbvXp. shdpsX F¥n-\m-sWs∂ sIm√p-∂-Xv. NXn-bn¬ If-f-∑m-sc-

t∏mse ]h¿Øn® \o cmP-[¿Ωw sX‰n-®-sX-¥n-\m-Wv? cmP-Ip-e-Øn¬ ]nd∂ \n\°v CXp-sIm≠v

F¥p Io¿Øn-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv? hoc[¿Ωw F∂ ]i-wk In´m-\m-sW-¶n¬ Bcm-bmepw t\cn´p s]mcpXn

Pbn-°-Ww. kpKo-h≥ \n\-s°-¥p-sN-bvXp? Rm≥ \n\-°p-th≠n sNøm-Ø-sX-¥m-Wv? cmh-W≥

\ns‚ mc-y-sb-°- p-sIm-≠p-t]m-b-Xn-\mWv kpKo-hs\ icWw ]m]n®v Fs∂ sIm√p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fs‚

(am-a-Iw) ]cm-I-a-ßƒ Aßv tIń-ńt√ ? Cu aq∂p temI-Ønepw Fs‚ ssIøq-°-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-cp-≠v?

XnIq-Sm-N-etØm-Sp-IqSn e¶-tbbpw cmh-Wt\bpw _‘n®v Ac-\m-gn-I-sIm≠v Rm≥ \ns‚ Im¬°¬

sIm≠p-h∂v sh®p sXmgp-am-bn-cp-∂t√m ? alm-flm-°¬ Aßsb [¿Ωn-jvT-s\-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. bmsXmcp

ImW-hp-an-√msX Hcp Ipc-ßs\ NXn®p sIm∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥p [¿Ω-amWv km[n-®-Xv. AXp-sIm-s≠-

¥-`n-am-\-amWv D≠m-bXv ? Ipc-ßs‚ Cd®n \n∂m≥ t]mepw sImf-fn-√. ]ns∂ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv

Cßs\ tXm∂n-b-Xv? Cßs\ ]eXpw ]d™ _men-tbmSv iocm-a≥ ]d-™p.

[¿ΩsØ c£n-∏-Xn..............................

........................................-]m-]n-Iƒt°‰hpw

[¿ΩsØ c£n-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv Rm≥ Bbp-[-[m-cn-bmbn BtcmSpw a’-c-an-√msX

temI-sØßpw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. ]m]nbpw A[¿Ωn-jvT-\p-amb \ns‚ ]m]w \in-∏n®v [¿Ωw \S-Øm-

\mWv \ns∂ Rm≥ h[n-®-Xv. ambm-h-i-K-\mb \o \ns∂-∏‰n a\- n-em-°n-bn-√. aIƒ (`-Kn-\n)

ktlm-Z-cn, ktlmZ-c-`m-c-y ]pX-IfXw (a-Is‚ `mc-y) amXmhv Ch-sc√mw Xpe-y-cmWv F∂mWv

thZ-hm-Iyw. Ahsc `mc-y-bmbn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h≥ alm-]m-]n-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah¿°p

k¶Sw D≠m-hpw. ac-ym-Z-sX‰n \S-°p-∂-hsc iqc-∑m-cmb cmPm-°-∑m≥ h[n®v [¿Ωw kwc-£n-bv°pw.

temI-Ønse Xn∑-Isf XpS®p \o°m-\mWv temI-]m-e-∑m¿ \S-°p-∂-Xv. [¿Ωw sX‰n \S-°p-∂-h-tcmSv

A[nIw kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂Xp Xs∂ ]m]-am-Wv.



C∞-a-cpƒ sNbvX-sXm-°-th.....................

...............................-In-jvIn-‘-bmb ]pcm-Pntc

tbmKn-\m-a-]n-Zp¿√`w = Ejn-am¿°p-t]mepw In´m≥ ]bm-k-ap-ff-Xpv. km£m¬ ]pc-ÿn-X≥ = I¨

apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h≥, Zpcm]w = FØm≥ ]bm-k-ap-ff ,a¿°-sSuLw = hm\c-°q´w, ]qcm-Pn-tc=-

]-´-W-ap-‰-Øp (B-Pncw = ap‰w)

C]-Im-c-ap-ff hm°p-Iƒ tI´v _men-bpsS a\ p sXfn-™p. At±-l-Øns‚ ZpjvS-X -\-in-®v

vio-cm-a≥ alm-hn-jvWp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂ t_m[-tØmsS \a-kvI-cn®v ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Aßv

alm-hn-jvWp-hm-sW-s∂-\nbv°p a\- n-em-bn. Rm\-dn-bmsX ]d-™-sX√mw s]mdp-°-Ww. Aßsb

I≠p-I≠p Aß-bpsS Atº‰v acn-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXp Xs∂ Fs‚ `mKyw tam£]Z-\mb Aßsb

ImW¬ Ejn-am¿°p-t]mepw Ffp-∏-a-√. acn-bv°m≥ InS-°p-tºmƒ Aß-bpsS \maw P]n-®m¬ Xs∂

tamIvjw In´pw. F\n-b-bv°m-Is´ Aß-bpsS- AkvX (kn-b-I) ta‰v Aßsb I≠n-cn-bv°th

acn-bv°m≥ CSh-∂Xv Fs‚ alm-`m-K-y-amWv. F√m-h¿°pw e`n-°p-∂-X√. Aßv alm-hn-jvWp-

hm-sW∂pw koX-e£van tZhn-bm-sW-∂pw. _“m-hns‚ At]-£-b-\p-k-cn®v cmh-Ws\ sIm√m≥

Aßv ZY-c-Y-]p-X-\mbn Ah-X-cn-®XmWv F∂pw F\nbv°v t\csØ Adn-bmw. hnjvWp temI-tØbv°v

bmX-bm-Ip∂ Fs∂ A\p-K-ln-bv°-Ww. Fs∂-t∏mse i‡-\mb AwK-Z-t\mSv Zb-bp-≠m-IWw.

AwK-Z\pw kpKo-h\pw F\n-bvs°m-cp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Cu Aºv ]dn-s®-Sp-Øp B Xrss°-sIm-≠vv

Fs∂ Xtem-S-Ww. AXp-tI´ cma≥ _mWw ]dn-s®-SpØv _mensb Xtem-Sn. iocm-as\ ImsW-

°msW _menhm\-c-i-cocw Dt]-£n-®p. tbmKo-µ-∑m¿°v t]mepw sNs∂-Øm≥ ]bm-k-ap-ff

`K-hms‚ temI-Øn-seØn At±-lw. _men acn®p hoW-t∏mƒ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ InjvIn-‘m-]p-cn-bn-te-

bvt°m-Sn.

iocm-a-km-b-I-ta-‰p..................................

...........................................-hn-tbm-KZp:Jw If-™o-Sp-hm≥

cWm-Pn-cw= ]S-°fw , tKm]n-bv°pI = Hfn-∏n-bv°p-I. c£n-bv°pI , ]cn-]Ÿn = iXp

Ah¿ ]d™p ]S-°-f-Øn¬ _menbv°p cma-_m-W-ta‰p. Xmtc, \o thKw AwK-Zs\

cmPm-hmbn hmgn-bv°q. tKm]p-c-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ AS®v InjvIn‘m \K-csØ c£n-bv°p-I. iXp-°ƒ

Df-fn¬°S-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠ Imc-y-ßƒ a¥n-am-tcmSv I¬∏n-bv°p-I. _men acn® hm¿Ø-b-dn™

Xmc- am-d-ØSn®p hne-]n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ahƒ sXm≠-bn-S-dn-∏-d™p 'C\n F\n-bvs°-¥n-\mWv

aI-\pw, cmP-y-hpw, `qan-bn¬ Xma-khpw. `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Rm\pw acnbv°p-I-bm-Wv. Cßs\

Ic™p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Ahƒ tNmcbpw s]m-Snbpw ]‰n-°n-S-°p∂ _m-en-bpsS icocw I≠v AwK-

Z-t\m-sSm∏w hnh-i-bm-bn. _men-bpsS Im¬°¬ hoWv Ahƒ ]eXpw ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Hcp _mW-

a-b®v Ft∂bpw sIm√p-I. ]mW-\m-Y\v Fs‚ th¿]mSv s]mdp-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Fs∂ `¿Øm-hn-s\m-

sSm∏wsIm∂p-hn-´m¬ Hcp I\-y-Isb hnhmlw Ign®p sImSpØ ]pWyw Aßbv°p In´pw. Bc-y-\mb

Aßbv°pw A\p-`-h-ap-f-f-Xm-Wt√m `mcy th¿]n-cn-™m-ep-ff Zp:-Jw. kpKoh \o F√m-hn-j-a-ßfpw

Hgn™v cmPm-hns‚ ]Xm-]hpw A\p-`-hn®v Hcp-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn Gsd-°mew hmgp-I. Cßs\ ]d™p

Ic-bp∂ Xmc-tbmSv XX-z-⁄m-t\m-]-tZiw sIm≠pw Imcp-Wyw sIm≠pw `¿Øm-hns‚ acW-Zp:Jw If-

bp-hm≥ th≠n iocm-a≥ C]-Imcw ]d-™p.



Xmtcm-]-tZiw

F¥n\p timIw hrYm..................................

................................................kzÿ-\m-bm≥ cptemw.

]©-`q-Xm-flIw = A©p hkvXp-°ƒ˛ ]rY-zn, A∏v, hmbp, tXP- v, BImiw tN¿∂Xv,

k©nXw = tN¿°-s∏-´-Xv, Xz-Mvamwkw = Xz°v (N¿Ωw), amwkw, \n›jvSw = Ne-\-an-√m-X, ImjvTw

= ac-Ø-Sn, \ncm-a-b≥ = Zp:-an-√m-Ø-h≥, ¢o_w = \]pw-k-Iw, k¿∆-K≥ = Fßpw ]th-i-\-ap-f-f-h≥,

AZ-z-b≥ = c≠-√m-Ø-h≥, Ah-y-b≥ = \mi-an-√m-Ø-h≥, Ate-]-I≥ = H∂n\pw ebn-°m-Ø-h≥,

[ym-b-am-\≥= Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h≥, bYm-XYm = F]-Im-ctam A]-Im-cw, \njvI-fw= ]q¿Æw, atbm-Zn-

Xw= Rm≥ ]d-™Xv abm t]m‡w, ip¢-c-‡m-kn-Xw= shfp-Ø, Nph-∂, Idp-Ø, _“Wn = _m“-

Øn¬, XnjvTXn = \n¬°p-∂p, Pmb-sX=-P-\n-bv°p-∂p, LSob¥w= GØw (sh-ffw tXhm≥ ]≠p-

]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv)

Zp:Jw shdp-sX-bmWv AXn\p Imc-Whp-an√. \ns‚ `¿Ømhv Poh-\mtWm tZl-amtWm ?

]©- q-X-ß-sf-s°m-≠p-≠m-°nb tZlw \n¿÷o-h-am-Ip-∂p, tXmev, amwkw, c‡w, Aÿna÷ F∂nh

tN¿∂-Xm-W-Xv. Ne-\-an-√mØ ac-°jvWw t]mse-bmWv tZlw. bmsXmcp Zp:-J-hp-ta¬°mØ

Poh-\mWv Bflm-hv. Bflm-hn\v P\\ acW-ßfpw Zp:-J-ß-fp-an-√. AtXm¿Øv \o hnj-an-bv°-cp-Xv. Bflmhv

\nev°n-√. \S-°n-√. Zp:-J-ta¬°n-√. ]pwkvXo-\]pw kI-t`-Zhpw NqSpw XWp∏pw AXn-\n-√. Poh≥

k¿∆-K-\pw, GI-\pw, ]c-\pw, AZzb-\pw, A\m-Ip-e-\pw, Ate]-I-\p-am-Wv. ip≤-hpw, A\-i-z-c-hpw, Bfl-

t_m-[-I-hp-amb XXzw Btem-Nn-®m¬ Zp:-J-Øn\p Imc-W-an-√. io cmas‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´ Xmc

tNmZn-®p. tZl-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Bflm-hn-s\-∏-‰nbpwkpJ Zp:-J-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂-h-sc-∏-‰nbpw F√mw

hnkvX-cn®p]tZ-in-bv°ptam ? At∏mƒ iocm-a≥ B cl-kyw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. tZl-Ønepw ]t©-µn-

b-ß-fnepw Al-¶m-c-hpw t`Z-_p-≤nbpw Df-fn-S-tØmfw Imew Ahn-thIw \nanØw Bflm-hn\v kwkmc

(tem-I-Po-hn-X) Zp:Jw D≠m-hpw. anY-ym`q-X-amb kwkm-c-am-hs´ X\nsb Ah-km-\n-bv°p-I-bp-an-√. ]e

hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hym-]-cn-bv°p∂ a\p-j-y\v CsX-ßs\ kw -hn-bv°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. anY-y-bmb kwkmc

àw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv kz]v\w t]msebmWv kX-y-am-bXv Rm≥ ]d-bmw. Bcw-`-a-dn-bmØ hnZy _‘w

ImcWw Rms\∂ `mhw D≠m-°pw. AXn¬ \n∂mWv kvt\l-tZ-z-j-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂ A]-I-S-I-c-amb

kwkm-c-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. a\- mWv kwkm-c-Øn\p Imc-Ww. a\- -nemWv _‘-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw

Bflm-hn\pw a\- n\pw Xpe-y-ÿm\w hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ am\-knI _‘w Bflm-hn-t\bpw _m[n-bv°p-∂p.

c‡w apX-embh ]pc-fp-tºmƒ ip≤-amb kv^Sn-I-Øn\pw B \ndw hcp-at√m. kX-y-Øn¬ AXns‚

tN¿® (I-Æm-Sn-bn¬) C√. _p≤n. Cµn-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS _‘w sIm≠v Aßs\ Bflm-hn\pw

kwkm-c-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. Bflm-hn\v Xpe-y-amb a\- ns\ kz-oI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv AXns‚ kz-`m-

h-ß-fmb Imam-Zn-Isf kX-z-mZnKp-W-ßtfmSv Iqń-°p-g-°p-∂-Xv. At∏m-gp-≠m-Ip∂ kwkmcw at\m-Kp-

W-ßsf krjvSn®v AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂Xpw thZ-hn-[n-]-Im-c-ap-f-f-Xpw, shfp-∏v, Nph-∏v, Idp∏v F∂n-

ßs\ hy-X-ym-k-s∏-´-Xpw, Ah-bpsS i‡nbv°p Xpe-y-amb ]`m-h-ßfpf-fXpw Bb I¿Ω-ß-fn¬

Fßpw Poh≥ _‘n-bv°-s∏´v àn®p InS-°p-∂p. ]ns∂ F√mw \in-bv°p∂ (a-c-W) ka-bØpw

Bcw-`-a-dn-bmØ AhnZ-y-bn¬ ebn-°p-∂p. ho≠pw P\n-bv°p∂ ka-bØv P∑-hm-k-\-sIm≠v ]q¿∆

hmk-\-tbmsS CsXms° ho≠pw D≠m-Ip∂p. Cßs\ LSo-b¥w t]mse (sh-ffw tXhm≥ ASpØ

Imew hsc D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ GØ-amWv LSo-b-¥w= Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂- GØw. shffw ap°m≥

Ip\n™v Ip\n™v hcp-∂p. shffw ap°n-bm¬ ]gb-]Sn tatem-´p-b¿∂p t]mIp-∂p. shffw tXhn-

°-f-™m¬ ho≠pw Ip\n™p hcp-∂p. Cu Bh¿Ø\w Xs∂ hmk\m _≤-amb ]p\¿P∑w F∂v



kmam-\-ym¿∞w). am-bsIm≠v kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv B¿°pw Hgnhm-°m-\m-hn-√. F∂m¬ Fs‚ ‡-\mb

]pW-ym-flm-hn\v Xs‚ ap÷∑ kpIrXw sIm≠v Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw k¬_p-≤n-bp-W-cp-tºmƒ Ahs‚

a\kv Fs‚ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°pw. At∏mƒ Fs‚ IY tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤-bp-ap-≠m-Ipw,

At∏mƒ Ah\v Fs≥d bYm¿∞-amb cq]-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff Adnhpw sXfn-™p-h-cpw. \√ Kpcp-\mY∑mcpsS

A\p-Klw sIm≠v a\- n¬ DØ-tam-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kmcw sXfn™p hcpw. tZlw, C-µnbw, a\- v,

]mW≥ F∂n-h-bn¬ \ns∂√mw hy-X-y-kvX-amb as‰m-∂mWv Bflm-hv.

B Bflm-hm-Is´ kX-yhpw, B\-µhpw, GIhpw, ]chpw, AZ-z-bhpw, \nX-y-hpw, \ncp-]-a-hpw,

\njvI-f-¶hpw \n¿§p-W-hp-am-sW-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Ah\v tam£w In´p-∂p. Rm\o-∏-d-™-Xvp a\- n-em°n

\obpw ambm-tamlw shSn™v ]cn-ip-[v[-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw. I¿Ω _‘w-hn´p Cui-z-c-\n¬ \obpw

ebn-°-s´. Ign™ P∑w \o Fs‚ ‡-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp sIm≠mWv C-t∏mƒ Fs‚ cq]w icnbv°pw

ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv. C\n F√m Zp:-Jhpw shSn™v Fs‚ Cu a´n-ep-ff cq]sØ [ym-\n®v, Fs‚

D]-tZ-i-ßsf Hm¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ \n\°p tam£w In´pw. Xmc -io-cm-as\ hW-ßn. Ah-fpsS

ambm-tamlw t]mbn. a\ p sXfn-™p. tZlm- n-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ Zp:-Jhpw C√m-Xm-bn. Bflm-

\p-`qXn sIm≠v k¥p-jvS-bm-bn. Bfl-t_m[w e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Pohap‡-bmbn. tam£-Zm-b-I-\mb

io-cm-a-t\mSp CØncn t\csØ amXw ASp-∏-ap-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠p amXw Hcp s]Æm-bn´pw Xmc `‡n-

ap-gpØv A\m-Zn-_‘w Xo¿∂v tam£w t\Sn. CsX√mwtI´p \n∂n-cp∂ kpKo-hs‚ Zp;-J-ßfpw Xo¿∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ A⁄m\w \in-®p. hn⁄m\w h¿≤n-®p. kpJ-ambn kam-[m-\-tØmsSbncp-∂p.

iocma Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw If-¶n-Xa-mb A≤-ym-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv _men-h[w . _men-bpsS

Hcp tNmZ-y-Øn\pw IrX-y-amb DX-Xcw iocm-a≥ ]d-™n-√. Xmtcm-]-tZ-ihpw Ahn-i-z-k-\obw Xs∂.

\n∂psS `¿Ømhv Poht\m tZl-tam? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn\v Xmc Aß-bpsS `mcy Poh-t\m-tZ-ltam ?

F∂p tNm-Zn-®mtem? _men-bp-sS -i-h-Øn-\-Sp-Øn-cp∂p sIm≠mWv Xmcth-Zm¥w At\-z-jn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

CXn-s\ms° H‰ DØc-ap-f-fp. iocma ‡n- D-d-∏n-bv°¬ F∂ Imhy ]tbm-P-\w. ]mX kz-`m-h-Øn¬

hcp∂ Ak-z-m`m-hn-I-Xbpw As\u-Nn-X-yhpw kmln-Xy ZrjvS-ym-tZm-j-am-sW-¶nepw Fgp-Ø-—s‚

Dt±-iyw AXns\ km[q-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. \mcn-bm-bn´pw Xmcbv°v tam£w In´n F∂ ASn-h-c-bn´ ]tbmKw

]pcpj ta[m-hn-X-y-Øns‚ krjvSn Xs∂-. AXpw incma alm-fl-y-Øn¬ sN∂p sImf-fp-∂p)

kpKo-hm- n-tjIw

kpKo-h-t\m-S-cpƒ sNbvXm..........................

...................................................tZ-h-\-cpƒ sNbvXp.

]pW-yml ]cy¥w =]pW-ymlw hsc, t`cn = s]cp -º-d, - kv\m -Xzm = Ifn -®n´ v ,

PKma = FØn, A`n-tjNb = A`n-tjIw sNbvXmepw, NmXp¿am-k-yw= Bjm-V-am-k-Ønse shfp-

Ø-]£w Zian apX¬ \mep -amkw k\-ym -kn -am¿ A\p -jvTn -t°-≠-Xmb Hcp hXw.

Zmcm -fl-ssP-kaw = `mcy -tbmSpw a°-tfm -Spw -Iq -Sn , Du¿≤-z -in -Jcw=D -b¿∂ sImSp -ap -Sn ,

lmS-Iw= kz¿Æw, hmX-h-cnj lnam-X-]-hm-cWw = Im‰v, ag, a™v, shbn¬ C-hsb XS-bp-∂Xv,

XX+-Gh+-hm-km-b+ tcm-N-bm-am-k+-sku-an-Xn-Wm+iocm-a `Z≥ =A-hn-sS-Xs∂ hkn-bv°m≥ CjvS-

s∏´p sku-an - X-tbm-Sp -IqSn iocma Nµ≥, A\-z -lw = \nX-y -hpw, ]Iv£n-≤-z -P≥=-]-£n-

sIm-Sn-b-S-bm-f-am-bn- p-f-f-h≥ ˛ hnjvWp, BJ-ymln = ]d™p X∂m-epw, AZy ]`rXn = C∂p-ap-X¬.



]ns∂ iocm-a≥ kpKo-h-t\mSp ]d-™p. tPyjvT]pX-\mb AwK-Zs\ ap≥ \n¿Øn ]pW-ymlw

hsc-bp-ff (]pe t]mbn ip≤ amh¬ hsc ) tij Inb-Iƒ sNøp-I. AXp-]-Imcw Xmc,-Aw-K-Z≥,

a¥n-am¿, _m“-W¿, s]uc P\-ßƒ F∂n-h-tcm-Sp-IqSn kpKo-h≥ imkvX hn[n-]-Imcw, cmP-Io-b-am-

bn, hmZ-ym-tLm-j-ß-tfmsS tij Inb-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n Ipfn®v iocm-as≥d kao-]-sØØn

\a-kv°-cn®v Xs‚ BKlw ]d-™p. Aßp Xs∂ C\n Cu \mSns\ c£n-bv°-Ww. Rm≥ e£va-W-

s\-t∏mse Aß-bpsS ]mZ-tkh sNbvXp Ign-bmw. kpKo-hs‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠v

iocma≥ ]d™ ( B ]p©ncn ]tbmKw A]mcw ˛ A`n-tj-I-Øn-\p-ff kpKo-hs‚ sh-ºepw AXp

t\cn´p ]d-bm-\p-ff aSnbpw hnt[-b-X-zbpw iocm-a≥ a\- n-em-°n-sb-∂¿∞w).

AsXms° \o Xs∂. Rm\-Xn-s\m-∂p-an-√. Cu \mSns‚ B[n-]-Xyw \n\°p X∂n-cn-bv°p∂p

\o tbmK-y-\mbn A`n-tjIw Ign-bv°pI ]Xn-∂m-ep-sIm√w Ignbpw hsc ImSv hn´v Rm≥ Hcp \K-c-

Ønepw IS-°p-I-bn-√. e£va-W≥ H∏w \n∂v A`n-tjIw sNøn-bv°pw. anSp-°-\mb AwK-Zs\ bph-

cm-Pm-hm°n A`n-tjIw sNø-Ww. cmPyw ]q¿Æambpw \o (']t`m' F∂ kwt_m-[\ hf-sc-b-[nIw

A¿∞-[-z-\n-Iƒ Df-f-Xm-Wv) cn-°pI. _men-sb-t∏mse cmP-y-tØbpw AwK-Z-t\bpw ]cn-]m-en-®m-epw. C∂p-

ap-X¬°p Rm≥ Cu ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ sImSp-ap-Sn-bn¬ NmXp¿am-kyw Bcw-`n-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. AXp Ign-

bp -tºm -tgbv°pw ag°m-eam -Ipw. AXpw Ign -™m¬ koXm -t\ - z -j -W-Øn\p th≠

ia-ßƒ sNøpI. koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn®v B hnhcw Ft∂mSp h∂p ]d-b-Ww. AXbpw Ipd-®p- Imew

`mcym]p - Xm -Z n -Itfm -Sp -tN¿∂v k¿∆ kpJ-ßfpw Bk-z -Z n® v sIm´m -c -Øn¬ Ign -bp -I.

A]-Imcw A`n-tj-I-I¿Ωw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tijw e£va-W≥ io-cm-as‚ kao-]Øp Xncn-s®Øn

At∏mƒ iocm-a≥ ktlm-Z-c-t\m-Sp-IqSn ]h-¿jWw F∂p t]cp-ff ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ Ib-dn. AXns‚

apI-fn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS Hcp Kpl I≠p. cXv\-ßƒ ]Xn-®Xpw kv^SnIw t]mse Xnf-ßp∂

kz¿Æ-a -b -hp -am -bn -cp∂p AXns‚ Dƒh-iw. Im‰pw -a -gbpw a™pw shbnepw

IS-°mØ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd™ hr£-ß-fm¬ kar-≤-amb AhnsS Xs∂ e£va-W-t\m-sSm∏w

Xma-kn-bv°p-hm≥ io-cm-a≥ CjvSs∏-´p. a\p-j-y-\mbn Ah-X-cn® a-lm-hn-jvWp-hns\ ]cn-N-cn-bv°m≥

kn≤-∑mcpw tbmKo-µ-∑mcpw ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw arK-ß-fp-tSbpw cq]-Øn¬ Np‰pw-Iq-Sn. F√m Poh-Pm-e-

ßfpw At±-lsØ ASpØp I≠v B\-µ-Øn¬ apgpIn Aßs\ Hcp Znhkw iocm-a≥ [ym-\-\n-c-X-

\mbn GIm-In-bm-bn-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ e£va-W≥ AcnsI sN∂v Cßs\ tNmZn-®p. tam£-Im-c-W-amb

Inbm-am¿§w tIƒ°m≥ F\nbv°p taml-ap-≠v. Zb-hp-sNbvXp ]d™p X∂m-epw. \mep-h¿Æ-ß-

fnepw (_m-“-W≥, £-Xn-b≥, sshi-y≥, iqZ≥) \mem-i-a-ß-fnepw (_-“-N-c-yw, Km¿l-ÿ-yw, hm\-

]-ÿw, k\-ym-kw) Ign-bp-∂-h¿s°√mw tam£w \¬Ip∂ AXv F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-

bn¬ hnh-cn®p X∂mepw (e-£va-W\p amXw th≠n-b-s√-∂¿∞w). Imh-y-]m-cm-b-W-Øns‚ Hcp e£yw

Adn-hpw temI]cn-N-bhpw t\SpI F∂-XmWv hm\-°m¿°p-]-tbm-P-\-s∏-S-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ Fgp-Ø-

—≥ AØcw kµ¿`-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv _men-tbm-Spw, Xmc-tbm-Spw, e£va-W-t\m-Sp-sam-s°-bp-

ff D]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬) \mc-Z≥, h-ym-k≥, _“mhv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hnjvWp-]q-P-sIm≠v ]pcp-jm¿∞-amb

tam£w t\Sp∂p F-∂mWv Adn-hp-f-f-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. `‡\pw Zmk-\p-amb F\n-bv°Xv Aßp-]-tZ-in-

®p X-∂m¬ temI-Øn\p Xs∂ taen¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. AXp tI´ iocm-a≥ ]d-™p

Inbm am¿t§m-]-tZiw

tIƒ°-\o-sb-¶¬ .................................

..........................................tamSp-a-cphpw Nne t\cw



hnjvWp ]qPm-hn-[-ßƒ A\-h-[n-bp-≠v. F¶nepw \nt∂m-Sp-ff hm¬k-e-yw-sIm≠v Rm≥ Npcp-

°n-∏-dbmw. Ah-\-hs‚ Krl-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Zzn-P-Xzw D≠m-bm¬ Kp-cp-\m-Y-t\m-Sp a¥w tNmZn®p a\-

n-em°n Fs∂ BNm-c-tØmsS Bcm-[n-bv°mw. art√-]\w (ar-Øv+-te-]\w = aÆp ]pc-´¬) apX-emb

Ia-Øn¬ thZ-ß-fnepw X¥-ß-fnepw ]d™ a¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥w a\- ntem , A·n-bntem

][m-\-s∏´ ]Xna apX-em-b-h-bn-tem, kqc-y-\n-tem, shff (A-∏v)-Øn-tem, sagpIn ip≤-am-°nb ÿe

(ÿ-fin-ew) tØm, \√ kmf-K-a-Øntem (K-fiIo \Zn-bn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ ]tX-yI Xcw IdpØ I√v)

Fs∂ k¶¬∏n®v ]qPn-bv°mw. icoc ip≤nbv°p th≠n ImeØp Ipfn-bv°mw. aqe-a-¥-a-dn™v

k‘-ym-hµ-\m-Zn-bmb \nXy I¿Ω-ßƒ sNøWw. ]ns∂ kz¥w I¿Ωw sIm≠v k¶¬∏w sN-øp-I.

Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv Kpcp-\m-Y≥ F∂v hnNm-cn®v Znh-khpw ]qPn-bv°p-I. I√p-sIm-≠p-ff ]Xn-a-Isf

Ipfn-∏n-bv°pI (kv\m-]-\w) ]ns∂ AXv XpS-s®-Sp-°pI (]-am¿÷-\w). ]ns∂ kpK-‘-ap-ff ]q°-sf-

sIm≠v Bcm-[n-®m¬ Ah\v BK-ln-®-sX√mw e`n-bv°pw. Fs‚ apJy ]Xn-a-Isf Ae-¶-cn-bv°p-

∂Xpw F\n-bv°n-jvS-am-Wv. tlma-Z-h-y-ßƒ A·n-bn¬ tlman-bv°mw. ]tX-yI ÿe-Øm-sW-¶n¬

kqc-ys\ ]qPn-bv°mw. ]qP-bv°p-ff F√m hkvXp-°fpw BZ-yta Xs∂ tiJ-cn®p sh°-Ww. ‡≥

i≤-tbmsS ]® shffw X∂mepw F\n-bvt°-‰hpw CjvS-am-Wv. hmk\m-]p-jv]-ßƒ s\√pw Acnbpw

(A£-Xw) `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ap-Xem-b-h-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ ]d-bm-\n-√-t√m. hkvXw, am≥ tXm¬,

`¿`-∏p√v (Ip-i) F∂n-h-sIm≠v Ccn∏nS-sam-cp-°Ww. tZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ sN∂n-cp∂v en]n-\-ym-kw,

XX-z-\-ym-kw, aq¿Øn-]-RvPc\-ymkw F∂n-h-sNbvXv a¥-tØmsS CSØv Ieihpw heØv ]pjv]-ßfpw

shbv°-Ww. A¿L-y-]m-Z-ym-Zn-Iƒ°pw a[p-]¿°m-N-a-\-Øn-\p-ambn \mep ]mX-ßƒ thsd shbv°-

Ww. C-Sn-an-∂¬ t]mse Pz-en-bv°p∂ (X-Sn-Zp-÷-z-ew) Fs‚ Iesb a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-bv°-Ww. ]ns∂

icocw apgp-h≥ B Ie hym-]n-®-Xm-sW∂v Dd®p hni-z-kn-bv°-Ww. ]ns∂ Fs‚ Iesb ]Xn-a-I-fn-

tebv°v Bhm-ln®v AXp Xs∂-bmWv tZh-k-z-cq]w F∂pdbv°-Ww. A¿L-y-]m-Z-ym-I-fpw, a[p-]¿°-

ß-fpw, A`n-tj-I-ßfpw Ae-¶m-cßfpw sIm≠v FX-tØmfw tkhn-bv°mtam AX-tØmfw

F\n-bv°n-jvS-am-Wv. thZ hn[n-]-Imcw (B-K-tam-‡w) Dff Xncn-bp-gn-®n¬ (\o-cm-P-\w) [q]w, Zo]w,

\nth-Zyw F∂n-h-Isfs°m≠v hfsc i≤-tbmsS Fs∂ Bcm-[n-®m¬ AX-tØmfw Rm\-h-sb√mw

kz-oI-cn-bv°pw. AK-kvX-y≥ \n¿t±-in® coXn-bn-ep-ff tlma-Ip-fi-Øn¬ aqe-a-¥-tØmSp IqSn tlmaw

sNømw. As√-¶n¬ ]pcpjkq‡-a¥w sIm≠p-am-Imw. Hu]m-k-\m-·n-bnepw D]m-[n-tbmsS tlman-bv°mw.

Np´p ]gpØ kz¿Æw t]mse (X]vX Pmw_p-\-Z-]-Jyw) Xnf-ßp∂ Zo]vXm-`-c-W-ß-tfmsS Xobns‚

\Sp°v tim`n-bv°p∂ Fs∂ -Xs∂ [ym-\n-bv°p-I. tkh-I-∑m¿s°√mw (]m-cn-j-Zm-\w) _en-bn´v a¥-

tØmsS tlmaw kam-]n-bv°p-I. `‡n-tbmsS Fs∂ [ym-\n-®pw, P]n®pw kt¥mjw \rØw, ]m´v,

tXm‰w F∂n-h-tbmsS Im¬°¬ \a-kv°-cn®v a\- n¬ Fs∂ Dd®v hn\-b-tØm-sS, Fs‚ ]km-

ZsØ Xe-bn¬ NqSn henb kwkmc Zp:-J-Øn¬ \n∂v Fs∂ c£n-bv°-Wta F∂v ]m¿∞n®v \a-kvI-

cn®v alm-tX-P- n-tebv°v DZ-y-kn-®p-sIm≠v Fs∂ \nX-yhpw `Pn-bv°pI ˛ `‡≥ Cß-s\- In-bm-

tbmKw A\p-jvTn-®m¬ ac-W-k-a-bØv Cui-z-c-\n¬ ebn-°pw. Cl-temI kpJ-ßƒ (sF-ln-Iw) F√mw

e`n-bv°pw. C]-Imcw Rm≥ ]d™ Inbm-am¿§w ‡n-tbmsS ]Tn°p-Itbm tIƒ°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬

Xs∂ Ah\v \nX-y-]q-P- sNbvX ew In´pw F∂p ‡-]n-b-\mb cma≥ ]d-™p. tijmw-i-Pm-X-\mb

(A-\-¥s‚ Ah-Xm-cw) e£va-W\v CsX√mw hy-‡-ambn D]-tZ-in® tijw ambm-a-b-\mb B hnjvWp-

am-bsb kz-oI-cn®v koXsb Hm¿Øv Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßn. At±-l-Øn\v Dd-°-an√mXmbn. CSbv°v

e£va-Ws‚ hm°p-Iƒ tI´v CØncn t\cw Bi-zmkw sImf-fp-∂-Xmbn \Sn-bv°pw.

l\p-a¬ kpKoh kw`m-jWw

Cßs\ hmgp∂ Ime...................................

........................................-Im-c-ym¿Y∞-a-Xn-ZpXw



lnXw = tib v , ]pwK-h≥ = tijvT≥, AZ-ymhmtizm-hm]-c-ti-zm-Y-hm= Ct∂m \msf-sbm -a-‰-∂m-tfm,

A\-zlw = \nX-yhpw, ZpXw =th-K-Øn¬

Cß-s\-bncns° Hcn-bv°¬ l\p-am≥ kpKo-hs\ kao-]n®p ]d-™p. _men-sb-s°m∂v

iocm-a≥ Aß-bpsS BKlw \nd-th-‰n-Ø-∂p. Aßm-Is´ Xn∂pw IpSn®pw can®pw cm∏-I¬ AdnbmsX

Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]X-yp-]-Imcw ad-°p-∂-h≥ NØ-Xn\p Xpe-y-am-Wv. iocmas≥ Imc-y-Øn¬ Ae-kX

ImWn -®m¬ Aß-bpsS KXnbpw _men -bpsS Xs∂. AXnt∂m \msftbm F∂p-

]-d™ t]mse kw`-hn-bv°pw. CXp tI´ kpKo-h≥ l\p-ams‚ hm°p-Isf am\n®p. Cßs\ lnXm-

ln-X-ßƒ D]-tZ-in-bv°p∂ a¥-nam-cp-ff cmPm-hn\v Hcn-bv°epw Hcm-]Øpw kw`-hn-bv°p-I-bn-√. DSs\

Xs∂ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-Øp-ap-f-f- hm-\c\mb-I-∑msc hcp-Øp-hm≥ cmPm-hns‚ ktµi ]-X-

tØmsS \m\m-Zn-°n-tebv°pw hm\∑msc Ab-bv°pI F∂pw Iev]n-®p. ]Xn-\©p Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn¬

F√m-hcpw InjvIn-‘-bn-se-Ø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p kpKo-hm-⁄. hoc-]-cm-I-an-Ifpw A`n-am-\-I-fp-amb

]Xn-\m-bncw hm\-c-∑msc ]Øp-Zn-°n-te-bv°p-a-b-®p.

iocm-as‚ hnc-l-Xm]w

cma\pw ]¿∆-X-ap¿≤\n......................................................

.................................................. tam¿Øp-I¿Ø-h-y-a-\-¥-cw.

`man\n = kvXo, IpX-Nn¬ = Fhn-sS-sb-¶n-epw, I›n¬ ]pcp-j≥ = GsX-¶nepw Hcp-Ø≥,

tKmXP = hwi-Øn¬ P\n -® -hƒ ˛ koX-bpsS A—≥ P\-I≥ Nµ-hw -i-cm -Pm -hm -Wv.

\njvI-≠Iw = iXp-c-ln-X-am-bn, Znhm-\niw = ]Iepw cmXn-bpw, ]q¿∆≥ = apº≥, lXzm = sIm∂n- v, AZy

= C∂v, B⁄m-]b = Iev]n -®m -epw, ]m⁄≥ = tbmK-y≥, BZmb = FSp -Øn -´ v ,

K¥p-a-`-yp-Z-yXw = t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂, In¥p = ]t£.

hnc-l-Zp:Jw Xmßm-\m-ImsX iocm-a≥ e£-W-t\mSv ]eXpw ]d-™pw. koX-a-cn-®n-cn-°p-tam?

Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠m-Im-tam? Bsc-¶nepw h∂v Ft∂mSv koX-Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p≠v F∂v ]d-

™m¬ Ah-\mWv F\n-bvt°-‰hpw ]nb-s∏-´h≥. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Ds≠-∂-dn-™m¬ DSs\ Rm≥

]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. koXsb°´ If-fs\ hwi-tØmsS Rm≥ apSn-bv°pw. A√tbm Nµ-

ap-Jo, \o ]ncn-™Xp apX¬ F\nbv°p Nµ\pw kqc-y-s\-t∏m-se-bmbn (hn-c-ln-Iƒ°v \nemhv NqSp-f-f-

Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ihn kt¶-Xw). A√tbm Nµm-\ns‚ Ipfp¿Ø-ssI-I-sf-s°m≠v koXsb

XtemSn Bi-z -kn -∏n® B Ic-ßƒ (c -i van -Iƒ) sIm≠p -Xs∂ Ft∂bpw XtemSn

Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°q. koX A—≥ hgn \ns‚ tKmX-°m-cn-bp-am-W-t√m. e£v-a-Wm, kpKo-h≥ \n¿±-b-\m-

Wv. IrX-Lv\-\m-Wv. Rm\-hs‚ Imcyw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Ah≥ Ct∏mƒ Fs‚ Imcyw ad-

∂a´mWv. Ah≥ Xn∂p -Ip -S n® v IqØmSn \S -°p -I -bm -Wv . Rm≥ InjvIn -‘-tbbpw

a¿°-S-°q-´-tØbpw Xhn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-°pw. _men-bpsS hgn-X-s∂-bmWv kpKo-h-\pw. koX-sb-

hn-sS-bm-sW∂v At\-z-jn-®-dn-™p-X-cm-sa∂v F\nbv°p hm°p-X-∂-Xm-Wv. CXp-tI´v Ip]n-X-\mb e£va-

W≥ Bbp-[-ßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm≠v \µn-sI´ B kpKo-hs\ Rm\n-t∏mƒ Xs∂- sN-∂p-sIm∂p Xncn-

®p-h-cm-sa∂p ]d-™p. At∏mƒ iocm-a≥ e£va-Ws\ H∂p XS-™p. Fs‚ kplrØv kpKo-h≥

sImt√-≠-h -\√. Ahs\ H∂p hnc -´n -bm¬aXn. AXp -tI´n´ v Ahs‚

`mh-sa-¥m-sW-∂-dn-™n´v AXn-\-∏pdw F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂m-tem-Nn-bv°mw.



kpKo-h-s\-°m-◊m-\p-ff e£va-Ws‚ bmX

AK-P-∑m-⁄bm skuanXn..............................

................................. iocm-a-tkm-Z-c≥ Xs∂ hW-ßn-\m≥.

AK-P-∑m-⁄-bm = AK-P-∑m-hns‚ tPy-jvTs‚ B⁄-b-\p-k-cn-®v, NIp = sNbvXp,

`√qIw = Ipc-ßv, ]nXr-h-y≥ = A—-\p-Xp-e-y≥, Ahn-fw-_nXw = Xma-kn-bmsX, Imt]bw = I]n-Isf

kw_-‘n-®Xv

tPy-jvTs‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v e£va-W≥ InjvIn-‘-bn-te-bv°p-\-S-∂p. InjvIn-‘bpw a¿°-S-

∑mcpw H∂n®v Ct∏mƒ shÆo-dmhpw F∂ ań-em-bn-cp∂p B t]mIv. Aßs\ hn⁄m\ aq¿Øn-bmb

iocm-a≥ A⁄m-\n-I-sf-t∏mse kpJ-Zp:-J-ßƒ A\p- -hn-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse A`n-\-bn-®p. F√mw temI-

Øn\p \∑-h-cp-Øp-hm≥. ]≠v Zi-c-Y≥ sNbvX X]- ns‚ êw hcp-Øp-hm\pw. _“mhv apX-emb

tZh-∑m-cpsS k¶Sw Xo¿°m\pw `K-hm≥ a\p-j-y-thjw [cn-®p. A⁄m-\n-I-fmb a\p-j-ycpw B amb-

bn¬ IpSp-ßn. Ch¿s°√mw Fß-s\-bmWv Rm≥ tam£w sImSp-t°-≠Xv F∂v alm-hnjvWp Btem-

Nn-®p. ambm-\m-in-\n-bmb cmam-bW IY-bp≠m°m≥ cma-\m-b-h-X-cn-®p. Aßs\ cmam-b-W-sa∂p

t]cp-ff IY temI-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ima-tIm-[-Zp:-Jkp-J-ßƒ Ime-Øn\pw kµ¿`-Øn\pw

A\p-k-cn®v alm-hnjvWp kz-oI-cn-®p. Ima-tIm-[m-Zn-Iƒ ]pc-fmØ PK-Zo-i-z-c≥ kX-zm-Zn-Kp-W-ß-fn¬

ebn-®-h-s\-t∏mse s]cp-am-dn. ip≤- -‡-∑m¿°pamXw At±-l-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff bYm¿∞ ⁄m\w D≠m-

Ip-∂p. Aßs\ e£va-W≥ InjvIn-‘m-tKm-]p-c-Øn-seØn sNdp-Xmbn RmsWm-en-bp-≠m°n. Ipc-ß-

∑m¿ At±-l-sØ-°-≠p-t]-Sn®v `b-]-c-h-i-cmbn Ie-]n-eIq-ń. Nne Ipc-ß-∑m¿ I√pw- a-c-ß-fp-sa-SpØv

tKm]p-c-Øns‚ apI-fn¬°-b-dn. a‰p-Nn-e¿ t]Sn®v ae-aq-X-hn-k¿÷\w sNbvXp. Ipc-ß-∑m-sc-sbms°

\in-∏n-bv°m≥ e£vaW≥ hn√pw Ipe-®p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ Ipc-ß-∑m¿ F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂-dn-bm-sX-\n-∂p. At∏mƒ

e£va-W≥ h∂ hm¿Ø-b-dn™v AwK-Z≥ Atßm´v HmSn-h-∂p. Ipc-ß-∑m-sc-sb√mw Bń-Hm-Sn®v

X\ntb sN∂v e£-a-Ws\ hW-ßn. Ahs\ hm’-e-y-tØmsS Benw-K\w sNbvXv e£va-W≥ ]d-

™p. ""Ipó-\o-t]mbn Cf-b-—-t\mSv Abmƒ sNbvX-Im-cyw hfsc tami-am-bn-t∏m-sb∂p ]d-bq. klmbw

sNbvX-an-XsØ NXn-bv°p-∂Xv A]-I-S-am-Wv. hm°p-sX-‰n® kpKo-hs\ Rm\p-S-s\-sIm-√p-sa∂p ]dbq''.

CXp-tI´ AwK-Z≥ t]Sn-®p-hn-d®v kpKo-hs\ Imc-y-ßƒ Adn-bn-®p. t]Sn-®p-hn-d® kpKo-h≥ a¥n-ap-J-

y-\mb l\p-am-t\mSv IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v e£va-Ws\ A\p-\-bn®p Iqń-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]d-™p. ]ns∂

Xmcsb hnfn®v e£va-Ws‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂v \√-hm-°p-]-d™v kam-[m-\n-∏n®v IqSn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥

]d-™p. Aßs\ l\p-amt‚bpw AwK-Zt‚bpw IqsS ]pd-s∏´v sIm´m-c-Øns‚ a≤-y-ÿm-\-Øp-sN∂p

\n∂p.

XmcmX-\-b\pw amcp-Xn-bpw..........................................

.................................................Xs\ hkn-bv°p-∂n-Xp-sa-tSm.

bqY-]≥ = tk\m-\m-b-I≥, kX]w = \mW-tØm-sS, hnX-kvX≥ = `b-∂-h≥

AwK-Z\pw l\p-am\pw e£va-Ws\ hWßn Ipiew tNmZn-®-tijw l\p-am≥ e£va-Ws\ AI-

tØ-bv°p-£-Wn-®p. cm⁄n-tbbpw cmPm-hn-t\bpw I≠p kwkmcn-®m¬ Ic-y-ß-sfms° icn-bm-Ip-

sa∂p ]d-™p. Cßs\ ]d™v l\p-am≥ e£va-Ws‚ ssI]n -Sn®p \S-∂p. tk\m

-\m-b-I-∑m-cpsS ]m¿∏nSw Ign™p e£vao-tZ-h-sb-t∏mse kpµ-cn-bmb Xmc- a-≤-y-I-£-y-bn¬

At±-lsØ kzo-I-cn-bv°m≥ \n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]p©ncn s]mgn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m-´p-h∂v e£va-

W-s\-h-W-ßnb Xmc ]d-™p. ""CXv Aß-bpsS sIm´m-c-am-W-t√m. `‡-\mb Hcp Ipc-ß-t\mSv Cßs\



tIm]n -®m¬ ]ns∂ Ahs‚ KXn -sb-¥m -Wv . Ipc -ß-∑m¿ s]mXpth N]-e -cm -Wv .

t]mcm-Ø-\n\v Iptd-Im-e-ambn kpJ-sa-¥m-sW-∂-dn-bmsX \c-In-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m kpKo-h≥. \nß-

fpsS A\p-KlwsIm≠v Abmƒ Ct∏mƒ CØncn kpJn-®p-t]mbn Ft∂-bp-f-fq. iocm-a-Im-cyw At±lw

ad-∂n-ń-√. temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-Øp-ap-ff hm\-c-∑msc Iqń-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]Xn-\m-bncw t]sc -A-

b-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-cn¬ Iptd-t]¿ ChnsS FØn-°-gn-™Xp I≠n-t√. cm£-k-hwiw apSn-bv°m≥ Ch¿

a-Xn. a°fpw `mc-y-am-cpw, _‘p-°fpw klnXw kpKo-h≥ cma-Zm-k-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v cmPm-hns\

sN∂p-Im-Wp-I-bt√? F∂p Xmc-tNm-Zn-®p. AXp-tI´ e£va-W≥ kpKo-hs\ ImWm≥ \S-∂p.

kpKo-h≥ \mW-tØmSpw t]Sn-tbmSpw IqSn Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n-∂p. aZa-Ø-\mbn `b-∏m-tSmsS \n¬°p-∂

kpKo-hs\ I≠-t∏mƒ e£va-W\v ho≠pw Ien-I-b-dn. At±lw kpKo-h-t\mSp ]d-™p. ""\o iocm-as‚

Imcyw ad∂p At√? _men-sb-s°m∂ Aºv Ct∏mgpw iocm-as‚ ssIøn¬Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. tPy-jvTs‚

]n∂mse t]mI-W-sa-∂p -X-s∂-bmtWm kpKo-hs‚ BKlw-''. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p, ""Cß-s\-

sbms° tIm]n-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\m-Wv. Aß-tb-°mƒ ‡n-bp-≠v kpKo-h\v. At±lw kXyw ewLn-bv°p-

I-bn-√. iocm-as‚ Imc-y-ßƒ At±lw sNbvXp-Xp-S-ß-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. At±lw H∂pw ad-∂n-ń-√.

Hmtcm-tcm-Zn-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v iocm-as‚ Imc-y-Øn-\mbn hcp-Ønb hm\-c-∑m-cm-Wnh¿''. CXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ

e£va-W≥ CØncn \mWt°Snem-bn. B ka-bØv kpKo -h≥ ASp -Øp-h∂v A¿L-y -

]m-Zym-Zn-IƒsIm≠p ]qPn-®p. ""Cubpf-f-h≥ cma-Zm-k-\m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcp-W-y-amWv Fs∂

c£n-bv°p-∂-Xv. s\mSn-bn-S-sIm≠v iocm-a\v H‰bv°v aq∂p-tem-I-ßfpw Pbn-bv°m≥I-gn-bpw.

At±-lsØ klm-bn-bv°m≥ Hcp-ßn-\n¬°p-I-bmWv Rßƒ''. Cßs\ kpKo-h≥ ]d-™XptI´v

e£va-W≥ ]d-™p. ""Rm≥ k¶SwsIm≠v Fs¥m-s°tbm IS-∂p-]-d™p. AsX√mw \o

£an-bv°-Ww. \nt∂m-Sp-ff kvt\lm-[n-Iyw sIm≠v k¶Sw kln-bv°msX Aß-s\-sbms°

]d-™p-t]m-b-Xm-Wv. \ap-°n\n H´pw Xma-kn-bv°msX iocm-as‚ kao-]-tØ-bv°p-t]mImw''.

kpKo-h≥ iocm-a-k-∂n-[n-bn¬

Aß-s\-X-s∂-]p-d-s∏-SpI .............................

............................................ ]oXn-]q-≠m≥Xp-temw.

DS-s\-t]m-Imw. C\n Hcp-\n-anjw Chn-sS-\n¬°n√ F∂v kpKo-h\pw ]d-™p. s]cp-ºd apX-

emb hmZ-y-tLm-j-ß-tfmsS e£va-W-t\m-sSm∏w kpKo-h≥ tXcn¬ Ibdn l\p-am≥, \oe≥, AwK-Z≥

apX-em-b-h-tcmSpw hm\-c-ssk-\-y-tØmSpw sh©m-a-cw, sh¨sIm‰-°p-S, Be-h´w (-h-y-P-\w) F∂n-h-tbmsSbpw

tZh-ssk-\-y-k-taXw tZth-µ-s\-t∏mse (km-ac ssk\-y-\m-J-fi-e≥) iocm-a-s\-Im-Wm≥ ]pd-s∏- p.

Kpl-bv°p-f-fn¬ Hcp-]m-d-∏p-d-Øv, k¶-S-s∏- n-cn-bv°p-∂-h-\pw, ac-hp-cn-[-cn-®-h\pw (No-cm-Pn-\-[-cw) Idp-Ø-

h-\pw, PSm-a-Ip-S-a-Wn-™-h-\pw, im¥-ambn aµ-l-kn-bv°p-∂-Xpw, hnc-l-Zp:-Jn-X-\mbn´pw at\m-l-c-\pw,

]£n-ar-K-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏- -h-\pw, AS-°-ap-f-f-h-\p-amb iocm-as\ I≠n v kpKo-h\pw e£-a-W\pw tXcn¬

\n∂n-d-ßn. iocm-as‚ Im¬°¬ \a-kvI-cn-®p. iocm-a≥ kpKo-hs\ Benw-K\w sNbvXp. Ipiew

tNmZn-®p. Xpe-y-s\-t∏mse ]nSn-®n-cp-Øn. BXn-Y-y-k¬°m-c-ßfpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ kpKo-h\v kt¥m-j-

am-bn.

koXm-t\-z-jWw

`‡n-]-c-h-i-\mb kpKo-h\pw ..........................................

.................................................................. ]ns∂bpw thtK-\-t]m-b-h¿



At∏mƒ `‡n-]-c-h-i-\mbn kpKo-h≥ iocm-a-t\m-Sp-]-d-™p, "" Cu h∂p-\n¬°p∂

hm\-c-ho-c-∑msc H∂p t\mt°-W-ta. Aß-bpsS Zmk-y-hr-Øn-bv°p-h-∂-h-cm-Wn-h¿. ]e-]e henb

]¿∆-X-ß-fn¬ ]nd-∂-h-cpw, ]e \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnepw Zzo-]p-I-fnepw ae-I-fnepw Xma-kn-bv°p-∂-h-cpw, ]¿∆-Xm-Im-cm-

∑mcpw AtX-k-abw th≠-t∏mƒ th≠-t]mse cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-hcpw Bb Ch¿ cm£-k-

cpsS K¿∆-wi-an-∏n-bv°pw. Ch-sc-√m-hcpw tZhmw-i-kw-`-h-∑m-cmWv AXp-sIm≠v tZh-i-Xp-°sf C-h¿

apSn-bv°pw. Ch-cn¬ ]e¿°pw B\-bp-tSbpw knwl-Ønt‚bpw Icp-Øp-≠v. Nne¿°p \oe-\n-dw. Nne¿°v

kz¿Æ-h¿Æw. IÆp-Xp-Sp-Ø-hcpw hmep-\o-≠-h-cpw, Nne¿ kv Sn-I-h¿Æ-°mcpw ˛ F√m-hcpw bp≤-ho-

c-∑m-cm-Wv. Imbpw I\nbpw Xn∂p-I-gn-bp∂ FÆ-an-√m-ØX hm\-c-∑m¿ Aß-bpsS ]mZ-tk-hbv°p ImØp-

\n¬°p-∂p. E£-\m-b-I-\mb Pmw_-hm≥ _“m-hns‚ ]pX-\m-Wv. tImSn-hm-\-c-tk-\-I-fpsS \mb-I\pw

Fs‚ a¥n-bp-amb l\p-am-\n-Xm. Cßs\ alm-∑m-cm-b-h¿ ]e-cp-ap-≠v. Aß-bpsS BKlw Chsc

Adn-bn-®m¬ ]ns∂-sb√mw Ah-cm-bn-s°m-ffp-w''. CXp-tI´ iocm-a≥ kt¥m-jm-ip-°-tfmsS kpKo-

hs\ Benw-K\w sNbvX-tijw ]d-™p. ""Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ Kuchw \n\-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. AXn-\p-

th≠Xp \oXs∂ sNøp-I. koXsb Xnc-bm≥ (am¿§-Wm¿∞w) hm\-c-∑msc F√m-Zn-°n-tebv°pw

Ab-bv°pI''. AXp-tI´v kpKoh≥ ]d-™p Hmtcm-Zn-°n-tebv°p \qdm-bncw hm\-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS

\mb-I-∑mcpw t]mI-s´. sX°p-`m-K-tØbv°v ]tX-y-In®v alm-tbm-K-y-∑m¿ ]ecpw t]mI-Ww. AwK-

Z≥, Pmw_-hm≥, l\p-am≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ AXn¬th-Ww. ap∏-Xp-Zn-h-k-ßƒ°pf-fn¬ Ch¿ temI-Øn-

seßpw koXsb Xnc-™p-I-≠p-]n-Sn-bv°-Ww. koX-sb-°m-WmsX ap∏-Xp-Zn-h-khpw Ign-™p-h-cp∂-

h¿°v ac-W-in-£-bmWv. inh-\mWv kX-yw. \mep-Iq- -tØmSpw Cßs\ Iev]n®v ]d-™-b-®p. Cßs\

Iev]-\-sIm-SpØp kpKo-h≥ iocm-as‚ kao-]-Øn-cp-∂p. ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ t\cØv Xs∂ sXmgp-X-

l-\p-ams\ iocm-a≥ thsd-hn-fn®v C]-Imcw ]d-™p. ""koX-bv°p-hn-i-zmkw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ kwibw

\o°m≥ Fs‚ t]cv sImØnb Cu tamXncw ssIøn¬ sImSp-°p-I. Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ \o amX-am-

sW-\nbv°p ]amWw''. ]ns∂ koXbv°pw iocm-a\pw amXw Adn-bp∂ Hcp AS-bm-fhpw

kw`-hhpw ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (Cu IY-sb-s¥∂v kp-µ-c-Im-fi-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-Ipw. Pb-¥≥ Im°-

bpsS cq]-Øn¬ h∂v koXsb sImØnb kw`-hw) cmh-W≥ koXsb I´p-sIm-≠p-t]mb sX°p-`mKw

e£yam°n Ah¿ bmX-Xp-S-ßn. e£-°-W-°n¬ hm\-c-∑m¿ \m\m-\Kw (]¿∆-Xw) \K-c-Km-a-ß-fn-

sems° Xnc-™p-\-S-∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ hn‘-y-]¿∆-X-Øn-se-Øn. ZpjvS-ar-K-ß-sf-sIm-∂p-Xn-∂p∂ AXn-

Zp-jvS-\mb Hcp cm£-ks\ Ah¿ I≠p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv cmh-W≥ F∂p IcpXn Ah¿ Atßm-´p-

sN∂p. Ahs\ F√m-hcpw IqSn CSn-®p-sIm-∂p. At∏m-gmWv AXv cmh-W-\-s√∂p t_m≤-y-am-b-Xv.

Ah¿ ]nt∂bpw \S-∂p.

kzbw ]`m-KXn

A‘-Im-c-W-y-amip ......................................................

............................................ tbmtK-i-k-∂n[n ]q°m-f-Xn-ZpXw

B Ccp-´p-]n-Sn® Im´n¬ Ib-‰n-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v Zmlw tXm∂n. DW-ßnb sXm≠, Np≠v,

AÆm°v (ip -jvI-I-WvtTm -jvT -Xm -ep) F∂n-h-tbmsS \mhp -W-ßn -h-c≠v B hm\-c -∑m¿

\S-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Kpl-I-≠p. hf-fn-Ifpw ]p√p-Ifpw aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ CXn¬ shff ap≠m-Iptam F∂v

i¶n®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ. \\™ Nnd-Ip-ambn ]mhv (sIu-©w) Ac-b∂w XpS-ßnb ]£n-Iƒ (Du¿-≤-z-tZ-

iw) aosX ]d-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS Nnd-°n¬\n∂v shf-f-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ C‰n-ho-gp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-

sIm≠v ChnsS shf-f-ap≠v F∂v \n›-bn®v B Kpl-bn¬ IS-°m≥ XpS-ßn. l\p-am≥ ap∂n¬ \S-∂p. a‰p-

f-f-h¿ ]n∂m-se. Df-fn-tebv°p sN√pw-tXmdpw Ccp-´p-Iq-Sn. IÆp-Im-Wm-™-Xn-\m¬ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw



]c-kv]cw ssItIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p apt∂dn. Aßs\ Iptd-t]m-b-t∏mƒ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp Znhy ÿew

I≠p Fßpw kz¿Æ tim` IÆn-∂m-\-µ-I-cw. apØp-a-Wn-Iƒ t]mse-bp-ff shffw \nd-bv°p∂

henb Pem-i-b-ß-fp-≠v, aqØp-]-gpØ ImbvI-fpsS `mcw-sIm≠v Nm™ -sIm-ºp-I-fp-ff ac-ß-fp-≠v.

Ah I≠m¬ Iev]-hr-£-ß-fm-sW-∂p-tXm-∂pw. Aar-Xn-\p-Xp-e-y-amb `£-y-]m-\o-b-ßƒ \nd-®p-≠v.

hne-]n-Sn® hkvX-ßfpw B`-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. a\p-j-y-cm-cp-an-√msX kz¿§-Xp-e-y-amb ÿew. Ahn-sS-bp-

ff Hcp Krl-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-abamb cXv\w ]Xn® Hcp ]oT-Øn¬ tbmKn-\n-bm-bn, PSm-h¬°-e-ß-f-Wn-

™v. Cf-ImsX [ym-\-Øn-en-cn-bv°p∂ A·n-P-zm-e-t]mse tim`n-bv°p∂ Hcp kvXosb Ah¿ I≠p.

Ipc-ß-∑m¿ b-_-lp-am-\-ß-tfmsS B tbmKn-\nsb hW-ßn. At∏mƒ ]k-∂-bmb tbmKn\n Ipc-ß-

∑m-tcmSv Bcm-Wv? ChnsS F¥n-\p-h-∂p? Chn-tS-bv°p-f-f-h-gn-sb-ßs\ I≠p? C\n Ftßm-´p

-t]m-Ip-∂p? Fs∂√mw tNmZn®p. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ AXoh hn\-b-tØmsS cmam-bWw IY AXp-

hscbpf-fXv kwK-ln®p ]d-™p. (Cu Bh¿Ø\w IY-bp-d-∏n-bv°m-\m-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m)

`hXn Bcm-sW∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ê-aq-emZnIƒ `£n®v hni∏pw Zmlhpw

am‰n-h-cp-hn≥. At∏mƒ Rms\s‚ IY ]d-bmw. AXp-tI´v Ah¿ aXn-bm-thmfw ]g-ßƒ Xn∂v tX≥

IpSn®v _p≤n -sX-fn™v Xncn-®p-h∂p sXmgp-Xp-\n-∂-t∏mƒ tbmKn\n l\p-am-t\mSv ]d-™p: tZh-in-ev]n-

bmb hni-z-I¿Ωm-hns‚ aI-fmbn tla F∂p t]cmb Hcp kpµcn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahƒ Xs‚

\¿Ø\ sshZ-Kv[yw sIm≠v inhs\ (ap-Kvt≤µp tiJ-cw) ]km-Zn-∏n-®p. AXn-\m¬ Ahƒ°p inh≥

\¬In-b-XmWv Cu ÿew. Ahƒ Bbn-c-am-bncw Znh-y-h-’-c-ßƒ (km-[m-cW sIm√-ß-tf-°mƒ

hfsc ssZ¿L-y-ta-dn-b-Xv) D’-h-a-b-ambn ChnsS Ign-™p-Iq-Sn. Ah-fpsS tXmgn-bmb Fs‚ t]cv kz-

bw-]` F∂m-Wv. Ft∏mgpw tam£-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂-hfpw hnjvWp- -‡-bpamb Rm≥ Hcp

K‘¿∆s‚ aI-fm-Wv. tla_-“-tem-I-tØbv°p t]mb-t∏mƒ Ft∂m-Sp-]-d-™p. ""\o ChnsS kZm-

X-]- p-sN-bvXn-cn-bv°p-I. ZpjvS-P-¥p-°-sfm∂pw ChnsS IS-°n-√. tXXm-bp-K-Øn¬ alm-hnjvWp

iocm-a-\mbn P\nbv°pw (ho≠pw cmam-bW kwK-lw) koX-sb-Øn-c™p hcp∂ hm\-c-∑msc \o

k¬°-cn®v Ah¿°p-th≠ klm-b-ßƒ sNbvX-tijw iocm-as\ sN∂v hWßn kvXpXn-®m¬

\n\°v imi-z-X-amb tam£w In´pw''. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ iocm-a-k-∂n-[n-bn-tebv°p t]mhp-I-bm-Wv.

AXn\v apºmbn \nßsf Rm≥ ]gb hgn-bn¬ FØn-®p-X-cmw. F√m-hcpw Aev]-t\cw IÆ-S-bv°p-hn¬.

Ah¿ IÆ-S®p. ASp-Ø-\n-anjw ]gb Imń¬Øs∂ FØn. F¥Xni-bta F∂p-Nn-¥n®v Ah¿ I≠-

h-gn-bn-eqsS apt∂m- p-\-S-∂p. kzbw ]` DSs\ iocm-as‚ Acn-In-se-Øn.

e£vaW kpKo-h-tk-hnX ....................................................

......................................................... ]Zw ]m]n-®n-X-h-ybw

e£vaW kpKo-h-∑m-tcmSp IqSn-bp-ff iocm-as\ kzbw ]` I≠p hW-ßn. KZvK-Z-tØm-sSbpw

tcmam-©-tØm-tSbpw kvXpXn®p. IrXzm = sNbvXn- v, \Xzm = \a-kvI-cn-®n- v, kvXpXzm = kvXpXn-®n- v, Zmko-

X-thmlw = Rm\-ß-bpsS Zmkn-bm-Ip-∂p. `h-¥w-a-a-keman = Aßsb Rm≥ \a-kvI-cn-°p-∂p. thZ-y≥

= Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h≥. Aßsb H∂p-Im-Wm≥ Rm\-t\-Im-bncw sIm√-ambn X]- p-sN-øp-∂p. AXns‚

êw CSt∏mƒ Inń . Aßsb B¿°pw Adn -bn -√. Aßv BZ-y -\m -Wv . F√m-Po -h -

Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw AIØpw ]pdØpw IqSn-sIm-f-fp-∂-h-\mWv. amb-bm-Ip∂ Xnc-»o-e-sIm≠v ad™p

a\p-j-y-th-i-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p. A⁄m-\n-Iƒ°-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ hn⁄m\aq¿Øn-bm-W-ßv. cq]w +

Xh + CZw + kZm + `mXp + am\tk = Aß-bpsS Cucq-]w-F-t∏mgpw Fs‚ a\- n¬

hnf-ß-s´, hnUw-_\w = A\p-I-c-Ww, a\p-j-y-\mbn qan-bn¬ Aßv Ah-X-cn-®Xv ‡¿°v Aß-bpsS IY

]d-bm-\m-sW-∂pw, Zi-c-Ys‚ Xt]m-_-ew-sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw, sIuke-y-bpsS ]m¿∞-\-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw

koX-bpsS `mKyw sIm≠m-sW-∂pw, _“m-hns‚ At]-£-]-Imcw ZpjvS-\n-K-l-Øn-\m-sW∂pw,



[¿Ω-sØ-c-£n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, A[¿ΩsØ \in-∏n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, tZhi-Xp-°sf \in-∏n®v tZh-

∑msc c£n-bv°m-\m-sW-∂pw, Fs∂ms° al¿jn-am¿ ]d-bp-∂p. `hm¿Æhw = kwkm-c-k-ap-Zw.

Cßs\ ]eXpw ]d™v kvXpXn® B `‡-tbmSv iocm-a≥ Xm≥ k¥p-jvS-\m-sb∂pw F¥p-h-c-amWv

th≠-sX∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Ah-ƒ ]d-™p. ""Fs‚ F√m BK-l-ßfpw C∂p km[n-®p. bX-

Ip-Xm]n (F-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶n-epw) iocm-a--`-‡nbv°v Cf-°-ap-≠m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS ‡-∑msc∏‰n-bp-ff

Hm¿Ω Ft∏mgpw D≠m-IWw. ]mIr-X-∑m-cp-ambn Hcn-bv°epw _‘-s∏-Sm-\n-S-h-c-cp-Xv. Aß-bpsS

tXtPm-a-b-amb at\m-l-c-cq]w Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ D≠m-hWw. Aßs\ hcp-sa∂v iocm-a≥ A\p-K-ln-®p.

C\n \o _-Z-c-ym-i-a-Øn¬ t]mbn Fs∂ [ym-\n-®n-cp-∂m¬ aXn. F∂p iocm-a≥ ]d-™p. AX-\p-k-

cn®v XssZh (XZm + Gh = At∏mƒ Xs∂) kzbw ]`_Z-c-y-i-a-Øn-te-bv°p-t]m-bn. Ahn-sS-sh®v

hnjvWp-]Zw ]m]n-®p. (io-cm-a-\m-a-P]w kvXpXn CsX√mw Xcw In´p-tºm-sg√mw ]tbm-Kn-bv°pI F∂

coXn-In-fn-∏m- n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. `‡n-]-N-cWw Xs∂ Imh-y-e-£-yw).

AwK-Zm-Zn-I-fpsS kwibw

a¿°S k©bw tZhnsb .........................................

.......................................................... \sΩ-sb-t∂m¿Ø-h¿

B hm\-c-∑m¿ Cßs\ Fßpw koXsb At\-z-jn®v Is≠-Øm-\m-ImsX, FX-Zn-hkw Ign™p

F∂pw Adn-bmsX, ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn¬ Ccn-bv°p-tºmƒ AwK-Z≥ Ah-tcm-Smbn ]d™p''. ]mXm-f-

Øn¬°-S∂v Np‰n-Øn-cn-™-Xn-\m¬ (k-zbw ]`m-i-aw) FX Znhkw Ign™p F∂pw Adn-bn-√. Hcp

amk-sams°°gn-™n- p-≠m-hpw. koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xp-an-√. Iev]\-b-\p-k-cn-bv°msX Xncn®p sN∂m¬

\Ω-sf-sb√mw sIm√p-sa-∂p-Xo¿® kpKo-hm-⁄bv°v bmsXm-cp -am-‰-hp-an-√. iXp-hns‚ aI-\mb Fs∂

hnti-jn-®p-sIm-√pw. kX-y-Øn¬ iocm-a-\mWv Fs∂ c£n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcyw km[n-bv°m-

Ø-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ klm-b-hp-ap-≠m-In-√. kz¥w AΩbv°p Xpe-y-bmb ktlm-Z-c-]-Xv\nsb

bmsXmcp \mW-hp-an-√msX `mc-y-bm-°n-sh® B hm\c tijvT-\mb \oN\v sNøm¬ ]mSn-√m-Ø-sX-

¥mWv. (A-Ωsb as‰m-cmƒ ]m]n-bv°p-∂Xv \n -lm-b-\mbn kln-bvt°≠n hcp∂ Hcp ]pXs‚ a\-

n¬ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂ tcmj-amWv a\:-im-kvX-hn-im-c-Z-\mb Fgp-Øp-—≥ AwK-Zs‚ hm°p-

I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Rm\-bm-fpsS apºn-te-bv°n-t√-bn-√. GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ \nß-sf-

√m-hcpw aS-ßn-t∏m-bns°m-f-fp-hn≥''. CXp-tI´v D≈-en™v kam-\-Zp:-Jn-X-cmb a‰p-hm-\-c-∑m¿ AwK-

Zs‚ IÆo¿ XpS-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p. ""Aßs\ Zp:-Jn-bv°-cp-Xv. Aßsb c£n-°m≥ Rß-fp-≠v.

hbw (\-Ωƒ) Ct∏mƒ Xncn-®p-h∂ Kpl-bn-te-bv°p-Xs∂ (k-zbw ]`) t]mbn C\n-bp-ff Imew AhnsS

Ign-bmw. kz¿§-Øn\p Xpe-y-ambn F√m-kp-J-ß-fp-ap-ff ÿe-am-W-Xv. bmsXm-cp-Po-hnbpw Atßm-´p-I-

S-∂p-h-cn-I-bp-an-√. \ap-°n\n H´pw Xma-kn-bvt°≠''. AwK-Z-t\mSv a‰p-hm-\-c-∑m¿ C]-Imcw

]d-bp-∂-Xp-tI´v \b-tIm-hn-Z-\mb l\p-am≥ AwK-Z-t\mSv ]d-™p. (\-b-tIm-hn-Z≥ ˛ kpKo-hs‚ \b-

⁄-\mb a¥n-bmWv l\p-am≥. AwK-Zs‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ kpKo-h-s\m-cp -]-Xn]£w cq]-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-

bv°m-t\m, AwK-Z-t\m-Sp-ff A\p-I-º-sImt≠m BIWw l\p-am≥ ChnsS CS-s]-´-Xv.) l\p-am≥

AwK-Zs\ kvt\l-tØmsS Xtem-Sn-s°m-≠p-]-d-™p. "" Fs¥mcp NoØ-Nn-¥-bm-Wn-Xv. Cßs\ NoØ-

h-gn-I-sf-∏-‰n-sbm∂pw Bcpw Btem-Nn-bv°-cp-Xv. iocm-a\v Xmc-bpsS ]pX≥ F∂-\n-ebv°v Aß-tbmSv

]tX-y-I-hm-’-e-y-ap-≠v. A°m-cyw F\n-bv°p-am-Xta Adn-bq. e£va-W-t\-°mƒ CjvS-amWv Aß-sb.

Aß-bpsS Ign-hp-Ifpw At±lw [cn-®p-sh-®n-´p-≠v. B kvt\l-Øn\v bmsXm-c-Ip-dhpw hcn-I-bn-√.

iocm-a-\n¬ \n∂v bmsXm-cp-]-Z-hhpw D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn\pw ]pdta iocm-a-`-‡-\mb kpKo-h\v

Ct∏mƒ BtcmSpw iXp-X-bn-√. tZth-µ-s]uX\mb Aßv bmsXmcp thh-em-Xnbpw IqSmsX



CXp-tIƒ°q. Rm\pw Aß-bpsS A`-yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-bm-Wv. Adn-hn-√-Ø-h¿h-√Xpw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-tI´p

]cn-`-an-bv°-cp-Xv. A]-ISw Hgn-hm-°m≥ ]mXm-f-Øn-tebv°p aS-ßpI F∂v Cu Ipc-ß-∑m¿ ]d-™n-t√.

iocm-as‚ Aºn\v ]th-i-\-an-√mØ Hcp ÿe-hp-an-√. aq∂p-tem-I-Ønepw. Cu Aev]⁄m\n-Iƒ ]d-

bp∂ hnUvVnØw tI´v IpSp-ß-cp-tX. B]-Øp-h∂p \n¬°p∂ ka-bØv Bsc-¶nepw \√--Xp-]-tZ-in-

®m¬ AXv tIƒ°m≥ tXm∂n-√. At∏mƒ ZpjvS-_p-≤n-I-fn¬ hni-zm-kw-h-cpw. k÷-\-ß-tfmSpw

shdp-∏p-tXm-∂pw. tZh-Im-c-y-ß-fn-epw, _“WcpsS Imc-y-ß-fnepw, Xd-hm-´p-Im-c-y-ß-fn-epw, kz-[¿Ωm-N-

c-W-Ønepw At∏mƒ Xm¬∏-c-y-ap-≠m-hn-√. ]g-b-_-‘p-°-tfmSv \ockw tXm∂pw. CØcw Zp¿§p-W-

ßƒ s]cp-In-s∏-cpIn kz-¥w-hw-i--\m-i-Øn\p Xs∂ Imc-W-°m-c-\m-Ipw. AXoh cl-k-y-amb Hcp

Imcyw Rm≥ ]d-bmw. iocm-a≥ hnjvWp-hns‚ Ah-Xm-c-amWv F∂n-X-ymZn Bi-b-ßƒ ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-

bv°p-∂p. \ma-]-Zm-h-enbpw tN¿Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p.) ap≥ P∑-Øn¬ \Ω-sf-√mhpw X] p sNbvXp

alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ ]X-y -£-am-°n-b-h-cmWv. A∂v alm-hnjvWp At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿jZ

(]-cn-Nm-c-I) ÿm\w \ap-°p-X-∂n-´p-≠v. B Ah-k-c-amWv Ct∏mƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-f-f-Xv. C\n

Gsd-Øm-a-kn-bmsX \ap°v sshIp-WvT-tem-I-Øn-se-Ømw''. Cßs\ AwK-Zs\ Bi-z-kn-∏n®v hn‘-y-

]¿∆-X-Øn¬ \osf koX-sb-Xn-c-™p-Xn-c™p \S∂v sX°≥ kap-Z-Xo-c-Øp-ff atl-µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚

ASn-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn. ZpkvX-chpw (a-dn-I-S-°m-\m-hm-Ø) AKm-[hpw A]m-c-hp-amb kapZw ap∂n¬°≠v

Aw-K-Z≥ XpS-ßnb hm\-c-∑m-sc√mw `b∂v (X-kvX¿) k¶-S-s∏-´p. C\n F¥p-sNøpw F∂v Ah¿ ]c-

kv]cw tNmZnbv°m≥ XpS-ßn. Fhn-tSbpw (Ip-Xn-Nn¬) CXp-h-tcbpw koX-tbtbm cmh-W-t\tbm

I≠n-√. amkw GXm-≠p-I-gn-™n-cn-°-Ww. kpKo-h≥ Xo£v-W-Z-fi≥ (I-Tn\ in£-°m-c≥) BWv.

\sΩ sIm√pw F∂p Xo¿®. kpKo-h≥ sIm√p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \ntX-ym-]-hmkw A\p-jvTn®v acn-bv°p-∂-

XmWv tam£w e`n-°m≥ \√-Xv. \ΩpsS hn[n-bn-ß-s\-bm-bn-cnbv°mw F∂v Xo¿®-bm°n Ah-sc√mw

Z¿`-∏p√p hncn®v D]-h-kn-®p-In-S-∂p.

kºm-Xn-hm-Iyw

At∏mƒ atl-µm-N-teµ .................................

.......................................................... hm\-c-∑m-tcmSp sNm√n-\m≥.

B ka-bØv atl-µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Hcp Kpl-bn¬\n∂v ]¿∆-Xm-Im-c-\mb Hcp X¥-°-gp-Iƒ

]Xps° ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. ]c∂p InS-°p∂ Ipc-ß-∑msc I≠v Igp-I-cm-Pmhv ]d-™p. Nnd-In√mØ

F\n°v CXm Cui-z-c≥ Hcp-]mSv `£Ww X∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Fs‚ `mK-yw. Ch-cn¬ BZ-y-am-Zyw Nmhp-

∂-hsc BI-a-Øn¬ `£n-bv°mw. Igp-Is‚ hm°p-tI´v ]cn-`-an® Ipc-ß-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw ]d™p.

Cu ]¿∆-Xm-Im-c-\mb Igp-I≥ \Ω-sf-sb√mw sImØn hngp-ßpw. Cßs\ Zp¿Ω-cWw hcn-bv°m-

\mtWm \ΩpsS tbmKw. \Ωƒ°n-Xp-hsc H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-™n-√. I¿ΩtZmjw F∂-√m-sX-¥p-]-

d-bm≥. cma-Im-cyw km[n-®n-√. kpKo-hs‚ BKlw \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-√. iq\-y-\mb Cu ]£n-bm¬

sIm√-s∏-´m¬ \mw alm-]m-]n-I-fm-bn-Øo-cpw. alm-flm-hmb B PSm-bp-hns‚ tbmK-yX B¿°p

-]-d-bmw. Ah-s\-t∏mse ]pWyw sNbvX as‰mcp Pohn-bn-√. iocmas‚ Imc-y-Øn-\p-th≠n acn-bvt°-

≠-h∂ B `mK-y-hm≥ hnjvWp-tem-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ FØn-bn-cn-bv°pw. alm-hn-jvWp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-

Øm¬ ]£n-bm-sW-¶nepw Ah\v tam£-wIn-´n. Ipc-ß-∑m-cpsS Cu hm°p-Iƒ tI´p kºmXn

AX-ym-\-µ-tØmsS tNmZn-®p. ""sNhn-Iƒ°v Aar-Xn\p Xpe-y-amb hm°p-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ \nß-fm-cm-Wv?

F¥mWv \nßƒ PSm-bp-hns‚ Imcyw ]d-™-Xv. t]Sn-bv°msX \nßƒ Fs‚ ASp-tØ-bv°p-h-cp-hn≥.

At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ kss[-cyw Fgp-t∂‰v iocm-as\ [ym-\n®v (kw-`m-hy) B Igp-Is‚ ASp-sØØn

Cßs\ ]d-™p. (cm-am-bW IY-bpsS Bh¿Ø\w ˛ £W-Zm-c-N≥ = cm£-k≥, £WZ = cmXn)

cmh-W≥ PSm-bp-hns‚ BI-a-W-Øm¬ Ipg-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Nµ-lmkw F∂-hmƒsIm≠v PSm-bp-hns‚

Nnd-Ip-sh-´n. PSmbp `qan-bn¬ho-Wp. Fs‚ `¿Øm-hn-s\-°≠v Imc-y-ß-sf√mw [cn-∏n-bv°p∂Xphsc



\n\°v acWw D≠m-In√ F∂v koX PSm-bp-hns\ A\p-K-ln-®p. Aßs\ iocm-as\ hm¿Ø-I-sf√mw

Adn-bn-®-tijw PSm-bp-k-z¿§w ]m]n-®p. (Xp-S¿∂v cmam-bW IYm-h¿Ø-\w) \o koX-sb-∏‰n h√Xpw

Adn-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ ]d-™p-X-c-Ww. CXmWv Rß-fp-sS-Im-cyw F∂v AwK-Z≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ B

]£n kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]d-™p. ""PSmbp Fs‚ ]nb-s∏´ ktlm-Z-c-\m-Wv. Rm\-hs\ ]ncn-™n´v

Iptd-°m-e-am-bn. At\-Im-bncw sIm√-ßƒ°p-tijw C∂Wv Rm≥ Fs‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ hm¿Ø-b-

dn™v. Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c\v DZ-I-Inb sNø-Ww. \nßƒ Fs∂ FSpØp shf-f-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-sh®v

Fs∂-s°m≠p DZ-I-Inb sNø-bv°p-hn≥. Rm≥ \nßƒ°p hm°psIm≠v klmbw sNømw. hm\-

c-∑m¿ B ]£nsb IS¬Øo-c-sØ-Sp-Øp-sh-®v, IS-en¬ Ipfn-∏n®v tij-In-b-Iƒ sNøn®v ]g-b-ÿm-

\-Øn-cp-Øn. At∏mƒ kºmXn kz-ÿ-\mbn koX-bpsS Imc-y-ßƒ ]d-™p. kap-Z-a-≤-y-Øn¬ XnIq-

S-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ e¶ Fs∂mcp Zzo-]p-≠v. Ahn-sS-bp-ff AtimI-h-\-Øn¬ koX cm£-kn-I-

fm¬ Np‰-s∏-ń-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ahn-tSbv°v Hcp \qdp-tbm-P\ Zqc-ap-≠v. Igp-I-\mbXn\m¬ F\n-bv°Xp

t\sc-Im-Wmw. (I-gp-I\v Zqc-°mgvN IqSpw) Cu kapZw IS-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h\v koXsb I≠p-h-cmw.

Fs‚ A\p-P-s\-s°m∂ ZpjvSs\ GXphnt[\sb-¶nepw sImt∂-]-‰q. F\n-bvs°m- p-Nn-d-Ip-an-√. \nßƒ

F¥-≤-zm\w sNbvXmepw kapZw IS-°Ww ]ns∂ iocm-a≥ h∂v cmh-Ws\ sIm∂p-sIm-f-fpw.

CX-Xn-s\m-cp-am¿§-am-Wv. kapZw IS∂v koXsb I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m-\p-ff hgn-bm-tem-Nn-bv°pI F∂-h¿

XΩn¬ XΩn¬ ]d-™p. At∏mƒ kºmXn Xs‚ ]q¿∆-I-Y-hm-\-c-∑m-tcmSp ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

Rm\pw PSm-bphmw `mXm-hpw...................................

................................................................. kºm-Xn-hn-lm-b-km.

]≠v Rm\pw ktlm-Z-c-\mb PSmhpw tNmc-Øn-f-∏p-sIm≠pw Al-¶m-cw-sIm≠pw Rß-fpsS

_e-th-K-ßƒ a’-cn-®-dn-bm≥ BIm-i-tØbv°v ]d-∂p-b¿∂p. kqc-y-a-fi-e-tØmfw Rßƒ ]d-∂p-

b¿∂p. Rßƒ Xf¿∂p. amX-a√ kqc-y-c-ivan-tb‰v PSm-bp-hns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-cn-bm≥ XpS-ßn. DSs\

Ahs\ c£n-bv°m≥ Rm≥ aosX-]-d--∂p. AtXmsS c≠p-Nn-d-Ipw-I-cn™v Rm≥ `qan-bn¬ hoWp.

Nnd-tIm-Sp-IqSn PSm-bphpw hoWp. ]£n-Iƒ°v Nnd-Im-W-t√m-_-ew. Rm≥ hn‘-y-]¿∆-X-Ønse Imń-

emWv hoW-Xv. AhnsS IÆp-Im-WmsX aq∂p Znhkw InS-∂p. Poh≥ _m°n-bmbXn\m¬ DW¿∂p-

t\m-°p-tºmƒ Nnd-Ip-Iƒ Icn-™p-t]m-b-Xmbn I≠p. ]ns∂ sX°pw hS°pw Xncn-bmsX ]cn-`-an®v

\nc-ßn-\oßn \nim-I-c≥ F∂ al¿jn-bpsS ]pW-ym-i-a-Øn-seØn ]gb ]cn-Nbw Hm¿Øv al¿jn

Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®p. ""CsX-¥p-]-‰n. Nnd-sI-ßs\ \in-®p. Bcm-Wn-Xp-sN-bvX-Xv. i‡-\mb \ns‚ Nnd-

sI-ßs\ Icn-™p?'' Rm≥ hn\-bm-\-zn-X-\mbn F√m-Im-c-yhpw al¿jn-tbmSp ]d-™p. amX-a√ C\n

Rm≥ D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v F¥mWv sNtø-≠-sX∂pw tNmZn-®p. AXp-tI´v Nncn-®p-sIm≠v ap\n kZbw

]d-™p. Rm≥ kXyw ]d-bmw. ]ns∂ \n\-°p-I-gn-bp-tºmse sNbvXp-sIm-f-fpI (Ip-cp-j-z). tZl-amWv

F√m Zp:-J-ßƒ°pw ImcWw tZl-am-Is´ I¿Ω-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tZl-Øn-ep-ff Rms\-∂-

`mhw sIm≠mWv Al-¶m-c-I¿Ω-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. Al-¶mcw anY-ybpw Ahn-Z-y-bp-am-Wv. Np´p-]-gpØ

Ccp-ºpI- n-t]mse (X-]vX-amtbmcb:-]n-fi-h¬) AXv t\cn-b-t_m-[-tØmSv Ie¿∂p-In-S-°p-∂p. AXn\v

tZl-tØmSv XmZm-flyw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Xm≥ tNX-\-bp-f-fh\msW∂ tXm∂-ep-≠m-Ip-∂p. Rm≥

tZlw Xs∂-bmWv F∂ Hcp tXm∂¬ amb ImcWw Bflm-hn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂p. tZl-amWv Rm≥, I¿Ω-

ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv Rm≥ C]-Imcw k¶-ev]n®v Poh≥ I¿Ωßƒ sNbvXv AXns‚ ê-ß-fn¬

IpSp-ßn, taml-h-e-b-Øn¬s∏´v P∑-a-c-W-am-Ip∂ kwkmc kpJ-Zp:-J-ßƒ°v Iogvs∏´v ]pW-y-ÿm-\-

ßƒ ad-°p-∂p. Cßs\ ta¬t∏m´pw Iogvt∏mSpw àn®v ]pW-y-]m-]-ßƒ CS-I-e¿∂ Hcmƒ Rm≥

hfsc k¬°¿Ω-ßƒ sNbvXp F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂p. kmºØnI-i-‡n-bv°-\p-k-cn®v bmK-ßfpw Zm\-

ßfpw \n¿∆-ln®v IjvS-Im-e-ß-sf√mw If™v kz¿§-Øn-seØn kpJ-am-bn-°-gn-bWw F∂p Nn¥n-®n-

cn-bv°p-tºmƒ acWw kw -hn®v kpJ-am-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ Iotgm v Xe-IpØn hogp-∂p. ]pWyw Xo¿∂m¬



Nµ-a-fi-e-Øn-seØn at™m-Sp-IqSn `qan-bn¬ hoWv ]e-Xcw ie-y-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an®v kt¥m-j-ambv

Iptd-Imew Ignbpw. ]ns∂ ]pcp-j≥ A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ km[-\-ßƒ Xs∂ \mem-bn-Øo-cpw. AXn¬

H∂v ip¢(tc-X- v) ambn-Øo¿∂v kvXobpsS K¿ -Øn¬ sN∂p-]-Xn-bv°p-∂p. tbm\n-bnse c‡-tØmSp

tN¿∂ AXns\ Pcmbp (K¿`ÿ inip-hns\ s]mXn-™p-ff ]mS adp-Ip- n)-sIm≠v Bh-cWw sNøpw.

Hcp Znh-kw-sIm≠v IqSn-t®¿∂v AXv Iee (K¿`-]n-fiw)-am-Ipw. AXp-]ns∂ A©p-cmXn _pZv_p-Zm-

Imc (Ip-an-f-bpsS cq]w) amIpw. A©p-Zn-\-ßƒsIm≠v amwkhpw t]in-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. ]nt∂bpw

]Xn-\-©p-Zn-hkw sIm≠v t]in-Iƒ c‡-tØm-Sp-tN-cpw. \qd-pZn-\w-sIm≠v AwIp-tcm-ev]-Ønbpw D≠mIpw

A©p-am-kw-sIm≠v AwK-ß-fn¬ k‘n-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. \memw amk-Øn¬ hnc-ep-Ifpw ]√p-Ifpw

\J-ßfpw Kpl-y-`m-K-ßfpw D≠m-Ipw. aq°pw IÆpw sNhnbpw A©mw-amkwsIm≠v AwK-ß-fn¬

k‘n-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. Bdmw amk-Øn¬ sNhn-Iƒ Xpd-°pw. tatVm-]-ÿm-`n-]m-bp-°ƒ Ggmw

amk-Øn-ep-≠m-Ipw. F´mw-am-k-Øn¬ Xe-apSn apf-bv°pw. HºXmw amk-Øn¬ amXm-hns‚ hb-‰n¬°n-

S∂v ]pjvSn-s∏-Spw. Znh-tk\ hf-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Cf-°m≥ XpS-ßpw. A©mw amkw

apX¬ Zn\w tXmdpw Poh\v ssNX-\yw IqSn-°q-Sn-h-cpw. \m`o-\m-f-Øns‚ t\cnb Zzm-c-Øn-epsS AΩ

Ign-bv°p∂ `£-WsØ Bi-bn®v K¿`-]nfiw ho≠pw hf-cpw. I¿Ω-_‘w ImcWw acWw kw`-

hn-bv°n-√. At∏mƒ Ign™ P∑-ßfpw A°m-eØv sNbvX I¿Ω-ßfpw Hm¿Øp Zp:-Jn®v AΩ-bpsS

Pwcm-·n-bpsS NqSv kln®v ]q¿∆-I¿Ω-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ßƒ Cßs\ ]d™p XpS-ßpw. ""Rm≥ ]Øp-

\q-dm-bncw tbm\n-I-fn¬ P\n-®p. FXtbm I¿Ωƒ A\p-`-hn-®p. a°ƒ, `mc-y-_-‘p-°ƒ F∂n-ßs\

FX \qdm-bncw tImSn Po-hn-I-fp-ambn _‘p-Xzw D≠m-bn. IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn¬amXw i≤n®v

A\-ym-b-ambn \nX-yhpw [\w tiJ-cn-®p. F∂m¬ hnjvWp-hns\ Hm¿Øn-√, IrjvW-\maw P]n-®n-√.

AXns‚sb√mw ^ew Ct∏mƒ Chn-sS-In-S-∂-\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂p. Cu K¿`-]m-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Ft∏mƒ

Rm≥ ]pd-Øp-NmSpw. C\n Rm≥ ZpjvS-X-Im-Wn-bv°n-√. \√-Im-c-y-ßtf sNøq. \mcm-b-W-k-zm-ansb

amXta Bcm-[n-bv°p-I-bp-ffq''. Cßs\ ]e-bXpw Nn¥n®v Nn¥n®v Poh≥ Cui-z-cs\ kvXpXn-bv°m≥

XpS-ßpw. Aßs\ ]Øp-amkw XnI-bp-tºmƒ `qan-bn¬ ]nd-°pw. ]k-h-hm-bphns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v

thZ-\-tbmsS tbm\o-Z-zm-c-Øn¬°qSn Po-h≥ ]nd-°pw. A—\Ω-am-cm¬ ]men-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂h (]m-e-y-am-

t\m-]n)-\m-bn´pw _me-y-Im-e-ß-fnepw a‰pw A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ k¶-S-ß-sf-∏‰n F¥p ]d-b-s´. sbu∆\-

Øn-tebpw hm¿≤-I-y-Øn-tebpw Zp:-J-ßƒ°v IW-°n-√. \o A\p-`-hn-®n-´p-ff A°m-c-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

F¥n-\p-]-d-bp-∂p. tZl-amWv Rms\-∂-tXm-∂¬sIm≠p-ff Al-¶m-c-Øn¬\n∂v kpJ-Zp:-J-ß-fp-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv. K¿`-Øn¬ hkn-bv°pI XpS-ßnb Zp:-Jßpw PohPm-e-ß-fpsS P\-\-a-c-W-Zp:-Jhpw A\p-`-hn-

bvt°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv tZlw Imc-W-am-Wv. ÿqe kq£vam-flI ico-c-Øns‚ c≠-h-ÿ-bv°-∏pdw IpSn-

sIm-f-fp-∂Xv Cui-z-c-\m-Wv. tZlm-Zn-I-fn-ep-ff Xm¬∏-cyw Dt]-£n®v \o Bfl-⁄m-\n-bmbn hmgp-I.

(Cu-i-zcs‚ hnti-j-W-ß-fpsS ]c-º-c). ambm-h-nap-‡-\mWv Cui-z-c≥ F∂-dn-bp-∂-h\pw ambm-tam-l-

ap-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. Rm≥ \n\°v as‰m-cp-]-tZiw IqSn-X-cmw. (cm-am-bW IYm-kw-K-j-Øns‚ Bcw-`w).

(]p-fi-cn-tIm-¤X = Xma-c-bn¬ ]nd-∂-hƒ e£vao-tZ-hn) hm\-c-∑m¿°p koX-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-ÿew ]d-

™p-sIm-S-pØm¬ \n\°p ]pXp-Xmbn Nnd-Ip-Iƒ apf-®p-h-cpw. ""]≠v \nim-I-c-ap\n Fs∂ Cß-s\-

sb√mw ]d™p hni-z-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. t\m°q A¤p-X-sa-∂-√m-sX-¥p-]-d-bm≥. F\nbv°v ]pØ≥ Nnd-

Ip-Iƒ apf-®p-h-∂-Xp-t\m-°p-hn≥. tbmK-y-∑m-cmb al¿jn-am-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ ]ng-bv°n-√. iocma IY-

bpsS amlm-flyw B¿°p hnh-cn°m≥ Ign-bpw. cma-\m-a-Øn-\p-Xp-e-y-ambn as‰m∂pw F\n-bv°p-tXm-∂p-

∂n-√. \nßƒ°p \√-Xp-h-c-s´. koXsb Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-b-s´. ITn-\m-≤-zm\w sNbvXm¬ C∂p Xs∂

IS¬I-S-°m≥ Ign-bpw. iocm-a-\maw P]n-bv°p-∂-h¿°v kwkm-c-am-Ip∂ kapZw Xs∂ IS-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂p. iocm-a-]-Xv\nsb ImWm≥ t]mIp∂ \nßƒ°v IS¬ IS-°p-hm≥ bmsXm-cp-]-bm-k-hp-ap-

≠m-I-bn√''. Cß-s\-sbms° ]d™v kºmXn BIm-i-Øn¬ ]d-∂p-a-d-™p.



kap-Z-ew-L-\-Øn\v I]n-I-fpsS Btem-N\

]ns∂-°-]n-h-c-∑m¿ .....................................................

.............................................. tamZ-tØm-Sn-cp-∂n-X-°m-eta

]ns∂ hm\-c-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw ]d-bm≥Xp-S-ßn. `b-¶-c-amb apX-e-°q-´-ßfpw (\-I-N-Iw)

a‰p-ap-ff kapZw t\m°n-bn´v Ah¿ ]d-™p. \man-sX-ßs\ IS-°pw. Fßpw adp-I-c-Im-Wp-∂n-√.

Bhm-Ø-Im-c-y-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-®vsIm≠v Nmhm≥ tbmK-am-bn. At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ]d-™p. alm-i-‡-

∑m-cmb \nß-fn¬ Hcmƒ ""Rm≥ kapZw IS°mw'' F∂v Ft∂m-Sp-]-d-™m¬ Ah≥ F\nbv°v

Poh-\p-Xp-e-y-\m-Wv. kpKo-ht‚bpw iocm-at‚bpw e£va-Wt‚bpw Zp:Jw \o°n c£n-bv°p-∂Xpw Ah≥

Xs∂-bm-bn-cnbv°pw. AwKZ≥ C]-Im-cw-]-d-™-t∏mƒ Ah¿ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ t\m°nbX√msX H∂pw

adp-]Sn ]d-™n-√. At∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ho≠pw ]d-™p. ""\nßƒ F√m-hcpw \√-hÆw Btem-Nn®v

\nß-fpsS _ew ]d-bp-hn≥ (D-N-y-Xmw)'' F\nbv°p ]Øp-tbm-P-\-NmSmw F\n-bv°n-cp-]Xv NmSmw F∂n-

ßs\ F\n-bv°p-sXm-Æq-dp-tbm-P\ NmSm-sa-∂p-hsc Hmtcm-tcm-Ip-c-ß-∑m¿ ]d-™p. kapZw \qdp-

tbm-P-\-bp-≠-t√m. Cu \ap-°m¿°pw Cu kapZw IS°m≥ Ign-bn√ ]≠v alm-hnjvWp (Xn-hn-I-a≥)

aq∂p-tem-I-ßfpw aq∂-Sn-sh-∏p-sIm≠v Af-°p∂ ka-bØv Fs‚bu-∆-\-Im-eØv s]cpºdbpw sImń-

s°m≠v Ccp-]-sØm-∂p-X-hW Rm≥ alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ £W-k-a-bw-sIm≠v ]Z-£nWw sNbvXn-´p-

≠v. Ct∏mƒ hb- -\mbn kapZw IS-°m-\m-hn√ F√mw Cui-z-cs‚ Ifn. Pmw_-hm≥ (A-Pm-fl-P≥)

Cßs\ ]d-™-t∏mƒ AwK-Z≥ ]d-™p. ""F\n-bv°-tßm´p NmSmw. ]t£ Ctßm-´p-t]m-cm≥

]bm-k-ap-≠m-Ipw. a‰m¿°pw CXn-\p-I-gn-bn-s√-¶nepw Aß-bv°p-I-gn-bp-sa-¶nepw `rX-y-∑m¿ AXn-\p-k-

Ω-Xn-bv°p-I-bn-√. GsX-¶nepw Hcp-Ø≥ AXn\p NmSn-]p-d-s∏-Spw. AXn-\m¿°pw Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬

\ap°v (h-bw) ]ń-Wn-In-S-∂p-a-cnbv°mw''. AwK-Z≥ ]d-™-Xn\v Pmw_-hm≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™p.

""l\p-am≥ (P-K¬]mW hmbp \µ-\≥) F¥m-sWm∂pw an≠msX Nn¥n-®n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv \o Cßs\

Zp:-Jn-®n-cp-∂m¬a-Xn-tbm. \ob-√msX as‰m-cm-fn-Xn-\n-√. io]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ P\n® km£m¬

]c-ta-i-z-c]pX-\m-Wt√m Aßv. ]ns∂ hmbp-hns‚ ]pX-\p-am-Wv. \nt∂mfw _e-ho-cyw a‰m¿°m-Wv?

as‰mcph-gnbv°v knwl]cm-I-an-bmb tIk-cn-bpsS ]pX-\mWv \o (l-\p-ams‚ AΩ ARvP-\.

ARvP-\-bpsS ¿Ømhv tIk-cn. kqNn-X-I-Y: inh-]m¿∆-Xn-am¿ Imń¬ k©-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ hm\-c-∑m-

cpsS cXn-eo-e-Iƒ I≠p. AXv A\p-I-cn-bv°m≥ Ah¿°pw Xm¬∏-c-y-ambn. PK¬]n-Xm-°ƒ hm\-c-

thjw [cn®v can-®p. ]m¿∆Xn K¿`n-Wn-bm-bn. Hcp hm\-c-in-ip-hns\ ]k-hn-bv°p-∂-Xn-ep-ff \mW-t°-

tSm¿Øv hnj-an-®p. At∏m-gmWv Hcp k¬∏pX-\p-th≠n inhs\ X]- p-sN-øp∂ ARvP-\-sb-∏‰n

alm-tZ-h≥ Hm¿Ø-Xv. AXn-\m¬ hmbp-ap-tJ\ ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS K¿ -ÿ-_o-PsØ ARvP-\-bn¬ \nt£-

]n-®p. Aßs\ tIk-cn, hmbp, ]c-ta-i-z-c≥ Cßs\ aq∂p-t]¿ l\p-ams‚ ]nXr-ÿm-\-sbcm-bn).

ARvP-\-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n® DS-s\-Xs∂ \o A™q-dp-tbm-P\ ta¬t∏m-´p-Nm-Snb Imc-yhpw

F\n-bv°-dn-bmw. P\n® DSs\ DZ-b-kq-c-y-a-fiew XpSØ \nd-Øn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ

GtXm ]gpØ ]g-am-W-sX-∂p-I-cpXn kqc-y-a-fi-esØ \o hngp-ßm≥ NmSn-b-Sp-ØXpw At∏mƒ

tZth-µ≥ \ns∂ hPm-bp-[w-Im≠v ]l-cn-®-Xpw, hP-ta‰v `qan-bn¬ t_m[a‰phoW \ns∂ FSp-Øp-

sIm≠v hmbp K-hm≥ ]mXm-f-Øn¬ t]msbm-fn-®Xpw (A-t∏mƒ qan-bn¬ hmbp-hn-√mØ Imew h∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂ hnj-a-ßƒ Duln-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m). At∏mƒ Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p

tImSn-tZh-∑m-tcmSpw _“m-hns‚ t\cn-´p-ff ]pX-∑m-tcm-Spw-IqSn ]X-y-£-s∏´v temIw \in-bv°p-∂-

Im-eØpw \n\-°p-a-cWw kw`-hn-bv°n√ F∂v A\p-K-ln-®Xpw F\n-bv°-dn-bmw. ]f-b-Im-eØpw \n\-

°p-\m-i-an-s√-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an√ hPw l\p-hn¬ (XmSn-bn¬) sIm≠v apdn-th-‰-Xn-\m¬ thZ

(B-av\m-bw) ⁄m∑m-cmb alm-∑m¿ \n\°v "l\p-am≥' F∂p t]cn-´Xpw \o ad-t∂m? \ns‚ ssIøn-em-

Wt√m iocm-a≥ tamXncw X∂-Xv. AsX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p ad-∂p-thm? \ns‚ i‡nbpw thKhpw

B¿°pw h¿Æn-®p-Xo¿°m≥ Ign-bn√''. Cßs\ Pmw_-hm≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ l\p-am≥ k¥p-jvS-\mbn

aµw Fgp-t∂‰v (D-∞m-b) _“mfiw Xs∂ Ipep-ßp∂ hn[Øn¬ Hcp knwlm-\mZw D≠m-°n.



hma-\-aq¿Øn-sb-t∏mse At±lw s]s´∂p hep-Xmbn Hcp ]¿∆Xw (`q-ao[cw) t]mse \n∂v ]d-™p.""

kapZw NmSn-°-S∂v e¶ Np´p-`-kva-am-°n, cmh-Ws\ hwi-tØmsS h[n®v koXm-tZ-hn-tbbpw sIm≠v

Rm≥ Xncn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. As√-¶n¬ cmh-Ws\ _‘n®v CSsØ (hmaw) ssIønepw XnIqSm-N-e(-Iq-

S-X-bw) tØmSp-IqSn e¶ ]pg-°n-sb-SpØv he-sØ-ssI-ønepw sh®v iocm-as‚ apºn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂n-

dIn Rm≥ sXmgp-Xp-\n¬°pw. cmas‚ tamXncw Fs‚ ssIøn-ep≠t√m''. l\p-ams‚ hm°p-tI´

Pmw_-hm≥ D’m-l-tØmsS ]d™p ""\o X¬°mew koXm-tZ-hnsb I≠p-h-∂m¬ aXn. cmh-W-

bp≤w ]ns∂-bm-hmw. iocm-a≥ cmh-W-s\-sIm√pw. At∏mƒ \ΩpsS ssIøq-°p-Im-Wn-bv°mw. BImi

(]q-jvI-c-am¿§w)-Øn-eqsS t]mIp∂ \n\°vbmsXmcp XS- hpw C√msX ip`w `hn-bv°-s´. hmbp-`-K-

hm≥ \ns‚ IqsS-bp-≠m-hpw. ]ns∂ iocm-as‚ Bh-i-y-Øn-\m-Wt√m t]mIp-∂Xv''. F√m-hm-\-c-

∑mcpw l\p-ams\ A\p-K-ln®v DSs\ ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ ]d-™p. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ atl-µ-]¿∆-X-Øns‚

apI-fn¬ Ib-dn-\n∂v Kcp-U-s\-t∏mse tim`n-®p.

Cßs\ ]d™ XØ kt¥m-j-tØmsS HXp-ßn-bn-cp∂p ˛ (In-fn-∏m-´p-co-Xn).

*******

tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I \qtdm \q‰-ºtXm hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-tX-≠h

Xmsg sImSpØ hcn-I-fpsS kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI

1) aÆn\m-bqgn Ipgn-®-t\cw \n[n

Xs∂ e`n-®-Xp-t]mse cLp-]-tX.

2) kX-y-k-‘≥ cma-s\∂p Rmt\m¿ØXpw

hy-¿∞-atX ic-Wm-K-X-h-’em

3) A—≥sIm-Sp-tØmcp ame _men-bv°p-ap˛

s≠N-yp-X≥ \¬Inb ame kpKo-h\pw

4) Fs∂-∏-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-sS-b-b-bv°ntem

I\-y-Im-Zm-\-^ew \n\-°pw-hcpw

5) \oXs∂ Rm\-Xn-\n-t√m-cp-kw-ibw

]oX-\m-bvt∏m-bm-ep-ff amip-a-am-⁄-bm.

6) ]X-yp-]-Imcw ad-°p∂ ]pcp-j≥

NØ-\n-s\m-°pta Pohn-®n-cn-bv°nepw

7) Nµm-\t\ \o ]ncn™XpIm-cWw

Nµ-\p-am-Zn-X-y-s\-t∏m-se-bm-bnXp

8) \n¶¬ ]W-b-a-[n-I-ap-≠m-I-bm¬

k¶Sw sIm≠p-]-d-™nXp Rms\tSm

9) Ei-y-aq-Im-New kt¶-X-ambv h∂p

hni-zm-k-tam-Sn-cn-bv°p-∂n-X¿°m-fl-P≥ ˛ F¥p-sIm-≠v?

10)kX-y-k-z-cq-]≥ Nncn-®-cp-fn-s®bvXp

kX-y-atX \o ]d-™-sX-tSm-ktJ ˛

"\o ]d-™Xv ˛ F¥m-Wv? B Nncn-bpsS s]mcp-sf-¥v?

II D]-\-yk tNmZ-y-ßƒ (aq-∂q-dp-hm-°p-I-fn¬)

1) Imh-y-`w-Kn-bn-e-[nIw `‡n-]-N-c-W-Ønepw Bflo-b-X-X-z-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-bv°p∂Xnep-am-bn-cp∂p

Fgp-Ø-—s‚ i≤˛ InjvIn-‘m-Im-fisØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn D]-]m-Zn-bv°pI.

2) \b-⁄\pw DNn-X-⁄-\p-amb Hcp a¥n F∂ \nebv°v InjvIn-‘m-Im-fi-Øn¬ l\p-am≥ \nd™p

\nevIp∂p ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.

3) Xp©sØgp-Ø-—s‚ Imh-y-`m-jsb∏‰n Hcp]\-ymkw ssXøm-dm-°pI



ky-a-¥Iw

Hm´≥Xpf-f¬Ip©≥ \º-ym¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS s]mń-®ncn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-dp-ff Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-bpsS I¿Ømhpw

Xpf-fse∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb alm-Ihn Ip©≥ \º-ym--cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v

A[n-I-hpw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Ip©≥ F∂ t]cp-t]mepw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z≥ F∂m-bn-

cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ t]sc∂pw A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Imew 1700\pw 1775\pan-S-bn-em-

sW∂v s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. H‰-∏m-e-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-ff Inf-fn-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-eØv Ie-°-Øp-ho-

ń-emWv At±lw P\n-®-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥ InS-ßq¿°m-c-\mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A—s‚ IqsS InS-ßq-cn-se-Ønb \º-ym¿ IpS-am-fq-cnse sXt°-SØp `´-Xn-cn-bpsS

Bin-X-\mbn kwkvIr-X-]-T\w \S-Øn. Ip´-\m-ńse I≠-¶-cn-ap-dn-bn¬ \µn-°m´v DÆn-c-hn-°p-dp∏pw

At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\mbncp∂p. tZmW-º-ffn \mbv°-\n¬\n∂v Btbm-[-\-I-ebpw hi-am-°n.

hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw sNº-I-t»cn tZh-\m-cm-b-Ws‚bpw amØq¿]-Wn-°-cp-sSbpw Bin-X-\mbn

Ign-™p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-°∑m-cmb am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bp-sSbpw [¿Ω cmPm-hns‚bpw

Bin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. Aº-e-∏pg sh®m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥-yw.

Fgp-Ø-—-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-X-y-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p Ime-tØ°v aµ-X-

bm-W-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. Infn-∏m- p-I-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw B -°-Y-I-fp-amWv A°m-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. FSp-Øp-

]-d-b-Ø° Pohn-X-ho-£-W-[m-c-Itfm kmaq-lyPohn-X-Øns‚ ssNX-\-y-Øp-Sn-∏p-Itfm A°m-esØ

Ihn-X-bn¬ ]X-y-£-s∏- n-√. Cu ÿnXn°v KW-y-am-sbmcp am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Xpf-f¬°-hn-X-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-

h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.

\mev]-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ \º-ym-cp-tS-Xm-bn- p-≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠∂pw ]£-ap-≠v. CXn\p

]pdta ioIr-jvW-N-cnXw aWn-]-hm-fw, \f-N-cn-Xw, inh-]p-cm-Ww, ]©-X¥w apX-emb Infn-∏m- p-Iƒ,

`K-h-±q-Xv, ]Xn-∂m-ep-hrØw F∂n-hbpw \º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬

Akmam-\y]mfin-Xyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lw B `mj-bnepw GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

Xpf-f¬]-ÿm\w

Xpf-f¬]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS ]i-kvXn.

kmln-X-y-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]-sa∂ \ne-bnepw Xpf-f-ens\ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

a≤-y-tI-c-f-Ønepw sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-fp-ambn ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Ip-

hm\pw km[n® \º-ym¿ A∂p ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw \mS≥

Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw efn-X-kp-µ-c-ß-fmb ]e LS-I-ßfpw Iqń-t®¿ØmWv X\n-t°-c-fo-b-sa-∂-h-Im-

i-s∏-Sp∂ Xpf-f¿ F∂ Iem-in-ev]-Øn\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´

NmI-ym¿IqØpw ]mT-Ihpw Xs∂-bmWv C°m-c-y-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. ]cn-an-

X-amb thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, Npcp-ßnb cwK-k-÷o-I-c-Ww, ]mI-Øn\v kwKo-X-hm-Z-ym-`n-\-b-ßƒ, ct≠m

aqt∂m hy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂p \n¿∆-ln-bv°m-hp∂ Ah-X-c-Ww, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬

bmsXmcp \n_-‘-\-bp-an-√mbva CsXm-s°-bmWv a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v Xpf-f-en-\p-ff ta-∑. AXp-

X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ ]Nm-c-Øn\pw hnP-b-Øn\pw ImcWambn `hn-®-Xpw.



hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \º-ymsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xpf-f-ense sIm´pw ]m´pw thj-hp-sa√mw Xs‚

]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-ff Imhy ]]-©-Øn-te°v klr-Z-bsc hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-\p-ff _mtl-ym-]m-[n-am-X-am-bn-

cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. kmam-\-y-P-\-Øns‚ kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n At±lØn\v km[m-cW P\-ß-

tfmSv NneXp ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv P\-ßsf tIƒ∏nt® ASßq F∂ hminbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv. CØcw \qX\ ]h-W-X-I-fn-

te°v P\-ßsf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ F°m-eØpw ]bm-k-ap-f-f-Xm-Wv. Hcn-bv°¬ Bk-z-Zn-®m¬

]n∂o-S-h¿ FØn-s°m-f-fp-sa∂v B hi-y-h-N- n\v XnI™ Bfl-hn-i-zm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-

Øn¬ Xpf-f-en¬ Ihn-Xbv°v ˛ kmln-X-ymw-i-Øn-\p-X-s∂-bmWv \º-ym¿ Du-∂¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.

km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ Xs‚ Ihn-em-tem-I-Øn-te-bv°-Sp-∏n-°m≥ a‰p Nne ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ IqSn

thW-sa-∂-t±lw Dd-®p. `mjm-em-fn-X-y-amWv Ah-bn¬ apJyw.

Ihn-X-Iƒ tIƒ°p-t∂-cw-Xs∂

sNhn-bp-tf-fm¿°m-\µw thWw

F∂mbncp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w

""Nncn-∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bp-ff Ihn-Iƒ sNm√nbm¬ tI´n-´ncn-∏m\mK-l-ap-≠mImw'' F∂pw,

""Nncn-°p∂ IY tI´m-en-cn-bv°p-am-b-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncnbv°pw''. F∂pw At±-l-Øn\v \∂m-b-dn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

`mj-bpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ho£Ww Cß-s\-bm-Wv:

`S-P-\-ßsS \Sp-hn-ep-sf-fmcp

]S-b-Wn-bv°nl tNcp-hm≥

hSn-hn-b-s∂mcp Nmcp-tI-cf

`mj-Xs∂ NnXw hcp.

ISp-I-sS-∏-Sp-I-Tn-\-kw-kvIrX

hnS ISp-Ihn sI´dn-bm¬

`S-P-\-ßƒ [cn-bv°-bn√

Xncn-bv°p-sam-s°-bp-ta-‰p-S≥.

Cu hI ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-amWv Xpf-f¬ ]ÿm-\sØ \nb-¥n-®-Xv.

Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂v Xpf-f-ens\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Zri-y-I-em-cq-]-Øn-\p

-am-Xta CXp _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p-f-fq. thj-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hrØ-ß-fnepw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-bn-ep-

ff hy-X-ym-k-ß-fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\v \nZ-m\w. Cu aq∂p hn`m-K-Øn¬sh®v Zri-y-`wKn Hm´-\m-Wv.

AXp-sIm≠v Hm´≥Xp-f-f-en-\mWv km¿∆-Xn-I-amb ]Nm-cw.

ky-a-¥IwDf-f-S° kwKlw

CjvS-tZ-h-Xm-h-µ-\-tØmsS Imhyw Bcw-`n-bv°p∂p

hmc-W-a-Z-l-c-\-µ-\.......................................................................

.................................................................. ]mWn-IƒIq-∏n-h-W-ßo-Sp-t∂≥.



inh-]p-X-\pw, AJn-e-P-\-ß-fp-tSbpw Aip- -ßsf \o°p-∂-h\pw thZ-]-fin-X-\pw, ‡¿°njvSw

sImSp-°p-∂-h-\p-amb KW-]Xn Fs∂ c£n-bv°-Ww. \√-I-hn-X-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ kc-k-z-Xo-tZhn

A\p - K -ln -b v°-Ww. tX\n -t\ -°mƒ am[p -c - y -ap -ff hm°p -IƒsIm≠v Ihn -X

-c-Nn-bv°m≥ Fs‚ \mhn¬ Ft∏mgpw IpSn-sIm-f-fWw.

kwKo-X-a]n .......................................................... Btem-N-\m-ar-X.

kwKo-Xhpw kmln-X-yhpw kc-k-z-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS c≠p ape-I-fm-Wv. AXn¬ H∂v AX-y¥w a[p-

c-am-Ip-∂p. at‰Xv Btem-Nnbv°pw tXmdpw Aar-XmbnØocp-∂p.

awK-e-bm-Inb `mc-Xn-X-∂psS

..................................................................................

..................................................................................

XpjvSn-\-ap-°p-h-cp-Øo-tS-Ww.

sXm´p-apºv tN¿Øn-´p-ff t«mI-Øns‚ kz-X-¥-X¿÷-a-bmWv Cu hcn-Iƒ. Fs‚ _p≤n-

Ipfn-∏m≥ kc-k-z-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS c≠p-ap-e-I-fn-tebpw ]mev Aev]w Xc-Ww. ioIr-jvW-h-µ\w hrµm-

h-\hm-knbpw ]ip-]m-e-I\pw Akp-c-Im-e-\pw, tKm]-kvXo-Isf ckn-∏n-bv°p-∂-h\pw ]m¿∞-km-c-Yn-

bp-amb ioIr-jvW≥ F\nbv°p k¬°o¿Øn e`n-bv°m≥ klm-bn-bv°-Ww. ZpjvS-∑m-cmb Iuc-h-

∑msX Aa¿®-sNbvXpt]mse Fs‚ iXp-°sf HXp-°p-hm≥ iwJ-N-I-K-Zm-]-fl-ßƒ AWn™

Aº-e-∏pg (Aw-_-c-X-Sn-\n) ioIr-jvW≥ XpW-bv°-Ww. IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdn Im´n¬°-S∂v ZpjvS-ar-K-ßsf

sIms∂m-Sp-°p∂ th´-°-º-°m-c\mb temI-c-£-I≥ imkvXmhv F\nbv°v CjvS-ßƒ \¬In

kwc-£n®v kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°-Ww.

Pw`m-cn-]p-c-Øns‚ ......................................................

................................................. hW-ßp-t∂≥

kz¿§ob hn` -h-ß-tfmsS hmW-cp -fp∂ sNº-I-t»cn cmPmhv \mSpImØv Fs∂

\√-h-\m-°n-c-£n-°m≥ sXmgp-∂p.

Awt`m-Pm-e-b-\mb ....................................................

........................................... \µn-®m-ip-Xp-W-®o-tS-Ww.

_“m-hpw, hnjvWp-hpw, kqc-y\pw, Nµ-\pw, e£vao-tZ-hnbpw, k¿∆-`q-X-ß-fpw, Cµ-\pw,

tZh-∑m-cpw, AK-kvX-y≥ (Ipw- -P≥) apX-emb al¿jn-am-cpw, KW-]-Xn-bpw, kp_-“-W-y-\pw, Ipwt`m-Z-c≥

apX-emb inh-`q-X-ß-fpw Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-c-N-\sb t\m°n A\p-K-ln-bv°-Ww. KpXp-\m-Ys‚

Ime-Sn-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw Fs‚ a\- n¬ thWw. Kpcp-ip-iq-j-sIm≠v kz¿§w t]mepw e`n-bv°pw.

At±-l-Øns‚ Ir]-bp-s≠-¶n¬ km[n-bv°m-Ø-sX-¥m-Wv? _mjva-Wcpw Fs∂ A\p-K-ln-bv°-Ww. Fs‚

Kpcp-\m-Y-\mb _me-c-hn-bpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb I≠-¶cn `K-h-Xnbpw A\p-K-ln-bv°-Ww.

Nob-sX-_m-e-i-k-ym]n

...................................................................

\s∂∂pw hcp-an-Xn-\p-sS-b¿∞w

(t«m-Im¿∞w NphsS hnkvX-cn®p hym-J-ym-\n-bv°p-∂p-≠v.) F\nbv°v ⁄m\w t\Sm≥ _p≤n-

bn-√. Adn-hp-ffXp ]d-bm≥ hmIvkm-a¿∞-y-hp-an-√. Imh-y-\m-S-I-ßfpw Ihn-Xm-im-kvXhpw ]Tn-®n-´n-√.



Nne-sXms° Fgp-Xpw. AXv Nne¿°v CjvS-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. Aßs\ tami-°m-c-\m-sW-¶nepw CXp-t]m-

se -bp -ff Hcp k`-bn¬ Hcp hnZ -y - ] -tbm -Kn -®m¬ AXv \∂m-sb∂pw hcmw.

]d-bp-∂-h¿ Ign-hp-f-f-h-\-s√-¶n-epw tIƒ°p-∂-hs‚ tbmK-y-X-sIm≠v AXv \s∂∂wKo-I-cnbv°pw

klr-Z-b-cpsS tbmK-y-X-bm-W-Xn-\p-Im-c-Ww. hf-ta-dnb I≠-Øn¬ shdp-tX-hn-X-®n-´p-t]m-∂m¬ Xs∂

]Øn-c-ń-hn-f-bpw. hf-an-√mØ \ne-Øp-hn-X-®m¬ hnØpw-IqSn \jvS-s∏-Spw. I≠-Øns‚ KpWw-t]m-se-

bmWv hnf-hv. hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ tbmK-y-X-sbm∂pw Imc-y-am-°m-\n-√. \√ Irjn-°m-c-\m-bmepw

]md-∏p-dØp hnX-®m¬ hnf-bn-√. \√-I-≠-Øn¬ \mgn hnX-®m¬ Hcp ]d hnf-bpw. AXp-t]mse

tIƒ°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ tbmK-y-∑m-cm-bm¬ Bcp-]-d-™mepw AXns\ ]iw-kn-bv°pw. CXmWv t«mI-

Øns‚ A¿∞w.

A£-c-sa-∂m-e-º-Xp-sam-∂p..............................................

............................................................................................................

aµ-X-sIm-≠-Xn-Zp¿L-S-at√m

A£cw A≥]-sØm-∂m-Wv. kwkvIr-Xw, ]mIr-Xw, sshZ-yw, imkvXw, hym-I-cWw F∂o

Xc-Øn-ep-ff KŸ-ß-sf√mw Aº-sØm-∂-£cw sIm≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. CØcw A£-c-ßƒ IqSn-

t®¿Øv A¿∞hpw ck-hpw, Ae-¶m-c-hp-sams°-bmbn \√ Ihn-Iƒ Ihn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn-bm¬ AsX-X-

t]¿ Bk-z-Zn-bv°pw? CtX Imc-y-ßƒ Xs∂ sNhn-Iƒ°p kln-bv°m-\m-hmØ ań-em°pw ZpjvI-hn.

CXmWv k¬°-hnbpw ZpjvI-hnbpw XΩn-ep-ff hy-X-ymkw. \s√m-cp-]-a-]-d™v C°m-cyw H∂p-IqSn hni-

Zo-I-cnbv°mw. `qan-, sh-f-fw, tXP- v, hmbp, BImiw F∂o A©p-L-S-I-ß-ImWv krjvSn \S-Øm≥

_“-hn-\p-th-≠Xv Nńbpw Ie-ßfpw a‰pw D≠m-°p∂ Ipi-h\pw (Ipw-`m-c≥) Cu km[-\-ßƒsIm-

≠p-X-s∂-bmWv krjvSn-\-S-Øp-∂Xv F∂m¬ _“mhv Cµ-s\bpw Nµ-s\bpw tZh-∑m-tcbpw a‰p-a-lm-

∑m-tcbpw krjvSn-bv°pw. Ipi-h≥\m-b¿ D≠m-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ AXp-t]m-se-bm-Ip-tam? Htc

km[\w sIm≠p-≠m-°p-∂Xp CXp-t]mse hy-X-y-kvX-s-∏ń-cn-bv°pw. A≥]-sØm-∂-£-c-amWv k¬°-

hnbpw Zpjv°-hnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-sX-¶nepw CXmWv Ah¿ XΩn-ep-ff t`Zw. ""]≠v ky-a-¥Iw

Fs∂mcp cXv\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ `K-hm≥ ioIr-jvW\v D≠mb A]-hm-Z-I-f¶w Xncp-Øm≥ Fs¥√mw

sNtø-≠n-h-∂p. B IY-tI-ń-ńt√ F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ AXp Rm≥ tIń-ń√ F∂p ]d-™p. AXv

F\nbv°p ]d-™p-X-c-Ww. \√-I-Y-Iƒ tI´m¬ ]m]mw Xocpw F∂p cmPmhv Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ a¥n

At±-lsØ hµn®v ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

e£vao ]Xn-bmb ioIr-jvW≥ ‡-P-\-ßsf A\p-K-ln®v e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS Ah-Xm-c-am-b- cp-‹n-

Wn -tbm -Spw -IqSn Xma -kn -b v°p -∂-Imew Ahn -SsØ sIń -I -ßsf h¿Æn -®m¬ Xocn -√.

aµ-c-]¿∆-X-Ønse sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒt]mepw B sIń-I-ßƒ°p-Xp-e-y-a-√.

Nµ-\-hm-Sn-bn-en-S-tN¿∂oSn\

.....................................................................

Cµ-f-sa-∂n-h-k-c-kw-]mSn

Hcp `mKØv Nµ-\-tØm-∏n¬ \qdp-I-W°n¬ amfn-I-Iƒ, \nem-hp-X-ń-b-en-s™m-gp-Ip∂

(N-µ-Im-¥-°√v \nem-hp-X-ń-bm¬ Dcp-I-sa-∂mWv Ihn-k-t¶-Xw) ioIr-jvWs‚ a\- ns\ BI¿jn-

bv°p∂ ]Xn-\m-dmbncw kvXoIƒ ap√, s]m≥Ip-dp™n (Ip-c-fi-Iw) F∂o-]q-°ƒ NqSn-bpw, ioIr-

jvWs\ Benw-K\w sNbvXpw ]¥-Sn®pw ]e-cm-K-c-k-ß-fn¬ ]m´p-]m-Snbpw AhnsS hnl-cn-bv°p∂p.



Aßm-Sn-b-Xp-X-∂n¬ ........................................................

............................................ t∂c amS-temsS

Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ cmXn-bn¬ sN∂p-t\m-°n-bm¬ Aaq-e-y-ß-fmb cXv\-ß-fpw, apØp-I-fpw, kz¿Æ-

h-kvXp-°fpw Iqºm-c-wIq-Sn-°m-Wmw. AXp-I-≠m¬ B¿°pw Hcp sImXn-bp-an-√. A]-l-cWw Fs∂m-

tc¿∏m-tS-bn-√. ImcWw F√m-h¿°pw Poh-\n¬ sImXn-bp≠v (tNm-c-W-Øn\v h[-in-£-bm-sW-∂¿∞w).

kz-¥w-\m-ń¬\n∂v AI-se-t∏mepw A¿≤-cmXn ssIh-i-ap-ff kº-sØ√mw AcnsI Cd-°n-sh®v

kpµ-cn-am¿ Imń¬ \n¿∫m[w InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂p. Ah-sc-°-≠m¬ Im´m-f-∑m¿ HmSn-b-I-ep-∂p. (AX

kam-[m-\-]q¿Æ-amb `c-Ww). AXbpwt]msc Im‰p-t]mepw Ahsc X´msX t]mIp∂p (X-ń-bp-

W¿tØs≠∂p Icp-Xn). Cßs\ ioIrjvW `K-hm≥ tPy-jvT-\mb _c-em-a-t\m-Sp-IqSn cmPyw

`cn-bv°p-tºmƒ ioIr-jvWs‚ kplr-Ømb kXm-PnØv Hcp Znhkw kqc-y-`-K-hms\ tkhn-bv°m≥

th≠n cmhnse Ipfn®v amXw P]n®v kap-Z-Xo-cØv kqc-ys\ kvXXp-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

t«mIw ˛ Awt`m-Pm-I-c-tXm-j-Ww........................

...........................................................................

k¥-X-a-Jnew ImWm-Ip-∂p.

Xma-c-s∏m-bvI-Isf kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°p-∂-h\pw (Xm-ac kqc-y-]Xv\n F∂ Ihn-k-t¶-Xw) aq∂p-

tem-I-Øn-t\bpw B\-µn-∏n-bv°p∂h\pw, alm-tcm-K-ßsf ian-∏n-bvIp-∂-h-\pw, iXp-°sf

`b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-\pw, [n°m-cml-¶m-c-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p-∂-h\pw tZh-]¿∆X (a-lm-ta-cp)-Øn\v GI

Ae-¶m-am-b-h-\pw, iXp-°sf FXn-cn-Sp-∂-h-\p-amb kqc-y- -K-hms\ Znhkw tXmdpw Rm≥ hW-ßp-∂p.

(Cu t«mIhpw XpS-¿∂p-ff ]Z-y -ßfpw kqc-y -kvXp-Xn -bmWv Aev]w kmaq-lyhna¿i-\hpw

Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p) P\-ßƒ cmhnse Fgp-t∂¬°p-∂p. th´-bm-Snbpw ]nSn-®p-]-dn-®pw, ZpjvS-

X-Im-ńbpw, injvSsc tZmln-®pw, aZ-yhpw amwkhpw `£n--®pw, kvXoIsf ]n≥Xp-S¿∂pw,

cXn-eo-e-I-fn¬ apgp-Inbpw a‰pw Ign-bp-∂p.

krjvSn-bv°p∂p hm-\nl ..................................................................

................................................................................................................................

\m¿Øn Xo¿°-W-sa-∂-h-\-t∏mƒ

krjvSn, ÿnXn-bpw, kwlm-chpw Aßp-Xs∂ \S-Øp-∂p. hnjvS]w = temIw. inh\pw

hnjvWphpw, _“mhpw Aßp-X-s∂. tZth-µ\pw a‰p tZh-∑mcpw Aßp-X-s∂. Aß-bpsS

Ime-Sn-Isf sXmgp-∂p. Aß-bpsS A\p-Klw Ft∏mgpw thWw. Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Øn¬ kvXpXn®p \a-

kvI-cn-®p. Cµn-b-ßsf AS°n \n¿Øn kqc-ys\ a\- n¬ Dd-∏n®p ]©m-·n-a-≤-y-Øn-en-cp∂p £oWw

(]-©-ew) hI-sh-bv°msX ITn-\-amb X]- n¬ apgp-In-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ kqc-y-`-K-hm≥

sXfn-™p-h-∂p. \me-©p-Zn-hkw sIm≠v kXm-Pn-Øn¬ Nne am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Ahs‚ tXP v h¿≤n-

®p. Fs‚ BKlw kqc-y-`-K-hm≥ km[n-∏n®p XcWw F∂ Hcp Nn¥ amX-ta-bp-ffq. ê-aq-em-Zn-Iƒ

t]mepw `£-W-an -√m -Xm -bn . hmbp -amXw `£n®p Al-¶mcw

C√m-Xmbn (B-K-a) thZ-Øns‚ ImXepw tZh-∑m¿ t]mepw tkhn-bv°p-∂-h-\p-amb Aßsb tkhn-

bv°m≥ B¿°p Ignbpw F∂n-ßs\ kvXpXn®v Xs‚ BK-l-ß-sf√mw km[n-bv°Ww F∂p hnNm-

cn®v X]- n¬ apgp-In.

At∂cw Zn\-\mY ...................................................................

......................................... sam∂n-Z-ap-cp-fn-sN-bvXp.



At∏mƒ kqc-y≥ Ahs‚ apºn¬ FØn ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠p \ns‚ BKlw F¥m-sW∂p

tNmZn-®p. \n\°v F√m-aw-K-f-ßfpw Io¿Ønbpw D≠m-hm≥ th≠Xv Bh-i-y-s∏-´p-sIm-f-fpI F∂pw

]d-™p. AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ kXm-Pn-Øp ]d-™p. ""IjvS-∏m-Sp-sIm≠v hoń-en-cn-bv°m≥ km[n-bv°msX

X]- n-\p-t]m-∂-Xm-Wv. F√mw Adn-™n-cn-bv°p∂ Aß-tbmSv F¥p-]-d-bm-\m-Wv. Cu temIw

apgp-h≥ \nd™ Ccp-ńs\ C√m-Xm-°m≥ t]m∂ Hcp tXP v \n∂n¬ (X-z-bn) D≠v. AXp-t]mse Hs∂-

\nbv°pw Xc-Ww. Cßs\ kXm-Pn-Øns‚ a\- -dn™ kqc-y≥ Ah\v adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp.

t`mt`m kXm-Pn-X-Xm-Pn-X.................................

...........................................................................................

at\-I-kw- -a-a-I∂p \n∂p.

(t«mI-Øns‚ A¿∞w. XpS¿∂p-ff ]Z-y-Øn¬ hnkvX-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v). Cßs\ Hcp

t«mI-ØnemWv kqc-y≥ DØcw ]d-™-Xv. AXns‚ A¿∞w Cß-s\-bm-Wv. ""kXm-PntØ `K-hm≥

ioIr-jvW≥ Df-f-t∏mƒ \nßƒ°m¿°pw Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw hcn-√. F∂mepw Rm≥ \n\-s°mcp

km[\w Xcmw. Fs‚ ico -c -Øn¬ ]t≠ AWn-™n-´p -ff G‰hpw tim` -bp -ff

ky-a-¥Iw F∂ cXv\-am-W-Xv. AXns\ \nX-yhpw BZ-cthmsS ]qPn-bv°-Ww. F∂m¬ ]Xn-Zn\w F´p-

`mcw cXv\sØ AXp-X-cpw. hfsc i≤-tbmsS Cu cXv\w kwc-£n-bv°p-Ibpw thWw.

kqc-y≥ ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw AXns\ ]qPn-bv°m-\p-ff a¥hpw D]-tZ-in®v ad-™p. kXm-PnØv B

cXv\w Igp-Øn-e-Wn™v Imń¬°qSn \S-∂-t∏mƒ Ahn-S-sa√mw ]`m-]q-cn-X-am-bn. Aßs\ \mń¬

sN∂-t∏mƒ Bfp-Iƒ Aº-c-∂p. km£m¬ kqc-y -` -K -hm≥ cmPm-hmb ioIr-jvW-s\

-Im-Wm≥ hcn-I-bmhpw F∂v ]ecpw hnNm-cn-®p.

A¿°-s\-gp-∂-f-fp-∂Xp ...................................

............................................... tah-ap-W¿Øn-®p-ap-Zm.

kqc-ys‚ hc-hp-Im-W≥ P\-ßƒ ]e-Zn-°nepw Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-°q-Sn. s]Æp-ßƒ DSp-sØm-cpßn ]pd-

s∏- p. Ah¿ Ab¬]-°-Øp-ff hsc hnfn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. H∏-ap-f-f-h-tcmSv \m´p-h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ ]d-™p-

Xp -S -ßn. (]p -cmWw hn´ v kmaq -ly hna¿i-\ -Øn -tebv°v Ip©≥ \º-ym¿ IS -°p∂

as‰m-cp-k-µ¿`-am-WnXv. kvXoI-fpsS hnj-a-ßƒ, ]c-]p-cp-j-_-‘w, AWn-s™m-cm-ß¬ Akq-b, a‰p-

f -f -hsc Zpjn -bv°¬ .. . Hs° ChnsS ImWmw. Xpf -f¬ IrXn -I -fpsS ]tX-y -I -Xbpw

CXp-X-s∂-bmWv) ]pcp -j-∑m¿ Bbp-[-ß-fp -sa-SpØv Cu ]pXnb hm¿Ø ioIr-jvWs\

Adn-bn-bv°m≥ ]pd-s∏-´p.

\mb-∑m¿ (]-S-bm-fn -Iƒ) C°m-cyw Adn-bn-bv°m≥ sN∂-t∏mƒ ioIr-jvW-`-K-hm≥

cpIvan-Wn-bp-ambn NXp-cw-Kw-I-fn®p ckn-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. (Nq-Xp-I-fn-bpsS coXn, ]¥bw

]d-b¬ ˛ Rm≥ tXm‰m¬ sI´p-Xmen Agn-®p-X-cm-sa∂v cpIvan-Wn-bpsS ]¥-bw. kvX\-ßƒ c≠pw

]Ww sh®m¬ Rm≥ Ifn -bv°m-sa∂v IrjvW≥ ˛ Cßs\ Xpf-f¬°-hn -X-bpsS X\na

ImWn-bv°p∂ hcn-Iƒ i≤n-bv°p-I.) `S-∑m¿ ]d-™p.

cmIm-i-inh-Z-\-tZh ................................................

..............................................................................................

.................................................... Hm¿°pw tXmdpw NnXw NnXw



`S-∑m¿ ioIr-jvWs\ hWßn kvXpXn® tijw BZn-X-y- -K-hm≥ tKm]p-c-Øn¬ ImØp-\n¬°p-

∂p-s≠-∂-dn-bn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ tim -sIm≠p Cu cmP-[m-\nbpw ]cn-k-chpw Xnf-ßp-∂p. At±-lsØ

am\-y-ambn kzo-I-cn-bvIWw F∂pw Ah¿ ]d-™p. At∏mƒ ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p. ""s]m -∑msc AXv

kqc -y -\√ BIm-i -Øn¬ Xnf -ßp∂ kqc -y -a -fiew `qan -bn -en -d -ßp -tam?

kXm-PnØv kqc-ys\ X]- p-sN-øp -∂p-s≠∂p tI´p. kqc-y -\n¬ \n∂-pIn -ńb hc-ßƒ

sIm≠m-bn-cnbv°pw CXbpw tim`''. Cu ka-bØv kXm-PnØpw AhnsS FØn ioIr-jvW-t\mSv

kw`-h-ß-sf√mw ]d-™p. AXp-tI´ ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p. ""Xm¶-fpsS `mKyw sIm≠mWv Cu

cXv\w Inń-b-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m¿°nXp ImWm≥ t]mepw In´p-I-bn√. kqc-y\v Xm¶-fpsS

t]cn-ep-≠mb IcpW A¤p-Xm-hlw Xs∂.

]c-a-a-lm-[-\-am-Inb cXv\w.

..........................................................

Iqń-hn-fn-®p-]-d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

Cu al-Øm-b-cXv\w kq£n-bv°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. Fßpw If-f-∑m-cp-≠v. Xm¶ƒ°v _p≤n-ap-

´p-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ AXn-hn-sS-bn-cn-bv°-s´ Rm≥ kwc-£nbv°mw. AXn¬\n-∂p-In- p∂ [\-sa√mw

Xm¶ƒ°p-Xs∂ Xcmw. ""CXp -tI´ kXm -PnØv AXn\p a -dp -] -S n -sbm∂pw ]d -™n-√.

Df-fn-ep≠mb Nncn-b-S°n DSs\ Fgp-t∂-‰p-\-S-∂p. kXm-PnØv Cßs\ hnNm-cn-®p''. am\-y-∑m¿°pw

]W-Øn¬ sImXn-X-s∂. F∂mepw AXn-s\m-c-Xn-scms° tht≠?. Im‰pw shbnepw agbpw sIm≠v

]ń-Wn-In-S-∂pw Cc∂pw F\nbv°pIn-ńb Cu [\w s]s´∂v ssI°-em-°m≥ ]d™ kqXw \∂m-bn-

´p-≠v. AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ [\-sa√mw F\n-bv°p-Xs∂ Xcm-sa∂p ]d-™Xv ]®-°-f-f-am-Wv. kºØv

ssIøn¬ Inń-bm¬ Cu ]`p-°ƒ AXn¬ HØncnbpw Xncn-®p-X-cn-√. tNmZn-bv°m≥ sN∂m¬ Xmt°m¬

ImWm-\n-√. AXp kq£n-bv°p∂ Bƒ h∂n-ń-√, \msf hcq, As√-¶n¬ Hcmsf Ab-®mepw aXn

""Fs∂ms° Hgn-hp-I-gn-hp-Iƒ ]dbpw''. kXm-PnØv hoń-seØn B cXv\w Hcp ]oT-Øne sh®v

Znh-tk-\-]q-Pn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. AXn¬ \n∂p-In- p∂ kz-Øp-sIm≠v kpJ-ambn Ign-™p. Aß-s\-bn-cnbvs°

Abm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb ]tk-\≥ Fs∂m-cmƒ Bc-Xv\-Øns‚ alna tI -dn™v Hcp Znhkw Cßs\

]d-™p. ""F\nbv°v Cu cXv\-Øn¬ henb IuXpIw tXm∂p-∂p. kqc-y-`-K-hm≥ A\p-K-ln-®p-X∂

AXv Fs‚ ssIsIm-≠-Wn-b-W-sa∂p taml-ap-≠v. AXp Igp-Øn¬ [cn®v ZpjvS-ar-K-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-ff

Imń¬t]mbn \mbm´p \S-ØWw''. A\p-Ps‚ Cu At]£ tI´-t∏mƒ kXm-Pn-Øn-\p-≠mb k¶Sw

HXp°nsh®v B cXv\w ]tk-\s‚ ssIøn¬ sImSp-Øp. Ah≥ B aWn Igp-Øn¬ AWn-™p. ]®-

\n-d-Øn-ep-ff I®-sI-ń, ]´p-Sp-Øv, ]cn-N-sb-Sp-Øv. Xnc-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdn kXm-Pn-Øns‚ A\p-P≥ th -

bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂ps≠∂-dn™ a‰p-]-S-bm-fn-Iƒ hnfn-®p-]-d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

\mbm-s´-∂-Xp-tIƒ°p-t∂cw

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kX-z-c-a-ßp-Xp-S-ßo-Sp-∂p.

""\mbm´v F∂p tI´m¬ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°v D’hw t]mse-bm-Wv. AXn¬ Nne-N-Xn-I-fp-≠v. kqX-

∏WnsIm≠v AXv km[n-bv°-Ww. At\Iw \mbv°fpw, \mbm-Sn-I-fpw thWw. he-sI-´-Ww, ImSn-f-°-

Ww, BI-an-bv°m≥ hcp∂ P¥p-°sf sIm√m≥ kma¿∞yw thWw. I≠-®m-cp-a-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw

sX≠n∏v (Rm-Wn-t∑¬ A`-ym-kw) F√m-hcpw ad-∂p. \ΩpsS tPy-jvT≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØpw

CsXm∂pw If-cn -bn¬ ]Tn -∏n -®n -cp -∂n -√. \º≥\m-b -bpsS ]cm - I -a -ßƒ ]d -™-Xp



-sIm-≠p-Im-c-y-an-√. h≥]-S-bpsS apºn¬ \S-°m≥ \º¬t]m-cm. ]s≠m-cp-]-S-bn¬sh®v apdn-™-Xn-\p-

tijw Fs‚ \s´√v icn -bm-bn -ń -√. tIf-®m-cpsS Imf≥ \mb-sb-hn -sS? Hcp ]∂nsb

ISn-®p-s]m-fn-bv°m≥ t]mbn. Ahs‚ kz-`mhw \nßƒ°-dn-bn-√. Hcp ]∂n-bpsS \ng¬ I≠m¬

Ah≥ hmepw ]n∂n¬ XncpIn HmSpw. Ipdpº\v bmsXm-∂n-t\bpw t]Sn-bn-√. s]cpØ ]pen-sb--t∏mepw shfp-

º≥ ISn-®p-sIm-√pw. ]≠v Hcp ISp-h-bpsS ISn-tb-‰-Xn¬ ]ns∂ s\Sp-hm-es\ \mbm- n-\p-sIm-f-fm-X-mbn.

NmØ-®m-cp-tSbpw, sXmΩ®m-cp-tSbpw I≠-®m-cp-tSbpw \mbv°ƒ thWw. \mbv°ƒ Hcp-]mSp thWw.

hg-°p-≠m-°p∂ CW-ß-∑mcpw thWw. ]S-bv°p-\-√-h≥ CS-bv°m-I. CS-bv°p-\-√-h≥ ]Sbv°pw

]‰n√ ]S-bv°p-t]m-Ip-tºm-seØ Hcp-ßn-t∏m-IWw th -bv°p. cmhnse Fgp-t∂-‰v, Ipfn®v Ipdn-bn- v, shf-

f-t®m-dp-ap≠v Xf-Øn¬°-bdn InS∂pw Pf-\mb ]S-bmfn]S-bv°p-sN-∂m¬ Ahn-SpsØ tImem-l-e-

ßƒ I≠m¬ t]Sn®v hnd®v XpS-Iƒ Iqń-apń HmSn ho-ń¬ FØn ASp-°-f-bn¬ Ibdn ap°n¬ ]\n®p

InS-°p-I-tb-bpffq. In´-®m¬ ]s≠m-cp \m-bn-ń-\p-t]mbn Hcp Kpl-bn¬ Hfn-®p-In-S-∂-t∏mƒ Hcp-Iq´w

]∂n-Iƒ AhnsS \n∂p-Nm-Sp-∂-Xp-I≠v t]Sn-t®mSn hoń¬ hs∂m-fn-®-h-\m-Wv. Xo‰-amXw sImXn®p \S-

°p-∂-h¿ F¥n\p th´-bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂p. FtSm- s]mÆ-ØSnbm Imń¬ tNmdpw Idnbpw H∂pw Inń-√.

henb kpµ-c-\mbn thjw sIń \S-°p-∂-h-\pw th´bv°p t]mtI-≠-Xn-√. Imń¬ Df-fXv thi-y-I-f-√.

FSm Iffm \o \ns‚ `mc-y-bpsS Ipń-I-sf-°p-fn-∏n®p \S-∂m¬ aXn. Ien-Xp-ffn hnd-®p-h-cp∂

tIm¥-®m -cpsS a°ƒ \mbm-ń -\p -t]m -bm¬ h√-s]m -¥-bnepw Ibdn Hfn®p hnd -bv°pw.

Xf-f -bn -√msX hf¿∂ ]nf-fsc H∂n\pw sImf-fn -s√∂p tIń -ńt√. tN∂-®m¿ Ct∏mƒ

s]‰p-In-S-°p∂ aI-fpsS ipiq-j-Øn-c-°n-em-Wv. Hcp an\p-s´m-Xp-ßn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ B If-f\p

ka-b-an-√. sIm´m-c-Øn¬ sIm®p-]-Wn-°¿ th´-bv°p-t]m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ apºnepw ]nºnepw ]Ø-º-Xm-fp-

Iƒ thWw. s]ń-sb-Sp-°-Ww, k©n-]n-Sn-bv°m-\pw, Imep-Xn-cp-Ωm\pw Bfp-Iƒ thsd thWw. CΩm-

Xncn Hcp-°-tØmsS \mbm-ń-\p-t]m-bn-s´-¥p-Im-c-yw. Imń¬ sN∂v hoºp-]-d-bm≥ hnfn-®p-sIm-≠p-

t]m-hp-I-b-√. CΩm-Xn-cn-°m-tcmSv Iev]n-®n-s´-¥p-Im-cyw?. Ct∏mƒ I¬∏\ Inń-bnt√'' Cßs\ XΩn¬

Ø-Ωn¬ Hmtcm-∂p-]-d™p Ah¿ ]S-tbm-sSm∏w \S-∂p. H∏w ]e-h-I-hm-Zyhnti-j-ßfpw ]S-bn¬°qSn.

hn√pw \√ ic-ßfpw Npcn-I-bpw................................

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\n∂p-]n-W™p sN\m-bv°q-´w.

]e-Xcw Bbp-[-ßfpw B¿∏p-hn-fn-I-fp-ambn \mbm- n-\mbn B]S Imń-se-Øn. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Xpf-

fn-°-fn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ s]mSn kz¿§-tØm-f-saØn BImi KwK-bnse shffw Ie-°n. ]cn-N-Iƒ XpS-bv°-

Sn-bv°p∂ i_vZhpw hmZ-y-tLm-j-ß-fpw, shSn-bpsS i_vZhpw tI´v Zn§-P-ßƒ t]mepw sRń-t∏m-bn.

ae-Iƒ Ipep-ßn, kap-Z-ßƒ Ie-ßn, ac-ß-fp-e-™p, ]pg-Iƒ Ae-™p, qan-sb-Xm-ßm-\m-hmsX A\-

¥≥ Ipg-ßn. BZn Iq¿Ω-Øns‚ DS-ep-X-I¿∂p. ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Bńbpw sXfn®pw ASn®pw ]nSn®p

Iq°n-hn-fn®pw Imń¬ ]c-∂p. \mbm-Sn-Iƒ ImSn-f-°nbpw he-sh®pw AXn-tLm-c-ambn \mbm-´p-Xp-S-ßn-

b-t∏mƒ ]tk-\≥ ]S-bm-fn-I-tfmSp ]d-™p. (C-hnsS \mbm-´p-h¿Æ\ AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bpsS AXn-cp-I-

S-°p-∂-Xp-t\m-°p-I. AXn-i-tbm‡n lmkyw D≠m-°m-\p-ff Hcp-]m-[n-Iq-S-bmWv Hcp \m´p-]-am-Wn-bpsS

\mbm- ns‚ tIm∏v I≠m¬ Hcp-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-ff Hcp-°-am-sW∂p tXm∂pw h¿Æn®p h¿Æn®p

ImSp-I-b-dp∂ \º-ym¿°-hn-X-bvs°m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv; kmln-X-y-im-kvX-]-Imcw As\u-Nn-X-y-Øn\pw)

]S-bm-fn-IƒI-cp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. Imń¬ \ns∂m-cp-arKw c£-s∏-´m¬ \nßƒ°mWv Ip‰w. t]Sn-bn-√m-

Ø-h¿ apºn¬ \S-°-Ww. t]Sn-bp-f-f-h¿ thS-∑m-cpsS IqsS \S-°-Ww. hoºp-]-d-™n´p Imc-y-an-√.

h≥]p-en-Iƒ NmSnho-gp-∂-Xp-t\m-°Ww'' Cßs\ ]tk-\s‚ \n¿t±iw Inń-b-t∏mƒ b-¶-c-amb \mbm-

´m-cw-`n®pw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Im´p-ar-K-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.



IS-am\pw Nne-a-dn-am-\pw.........................................

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knwl-Ø-Sn-b≥ QSp-Xn-b-Sp-Øm≥

alnjw = t]mØv, \y¶v = Hcp-Xcw am≥, c¶v = IrjvW-ar-Kw, K‘-arKw = IkvXq-cn-am-≥,

Ejw = Ic-Sn, Xc£p = ]pen, `√qIw = Ic-Sn, Ipc-ßv, Cßs\ ]e-PmXn Im´p P¥p-°ƒ ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sn

G‰p-ap-ń. arK-ßfpw th´-°mcpw NØp hogm≥ XpS-ßn. \mbm-´p-Im¿ tXm‰p-Xn-cn-t™m-Sm-\m-cw-`n-®p.

At∏mƒ ]tk-\≥ hn√p-a-ºp-sa-SpØv AXn-th-K-Øn¬ h\-y-ar-K-ß-sf-sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n. \mbm-´p-Im¿

Hmtcm-tcm-h-¶-Ø-ßfpw s]mß-®-ßfpw ]d™p \S-∂p. (\-º-ym-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-Øn-\p-Zm-l-cWw Ic-

Sn-sb-t∏-Sn-t®m-Sp-tºmƒ I√p-XńØS™p hoWv ]√p-t]mbn F∂p a‰pw) Cßs\ \mb--∑m¿ \mbm-´p-Xp-

S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ sImºpIƒs°m≠p ]md-°q- -ßƒ IpØn-s∏m- n-®pw ac-s°mºpIƒ hen-s®m-Sn®pw Imń¬

\S-°p∂ B\-I-fpsS akvXIw ]nf¿∂v tNmc-Ip-Sn®v ITn-\-ambn K¿÷n®v ImSn-f-°nbpw oI-c-ambn Xe-

bp-b¿Øn-s°m-≠p-ff t\m´w-sIm≠v Btcbpw hnd-∏n®pw Ic-Sn-I-tfbpw ISp-h-I-tfbpw \J-ß-fn¬

tIm¿Øpw AXn-ò-I-c-\mb Hcp knwlw Ah-cpsS ap∂n-se-Øn.

cpWpw cpWpw Item-cm...............................................

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........................... Ifn-∏-Xn-\mbn \¬Io-Sn-\m≥.

(t«m-I-Øns‚ GI-tZ-im¿∞w XpS¿∂p-ff ]Z-y-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cp-bv°p-∂p.) `wjvS-Iƒ Cfn-

®p-Im-ńbpw shfpØ kS-Iƒ (I-gp-Øn-eqsS Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ tcma-ßƒ) IpS-™pw, h≥a-c-ß-sf-Xn-

°n-Øn-c-°nbpw sImSn-a-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff hmep-b¿Øn-∏-nSn®pw ImSp-X-I¿Øpw, P¥p-°sf ]nSn-®-a¿Ønbpw

hmbn-ep-ff arK-Øns‚ icocw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®pw tNmc-bn¬°pfn®pw hcp∂ Hcp-tLmc knwlw At∏mƒ

]tk-\-\p-t\sc h∂p. knwlsØ°≠p-`-b∂ `S-∑m¿ \mep-h-gnbv°pw HmSn. Ah-cpsS Bbp-[-ß-

sf√mw sImgn™p-t]m-bn. Nne¿Im-ń¬ Hfn-®p. a‰p-f-f-h¿ ]tk-\s\ Dt]-£n®v Xncn-t®m-Sn. knwl-am-

Is´ ]tk-\-t\bpw IpXn-c-tbbpw ASn-®p-s]m-fn-®n- p. ]tk-\s‚ Igp-Øn¬ I≠ cXv\w ISn-®p-]n-Sn®v

knwlw Imń¬°qsS-bm-X-bm-bn.

At∏mƒ hm\-c-ti-jvT-\mb Pmw_-hm≥ Xs‚ Kpl-bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂v Imń¬

ImbvI-\n-Iƒ Xnc-™p-\-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pmw_-hm≥ Imń¬ Cu knwl-sØ-°≠v A¤p-c-s∏- p.

ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-]- -tbmsS \S-°p∂ knwlsØ Pmw_-hm≥ XSp-Øp-\n¿Øn H‰-b-Snbv°v AXns‚ IY-I-gn-®p.

At±lw B cXv\w FSpØv Kpl-bn-tebv°p Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp-ff Ipńbv°v AXp

Ifn-bv°m¬ sImSp-Øp.

Fs´-´p-`mcw [\w hnf-™o-Sp∂

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CX-b-sX-s∂mcp \nbaw tht≠.

Fs - p- mcw I\Iw Znh-tk\ hnf-bp∂ B hnin-jvS-cXv\w Ipń-°p-c-ßp-IfpsS Ifn-∏m- -am-bXv

hfsc IjvS-am-bn. kXm-Pn-Øm-Is´ ktlm-Z-c≥ Xncn-®p-h-cm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ k¶-S-ambn Iq´p-Im-tcmSv

]tk-\s‚ Imcyw At\-z-jn-®-t∏mƒ Bcpw IrX-y-ambn DØcw ]d-bm-™-Xn-\m¬ kXm-PnØv A\p-

Ps\ Xnc™v Imń¬ Ae-™p-\-S-∂p. Imńepw Kpl-I-fn-ep-sam-s°-t\m-°n-bn-´p-bm-sXm-c-S-bm-fhpw

e`n-bv°msX Xf¿∂-h-i-\mbn hoń-se-Øn. ktlm-Z-c≥ acn-®p-t]m-sb-∂q-ln®v tij-In-b-Ifpw sNbvXp.



Zp:-J-Øm¬ Xe-XmgvØn H‰-bv°n-cn-bv°p∂ At±-lsØ Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°m≥ FØnb _‘p-°ƒ Cßs\

Hmtcm-∂p-]-d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. ""C\n Ic-™-Xp-sIm-s≠-¥p- -ew? F¥p-]-d-b-W-sa∂v Rßƒ°pw tXm∂p-

∂n-√. Cui-z-c-I-ev]\ Hcp Pohnbv°pw XSp-°m-h-X-√-t√m. I¿Ω-K-Xn-sIm≠p hcp-∂-sX√mw kpJ-Øn-

\-msW∂p Icp-X-Ww. P\-\hpw ac-Whpw F√m-h¿-°p-ap-f-f-Xm-sW-s√m. A\p-Ps‚ acWw A\p-`-hn-

bv°-W-sa-∂mWv Xe-bn-se-gp-sØ-¶n¬ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-I-Xs∂ th-t≠? F∂mepw hoc-]-cm-I-an-bmb

]tk-\\v Cßs\ kw -hn-bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥m-sW-∂p-amXw a\- n-em-bn-√. ian-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ AXns‚

ImcWw Is≠-Øm-Xn-cn-bv°n-√.'' C]-Im-c-ap-ff _‘p-°-fpsS km¥-z-t\m-‡n-Iƒ tI´v Hcp hn[-Øn¬I-

c-®n-e-S°n kXm-PnØv ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. F√mw Fs‚ ]m]w F∂p ]d-™m¬ aXn-b-t√m. \√-h-tcm-

Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ F\n-bv°p-tbm-K-an-√. B Ip´nsb Im´n-te-bv°-b-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-sXms° kw`-hn-

®-Xv. Fhn-sS-bn-cp-∂mepw AXm-Xp-k-a-bØv \S-t°-≠Xp \S-°p-I-Xs∂ sNøpw. F∂v hnNm-cn-®n-cp-

∂mepw CXn¬ Nne-c-l-k-y-ß-fp-≠v. h∂-Xp-h-∂p. C\nbpw \ap°p Ign™p IqS-t≠. A\p-Ps‚

ac-W-Øn-s\mcp Imc-W-ap-≠v. ]t£ AXp-]p-d-Øp]d™m¬ Xe-t]m-Ipw. F¥n-\m-W-sXm-s°

-∏-d-bp-∂-Xv. F√mw Fs‚ tbmKw. ""At∏mƒ _‘p-°ƒ°v D’m-l-am-bn. Ah¿ Ahs\ t]m’m-

ln-∏n®p "" ]d-bq. H∂pw Hfn-®p-sh-bvt°-≠. Btcbpw t]Sn-bvt°-≠. Adn-bp-∂-Im-cyw Hfn-®p-sh-

bvt°-≠. AX-\p-k-cn-®p-]-h¿Øn-bv°m≥ i‡n-bn-s√-¶n¬ At∏mƒ an≠m-Xn-cn-bv°mw. Poh-\p-Xp-e-y-

cmb Rß-tfm-Sn-Xp-]-d-bm≥ aSn-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\v?'' At∏mƒ kXm-PnØp ]d-™p. ""]d-bm≥ aSn-bp-≠m-bn-´-√.

C\n ]d-™n-s´-¥p-Im-c-yw? Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em-°-Ww. CXn-s\m-s°-°m-cWw B cXv\-am-Wv. Fs‚

Ahn-th-Iw-sIm-≠p-]-d-bp∂ Cu Imcyw hf-sc-c-l-k-y-am-Wv. ioIr-jvW\v Hcn-bv°¬ Cu cXv\-Øn-

sem-cm-i-bp-≠m-bn. AXv Atßm-´p-sIm-Sp-∂-W-sa∂p Iev]n-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Rm≥ sImSp-Øn-√.

DÆm-tXbpw Dd-ß-mtXbpw t\Snb Hcp km[\w Aßs\ tNmZn-bv°m-tam? X√p-sIm-f-fm≥sN-≠.

]Ww hmßm≥ amcmcv sh´pw-IpØpw sImf-fm≥ ]cn-N. t]cpw ]i-kvXnbpw tNI-h-\v. F∂p ]d-™-

Xp-t]m-se-bm-WnXv. ]W-Øn-\m-i-bp-s≠-¶nepw CXbv°mhmtam''.

F∂-Xp-sIm-≠n-l-i-¶n-∏m≥ hgn

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≠nßs\ Nne-cp-Zp-jn-®o-Sp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\n-ßs\ i¶n-®-Xv. tbmK-y-∑msc \nµn-bv°p-∂-Xp-IjvSw Xs∂. Fs‚

kpIrXw \in-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\sbms° kw`-hn-®-Xv. alm-∑msc ]gn-bv°-cp-X-t√m.

""kXm-PnØv Cßs\ Nne-sX√mw ]d™v an≠m-Xn-cp-∂p. AXp-tI-´-_-‘p-°ƒ bmX-bm-bn. Ah¿

a‰p-Nn-e-tcmSv AXp-]-d-™p. a‰p-Nn-e¿ thsd-Nn-e-tcm-Sp-]-d-™p. Ah-c-Xp-\m-Sp-\o-sf-∏-d™p ]c-Øn. Npcp-

°-Øn¬ c≠m-fp-Iƒ XΩn¬ I≠m¬ Cu Hscm-‰-°m-c-yta ]d-bm-\p-ffq F∂m-bn. \pW-

]-d™p \S-°p-∂-h¿°v \√-h-I-bm-bn. Nne¿ sNhn-bn¬ ]d-™p. a‰p-f-f-h¿Im-tXm¿Øn-cp-∂p. Nne¿

tIƒ°m≥ sN∂p. Nne¿ tI´p-Nn-cn-®p. B_me-hr≤w P\-ßƒ kvXo]p-cp-j-t`-Z-sa-t\y Ah-cpsS

kc-k- z -Xo -hn -emkw t]mse C°-Y-h -ym -J -ym -\n -®p -] -c -Øn. (k-Xm -PnØpw _‘p-°fpw

X-Ωn -ep -ff kw`m-jWw apX¬°mWv Ip©≥\-º-ym -cpsS IhnX AXns‚ kz-X- z -tØmsS

Xe-s]m-°p-∂-Xv. Chn-Sp-∂-tßm-´p-ff hcn-I-fpsS ckn-I-Øhpw Bk-zm-Z-y-Xbpw hmbn-®-dn-bp-I-Xs∂

thWw. Ihn -bpsS temI-\n -co -£-Ww, ]g -s©m-√p -I -fpsS kzm -[o -\w, `mjm-em -fn -X -yw,

kw`m-j-W-ß-fnse NSp-e-X, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ thh-emXn ]c-Zq-j-W-Xm¬∏-cyw ˛ AXn¬\n-s∂√mw

D≠m-h∂ \¿Ω-`m-h\ CsX√mw ChnsS sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw) s]men-ISw = s\√v ]en-i-bv°p

-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. alm-flm-hmb ioIrjvW `K-hm-s\-∏‰n Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff A]-cm-[-ßƒ Nne¿

]-d™p ]c-Øn.



Dffnekqb apgp-Øn- p-f-f-h¿

....................................................................

sIm®pItfm-Sp-]-d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

ioIr-jvW-t\mSv Akq-b-bp-f-f-h¿ CXp-Xs∂ X©w F∂p-I-cpXn kzbw tbmK-y-X-\-Sn®v

At±-lsØ ]gn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. `ffv = Zpc-`n-am-\w, sImØpw tImfpw = Imc-y-Im-c-W-_-‘w, aØv

=IS-tIm¬, Ipw`w = IpSw, ImSp-Im-´pI = tXm∂n-bhmkw Im´p-I, FS-b≥ = CS-b≥, a√m£n =

kpµ-cn, a√m-cmXn = IrjvW≥ (Ip-©≥ \º-ym-cpsS kck kc-k-zXn AW-ap-dn®p IpXn-®p-Nm-Sp∂

]Xo-Xn-bm-Wn-hn-sS. \mbm-ńs‚ h¿Æ-\bpw Cu h¿Æ-\bpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-SpØn Na¬°m-c-`w-Kn-k-zbw

A\p-`-hn-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

ioIr-jvW≥ _me-eo-e-Ifpw ]q¿∆-Im-e-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv ChnsS hf-s®m-Sn®v

B]vtj-]-lm-k-y-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv. tKm]n-I-am¿°v ioIr-jvW-t\m-Sp-ff àhpw AXp-I≠v

kln -b v°m -Ø-h-cpsS Aa¿j-hpw h¿Æn -b v°p -∂Xv ]tX-yIw i≤n -b vt°-≠-Xp -≠v)

CX-bpw-Im-c-y-ßƒ s]mXp-hmbn ]ecpw ]d-™p-≠m-°nb iIm-c-ßƒ. C\n AΩ-am¿ Ipń-Isf hnfn-®p

-]-tZ-in-bv°p-∂p.

A®n-Ifpw Nnecßp hnfn-®........................

...........................................................................................

Xß-fn-e-ßp-]-d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

IÆ≥ kqX-°m-c-\mWv. \nß-fpsS ]°-ep-f-f-sX√mw Xń-sb-Sp-°pw. ]eXpw Xcm-sa-∂p-]-

d™p ]tem- n-∏nbv°pw. Ah≥ ASp-tØbv°p hnfn-®m¬ hoń-tebv°p HmSn-t∏m-∂m¬ aXn. \nßƒ°p-

th-≠Xv A—≥ Xcpw. AXn -\n -S -bn¬ kvXoIƒ ]c-kv]cw t]cp -] -d™p hnfn® v

tamj-W-I-Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Icp-Xn-bn-cn-bv°m≥ \n¿t±-in-bv°p-∂p. \n∂v, HmXn-t°m-≥, apf-fpw, t\cw

\n∂p-sIm≠v Kpcp-\m-Y≥ aqX-sam-gn-®m¬ AXp-sIm-≠m-\-I-fn-bv°pI = s]cp-∏n®p ]d-bp-I. kvXoIƒ

]e-X -c -Øn -ep -ff Ah-cpsS kz¿Æm-` -c -W-ßƒ `Z -ambn Hfn -∏n -®p -sh -®p.

a®n-°d = Xń-´-ap-dn. qan-bnepw BIm-iØpw Fßpw C°-Y-am-Xta tIƒ°m-\p-f-fq. _m“-W¿ k‘-

ym-h-µ\ ka-bØv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ C°Y Xs∂ ]d™p (k-‘-ym-h-µ-\-k-a-bØv kwkvIr-X- `m-j-bn-e-

√msX kwkm-cn-bv°-cp-sX-∂mWv \nb-aw. At∏mgpw ]d-bm-\p-ffXv kwkvIr-XØnem°n F∂p amXw.

AXm-W-Xnse ên-Xw).

Xß-fn-eßp ]d-™p-Xp-Sßn

................................................................

CΩ-Wn-aq-e-sa-\nbv°pw h∂p.

kXm-Pn-Øns‚ ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-IY kwkvIr-X- m-j-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. k‘-ym-h-µ-\-Øn\v a¥ambpw

A°-Y-bp-]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]d™Xn\m¬ ]e¿°pw a\- n-em-bn-√. F¶nepw ioIr-

jvW-s\-∏‰n ]cmXn Fßpw \nd-™p. Ipń-Iƒ ioIr-jvWs\°≠m¬ aWnbpw s]mØn HmSm≥ XpS-

ßn. ip≤-K-Xn-°m-cmb Ah¿ A—-\-Ω-am¿ ]d-™-sX√mw IÆ-t\mSv ]d-™p. CXp-tI´ ioIr-jvW≥

hnNm-cn-®p. CsX√mw kXm-Pn-Øns‚ NXn-bm-Wv. ZpjvS-∑m¿°v \√-Xp ]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ ]mºn-\p-

]m-ep-sIm-Sp-Ø-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kX-y-a-dn-bmsX a‰p-f-f-hsc Zpjn-bv°-cp-Xv. Ct∏mƒ F√m-hcpw Fs‚ iXp

(]-cn]Ÿn)-°-fm-bn. Xe-bn-se-gpØp am‰m-\m-In-√-s√m. Cu cXv\w aqew Cu A]-cm-[-ß-sf√mw F\nbv°pw

tIƒt°-≠n-h-∂p.



c≠mw Ifw

F∂m-e-Ω-Wn-t]m-b-Xp-Im-cW

.................................................................

........................... Pmw_-hm-\m-Pn-ln-tfi.

F∂m¬ B cXv\w t]mb hgn -I -≠p -]n -S n -®n -s√ -¶n¬ X\n -b v°p -h∂ NoØ-t∏cv

Ah-km-\n-bv°n-s√∂p Xo¿®-bm-°nb ioIr-jvW≥ ]Ø-º-Xp-bm-Z-h-∑m-tcbpw Iqń -Im- n¬ Xnc™p

\S-∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ knwl-Øns‚ BI-a-Øn¬s]´ ]tk-\\pw IpXn-cbpw acn-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-I-

≠p. Ahn-Sp-∂-tßm´v knwl-Øns‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-t\m-°n-t∏m-bn. Iptd-sN∂t∏mƒ knwlhpw NØp-In-

S-°p-∂Xp I≠p. Ahn-Sp-∂-tßm´p Pmw_-hms‚ Ime-Sn-∏m-Sp-t\m°n \S∂ Ah¿ Imń≥ \Sp-hn¬

AXn- o-I-c-am-b, Ccp- p-\n-d™ Hcp henb Kpl-I-s≠-Øn. ioIr-jvW≥ Iq´p-Imsc shfn-bv°p-\n¿Øn

B Kpl-bn-te-bv°n-d-ßn-s®-∂p. AhnsS hfsc henb Hcp tIm´ I≠p. tIm´-a-Xn-ense cXv\-ß-fpsS

] -sIm≠v Ahn-S-sa√mw ]Im-i-]q-cn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ioIr-jvW≥ tKm]p-c-Øn-eqsS Df-fn¬°S-∂-t∏mƒ

AhnsS Npa-cp-I-fn¬ cmam-b-W-I-Y-bnse ][m\kw`-h-ß-sf√mw bYm-Iaw at\m-l-c-ambn NnXw

hc-®p-sh-®n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xp-I-≠p. AXp-I≠v At±lw cmam-h-Xm-c-I-Y-Iƒ A\p-kva-cn-®p. NnX-ßƒ t\m°n-

t\m°n \S∂ IrjvW≥ Ipń-bpsS ssIøn¬ kya-¥-I-cXv\w I≠p Ipń-tbmSv AXp tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ

Ah≥ A—s\ hnfn®v Dds°°c-™p. IrjvW≥ aWn-hm-ßn-b-Xp-an-√. At∏mƒ ]f-b-Im-eØv

temIw apSn-bv°m≥ \S-°p∂ inh-hm-l-\-amb Imf apI-bn-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-sbmcp K¿÷\w tI´p B

i_vZw Kpl-bn-emsI ]Xn-≤-z-\n-®p. At∏mƒ Icp-tØ-dn-b-ssIøpw ]cp-]-cpØ ico-c-hpw-sIm≠v

iXp-°sf \in-∏n®v temIw InSp-InsS hnd-∏n-bv°p∂ Pmw_-hm≥ t]mcn-\p-h-∂p.

D-d-®-tIm-]-sam-S-IØp \n∂Y

..................................................................

.......... Zn§-P-ßƒ hnd®p Xm]-tam-sS.

At∏mƒ ITn-\-amb tIm]-tØmsS ]mbm-[n-Iyw sIm≠v AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°p-

I-t]mepw sNømsX ]pd-tØ-bv°p-h∂ Pmw_-hm≥ IrjvWs\ XSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-]-d-™p. ""BcmWv

Fs‚ Kpl-bn¬ IS-∂-Xv? Xm≥ Icp-Ø-\m-sW∂p \Sn-bv°p∂ hnUvVn-tbm? Fs‚ ssIØcn∏p

Xo¿°m≥ Cu aq∂p-tem-I-Ønepw Bcp-an-√. \ns‚ Al-¶mcw Rm\n-t∏mƒ Xo¿°mw. ]S-bv°p-an-Sp-° \mb

Hcp Ipc-ß-\mWv Rm≥. Ipc-ß-\m-sW∂p hnNm-cn®v H´pw hne-Ip-d-®p Im-tW-≠. ]≠v

cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤-Øn¬ Rm≥ Imń-°qńb ]cm-I-a-ßƒ tIń-ń-t√. AsXms° \√-hÆw Btem-Nn®v

t\m°v. \ns‚ a\-°-cpØv ChnsS \ne-\n¬°p-I-bn-√. DSs\ Xncn-®p t]m-Ip-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. anSp-°p-

`m-hn®v Ipń-Iƒ Ifn-bv°p∂ B aWn ssI°-em-°m≥ h∂ \n\°v DSs\ Xncn-™p-\-S-°p-∂-XmWv

\√-Xv. As√-¶n¬ Rm≥ \ns∂ s]mSn-`-kva-am-°pw.

eLp = thK-Øn¬, Z\p-P≥ = Akp-c≥, IpSn-e-KXn = hf-™-h-gn, \o Pmw_-hm≥ F∂p tIń- n-t√.

kqc-y -hw-i-Øn¬ ]nd∂ iocm-a≥ Fs∂m-cmsf tIń -´p -t≠m? Cß-s\-sbm-s°-∏-d™p

ioIr-jvWs‚ amdn¬ B™v CSn-Xp-S-ßn. F∂n´pw At±-l-Øn\v tIm]w tXm∂n-bn-√. ]e-t∏mgpw

]e-tcmSpw bp≤w sNbvX Ie-I-f-Wn™ Fs‚ `‡-t\mSv bp≤w sNøp-∂Xp icn-b√ F∂p IcpXn

At±lw Pmw_-hms‚ BI-a-W-ßsf XSp-°pI amXw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS

Pmw_-hm≥ ioIrjvWs\ ]e hn[-Ønepw a¿±n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mƒ ioIr-jvW\pw Ipd-

s™m∂p tIm]n®p ]X-ym-I-aWw XpS-ßn. Cßs\ IrjvW\pw Pmw_-hm\pw XΩn¬ D≠m-b-I-elw

c≠m-bncw \m°p-ff A\-¥\pw h¿Æn-bv°m≥ km≤-y-a-√. B bp-≤w-sIm≠v ]¿∆-X-ßƒ s]mSn-™p.

`qan hnd-®p. Zn§-P-ßƒ `b-∂p-hn-d-®p.



\c-h-c-hm-\-c-ho-c-∑m¿

.....................................................................

aqØ-Ip-c-ß≥ IÆp-Xp-d-°q.

AXn-Kw-ò-chpw CS-bvs°√mw Bh¿Ø-\-I-ep-jn-X-hp-amb Zz-µ-z -bp-≤-h¿Æ\w ]e-Xcw

AS-hp-Iƒ. Znh-k-ßƒ \o≠p-\n∂ bp≤w. t]m¿hn-fn-Iƒ. ]c-kv]cw iIm-c-ßƒ. Aßs\

Ccp-]-sØ-´p-Zn-hkw bp≤w \o≠p-\n-∂p. Cu Ipc-ß\v FX-bm-bn´pw £oWw X´p-∂n-√. Alw`mhw

hn´p-∂n-√. XSp-°m-\m-hmØ Nne ]tbm-K-ßƒ G¬°p-tºmtg K¿s∆m-Spßn Ch≥ IÆp-

Xp-d-°p-I-bp-f-fq.

C∞w a\-kn-\n-\®pw sIm≠pS

......................................................................

kvXpXn-h-N-\-ßfp aßp-Xp-S-ßn.

Cßs\ hnNm-cn®v ASn®pw CSn®pw Pmw_-hms‚ icocw Xf¿Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ ssIøpw

Imepw hmepw Iqń-∏n-Sn-®n-s´m-cp-cp-f-t]m-se-bm°n `qan-bn-se-d-™p. Ahs‚ kao-]Øv ]p©ncn-s]m-gn-

®p-sIm≠v ioIr-jvW≥ \n∂p. Cu ka-bØv icocw Cf-°m≥ IgnbmsX thZ-\-sIm≠v ]pf-bp∂

Pmw_-hm≥ Nn¥n-®p. ""F\n-bv°n-ßs\ hcm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v? Ch≥ F¥p kpIr-X-amWv sNbvXn- p-f-f-Xv?

Rms\-¥p-]m]w sNbvXp''. C]-Imcw Nn¥n®v Zp:-Jn-X-\mbn ]Xps° ssIsIm≠v I¨t]m-f-Iƒ

_e-ambn Xpd -∂p. At∏mƒ PK-Zo -i - z -c -\mb ioIr -jvWs\ ap∂n¬ I≠p.

(Xp-S¿∂v ioIr-jvW-h¿Æ\ ˛ t«mIm¿∞w, kz¿Æ Ac-™m-Ww, \oe-\n-dw, a™-∏-´v, abn¬∏oen

NqSnb Xe-ap-Sn, Inep-ßp∂ hf-bn-´-ssI, B\-µ-\n-emhv s]mgn-bv°p∂ apJ-N-µ≥ F∂n-h-tbmsS

At±-lsØ Pmw_-hm≥ I≠p. XpS¿∂v ]Z-y -Øn¬ ioIr-jvWs‚ tIim-Zn -]m-Z-h¿Æ-\.

Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS `‡n-h¿Æ-\-bv°p-Zm-l-c-Ww) lco-i≥ = hm\-c-ti-jvT≥. ioIrjvW hnKlw

Iäp-ºn¬ I≠v B\-µ-k-ap-Z-Øn¬ apßn kt¥m-jmip s]mgn-®p-sIm-≠v, tcmam-©w-sIm≠v

Pmw_-hm≥ h√-hn-[-Ønepw Fgp-t∂‰v At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Sn-I-fn¬ \a-kvI-cn®v ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ kvXpXn-

bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.

\µ-\-µ\ kpµ-cm-\-\...........................................

................................ ImcWw Icp-Wm-\nt[

Acn-J-fi-\mb = iXp-hns\ \in-∏n-bv°m≥, `K-hm-t\, kXyw Adn-bm-sX-bmWv Rm≥ Aßsb

D]-Z-hn-®Xpw [n°m-c-ßƒ ]d-™-Xpw. Aß-bpsS A\p-Klw sIm≠p-am-X-amWv Rm≥ Nne ]cm-I-

a-ßƒ ImWn-®-Xv. Aß-bpsS Zim-h-Xmc eoe-Iƒ t\cn-´p-I-≠-h-\mWv Rm≥. kwkm-c-

_-‘-Øn¬ IpSp-ß-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\n-ßs\ [n°mcw ImWn-®-Xv. ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\-Øns‚ t]cn-ep-

ff NoØ-t∏-scm-gn-hm-°p-hm-\mWv Cß-s\-sbmcp kw`hw D≠m-b-sX∂p a\- n-em-bn. AXn\p km£n-

I-fm-bn-´mWv Nnesc IqsS-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-f-f-Xv. B aWn ImcWw F\nbv°pw Cßs\ Nne-]m]w

sNtø-≠n-h-∂p.

`‡n-tbm-Sn-kvXp-Xn-sNm√n

........................................................

kmµ-Ip-cp-l-e-a-cp-fn-s®-bvXp.



DƒXmkw = Df-fn¬ `bw, kX]w = \mW-tØmsS Cßs\ kvXpXn-bv°p∂ Pmw_-hs\

ioIr-jvW≥ sXm´p-X-temSn Benw-K\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ahs‚ IÆp-\o¿sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-

Sn-Iƒ hsc \\-™p. ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p. F\nbv°v \nt∂mSv bmsXm-cp-tIm-]-hp-an-√. `‡m-K-Wn-

bmb \n\°v Fs‚ IrjvWm-h-Xm-c-hn-Klw H∂p ImWn-®p-X-c-W-sa-∂m-K-ln-®n-cn-bv°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At∏m-

gmWv ky-a-¥-I-a-Wn-tbmSp _‘-s∏´ A]-cm-[-ßƒ F\nbv°p tIƒt°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. AXp-Xo¿°m-\m-

sW∂ `mh-Øn¬ kX-y-Øn¬ Rm\n-hnsS h∂Xv \ns∂-°m-Wm-\m-Wv. CXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ B\-µ-Øn¬

apgp-Inb Pmw_-hm≥ Xs‚ ]pXn-bmb Pmw_-h-Xnsb ioIr-jvW\v \¬In. ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw sImSp-

Øp. Ah-c≠pw kzo-I-cn®v Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-tcm-Sp-IqSn Zzm-c-I-bn-tebv°p aSßn t\sc kXm-Pn-Øns‚

hoń-te-bv°p-I-d-bn-s®-∂p. ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-\n¬°p∂ ioIr-jvWs\ I≠-t∏mƒ kXm-Pn-Øn\v

t]Snbpw \mW-t°Spw t\m∂n. ioIr-jvW≥ kXm-Pn-Øn-t\mSp ]d-™p.

kXm-Pn-Øn-Xp-t_m-[n-®mepw

................................................................

Zm\w sNbvXm≥ X∂psS aI-sf.

Kl\w = ImSv, IpRvPcw = B\, m\p-I-tcW = kqc-ys‚ ssII-fn-eq-sS, CjvSn = bmKw, bjvSn-

P-\-ß-fn¬ aqØ-h≥ = h¶-∑m-cpsS Imc-W-h¿,

ioIrjvW≥ ky-a-¥-I-cXv\w At\-z -jn -®p -t]mb A\p-`hw hnh-cn -®p. AXp-tI´v

kXm-PnØv \mWn-®p-X-e-Xm-gvØn. ktlm-Z-c-a-cWw aqew ]d-™ -A-]-cm-[-ßƒ°v am∏p-]-d-™p.

ioIr-jvWs\ ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Xs‚ hwiw Xs∂ apSn™p t]mIp-sa∂v Ah-t\m¿Øp.

X\n-bv°p-bm-sXm-cm-t£-]-hp-an-s√∂pw AX-y-≤-zm\w sNbvXp e`n® apX¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

Bcm-bmepw \ne-sX-‰n -kw-km-cn -bv°p-sa∂p ]d-™m-i-z -kn -∏n®v ioIr-jvW≥ ky-a -¥Iw

kXm-Pn-Øn\p Xncn-®psIm-Sp-Øp. AXv kzo-I-cn®p hW-ßnb kXm-PnØv Xs‚ ]pXn-bmb

kX-y-`m-asb ioIr-jvW\v h[p-hmbn \¬In.

Ie-ym-W-Kp-W-tadpw \√ kX-y-`m-asb

...................................................................................

........................................... \oe-\-b-\m -t]m‰o

ioIr-jvW≥ kX-y- m-a-bpsS AwK-]-X-yw-K- w-Kn-bn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn Chsf Inń-bXv mK-y-sa-∂p-I-W-

°m-°n. Ahn -th-I -ß-sf√mw £an -b v°-W-sa -∂-t]-£n® kXm -PnØv kvXo[-\ -ambn

ky-a-¥-I-c-Xv\hpw sImSp-Øp.

It¶fn = AtimIw A√n-Øm¿_m-W-\psS ...........................

sIme-m\-W-™o-Sp∂p = C\n-Im-a-tZ-hs‚ Bbp-[-ßƒ°v hni-a-an-√. kX-y- m-a-bn-ep-≠mb àw

\nanØw Ima-tZ-h≥ Xs∂ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-ap-c-sN-bvX-ßp-h-Wßpw

.....................................................................

If-I-f-tam-tcm-hm-°p-]-d-™o-Sp-∂p.

kXm -Pn -Øns\ Xtem -Sn -bm -t«-jn®v ioIr -jvW≥ \h-h -[p -°sf B\-µn -∏n -®p .

Zzm-c-I-bn-tebv°p \S-∂p. ky-a-¥Iw kXm-Pn-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. N¥-°mcv = hIp∏v Xe-h-∑m¿ Cu



ka-bØv ioIr-jvW≥ ]pXp-h-[p-°-fp-samØv Fgp-∂-f-fp-∂p-s≠-∂-dn™v At±-l-Øns‚ Bƒ°m¿

Zzm-c-I-bn¬ th≠ Hcp-°-ßƒ sNbvXp. B¿`m-S-tØmsS cmP-Io-b-amb Cc-´-°-e-ym-W-Øn-\p-th≠

F√m-ku-I-c-y-ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. (H-cp-I-e-ym-Wm-tLm-j-Øns‚ F√m Hcp-°-ßfpw Ff-fn-S-hn-SmsX

Ip©≥\-º-y¿ FÆ-sbÆn h¿Æn-bv°p-∂p).

hf`n = a´p-∏m-hv.

ioIr-jvWs\ kzo-I-cn-bv°p-hm\pw hnhm-lm-tLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff Bfp-

Iƒ Xn°n-Øn-c°n h∂p-\n-d-™p. kvXoIƒ hnti-j-h-kvX-ßfpw B`-c-ßfpw AWn™v ImgvN-Im-

Wm≥ Hgn-hp-f-fn-S-ß-fn-sem-s°-Øn-c-°n-°qSn Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw ]eXpw ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.

s]Æm-bn-´p-]n-d∂hcmcpw

.............................................................

Iev]-\-sIm≠p ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

s]Æm-bn-∏n-d-∂m¬ IÆs‚ `mc-y-bm-h-Ww. AXn\v ]pWyw sNø-Ww. \Ωsf Cßs\

]S-®p-hn´ _“m-hn-s\-∏-d-™m¬ aXn. It≠m ioIr-jvWs‚ c≠p ]pdØpw tim`n-bv°p∂ c≠p

kpµ-cn -am¿ AXn -s\ms° `mKyw sNøWw ˛ ho≠pw Xpf -f¬°-hnXIfnse kmaq -l-y -

hn-a¿ihpw ]cn-lm-khpw X´pw XS-hp-an-√msX Xpf-fn-h-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS `¿Øm-°m-∑m-cpsS

Zp¿hr-Øn-Iƒ, Pmc-i-¶-, I-f-fp-Ip-Sn, X√pw ]nSnbpw kvXoIƒ ]e-]p-cp-j-∑msc ]m´n¬ ]nSn®v Imcyw

ImWp-∂Xv. Zpjn-®p-\m-dnb, Zcn-Z-amb Hcp kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ NnXo-I-cWw ChnsS ImWmw.

]pcmW ]kn -≤-amb ky -a -¥Iw IY CXn -\p -apºp kam -]n®p ]t£ ]pcm -W-I -Ym -

]p-\-cm-J-ym-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS e£-yw.

sNcn-hm≥ = InS-∂p-d-ßm≥

s]Æp-ßƒ Cßs\ ]eXpw ]d™v ImgvN-Iƒ I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn -bv°p-∂-Xn-\n -S -bn¬

ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp thZn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂p. AtXmsS At±-l-sØ-°m-Wm-\pw, a\- n¬ At±-l-Øns‚

Ime-Sn-Isf Dd-∏n-bv°m\pw BtLm-j-ßƒ ImWm-\p-sam-s°-bmbn ]ecpw Ahn-sS-Xn-°n-Øn-c°n. Hcp-

°-ßƒ At∏mgpw XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcp a¥n-I-ev]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

]Øpw c≠pw a¥n-I-fp-f-f-h˛

................................................................

\pf-fn¬ ]cn-sNm-Sp-hm-Wo-Sp-∂p.

tXhm-cn -Iƒ = ]qPm-hn-[n-I-f-dn -bp-∂-h¿, imkvX-∏n-t≈¿ = imkvX-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-Iƒ.

AXm-Xm-fp-Isf X°-\n-ebv°v kzo-I-cnbv°m≥ Bfp-Iƒ thWw. tIm -bv°p-f-fn¬ sXΩm-SnØw ImWn-

bv°p∂ t]m°n-cn-I-sf-b-hn-sS-bn- -Sn-bv°-Ww. If-fp-Iq-Sn-b-∑m-cpsS hmbn¬ aqX-sam-gn-bv°-Ww. tIm -

bv°p-f-fn¬ aqX-sam-gn-bv°m-\n-cn-bv°p-∂-hsc hSn-bn p adn-®n-S-Ww. Iev]\ tI´p-\-S-°m-Ø-h-cpsS hn[n-B¿°pw

XS-bm-\m-hn-√. CXv ioIr-jvWs‚ Iev]-\-bm-sW-s∂-√m-hcpw [cn-bv°-Ww. Cßs\ a¥n-I-ev]nbvs°

hnhm-l-aq-lq¿Ø-a-Sp-Øp. hnZ-Kv[-I-fmb kvXnIƒ B c≠p Ipam-cn-am-tcbpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff B`-

c-W-ßfpw a‰pw AWn-bn®v Hcp-°n. ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp ap√-∏-¥-en¬ ]th-in-®p. th≠-s∏-´-hsc hW-

ßn. _m“-W¿°v kz¿Æhpw (Pmw-_p-\-Zw) hkvX-ßfpw a‰pw apd-bv°p-Zm-\w-sN-bvXp. A·n-km-£n-

I-ambn BZyw kX-y-`m-a-tbbpw ]n∂oSv Pmw_-h-Xn-tbbpw ]mWn-K-lWw sNbvXp. _‘p-P-\-ß-

tfmSpw \h-h-[p-°-tfm-Sp-samØv ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ amfn-I-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p.



kqc-y-\p-Zn®p shfp-°p-t∂cw

.................................................................

a‰p atXXpw \sΩm-Sp-Iq-Sm.

(A-X-bpw-sIm≠v \º-ym¿ AS-ßp-∂n-√. Ie-ym-W-tLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-s\-Øn-b-h-¿,

Ah-cpsS tKmjvSn-Iƒ, kwkm-c-ßƒ Aßs\ ]pcm-W-IY ka-Im-eo\ Pohn-X-Øn-te-bv°n-d-ßn-

∏-c-°p-∂p.) ]`m-X-Øn¬ tX®p-Ip-fnbv°p FÆbpw Xmfnbpw a‰pw-sIm-Sp-°n-∂n-SØv hgn-t]m-°-cmb

]´-∑m-cpsS kº-Zm-b-ßƒ. C© = Cu™ F∂pw ]d-bpw. Hcp-apƒs®-Sn. CXv NX®v tX®mWv ]≠p

ico-c-Ønse Nfn-bn-f-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]´-∑m¿ FÆ-sIm-Sp-°p-∂n-SØv Xe-Imń FÆ-bn¬ Hmtem-ew-

ap-ßp-∂p. Ipfn-°-S-hnepw tamjvSn-bv°m≥ skuIcyw t\m°p-∂p. tkma≥ ]pSh = ]´-∑m¿ D]-tbm-

Kn-bv°p∂ ta¬h-kvXw. ]mf-Øm-dp-a-Wn™v sImń-en¬°-bdn Ah¿ _lfw Iq´p-∂p. At∏mƒ

ASp-°-f-bn¬ ]mN-I-°m-cpsS tImem-l-e-ßƒ. shbv°¬, \pdp-°¬, ]gn-]-d-b¬, sh‰n-e-ap-dp-°¬

H®bpw _l-fhpw Iq°¬ ]pI-bne tamjvSn-bv°m≥ X©w t\m°¬ Aßs\

Xs∂t∏mse I≠-Xp-]‰n

.............................................................

sIm≠p-]p-I-gvØm-s\-fp-X-t√Xpw

]´-∑mcpw thZ-]-fin-X-∑mcpw XΩn¬ \kyw ]d™v ASn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-∂p. hmK-zm-Z-ßƒ

\S-°p∂p At∏m-tgbv°v hnf-ºp-Im-cpsS Xnc°v DÆm-\n-cn-bv°p∂ ÿesØ∏‰n-°qSn hg-°m-Wv.

hnf-ºp-Im-cpsS ]nip-°v. Ign-bv°p-∂-h-cpsS [mcm-fn-Øw. BI-∏msS Xo‰-s°m-Xn. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]e-

X-c-Øn-ep-ff kpK-‘-te-]-\-ßfpw Ipdn-°q-´p-Ifpw Hcp-°p-∂Xnt‚bpw sImSp-°p-Xnt‚bpw Xnc-°v.

kZ-y-bp-Æp-∂-h-cpsS _p`p-£. hn -h-ßsf∏‰n-bp-ff A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\w. hnf-ºp-∂-hsc iIm-cn-bv°¬

kplr-Øp-°-sf-t]-cp-sNm-√n-hn-fn-bv°¬. Xangvt]®v Aßs\ Hcp-]p-d-Øv.

tKmkm-bn-I-f-™p-s≠m-cp-Zn-°n¬

...........................................................................

]e-Xp-ap-W¿Øn-®-hnsS hkn-®p.

as‰m-cp-`m-KØv tKmkmbnamcpsS Xnc-°m-Wv. hºp-\-Sn®v tKmkm-bn-`m-j-bn¬ ]eXpw

hnfn-®p-]-d-™p-sIm≠v kZ-y-bp-Æp-∂p. (tKm-kmbn `mj Xcw-Kn-Wn-hr-Ø-Øn¬ A\m-bm-k-ambn

\º-ym¿°ph-g-ßp-∂Xp t\m°p-I).

Zzm-c-I-bn¬ Cßs\ ]e-]-e-tLm-j-ßfpw D≠m-bn. sImßn-Wn-I-fpw, sNń-Ifpw a‰pw

hgn-hm-Wn`w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-c-°mWv as‰m-cn-SØv (C-sX√mw Zzm-c-I-bn-em-sW-t∂m¿°-Ww. tIc-f-Ønse

Hcp cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ A°m-e-Øp-\-S-°m-hp∂ _l-f-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. CXmWv CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v

tIc-fo-bX hcp-Øp∂ \º-ym-cpsS X¥w). ]ns∂ h∂-h-sc√mw Xncn-®p-t]mbn ioIr-jvW\pw _‘p-

°fpw kpJ-ambn hkn-®p.

De-IqsS s]cp-am-tfmSv Hcp a¥n Cßs\ ky-a-¥Iw IY ]d-™p-sIm-SpØp.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (\q-dv-˛-\q-‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw Fgp-Xp-I)

kµ¿`w hnh-cn®v Bibw hy-£-am-°pI

1) km[-\-sam-s∂-∂m-ep-a-Xn-ßs\

t`Z-hn-tijw hcp-hm≥ kwKXn

2) F∂pw Zn\-I-c-\-√-h-cp-∂Xv

aµ-∑m-c-Xp-t_m-[n-®mepw

3) hnØ-Øn¬ sImXn-bp-≠m-sa-∂m¬

CX-b-sX-s∂m-cp-\n-baw thWw

4) sh´pw IpØpw ]cn-i-bv°sX

In´pw hncp-X-]-Wn-°m¿s°∂pw

5) ssii-h-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bo-Sn\

ssIX-h-ap-t≠m-am-do-Sp∂p

6) aWnI-≠mepw XpWn-I-≠mepw

aSn-Iq-SmsX ]nSn®p ]dnbv°pw

7) ]mW≥ t]mbm-ep-Æn-Itf ]p\

cp≠m-In-s√-∂-Ω-]-d™p

8) Fs¥m-cp-Zp-cnXw sNbvXn-Xp-\m, anh

s\s¥mcp kpIrXw sNbvX-h-s\-∂pw.

9) I≠-tKm-jvSn-Iƒ Im´p-hm≥ anI-hp-ff Iq´-an-sX-∂Xpw

sIm≠¬ h¿Æ-\-dn-™p-sIm≠p kln-°nte KXn-bp-f-fq-ta.

10) Cß-s\-bp-sf-fmcp If-f-∑mtc

bnßp-\-ap-°p-≠m-I-Øp-f-fq.

11)-P-\-ß-fn-ßs\ \n\-®p-X¬£W

at\-I-kw- -a-a-I-∂p-\n∂p

Ft∏mƒ? Fßs\sbms°-bmWv \n\-®-Xv? F¥p-sIm-≠v?

12)Ime-Øns‚ ]I¿®-\n-\-®m¬

amtem-I¿°p-s]m-dp-°m≥ taem.

Ip©≥\-º-ym¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂ Ime-∏-I¿®-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

13)-h´w Iq´pw-- ]´-∑m-cpsS

N´w I≠m-se-X-hn-NnXw

˛F-s¥m-s°-bmWv N´-ßƒ?

II D]-\-ym-\-am-Xr-Im-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (ap-∂q-dp-hm-°n¬)

1) Xs‚ Ihn-Xsb P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ alm-I-hn- Ip-©≥\-º-ym¿ kz-I-cn®n am¿§-ßƒ Fs¥√mw

ky-a-¥Iw Xpf-f-en¬ \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-Ww.

2) Hm´≥Xp-f-f¬ F∂ ]ÿm\w NmI-ym¿Iq-Øns‚ Hcp Dt]m¬∏-∂-am-sW-∂p-]-dbmtam? N¿®

sNøp-I?

3) Pmw_-hm\pw ioIr-jvW\pw XΩnepw _menbpw kpKo-h\pw XΩn-ep-ff Zz-µ-z-bp-≤-h¿Æ-\-Isf

ASnÿm-\-am°n Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—t‚bpw Ip©≥\-º-ym-cp-tSbpw bp≤-h¿Æ-\-Isf Xmc-X-ayw

sNøpI?



samU-yqƒ ˛ 2

DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw˛ ]q¿∆- m-Kw

Imfn-Zm-ks‚ taL-k-tµ-i-Øns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v an° `mc-Xob `mj-I-fnepw ktµ-i-

Im-h-y-ßƒ D≠m-bn--´p-≠v. ]t£, tIc-f-Øn-emWv AØcw Imh-y-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]Nm-c-ap-≠m-b-Xv.

e£-ao-Zm-ks‚ ipI-k-tµiw apX¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-X-ºp-cms‚ abq-c-k-tµiw hsc

kwkvI-y-X-Ønepw aWn-]-hmf `mj-bn-ep-ambn \o≠p InS-°p∂ hnim-e-amb Hcp-ta-J-e-bmWv tIc-f-

Ønse ktµ-i-Im-h-y-]-ÿm-\w. B iyw-J-e-bn-se, ]tX-y-In®pw aWn-]-hmf imJ-bnse DP-ze cXv\-

amWv DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-iw. ktµ-i-Im-h-y-ßƒ shdpw km¶-ev]n-I-k-y-jvSn-I-f-√. \mb-I\pw \mbn-Ibpw

ktµ-i-l-c\pw Hcp ]t£, km¶-ev]n-I-am-Im-sa-¶nepw `qan-im-kvX-]-chpw Ncn-X-]-chpw Bb Imc-y-

ßfpw XXvIm-eo\ kmaql-y-h-y-h-ÿ-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®p-Im-Wmw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw apX¬

ssh°Øv ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-h-sc-bp-ff ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS qan-im-kvX-hpw, A∂sØ hmWn-P-y-]-chpw t£X

kw_-‘n-I-fp-amb Imc-y-ßfpw kmaq-l-y hyh-ÿ-Ifpw F√mw DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en®p

ImWp-∂p.

a‰p ktµi Imh-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e-Im-c-y-ß-fnepw thdn-´p-\n-ev°p∂ H∂mWv DÆp-\oen

ktµ-iw. Imh-y-Øn\v ktµ-i-lcs‚ t]cmWv a‰p ktµ-i-Im-h-y-ßƒs°ms° sImSpØp ImWp-∂-Xv.

Cu Imh-y-Øn-∂m-Is´ \mbn-I-bpsS t]cmWv sImSp-Øn-´p-f-f-Xv. a‰p ktµ-i-Im-h-y-ß-fnse

ktµilc∑m¿ F√mw Xncy°pIfmWv. DÆp\oen ktµ-i-Øn-em-h-s´, thWm- nse BZn-X-y-h¿Ω F∂

bph-cm-Pm-hmWv ktµilc≥. Ihnbpw \mb-I\pw Hcm-fm-sW∂p kwi-bn-°-Ø-°-\n-e-bn¬ ""\otI -

cp-fp-I-Z-bn-tX, kq‡n-c-Xv\w-a-Zobw'' F∂n-ßs\bpff ]kvXm-h\Ifpw Cu Imh-y-Øns‚ ]tX-y-I-X-

bm-Wv. Cu hI Imc-y-ßƒ CsXmcp hnUw-_-\-Im-h-y-amtWm F∂v kwi-bn-°m\pw Nnesc

t]cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.

Imew: F.-Un. ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[-y-L-´w(1350 aqX¬ 1365 hsc) BWv ktµ-i-Im-h-y-Øns‚

cNm-\m-Im-e-sa-∂mWv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xv. 14 mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥-y-L-´-Øn-ep-≠mb

eoem-Xn-e-I-Øn¬ DÆp\oen ktµ-i-Ønse ]Zyw D≤-cn®p tN¿ØnthWm- nseØn-bn-´p≠v. ktµ-i-l-c-\mb

BZn-X-y-h¿Ω≥ Xy-∏m∏q¿aq∏v hmWn-cp-∂Xv F.-Un. 1350 \pw 1375 \pw CS-bv°m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚

tPy-jvT≥ Cc-hh¿-Ω≥ thWm-´p-cm-Pmhpw Bbn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xmbn ktµ-i-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Xpep-

°≥]-S-bpsS BI-aWw thWm-ńs‚ AXn¿Øn-bn-tem, kao-]-]-tZ-itØm D≠m-bXv 1335 \pw 1365

\pw CS-bv°m-Wv. \mem-a-Xmbn DÆn-bm-So-N-cn-XØns‚ cN-\m-Imew F.-Un. 1400 BWv. DÆn-bm-Sn-bpsS

]nXm-hmb CchntIc-f-h¿Ωs‚ AΩm-a≥ Cc-hn-h¿Ω≥ HmS-\mSp hmWn-cp∂ Ime-amWv ktµ-i-Im-e-

ambn Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xv. ""A©mw-]°w hc-anXp Xptemw hmchpw hoc-ause'' F∂p XpS-ßn-bp-ff

tPym-Xn-j-hm-I-y-ßfpw tbmPn-°p-∂Xv, Cu Ime-Øn-\m-Wv.

\mb-I\pw Ihnbpw

\mb-I-s\-∏-‰n-tbm, I¿Øm-hn-s\-∏-‰ntbm Adn-bp-hm≥ X° hy-‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw KŸ-

Øn-en-√. \mb-I\pw Ihnbpw HcmƒXs∂ F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v D≈q¿ ]d-bp∂ sXfn-hpI-sfm-∂pw-

bp-‡n-k-l-a-√. \mb-I\pw \mbn-Ibv°pw amX-a-dn-bm-hp∂ Zmº-X-y-c-l-k-y-ßƒ ktµihmI-y-Øn¬



kqNn -∏n -°p-∂Xv as‰m-cmƒ°v Fßs\ Adn-bm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWt±l-Øns‚ tNmZyw.

I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ at\m-KXn Ihn°v Fßs\ Adnbm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂-t±-lØs‚ tNmZyw hnNn-X-am-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. ""shf-fn-°ps‚n∂`ojvSw....................... F∂ ivtfmI-Ønse "".......................-B-I-bm-ep-Æn-\o-en-

sNm-√nt‚s\-¶n¬ \o tI´-cp-fpI ZbntX kq‡n-cXv\w aZnb'' F∂n-ßs\ DÆp-\o-ens\ ZbntX -

F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂Xpw amc-P-z-c-]-c-h-i-\mbv tImen-t\¿ Rm\n-Zm\ow'' F∂ KŸm-cw- -Ønse

kqN-\bpw Ihnbpw \mb-I\pw HcmƒXs∂ F∂p kwi-bn-°p-hm≥ CS-\-evIp-∂p-≠v. GXm-bmepw

CsXmcp km¶-ev]n-I-Im-h-y-am-Im-\mWv Gsd km≤-yX.

\mbn-I.

ssh°-Øn-∂-Sp-Øp-ff ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse ap≠-°¬ h-\-Ønse DÆp-\o-en-bmWv Im h-y-Ønse

\mbn-I. Cu DÆp-\oen hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-Øn¬s∏´ Bcp-tS-tbm, `mc-ytbm aItfm Bbn-cn-°m-sa∂p

kwi-bn-°m-\p-ff kqN-\-Iƒ Imh-y-Øn-ep-≠v. aWn-I-WvTs‚ ]qWmcw (intcm-e-¶m-cw) Bbn-cp-∂p.

F∂ ]kvXm-h\ CXn∂p sXfn-hmbn FSp°mw ....................-D-Æp-\o-en-Xn-cp-\mƒ \oWmƒ hnf-tß-Wta''

F∂ ]Z-y-Ønse Xncp-\mƒ ]tbm-Khpw (""Xncp'' _lpam\-kq-N-I-ambn tN¿°p∂ ]Z-am-Wv) DÆp-\oen

D∂-X-Iq-e-hp-ambn _‘-ap-f-f-htfm Bbn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. A`-y-kvX-hn-Z-ycpw Iem-Ip-i-e-I-

fp-amb tZh-Zm-kn-Isf cmPm-°-∑m¿ hnhmlw Ign-°p∂ ]Xnhv A∂p [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]Xn-]m-Zyw

ap≠-°¬ `h-\-Øn¬ kpc-X-I-e-l-h-ym-Ip-e-bmb Ahsf (\m-bn-I-sb) amdn¬ hln-®p-sIm≠v

Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ \mb-Is\ Hcp b£n FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn BIm-i-am¿t§W Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv

io ]fl-\m` kzm-ao-t£-X-Øn∂p kao]w sIm≠p-t]m-bn-Sp-∂p. AhnsS sh®v DW¿∂p IÆp-Xp-d∂

\mb-I≥, kzman Z¿i-\-Øn-∂p-h∂ bph-cm-Pmhv BZn-X-y-h¿Ωsb ImWp-∂p. DS-s\-Øs∂

At±-lsØ ktµ-i-l-c-\m°n ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-°-b-bv°p-∂p. Aßs\ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw apX¬

ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-h-sc-bp-ff ]tZ-i-ßƒ apgp-h\pw t£X-ßfpw hym-]m-c-ÿ-e-ßfpw F√mw Ihn Xs‚

h¿Æ-\bv°p hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p.

]mT-y-`m-K-Øn-eqsSDÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw ]q¿∆- m-Kw.

X≠¿am-Xm-≠-gIp s]mgnbpw an° a≠-°¬ tahpw

h≠m¿tIm-e-°p-g-en-Iƒ inJm-ap-Æp-\n-eo-ap-Zmcw

sIm≠m-Sn-∏q≠cpW-a-Wnhm sIm≠p-sIm-≠m-Ø-cmKw

]t≠-t∏mse ]c-a-\p-`hw tIm ]n Imao PKma

A¿∞w

X≠m¿amXv = alm-eIvan B≠v= IpSn-sIm≠v. Ag-Ip-s]m-gn-bp∂ = `wKn-h-gn-bp∂, an° =- an-I®

tahpw=-h-kn-°p-∂. h≠m¿tIm-e-°p-g-en-IƒinJ = -h-≠-I-fm¿∂ XeapSn-bp-ff kpµ-cn-am-cpsS intcm-

e-¶mcw, DZm-cmw=-D¬I-y-jvS-bmb, Acp-W-a-Wn-hm=-Np-h-∂p-a-t\m-l-c-amb Np≠p-Iƒ sIm≠p-sIm≠v =

Dƒs°m≠p-sIm≠v ]m\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠v. ]c-a-\p-`hw =]c-am-\-µw. tIm ]n Imao=-GtXm Hcp Iman.

PKm-a=-]m-]n®p.



kmcw

alme-£an IpSn-sIm≠ at\m-lcamb ap≠-bv°¬ `h-\-Øn¬ hmgp-∂, kpµ-cn-am¿°v intcm-e-

¶m-chpw D¬I-y-jvS-bp-amb DÆp-\o-ensb ]pW¿∂v, A[-c-]m\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v GtXm Hcp Iman

]≠-sØ-t∏mse ]c-am-\µw ]m]n-®p.

hyØw = aµm-Im¥

e£Ww ˛ aµm-Im¥m "" a, `, \, X, X, Kw' \mep-am-td-gp-ambv ""Kw''

ht£m-tZi kpc-X-I-e-l-h-ym-Ipemw Xmw hl¥w

b£o ImNnXv ]p\-c-ap-ap-d-ßns‚ t\cw \n\mb

Z£m Nme-®-Xnbn¬ aZ-t\m-∑m-Zn\o Z£n-Wmimw

ct£m-cm-P-∂n-fb klPm e£v-aWw cm£-knoh.

A¿∞w.

ht£m-tZti = amdn-S-Øn¬ kpcX Ie-l-h-ym-Ipemw Xmw = Ima-tI-fn-sIm≠v Xf¿∂ Ahsf

hl¥w Aapw = hln-°p∂ Ahs\ (Im-ap-I-s\). Dd-ßns‚ t\cw = Dd-ßp∂ ka-bØv Z£m =

ka¿∞ aZt\m∑m-Zn\n = Imaw sIm≠v `m¥p-]n-Sn-®- GtXm b£n cm£kcmPmhmb cmhWs‚ v

ktlmZcn (-iq¿∏-W-J) e£-aWw = e£va-Ws\ Ch = F∂-t]mse Z£n-Wmimw = Z£nW (sX-s°)

Zn°n-te°v. \n\mb = \bn-®p, sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

kmcw

amdn-S-Øn¬ Ima-Io-U-sIm≠v Xf¿∂-hsf (\m-bn-I-sb) bpw hln®p sIm≠v Dd-ßp∂ Ahs\

(\m-b-I-s\) h©-\-bn¬ ka¿∞bpw Imtam∑-Ø-bp-amb GtXm Hcp b£n, cm£-k-cm-Pm-hmb

cmh-Ws‚ Cf-b-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb iq¿∏-WJ e£v-a-Ws\ F∂ t]mse, sX°p-`m-K-tØ°p sIm≠p-

t]m-bn.

kym-\-µqtc _X! ]qc-htc sN‚ t\c-Øp-W¿t∂ ˛

\m\-µ-tØm-Snl hnc-lntXm thdn-cp-∂p-Æp-\oenw

timtIm-∑mZw a\-kn-I-\-ap-≠m-Inepw a¥-i-‡ym

apt‡m ssZhm¬ ]p\-c-h-fpsS ssIbn¬ \nt‚j Imao

A¿∞w

kym-\-µqtc ]pc-htc = Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-Øn¬, sN‚ t\cØv = sN∂ ka-b-Øv, DÆp-

\oenw = DÆp-\o-ensb, thdn-cp∂v = th¿s] v , hnc-ln-Xx =- hn-c-ln-X-\m-bn. timtIm-∑mZw = Zp:JwsIm≠p-

ff hn`m-¥n, a\kn = a\- n¬, a¥-i-‡ym a¥-i-‡n-sIm-≠v. ssZhm¬ = `mK-y-h-im¬, Gj Iman =

Cu Iman, ap‡: ap‡≥ ˛ tamNn-X-\m-bn.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-Øn¬ sN∂-t\-cØv Ah≥ DW¿∂p. DÆp-\o-ensb th¿s]-´-Xp-sIm≠v

Ah∂v B\-µhpw th¿s]-´p. a\- n¬ hfsc Zp:-J-ap-≠m-°n-sb-¶nepw `mK-y-h-im¬ B Iman Ah-

fpsS Iøn¬\n∂v a¥-i-‡n-sIm≠v tamNn-X-\m-bn.



A√n-Øm¿am-XWbacphpw ]fl-\m-`-∂p-]mt¥

sas√ØmÆ-ß-h-\-h-\n-bn¬∏-øth sN‚n-cp-∂m≥.

A√¬s∏-´m≥ \nP kl-Ncow thdn-cp-t∂-‰-ta-‰m≥

ap√-∏q-hn≥ ]cn-a-f-sagpw sX‚¬ Xosø‚-t]m-se.

A√nØm¿amXWb acphpw ]fl\m`∂p]mt¥ sas√ØmWßh≥ Ah\nbn¬ ]øth

sN‚ncp∂m≥. \nPklNcothdncp∂v G‰w A√¬s]´m≥. ap√∏qhn≥ ]cnafsagpw sX‚¬

Xosbs‚t]mse G‰m≥.

A¿XYw

A√n-Øm¿amXv = alm-eIvan. AWb = kao-]-Øv. acp-hpw= ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ . D]mt¥ = kao-]-Øv.

Ah-\n-bn¬ = \neØv, ]øth = ]Xps°, \nP= Xs‚, kl-Ncow = Iq´p-Im-cnsb, shdn-cp∂v =

th¿s]´v, sX‚¬ = sX∂¬, Im‰v Xosb‚-t]mse = Xosb-∂-t]m-se.

kmcw

alm-eIvan kao-]-Øp-Xs∂ hkn-°p∂ ]flm-`s‚ (--Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ ]XnjvT ) kao-]Øv

]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° XmWp-sN∂v Ah≥ Ccp-∂p. Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-cnsb th¿s]-´-Xn¬ Ah≥ hfsc k¶-

S-s∏-´p. ap√-∏q-hns‚ kpK-‘-ap-ff Im‰v Gev°p-I-bp-≠m-bXv Xobp-t]msebmbn-cp-∂p.

Ae-¶mcw ˛ hntcm-[m-`mkw

e£Ww = hntcm[w sXm∂p-am-dp‡n

hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-bn-Spw.

ChnsS ap√-∏q-hns‚ Im‰v Xobp-t]msebmbn-cp∂p F∂n-SØv hntcm[w. hnc-ln-bpsS A\p-`-h-

am-b-Xn-\m¬ hntcm-[-Øn∂p ]cn-lm-chpw.

AtΩ! tZiw ]p\-cn-hn-S-ta-tXXp \msS‚psa√mw

ZnMvtam-lm¿Øw ]p\-c-h-\ptS NnØ-ap-∑n-e-b-¥-y

\∑-b-°mbv \o \nJn-e-P-KXmw ]Zva-\m`! apcmtc!

NnΩo-SmsX Xncp-\-b-\-sa‚-pZvKXm hµn-hm-N:

AtΩ, tZiw ]p\-cn-h-S-ta-Xv, \mtSXv F∂v ZnMv tamlm¿Øw Ah-\psS NnØw D∑o-e-b-¥ym

]fl-\m- , aqcm-tc, \o \nJn-e-P-KXmw \∑-bv°mbv Xncp-\-b\w NnΩoSmsX (F-∂n-ßs\) hµn-hm: DZvK-Xm.

A¿∞w

ZnMvtam-lm¿Øw = Zn°v Adn-bmsX, NnØw = a\- v, D∑n-e-b-¥-y: hnS¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn, \nJn-e-P-

KXmw = kakvX temI-ß-fp-sSbpw, DZvK-Xm= Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn, kvXpXn ]mT-I-h-N-\-ßƒ.

kmcw

Atøm, Cu tZi-ta-Xv, \mtSXv F∂n-ßs\ Zn°-dn-bmsX Zp:-Jm¿Ø-amb Ah(\m-b-Is‚ v)

a\- ns\ (k-t¥mjw sIm≠v) hnS¿Øp∂ hn[w, tl ]fl-\m-`m, aqcm-tc, \o \nJn-e-P-K-Øp-°-fp-

sSbpw \∑-bv°mbn Xncp-\-b-\-ßƒ AS-bv°m-Xn-cp-∂mepw F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff kvXpXn-]m-T-I-h-N-\-ßƒ

Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn.



hyØw = aµm-Im¥m

Imfw-t]mse Ipkp-a-[-\ptjm l¥ ]qt¶mgn IqIo

tNmfwt]mse NnX-dn-hn-fdo Xmc-ImWmw \nImbw

Xmfw t]mse ]pe-cn-h-\n-Xbv°m KXu kqc-y-Nµu

\mfw-t]mte \fn-\-Ip-l-cm-Zp-ZvKXm `rwK-cmPn:

A¿∞w

Imfw-t]mse = Iml-fw-t]m-se, Ipkp-a-[-\pjw = Ima-tZ-hs‚, Xmc-ImWmw = \£-X-ß-fpsS,

\nImbw = Iq´w, ]pecn h\n-Xbv°v = ]`m-X-am-Ip∂ h\n-Xbv°v, kqc-y-N-µu =kqcyNµ∑m¿. \fn-\-

Ip-l-cmXv = Xma-c-∏q-hns‚ Df-fn¬ \n∂v, DZvKXm = Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn, `rwK-cmPx = h≠n-Iq-´w.

kmcw

Ima-tZ-hs‚ Imlfwt]mse ]qt¶mgn IqIn, \£-X-°q-´w, tNmfw-t]mse \mep-]mSpw NnX-dn-hn-

f-dn, ]pe-cn-s∏-Æns‚ (c-≠p-I-øn-te-bpw) Xmfw-t]mse kqc-y-N-µ-∑m¿ BK-X-cm-bn. \fn-\-Ip-l-c-ß-fn¬

\n∂v Xo \mfw t]mse h≠n≥Iq-´-ßƒ Db¿∂p-s]m-ßn. (]-`m-X-Ønse ]I-y-Xn-bpsS Hmtcmtcm

]Xn-`m-k-ß-tfbpw ]X-y-£-h-XvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xte-∂p-cm-Xn-bn¬ Xma-c-∏q-°ƒ Iqºn-b-t∏mƒ AXn-

\p-f-fn¬ s]´p-t]m-bn-cp∂ h≠p-Iƒ ]nt‰∂p ]`m-X-Øn¬ Xmac hnS¿∂-t∏mƒ AXn¬ \n∂v

]pI \mfw t]mse Db¿∂p-s]mßn F∂v Bi-bw.

\oe-°p‚n≥ aWn-a-Ip-S-hZv Zy-i-ytX `m\p-_nw_w

Nme-ØmWq IS-en-e-Wn-sh-≠n-¶ƒ \msem‚p-t]msc

ImetØ \o Xpbn-segp Ipbn¬t∏S ]mSn‚Xpw tIƒ

the-s∏-Æn≥ ape-bnenXap-‰-ºp-sa≥ Xºn-cm-t\.

A¿∞w

\oe°v‚ = \oe-Kncn, aWn-a-Ip-S-hXv = cXv\-In-co-Sw-t]m-se. Zy-i-ytX = ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

`m\p-_nw_w = kqc-y-_nw-_w, \msem‚p-t]msc = \men-sem∂p t]mcpw (_m-°n-bm-Ipw) hn[-Øn¬.

AWn-sh-≠n-Iƒ = at\m-l-c-amb sh¨N-µ≥, Xpbn-segp = Dd-°-ap-W-cp-I. Aºpw = ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂,

the-s∏Æv = IS¬a¶ ˛ alm-e£van

kmcw.

\ne-°p-∂ns‚ cXv\-In-coSw t]mse kqc-y-_nw_w (Ip-∂n≥ apI-fn¬) Db¿∂p ImWm-bn. at\m-

l-c-amb Nµ-_nw_w \men-sem∂p Ign®v (ap-°m¬ `mK-hpw) IS-en¬Xm-Wp. A√tbm alm-e-£v-an-

bpsS ape-Ø-S-ß-fn¬ kkpJw InS-∂p-d-ßp∂ Xºp-cm-t\, Aßv ]pe¿t® Dd-°-ap-W-cp-I. Ipbn¬t∏-

S-]m-Sp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-I.

Fs‚√mw tI´-h-s\mcp \pdp-ßm-i-z-kn-°ns‚ t\cw

Ip‚n-s®ßpw Ipbn¬\n-\-Zhpw Iqhp-a-°m-hp-tXmdpw

H‚n-®p-ss®-c-bp-K-i-c-t\m-Sm¿Øp h≠n≥\n-\m-ssZ˛

sc‚-√-t∏m-sfmcp ]Sp-sIm-e-°mcn h∂m≥ hk¥:



A¿∞w

F≥√mw tI´v = Fs∂√mw tI´v, Hcp \pdpßv = Hcev]w Bi-z-kn°ns‚ t\cw = Bi-z-kn-°p-

tºmƒ , Ip‚n®v = D®-Øn¬, Ipbn¬\n\Zw = Ipbn¬i_vZw. Dss®: = D®Øn¬, AbpKic≥ =

Ima-tZ-h≥ h≠n≥ \n\mssZx = h≠n≥ i_vZw sIm≠v F‚√ = F∂√. ]Sp-sIm-e-°mcn = henb

sIme-bmfn, hk¥ = hk-¥≥ (h-k-¥¿Øp)

kmcw

Fs∂√mw tI v Ah≥ Hcev]w Bi-z-kn-°p-tºmƒ Fhn-tSbpw D®-Øn¬ Ipbn¬\n-\Zw sIm≠v

Iqhp∂ B ]q¶m-hp-tXmdpw\n∂v D®-Øn-ep-ff h≠n≥ i_vZw sIm≠v Ima-tZ-h-t\m-sSmØp B¿Øp-

hn-fn®v (hn-c-ln-I-fp-sS) sIme-bm-fn-bmb hk-¥¿Øp h∂p.

tX∑m-hn-t∑¬∏c-`-y-X-Ipew, `yw-K-amem ]em-ti,

amc≥Iq-c-ºp-ff Npg-ehpw sNº-I-s°m-ºp-tXmdpw

sX‚¬°‚p-≠n-\nb _Ip-tf, InwiptI Inwip-Imfo

\mfo-I-Øm¿\fn-\n-bn-e-h-s∂ßp t\m°m-hp-X‚ v

]c-`-y-X-Ipew = Ipbn¬°q´w. ]emiw = ]vfmiv. `yw-K-ame = h≠n≥Iq´w amc≥Iq-c-ºpf =

amcs‚ v Iqc-ºp-≠v. Npg-ehpw = Np‰pw _Iptf = Ce-™n-a-c-Øn¬. sX‚¬I‚ v =Cf¶m-‰v. InwiptI=apcp-

°pacØn¬.Inw = F¥mWv. ipImfn=XØ°q´w.\fn\n = Xmacs]mbvI. \mfoIØm¿ = Xmac∏qhv.

kmcw

tX∑mhnt∑¬ Ipbn¬°q´w, ]vfmint∑¬ h≠n≥ kaqlw. sNºIs°mºnt∑¬ amcs‚ v IqcºpIƒ.

Ce™nacØn¬ CfwIm‰v, apcp°nt∑¬ XØ°q´w, s]mbvI-I-fn¬ Xma-c-∏q-°ƒ. Ah\v (\m-b-I-\v)

H∂p t\m°m-h-p∂-Xmbn Fhn-S-ap≠v ? F√mw hnc-l-Zp:-JsØ D≤o-]n-°p-∂-h-am--Xw.

Ae-¶mcw : sNº-I-s°m-ºp-tXmdpw amc≥°qc-ºpf F∂n-SØpw InwiptI Inip-Imfn

F∂n-SØp cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n.

e£-Ww: \nKo-c-ym-[-ym-h-kmbw Xm≥

cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-bmw.

kmZ-riy-Øm¬ h¿Æ-y-]-Xo-Xn-bp-≠mIpw hn[-Øn¬ Ah¿Wyw ]d-bp-∂Xv cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n.

ChnsS sNº-I-sam- p-Iƒ F∂ h¿W-y-Øn-\p-]-Icw amc≥Iq-cºv F∂ Ah¿Wyw amXw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

tImI-ti-Wohn-c-l-\n-lnXw Xo\p-dp-sß‚ s]mte

XpIn-Øp-In-Øp-ln-\-I-WnImw Xq¿∂ ]q¶m-hn-eqsS

kvtXmtIm-∑o-e-∂-fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw-_p-tImcn ˛

tØIn-tØmI-∏-h-\-\-h-s\-s®‚p sIm‚m≥ XZm-\ow.

A¿∞w

tImI-tiWn = NI-hm-I-°q-´w, hnc-l-\n-lnXw = hnc-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠mb Xo\q-dpßv =

A·n-IpWvUw F‚-t]m-se ˛ F∂ t]mse, Xqln-\-I-WnImw = a™p-\o¿Øp-f-fn-Isf, Xp¿∂ = CS-



Xq¿∂v. kvtXmtIm-∑o-eXv = Aev]w hnS¿∂ \fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Ip-Smw_p = Xma-c-∏qhn‚ sXfn

-tX-\m-Ip∂ hnj Pew ]h-\≥ = Im‰v. XZ-m\ow = At∏mƒ.

kmcw

NIhmI-∏-£n-I-fpsS (Ch hnc-l-Zp:Jw Xosc kln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Pohn-I-fm-sW∂p Ihn

k-t¶-Xw) hncl-Øn¬\n--∂p-≠mb Xo°-\¬ F∂-t]m-se-bp-ff a™p-\o¿Øp-f-fn-Isf XqIn-ØqIn CS-

Xq¿∂ ]q¶m-hn-eqsS CØncn hnS¿∂ Xma-c-bpsS sXfn-tX-\m-Ip∂ hnj-Pew tIm-cn-s®m-cn™v Im‰v

Ahs\ sN∂p-sIm-∂p. (ay-X-]m-b-\m°n F∂p XmXv]-c-yw)

Ae-¶mcw

tImItiWo hnc-l-\n-lnXw Xo\pdps°s‚t]mse Xpln-\-I-WnImw ˛ F∂n-SØv

D¬t]-£.

\fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw_p ˛ F∂n-SØv cq]Iw

e£-Ww: Ah¿Æ-y-tØmSp h¿Æ-yØn ˛

Øn∂-t`Zw sNmevI cq]-Iw

kmZ-y-›nXn-tc-I-Øm¬ h¿Æ-y-Øn\pw Ah¿Æ-y-Øn\pw XΩn¬ t`Z-an-√. c≠pw H∂pw

Xs∂ F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv cq]-Iw. ChnsS \fn-\-sX-fn-tX≥ Imf-Iq-Smw-_p-Xs∂ F∂p

-]-d-™n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

tNmZ-yßƒ

I eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ (\q-dv- -\q-‰-ºXv hm°p-I-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1. ct£m-cm-P-∂n-f-b-k-l-Pm-e-£vaWw cm£-koh ˛ kµ¿`hpw A¿∞hpw FgpXpI

2. ap√-∏q-hn≥ ]cn-a-f-sagpw sX‚¬ Xosb‚-t]mse sXm∂n-b-Xm¿°v? Ft∏mƒ? F¥p-sIm-≠v.

3. Ah-s\-ßp-t\m-°mhp-Xs‚ ˛ Fhn-tS-bv°√mw t\m°n-°qSm F¥p-sIm≠v

4. tImI-tiWo hnc-l-\n-lnXw Xo\p-dp-sßs‚ t]mse

tØ-In-tØIn∏h-\-\-hs\ sN‚psIm‚m≥ XZm\ow ˛ hymJ-ym-\n-°pI

II D]\ymk tNmZyw ˛ aq∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI

1. ae-bmf `mjm Ncn-X-Ønepw kmln-X-y-N-cn-X-Øn-epw DÆp-\oen ktµ-i-Øn-\p-

ff ]m[m-\yw ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.



koXm kzbwhcw ˛ `mjm cmam-b-W-Nºp

]p\w-\-ºq-Xn-cn.

cmam-b-W-Nºp ]q\w-\-ºq-Xn-bpsS Iy-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]q\w \ºq-Xncn

am\-hn-I-a-s\∂ kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns‚ v kZ- nse ]Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-I-fn¬ (]-Xn-s\-´-c-N-I-hn-Iƒ F∂pw

A`n-]m-b-ap-≠v.) Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. as‰-√m-hcpw kwkvI-y-X-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ct±lw aWn-]-hm-f-

Øn¬ Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xp-sIm≠v Ac-°-hn-bm-tb IW-°m-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-f-fp-h-sX. ]q\w tIc-f-h¿Ω

tIme-Øn-cn-bpsS kZ-k-y-\mb i¶-c-I-hn-bpsS ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. tIc-

f-h¿Ω tIme-Øn-cn-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmb DZ-b-h¿Ω tIme-Øn-cnbpsS kZ-k-y-\m-b-cp∂p Iy-jvW-KmYm

I¿Øm-hmb sNdp-t»cn. sNdp-t»-cnbpw ]p\hpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp-≠v.

]t£ ]p\-Øns‚bpw sNdp-t»-cn-bp-sSbpw Imh-y-ssi-en°v hfsc hy-X-ym-k-ap-≠v. amX-a√ Ime-K-W-

\m-]-c-ambpw Ahsc Htc-Im-e-tØ°p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ ]bm-k-ap-≠v. Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb Nnd-bv°¬

Sn. _me-I-y-jvW≥ \mb¿, Nnd-bv°¬ tImhn-e-IsØ Nne tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Nne hkvX-Xp-Iƒ

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]p\w C√sØ Ah-ti-jn-® Hcp DÆnsb sNdp-t»cn C√-tØ°p ZsØ-SpØp

F∂pw Aß-s\-bmWv ]q\w \ºq-Xncn sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-b-sX-∂p-amWv AXns‚ Npcp-°w. GXm-

bmepw aZ-b-Xn-]p-\-an∂pw `qcn `qN-I-hmfw F∂v Nµm-’-h-Øn¬ ]kvXpX\mb ]p\hpw Xmcn¬

X\zo ISm-£m-©-e............................-F∂ t«mI-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw D±-WvU-imkvXnIfm¬ ]kw-kn-°-

s∏´h\p-amb ]p\hpw AXn-]-i-kvX-\mb Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v X¿°-an-√.

cmam-b-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am°n FgpXn-bXpw H‰-bvs°m-‰bv°v Hmtcm kz-X-¥-Im-h-y-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-

bv°m-hp-∂-Xp-amb Ccp-]Xp Nºp-°-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv `mj cma-b-W-Nºp. KZ-y-]-Z-y-k-Ωn-i-amb

Iy-Xn-bmWv Nºp F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `mjm-N-ºp-°-fnse KZyw hrØK-‘n-bm-Wv. Xcw-KnWn F∂

`mjm hy-Ø-amWv kmam-t\-y\ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ImIfn XpS-ßnb hy-Ø-ßfpw kzo-I-cnbv°mdp-

≠v. ]pdta ZWvV-I-ß-fn-ep-ff h¿Æ-\-Ifpw ImWmw.

koXm kz-bw-h-c-Ønse BZ-y- m-KsØ GXm\pw ivtfmI-ßfpw Hcp-K-Z-y-hp-amWv ]Tn-°m-\p-f-f-Xv.

D≈-S°w

ivtfmIw 26 hni-zm-an-Xs‚ bmK-c-£-bv°p-tijw iocm-a-t\bpw e£-va-W-t\bpw Iqń koXm-k-zbwhc

]co£-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ hni-zm-an-X≥ anYn-ebn¬ FØp∂-tXm-sS-bmWv Cu `mKw Acw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.

C]-Imcw ]d™ ka-bØv P\-I-a-lm-cm-Pmhv Xs‚ Ipe-Kp-cp-hmb iXm-\µ al¿jn-bpsS

apJ-tØ-bvs°m∂p t\m°n ]p©n-cn®v sIu-Xp-Ihpw kvt\lhpw hni-z-mkhpw \nd™ a\-t msS B

[\-ymflmhv iocma-t\mSpw e£-a-W.(skuanXn) t\mSpw IqsS hni-zm-an-Xs\ (KmtY X\qPw = KmYn-

bpsS aIs\ ) Bÿ-bm(-Xm-ev]-c-y-tØmsS) aWn-b-d-bn-tebv°v B\-bn®p (A-ss\-jo-Xv)

ivtfmIw 27 AY=-X-Z-\-¥-cw, almflm ssaYn-tex = alm-flm-hmb P\-I≥, KmYn-kq-s\u Zi-c-Y-]p-Xm-

\-zntX = hnim-an-X≥ cma-e-£-a-W-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn cmP-[m\ow kºm ]vtX = cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂-

t∏mƒ Kwòssc¿ kNohh-ssc¿ = Kwò-c-∑m-cmb a¥ntijvT∑m-tcm-Sv, a¥-bn-Xzm = IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®v,

ktΩmZw ]q≠v = Blvfm-Z-tØmsS, AJn-e-Znin `q]m-e-Im\mw = F√m Zn°n-ep-ff cmPm-°-∑m¿°v,

aS-t°me = ktµ-i-]Xw Ab-®v, k¿∆X = F√m-bn-S-Øpw, koXm-]-cn-Wb alm-tLmjw = koXm-hn-

hm-tLmjw, Dss®:-h-y-Xm-\oXv = h≥tXm-Xn¬ sNbvXp. (A-dn-bn-®p).



.

ivtfmIw 28. B›-cy B›-c-yw, F´m-im-N-I-hmtf = F´p-Zn-°p-I-I-fp-tSbpw A‰-ß-fn¬ s]mSn-]-S-e-

ßƒ s]mßn \nd-bp-tºmƒ (cm-P-°-∑m-cpsS bmX-sIm-≠v) cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ \S∂v "Pb-Pb'

hnfn-bv°p∂ i_vZw \ndsb tI´p-Xp-Sßn. N¥-ta-dnb sh¨sIm-‰-°p-S-I-fpw, ]mdn-°-fn-°p∂ sImSn-

°q-d-Ifpw Im‰p-Xń BIm-i-Øn¬ Xpffn°fn-bv°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wm≥ Ign-™p.

ivtfmIw 29. sh¨sIm-‰-°p-S-Ifpw Xg-Ifpw \osf-∏n-Sn-∏n®v sh¨ Nma-c-°p-´ßƒ CS-bv°n-Sbv°v

Db¿Øn hnio-∏n®v henb s]cp-º-d-I-fpsS i_vZw sIm≠v Zn°p-I-sf-√mw \nd®v cmP-ho-c-∑m¿ B \K-

c-Øn-tebv°v thKw thKw h∂p-Xp-S-ßn.

ivtfmIw 30 kw`m-¥-ym-h-∂p-h∂v A∂n-dbpw = ]cn-`-a-tØm-Sp-IqSn h∂p-h∂v B \nd-bp∂, AJn-e-`q-

tem-I-]m-em≥ = F√m cmPm-°-∑m-tcbpw, anYn-te-µ-ky a¥n = P\Is‚ a¥n-am¿ kΩm-\n-®-sßmtcm

ssI\n-e(-Iq-Sm-cw) Ifn¬ = BZ-cn®v Hmtcm-tcm-Iq-Sm-c-ß-fn¬, XZm-\o, CcpØn = At∏mƒ Ccp-Øn-bn-´v,

Aavfm-\m-tam-Z-ame = hmSm-ØXpw hmk-\-bp-ffXpamb ame Lpk-yWw = Ip¶paw, ay-K-a-Zm-te]w =

IkvXq-cn-°p-g-ºv, Xmw_q-ew = -sh-‰n-e-ap-dp-°m≥, apX-emb apJ-y-]-Zm¿∞-ß-sf-s°m≠v ktΩm-Zm¿Zw

= kt¥m-j-tØmSpw Aen-thmSpw IqSn, kZ-y-i-ap-S-\-dn™v = X©hpw Xc-hp-a-dn™v A¿®bmamk =

]qPn®p

ivtfmIw 31. Hmtcm Zn°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Nne ]pg-Ifpw hgn-I-fpw-Xm-≠n, B hy-≤-_mew = hb- -∑m¿

sXm´p-Ip-ń-Iƒ hsc-bp-ff [\yw qtZ-h-kwLw = tijvT-∑m-cmb _m“-W¿ Xnc-fp-samcp ]W-i-≤bm

henb kwJy Z£n-W-bmbn In´m-\p-ff sImXn-sIm-≠v, AIm-WvtU; s]s´∂v hs∂-Øn. Bbn-c-°-W-

°n¬ Nß-e-∏n-Sn-bp-ff hSn-Ifpw Hme-°p-S-Ifpw \nc-∂p. Ah¿ XΩn¬ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS ]ni-Ip∂

_l-fhpw \nd-™p.

ivtfmIw 32. ssIøp-°p-Imń IÆn¬I-≠-sX√mw Xń-Ø-I¿Øp-sIm-≠p-Iq-´w. bjvSnw Bew-_y =

hSnsb Bi-bn®v hSn-Ip-Øn-\-S-°p∂ as‰m-cp-Iq´w. ]Xp-s°-∏-Xp-s°-\-S-∂p. hgn-bn¬ Aßn-ßn-cp∂pw

sIm°n-°p-c®pw sIm≠v a‰p Nne¿, ]√n-√mØ Hcp hI, ad-°q-∂-h-tcmSv ]d-™-Xp-Xs∂ ]d™v hmb-

tXm-cmsX kwkm-cn-bv°p∂ as‰m-cp-X-c-°m¿, Hcp \nanjw t]mepw ImØp-\n¬°msX ap°p-aps´

`£n-bv°m≥ sImXn-tbmsS a≠n-\-S-°p∂ as‰m-cp-Iq-´¿.

ivtfmIw 33 Aan-X-amb ]W-s°m-Xn-bp-ff Hcp Iq´w(-I--X-n--N\ : Nne¿) bph-Xn-Isf Benw-K\w sNøm≥

X°w t\m°n \S-°p∂ Nne¿ ""Fs∂ kzo-I-cnbv°q'' F∂n-ßs\ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS Iq°n-hn-fn®v

\mWw sI´p-\-S-°p∂ thsd-Nne Iq´¿. Cßs\anYnem tKm]p-c-Øn¬ Nncn-bv°phI \¬°mØ Hcp

ap°pw aqe-bp-an-√.

ivtfmIw 34. Ipdp-h-Sn-bp-ambn \S-°p∂ Kp≠m-kwLw Hcp `mKØv Ah-tcm-Sp-I-b¿Øp-sIm≠v Idp-

Øp-X-Sn® as‰mcp hn`mKw ssItIm¿Øpw sIń-∏n-Sn®pw Igp-Øn¬ sR°nbpw, hoWpw NØpw AwK`wKw

]‰nbpw F∂n´pw Xcnºpw IqkmsX \n¬°p-∂-h-cpsS _l-f-amWv as‰m-cn-S-Øv.

ivtfmIw 35. XZm\ow ]y-Yv-]o-]memx = At∏mƒ cmPm-°-∑m¿ hnc-shm-Sp-hn-ln-X-kv\m-\-`p-‡-ym-Zn-I-y-

X]m = th≠-hÆw Ipfn-`-£Ww apX-em-b-h-sb√mw \n¿∆-ln-®v, samØoSpw \qX\-c-Xv\m-`-c-W-aWn

atlm-cm-P-\o-cm-Pn-XmwKm. tim`-tb-dnb ]pXnb cXv\m-`-c-W-ß-fnse cXvß-fpsS ]Imiw sIm≠v \ocm-

P\w (Xn-cn-D-gn-®n¬) Ign® AwK-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-´p (-B-`-c-Wßƒ sIm≠v Xnf-ßp-∂-h¿) AJn-

e-X\p-aXmw (i-co-c-sa-Sp-Ø-h¿ ˛ ico-cn-Iƒ) a\- ns\ Alvfm-Zn-∏n-bv°p-∂-X-c-Øn¬ sNs∂Øn. hn√v



(ssX-bw-_-Iw) sh®n-´p-ff hnkvXo¿Æ-amb ime-bn¬ bmsYu-Nn-Xyw = HuNn-X-y-a-\p-k-cn®v GtX =

Fh¿ (cm-Pm-°-∑m¿) \njvWmx = Ccp-∂p.

ivtfmIw 36: a‰p Nne-Zn-°n¬ D®-Øn-ep-ff CSn-\m-Zw-t]mepw \S-pßp∂ shSn-s°´v cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS

s]cp-º-d-bpsS i_vZw, kvXpXn]m-T-I-∑m-cpsS "Pb-Pb" hnfnbpw ]m´p-Ifpw, Nmac-Km-ln-Wo\mw =sh¨Nm-

acw hoip∂hcmb, Nmcp-kvta-cm-\-\m-\mw= at\m-l-c-am-bn-Nn-cn-bv°p∂ apJ-ap-f-f-h-cp(-kp-µ-cn-am¿) sS,

Xcn-h-f-I-fpsS Inep°w Fß-sbm-s°-bmbn XZm\ow Nm]-cwKw = At∏mƒ hn√p-sh® ÿew hni-z-hn-

kvam]w (tem-I-sØ-AXv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv) Bbn-Xo¿∂p.

KZyw

anYn-e-bn-e-t∏mƒ D≠mb tImem-l-e-ßƒ h¿Æn-bv°m≥ km≤-y-a√. ht√≥ = F∂n-bv°p-

km-≤-y-a-√. (a≤y Ime-a-Wn-]-hfm Nºp°fn-se-sb√mw H∂m-asØ KZyw Cu ań-emWv XpS-ßp-I)

sXcp-sXsc h∂p \nd-bp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w h∂ henb ssk\-y-ß-fpsS NcW kap-∞nX

(Im¬ Xń Db¿∂) s]mSn-]-S-ew-sIm≠v Zn°p-Isf√mw aqSn-a-d-™p. Xnf-ßp∂ hmfv, ]cn-N, Np‰nI, ISp-

Øn-e, I´mcw, thev apX-emb Bbp-[hnti-j-ßƒ AXn-I-Tn-\-ambn Cf-In-b-t∏mƒ ag-°m-eØv ]c-

°p∂ CSn-an-∂-ep-t]mse IÆ-S-™p-t]mIpw hn[-Øn¬ Xnf-ßp-∂p. N¥w Xnc≠ s]Ïn-Sm-ß-fpsS

Xmen, tXmS, Ac-™m¨ F∂nh I≠p sImXn®p ssItIm¿Øp \S-°p∂ Imap-I-∏-cn-j-I-fpsS Blvfm-

Z-\m-Z-ßƒ Hcn-S-Øv. irw-Km-c-°p-g-º≥ Ihn-X-Iƒ ]mSp∂ IhnIƒ Hcn-SØv. ag-°m-eØv CSn-sh-

´p∂Xpt]mepff i_vZ-Øn¬ apg-ßp∂ XIn-ev, XpSn, s]cp-ºd XpS-ßn-b-h--bpsS tLmjw Hcn-SØvv,

Cu i_vZ-ßƒ tI´v icnbv°pw CSn-bm-sW-t∂m¿Øv tImI-mc-hw(-a-bn-ens‚ ]m´v) D≠m°n Np‰pw

\n¬°p∂ s]ä-bn-epIƒ°nS-bn¬ \n∂v ]oen-hn-S¿Øn \rØw shbv°p∂ aZn®abnepIfpsS

at\mlcamb IfnIƒ HcnSØv, IeymWØn\p hs∂Øp∂ Nne almcmPm°∑msc FXntc¬°m≥

sN√p∂ kpµcnamcpsS Cfw ta\nbn¬ kpeàmbpff \m\mXcØnepff B`cWßfnepff Pzenbv°p∂

cXv\ßfpsS tim`m hnemkw sIm≠v Hcp mKw. Cfshbn¬ ]c∂Xpt]mse IpSbpw hSnbpsaSpØv

sImemlew Iqń ipWvTn]nSn®v ap°nbpw aqfnbpw £Ws°mXnsIm≠v `m¥p]nSn®v h∂p \ndbp∂

_m“WcpsS IqSpw IqSnbpff Xami]dbepw, s]mń®ncnIfpsS \¿Ω hnt\mZßfpamWv HcnSØv.

tNmZyßƒ

I eLptNmZyßƒ (\qdv˛\q‰ºXphm°pIfn¬)

1) "" Imt‰s‰ms´m´mSn°fnbv°p∂Xp KK\Xte

l¥ImWmbv®a™q "" F¥v ? Ft∏mƒ ?

2) IÆpw Zn°pw \pdpßns√mcpIpdnanYnem

tKm]ptc PmXlmkw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI

3) a™inJmhf_≤hnt\mZw

lyZyw \nXmcw IplN\ `mtK FhnsS ? F¥psIm≠v ?

4) ""Cfshbn¬ t]mse IplN\eknXw"" ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmckyhpw hy‡am°pI.

II D]\ymk tNmZyßƒ (ap∂qdphm-°n¬)

1) NºpImc∑m¿ s]mXpth "" kZ v[cm_≤cmK∑mcmb'' h¿Æ]nbcmWv ˛

]mTy`mKsØ ASnÿm\am°n N¿® sNøpI.

2) cq] inev]Øn¬ Xpff¬°yXnIƒs°mcp apt∂mSnbmWv Nº°ƒ F∂p ]dbmw

˛ \nßƒ Cu A`n]mbtØmSv tbmPnbv°p∂pt≠m ? F¥psIm≠v ? hniZoIcn°pI.



samU-yqƒ ˛ 3

⁄m\-∏m\]q¥m\w

aebm-fn-Iƒ F∂pw a\- n¬sh-®m-cm-[n-bv°p∂ alm-I-hn-bmWv ]q¥m-\w. ]t£, At±-l-

sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp-]mSv sFXn-l-y-ß-f-√msX hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Ncn-X-ß-sfm∂pw \ap-°-dn-bn-√. ]q¥m-\-

Øns‚ Ihn-X-z-tØbpw, ioIrjvW ‡n-tb-bpw, Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-tfbpw Ipdn-s®m-s° Hcp-]mSv sFXn-

l-y-ß-fp-≠v. Cu sFXn-l-y-ßƒ Xs∂ ]n-ev°m-eØv ]e ae-bmf alm-I-hn-Iƒ°pw Imh-y-hn-j--b-ß-

fm-bn. CX-amXw sFXn-l-y-ß-fn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p∂ as‰mcp Ihn ae-bm-f-Øn-se-∂√ at‰-sX-¶nepw

`mj-bn¬Øs∂ Dt≠m F∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n-ff ]kvXm-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Cu sFXn-l-

y-ß-fpsS _mlpeyw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv, km[m-cW P\ßƒ°v At±-l-tØm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ASp-∏hpw

Xm¬∏-c-yhpw Bcm-[-\m-`m-h-hp-am-Wv. ]q¥m\w DS-temsS kz¿§-Øn-te-bv°p-t]mbn F∂ph-sc-bp≠v

sFXn-lyw Ft∂m¿Øm¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ ]n∂nse P\-lr-Zbw \ap-°q-ln-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

]q¥m\w F∂Xp C√-t∏-cm-Wv. ]gb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ C√-t∏-cn¬ amXw Adn-™n-cp-∂p-ht√m.

At±-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ \ma-t[bw t]mepw Adn-bn-√. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ s]cn¥¬aÆ Xmeq-°n¬

Iogm-‰q¿ Awi-Øn-emWv ]q¥m\w C√w ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\-SpØv ]q¥m\w ioIr-jvW-t£-X-

hp-ap-≠v. Cu ÿe-ß-sf√mw Ct∏mƒ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-k-z-Øns‚ IognemWv. s]cn-¥¬a-Æ-bv°-

SpØv Aßm-Sn-∏p-dØv Xncpam‘mw-Ip-∂p-t£-X-Øn\p kao-]-Ømbn CS-Øp-]pdw t£X-ap-≠v.

ioIr-jvW-Z¿i\w In´n-b-X-\p-k-cn®v Ihn ]q¥m-\w-Xs∂ ÿm]n-®-XmWv Cu Aºew.

DØ-tc-¥-y-bn¬ Bcw- n®v mc-X-Øns‚ CX-c- m-K-ß-fn-tebv°p hym]n® hnjvWp- -‡n-]-ÿm\w

tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nmcw t\Sn-bXv InkvX-z_vZw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. alm-Ihn Xp©-sØ-

gp-Ø-—≥, taev]-Øq¿ \mcm-bW ´-Xn-cn-∏mSv XpS-ßn-b-h-tcm-sSm∏w Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-

b-amb kmln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ \S-Ønb Hcp Ihn-bmWv ]q¥m-\w. `mjm-I¿Æm-ar-Xw, Ipam-c-l-cWw ]m\

(k-¥m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\), ⁄m\-∏m\ XpS-ßnb ]q¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ°p ]pdta \nc-h[n kvtXmX-ßfpw

Io¿Ø-\-ßfpw At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. L\-kw-Lw, ioIrjvW Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Zim-h-Xmc kvtXmX-

ßƒ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xp-am-X-am-Wv. Xan-gnepw At±lw kvtXmX-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. kwkvIr-X-

]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n´pw At±lw B `mj-bn¬ KŸ-c-N-\bv°p apXn¿∂n-s√-∂Xv A°m-esØ

Hc-¤p-X-kw-`-h-am-Wv. `‡n-bmWv At±-l-I-Øns‚ ]Y-y-hn-j-b-sa-¶nepw B ]®-a-e-bmf IrXn-I-fn¬

`mjm`nam\hpw tZim-`n-am-\hpw Hmfw sh´p-∂Xp ImWmw.

⁄m\-∏m\

]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-t -Z-an-√m-sX, kvXo]p-cp-j-h-y-X-ym-k-an-√msX PmXn-a-X-Nn-¥-bn-√msX Hcp mj kwkm-

cn-bv°p∂ ]tZ-isØ B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ß-fpsS apgp-h≥ \mhn¬ XØn-°-fn-bv°p∂XmWv P\-Iob

Ihn-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-sa-¶n¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ P\-Iob Imhyw ⁄m\-∏m-\bpw BZ-ysØ

P\-Iob Ihn ]q¥m-\-hp-am-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-bvt°-≠n-h-cpw. P\-Øn-c°pw ]Xm-]-hp-ap-ff Kpcp-hm-bq¿

t£Xw apX¬ Bƒ°q-´hpw B¿`m-S-hp-an-√mØ \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fnse Aº-e-ßƒ hsc ]Xn-Zn\w ]`m-

X-ßƒ apJ-cn-X-am-°p-∂Xv ⁄m\-∏m-\-bnse ]qt¥≥ sam-gn-sIm-≠m-Wv. ss]a-dn-¢m-kp-I-fnepw UnKn-

¢m-kp-I-fnepw Ah ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fm-Wv. ln‰v kn\n-am-Km-\-ßfn¬ hsc AXns‚ hi-y-i‡n



]k-cn-®n-In-S-°p-∂p. ]utVm-÷-ze `mj-bn¬ hnkvX-cn®p hnh-cn-®mepw a\- n¬ Ib-dm≥ aSn®p

\n¬°p∂ Bflob Nn¥-I-fpw, thZm-¥-s∏m-cp-fp-I-fpw, XØz-⁄m-\-ßfpw ]® ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Cf-

\o¿]-hm-lw-t]m-ep-ff Cuc-Sn-I-fn-embn CXn¬ Dd-sh-Sp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p. ]cn-an-X-hpw, Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-hp-

amb Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ amXw ]tbm-Kn-®v Cu Bi-b-ßƒ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Ipdn-®nSp-I-bmWv

]q¥m\w \ºq-Xncn sNbvX-Xv. `‡nbpw hnc-‡n-bp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ hgn-sb-¶nepw Krl-ÿm-i-a-

[¿Ω-ß-tf-tbm, ]m]-©n-I-X-tb-tbm, AXn-t\mSp _‘-s∏´ Pohn-X-I¿Ω-ß-tftbm At±lw Xf-fn-∏-

d-bp-Itbm Xcw-XmgvØn°mWn-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. Xncp-\m-a-]sØ At±lw F¥nepw aosX-

bmbn ImWp-∂p. P]-b-⁄m-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ tam£-am¿§w. ]ecpw sX‰n-≤-cn® amXncn X\n

Bflo-b-X-bp-tStbm thZm-¥-Ønt‚tbm BJ-ym-\-h-ym-J-ym-\-ß-f√ ⁄m\-∏m-\. uXn-I-kp-J-Xr-jvW,

A[n-Im-c-hm-RvO, am\-y-Ω-\-y-X, ]WvUn-X-ta-\n, a\p-j-ys‚ Aev]-Øw, ]c-Zq-j-Ww, ]c-Nq-j-Ww, kvXo]o-

U\w F∂nh sXm´p-Imń t\¿am¿§-Øn-eqsS ka-Im-enI kmaq-l-y-hn-a¿i-\-Øn\pw At±lw ⁄m\-

∏m-\-bn-eqsS hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. ⁄m\-∏m-\-bn¬ BZ-y¥w ebn-®p-In-S-°p∂ timI-—mb Bhn-jvIr-

Xm-i-b-ß-fpsS Xnf°w Iq´m≥ D]-I-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ihn-bpsS tZim- n-am-\-Ønt‚bpw mjm- n-am-\Ønt‚bpw

DØ-tam-Zm-l-cWw IqSn-bmWv ⁄m\-∏m\ \mS≥I-e-I-tfmSpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSpw _‘-s∏´

]m\-h-rØØnemWv At±lw Cu IrXn cNn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.

Df-f-S°w

Kpcp-\m-Ys\ hµn-®p-sIm≠v Imhyw Bcw- n-bv°p-∂p. (k-¥Xw = kZm) K-h-∂m-a-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw

D®-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂mte \ΩpsS a\p-j-y-Po-hnXw k^-e-am-hp-I-bp-f-fq. (Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-—-s\-t∏mse

]q¥m-\hpw \ma-P-]-Øn\v henb ]m[m-\yw Iev]n-bv°p-∂p. Cu IrXn-bn¬ a‰p Nne `mK-ß-fnepw

\ma-am-lm-flyw hnh-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v). CXp-hsc F¥p kw`-hnbv°pw F∂p ap≥Iqń Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√.

Cu ImWp∂ ico-c-Øn\v Ft∏m-gmWv \miw hcn-I-sb∂pw ap≥Iqń ]d-bm-\m-In-√. I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-

bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-Sbn¬ Bfp-Isf C√m-Xm-°p--∂-Xpw, Ipd™ Znh-k-ßƒsIm≠v Hcp Zcn-Zs\ Ipt_-c-\m-

°p-∂Xpw alm-N-I-h¿Ønsb ]n®-°m-c-\m°p∂Xpw Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂. X≠n-te-‰pI = ]√-°n¬

FSp-sØ-gp-∂-f-fn-bv°p-I. amdm∏v = `mWvU-s°´v (]n-®-°m-cs‚).

Cu temI-k-z-`mhw Nne¿°v I≠m-e-dnbmw. Nne¿°p I≠mepw a\- n-em-hn-√. C°m-Wp-∂-

sX√mw shdpw amb amX-am -sW∂p ]WvUn -X -∑m¿ ap≥Iqń Adn -bp -∂p. (a -\p -Pm -Xn)

a\p-j-y-h¿§-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]e-hn[ a\- p-f-f-h-cm-Wv. ]ecpw a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv ]e imkvX-

ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. Htcm I¿Ωhpw Ipe-sØm-gn-em-bn-´p-f-f-h¿°v Ah-cpsS I¿Ω-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-

bv°p∂ imkvX-ß-fp-≠v. kmwJyw, tbmKw apX-em-bh AØcw imkvX-ß-fm-Wv. (kmwJyw, tbmKw,

\ym-bw, sshti-jn-Iw, ]q¿∆-ao-amwk, DØ-c-ao-amwk F∂o Bsd-Æ-amWv ]kn-≤-amb jUvZ¿i-\-ßƒ)

Ah hf-sc-bp-≠v.

Nqgp-∂o-Sp∂ = Np‰n-°n-S-°p-∂, kwkmcw = temI-Po-hn-Xw, kwkm-c-NIw = P\-\w, Pohn-Xw,

acWw ho≠pw AXns‚ Bh¿Ø-\w. Cu euInI Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´p-In-S-°p∂ \ap°v

Adn-bm≥ th≠n ⁄m\n-I-fmb alm-∑m¿ kX-y-amb XØ-z-ßƒ ]d-™p-sh-®n- p-≠v. Ffp-∏-Øn¬

tam£w (ap-‡n) e`n-bv°m≥ \nßƒ AXp i≤n®p tIƒ°-Ww. \Ω-sf-sb√mw I¿Ωw F∂ hkvXp-

sIm≠v sIń-bn-ń-cn-bv°p∂p F∂mWv BZyw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. Cu ImWp∂ ]]©w apgp-h≥

Cui-z-c-i-‡n-bmb Hscm‰ ]Im-i-Øn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. B ]Im-i-am-Is´ H∂nepw ebn-bv°m-Ø-

Xp-am-Wv. AXv as‰m-∂ns\ AXn-t\mSv ebn-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-bv°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. AXv as‰m-∂n¬ sN∂p

IpSp-ßp-∂n-√. Hmtcm-t∂m-tcm-∂mbn th¿Xn-cn®p Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h¿°v bp‡n-sIm≠p amXw



Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xpw, H∂pw Adn-bmØ aqV-∑m¿°v bmsXm-∂p-sIm≠pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xpw,

H∂p-t]mse as‰m∂n-√msX hn`n∂ hy-‡n-X-z-ß-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw Bb B Cui-z-c-i‡n Xs∂-

bmWv ]]©w krjvSn-®Xv (N-a-®-Xv). aq∂pw (kr-jvSn, ÿnXn, kwlm-cw) Htc i‡n-bn¬Øs∂ IpSn-

sIm-f-fp-∂p. Ch H∂p-an-√m-Xm-Ip∂ ka-bØv ]fbw (tem-I-\m-iw) kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p. Htc i‡n-

bn¬\n-∂p-≠mb temIØn¬ aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep-ff I¿Ω-ßƒ D≠v. ]pW-y-I¿Ωw, ]m]-I¿Ωw, Ah-

bpsS aniw F∂m-W-h. Nn¥n®p t\m°n-bm¬ Cu aq∂p-Xcw I¿Ω-ßfpw Pohs\ sIń-bn-Sp-∂p.

Ah-bn¬ H∂v (]p-W-yw) s]m∂n≥ Nß-e-bm-sW-∂pw, at‰Xv (]m-]w) Ccp-ºp-N-ß-e-bm-sW∂pw

]d-bmw. CXp c≠pw Iqń-°p-g® Nß-e-bmWv ani-I¿Ωw. _“mhp apX¬ Cu®-h-sc-bp-ff F√m-

hcpw I¿Ω-_‘Øn¬ (_-≤¿ = _≤n-bv°-s∏- -h¿) IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p. ph\w = temIw. temIsØ

krjvSn-bv°p∂ _“m-hn-\p-t]mepw `ph-\m-¥-y-]-fbw = Ah-km-\sØ ]fbw hsc I¿Ω-am-Ip∂

Ib-dp-sIm-≠p-ff sIń¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. ZnIv]m-e-∑m¿ = F´p-Zn°pw kwc-£n-bv°p-hm≥

Npa-X-e-s∏´ tZh-∑m¿. (In-g°v, sX°p Ing-°v, sX°v F∂o Ia-Øn¬ F´p Zn°p-I-fp-tSbpw tZh∑m¿

Ia-Øn¬ Cµ≥, h”n, ba≥, \ncr-Xn, hcp-W≥, hmbp, Ipt_-c≥, Cuim\≥ (in-h≥) F∂n-h-cm-Wv.

AjvSZn-Iv]m-e-∑m¿ t]mepw Cßs\ Hmtcm Zn°n¬ Xf-®n-S-s∏-ń-cn-bv°p-∂p. Npcp°w I¿Ω-ßƒ

sNøp∂ \Ω-sf√mw Npcp-ßnb Imew-sIm≠v Hmtcm Pohn-I-fpsS K¿`-Øn¬ InS∂pw ]k-hn-bv°-

s∏´pw Cßs\ I¿Ωw sIm≠v Ifn-bv°p-∂p. (]p-\-c]n P\\w ˛ ]p\-c]n acWw ˛]p-\-c]n P\\n

PTtc ib\w Ime:IoUXn ˛ F∂v ioi-¶-cm-Nm-c-y¿ ]kvXm-hn® XXzw Xs∂-bmWv ]q¥m\w

hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv).

\c-I-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ Pohs‚ ZpcnXw Xo¿∂m¬, a\- n\v CcpØw h∂m¬ ItaW

\c-Pm-Xn-bn¬ (a-\p-j-y-hw-i-Øn¬) h∂p P\n-bv°p-∂p. a\p-j-y-\m-bn kpIrXw sNbvXm¬

kX-y-tem-I-tØmfw (hn-jvWp-temIw; AXmWv km£m¬ tam£w. AhnsS FØn-bm¬ ]p\¿P-\-\-an-√.)

Db¿∂p kpJn®p Ign-bp-∂p. \√ I¿Ωw-sIm≠v Db¿® t\Sn-b-h≥ BZyw kz¿§-Øn¬ FØn kpJ-

ambn Ign-bp-∂p. Ah-cpsS \√ I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ew Xo¿∂m¬, Ah-cpsS ]I-zX \in-®m¬ ho≠pw qan-

bn¬ PmX-cmbn (P-\n-®n-´v) Zpcn-X-ßƒ sNbvXp acn-bv°p-∂p. At∏mƒ \c-I-Øn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂p.

kpc-temIw = kz¿§w. Aßs\ kz¿§-Øn¬ Ign-™n-cp∂ Hcp Poh≥ \ctemI-Øn¬ (a-\p-j-y-tem-I-

Øn¬) alo-kp-c≥ (_m-“-W≥) Bbn ]nd-°p-∂p. NWvU-I¿Ω-ßƒ = Iqc-X-Iƒ sNbvXm¬ acn®p

Ign-™m¬ NWvUm-e-Ip-e-Øn¬ = \oN-Pm-Xn-bn¬ h∂v ho≠pw P\n-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\ ]p\¿P-∑-ß-

fn¬ Akp-c-∑m¿ kpc-∑m¿ (tZ-h-∑m¿) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∑m¿ (tZ-h-∑m¿) ac-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p.

APw (B-Sv) NØv KPw (B-\) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. adn®v B\ NØv BSmbpw ]nd-°p-∂p. \cn NØv

a\p-j-y-\m-bn-∏n-d-°p-∂p. kvXo acn®v Ipdp-°≥ (Hm-cn) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp Zb-bp-an-√msX

P\-ßsf D]-Z-hn-bv°p∂ cmPmhv Iran-bmbn ]nd-°p-∂p. Cu® NØv ]q®-bmbn amdp-∂p. CsXm-s°-

bmWv Cui-z-cs‚ Ifn-Iƒ.

Cßs\ Iogvta¬ adn-bp∂ Poh≥ qan-bn¬\n∂p amX-amWv I¿Ω-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xv. koa = AXn-cv,

Poh≥ FÆn∏d-bm-\m-hmØ I¿Ω-ßƒ qan-bn¬\n∂mWv tiJ-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Aßs\ I¿Ω- -e-ßƒ

t\Sn `qan-bn¬ acn®v A\y temI-ß-fn¬ ]p\¿÷-\n®v t\Snb I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ê-ßƒ Ahn-sS-sh®v

A\p-`-hn®v (`p-Pn-®v) Ign-bp-∂p. Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ I¿Ω-êw HSp-ßp-∂p. ho≠pw `qan-

bn¬Øs∂ h∂p-]n-d∂v ]Ww FSp-Øp-sIm≠pt]m∂v AXp Ign-bp-∂-hsc as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw ]m¿°p-

∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv CXv. hn‰qWv F∂n-Xns\ ]d-bmw. (k-zbw sXmgn¬ sNbvXp t\SmsX aptº t\Sn-

bn-´p-f-fXv hn‰p-Xn-∂-emWv hn‰q-Wv). AXn-\m¬ F√m I¿Ωßfpw hnf-bp∂ hb¬ \ΩpsS P∑-tZ-i-

amb qan-bm-Wv.



I¿Ω-\miw hcpØn tam£w t\S-W-sa -¶nepw AXv as‰-hn -tSbpw km[n -bv°n -√.

apap£p = tam£w BK-ln-bv°p-∂-h¿, k‡¿ ˛ Cgp-In-t®¿∂-h¿ (temI Pohn-X-Øn¬) hnj-bn-Iƒ

= temI Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-b-h¿. `‡∑m¿°pw, tam£w sImXn-bv°p-∂-h¿°pw

Cµnb kpJ-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp∂h¿°pw F√mw BK-ln-®-sX√mw sImSp-∂p∂ temI-am-Xmhv `qan amX-

amWv. hni-z-\m-Y≥ = PK-Zoi-z-c≥, aqe-]IrXn = ASn-ÿm-\-h-kvXp, ]X-y-t£W = I¨ apºn¬

ImWp∂ Xc-Øn¬. PK-Zo-i-z-cs‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xzw Xs∂-bmWv qan-bmbn \ΩpsS apºn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Ah\n = qan. C]-Im-c-ap-ff Zqan-bpsS c£-bv°p-th-≠n-bmWv (Cu-i-z-c≥) Zimh-Xm-c-ßƒ FSp-Ø-Xv.

AXn-\m¬ Cu qan ]Xn-∂mep temI-ß-fnepw sh®v tijvTamIp-∂p. (A-X-ew, hnX-ew, \nXew

(]m-Xm-fw), kpX-ew, Xem-X-ew, alm-X-ew, ckm-Xew Cßs\ Ggp temI-ßƒ qanbv°p Xmsg. ]ns∂

`qan, AXn\p apI-fn¬ `ph¿tem-Iw, kz¿§w, al¿tem-Iw, P\-tem-Iw, Xt]m-tem-Iw, kX-y-temIw

F∂o Bdp temI-ßƒ. CXmWv ]Xn-\mep temI-Øns‚ Iaw). thZ-hm-Zn-Iƒ = thZw Dcp-°-gn-bv°p-

∂-h¿ (_m-“-W¿). _m“-W-cpw, al¿jn-am-cpw, thZ-ßƒ Xs∂bpw AXn-\m¬ `qansb BZ-cn-bv°p-

∂p. ehWw = D∏v. Aw_p[n = kap-Zw, `mK-h-X-Øn¬ ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-f-f-X-\p-k-cn®v `qansb hnh-cn-

bv°p-∂p. BsI kap-Zw aqSn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Ggp Zzo-]p-Iƒ s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.

Ahsb samØ-am-bmWv `qtemIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Pw_p-Z-zo]w (G-j-y), π£-Z-zo]w (sXs° Ata-

cn-°), ]pjvI-c-Z-zo]w (h-St° Ata-cn-°), Iu©-Z-zo]w (B-^n-°), imI-Z-zo]w (bq-tdm-∏v), imeva-e-Z-

zo]w (BkvtX-e-y), Ipi-Z-zo]w (Hm-j-ym-\n-b) Ch-bmWv k]vX-Z-zo-]-ßƒ. tbmP\ = kpam¿ ]¥≠p

Intem-ao-‰¿. Cu Ggp Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ e£w tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-ap-ff Pw_p-Z-zo-]mWv G‰hpw tijvTw.

`qansb Hcp Xma-c-bmbn k¶-ev]n-®m¬ AXns‚ tIk-c-ambn (I¿Æn-I) IW-°m-°m-hp∂ `q[-tc-µ≥

= ]¿∆-tX-µ≥ Pw_p-Z-zo-]n-em-Wv. (]p-cm-W-]-kn≤amb tacp-]¿∆-X-sØ-bmWv ChnsS kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xv.

tacp-]¿∆Xw kz¿Æ-a-b-am-sW-∂mWv k¶-ev]w. AXn-\m¬ qan-bn¬ \n∂p-b¿∂p \n¬°p∂ AXns\

`q]-fl-Øns‚ tIk-c-ambn cq]Ww sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p).

Pw_p-Z-zo-]-Øn\v HºXp `mK-ß-fp-≠v. AXn¬ DØ-a-amb `mK-amWv `mcXw (C-¥-y). k¿∆cpw

_lp-am-\n-bv°p∂ al¿jn-am¿ I¿Ω`q-an-sb-∂mWv mc-XsØ hnfn-bv°p-∂-Xv. _“-tem-IØncn-bv°p-

∂-h¿°p-t]mepw I¿Ω-Øns‚ _oPw (hn-Øv) apf-∏n-bvt°-≠Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. I¿Ω-_o-PsØ hc´n

(DW-°n)-°-f™v P∑-Øn\v Adp-Xn-h-cpØn tam£w e`n-bv°-W-sa-¶nepw `mc-X-`q-an-bn¬ sh®-√msX

`qan-bn¬ as‰ßpw km≤-y-a-√. AXbv°p ][m-\-y-ap-f-f-XmWv `mc-X-sa∂v \mw a\- n-em-°-Ww. \mep

bmK-ß-fn¬ (Ir-X, tXX, Zzm-]-c, Ien) DØaw Ien-bp-K-amWv (C-t∏m-gsØ Imew) kpJ-ambn Cu

bpK-Øn¬ tam£w t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IrjvW, tKmhn-µ, cma F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff Cuiz-c-\m-a-ßƒ

P]n-®m¬ amXw aXn, X] v apX-emb (b-Xv\w) A≤-zm-\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX Cu bpK-Øn¬ tam£w e`n-

bv°pw. (I-en-bp-K-Øn¬ \ma-P]w F∂ b⁄w Xs∂ aXn tam£-Øn\v F∂¿∞w). Cu Ffp-∏-Øn-

ep-ff tam£-am¿§-sØ-°p-dn®v: a‰p ]Xn-Ωq∂p temI-ß-fnepw, a‰v Bdv Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw, a‰v F´v JWvU-

ß-fn-epw, a‰p aq∂p bpK-ß-fnepw P\n-®-h¿ B hn[-Øn¬ tam£w e`n-bv°m-bvI-bm¬ Ien-Im-e-Ønse

`mc-X-`q-ansb Ien-Xm-Zcw = _lp-am-\-tØmsS hW-ßp-∂p. C°m-eØv ChnsS Hcp ]p¬s°m-Sn-bmbn

]nd-°m-s\-¶nepw Cuizcm Rßƒ°v `mK-y-ap≠m-bn-√t√m F∂-h¿ k¶-S-s∏-Sp-∂p. `mc-X-`q-an-bn¬

C°m-eØp P\n-®-h-tcbpw Ien-tbbpw (I-en-bp-K-Øns‚ \mY≥)-A-h¿ \a-kvI-cn-bv°p-∂p. (C-sXmcp

^enXw IqSn-bm-Wv. Ien ZpjvS-i-‡n-bm-Wv. ZpjvSX IqSp∂ Ime-amWv Ien-bp-Kw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

A°m-eØv \ma-P]w sIm≠p-Xs∂ tam£w In´p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Iensb Bcpw hW-ßm-

dn-√). Cß-s\-bmWv C°m-e-tØbpw Cu \mSn-t\bpw P\-ßƒ ]iw-kn-bv°p-∂-Xv. AsXm∂pw ]d-

™n´p Imc-y-an-√. (F-∂n´pw P\-ßƒ \ma-P-]-Øn¬ apgp-Im-Ø-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]q¥m\w k¶-S-s∏-Sp-Ibpw



[m¿ΩnI-tcmjw sImf-fp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p). CXv Ien-bp-K-at√? CXv `mc-X-`q-an-bt√? \Ω-sfms°

a\p-j-y-ct√? CsXm-s°-sbm∂p Nn¥n®p t\m°q. lcn (hn-jvWp) \ma-ßƒ C√m-™nt´m? \ap°p

\c-I-`-b-an-√m-™nt´m? \ap°v \mhn-√m-™nt´m? \ap°v \mi-an√ F∂p Icp-Xn-bnt´m? CsXm∂pw

Btem-Nn-bv°msX ]gptX (sh-dp-tX) \mw \ΩpsS PohnXw Np´p-Xn∂p \in-∏n-bv°p-∂p. (Np-´p-Xn∂p

\in-∏n-bv°¬ hfsc i‡n-bp-ff Hcp \mS≥ ]tbm-K-am-Wv). \mcm-b-Wo-b-Ønse 92-˛mw Zi-I-Øn¬

taev]-Øq¿ `´-Xncn h¿Æn-bv°p∂ ""tkmbw Imtem-b-Im-tem.....'' F∂ t«mIØns‚ Bi-b-amWv ]®-

a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ ChnsS hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

a\pj-y-P∑w In´m-\p-ff ]bm-khpw Inń-bm-ep-ff ]bm-k-hp-amWv C\n hnh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

(Nm-I-ym¿Iq-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ ]pW-y-]m-]-ßƒ Xpe-y-ambn \n¬°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv A]q¿∆ambn

a\p-j-y-P∑w In´pI F∂pw AXv Cui-zc tkh-bn-eqsS k^-e-am-°p-I-bmWv I¿Ø-hysa∂pw ]oTn-I-

bm-bn-∏-d-bm-dp-f-fXv Hm¿°-Ww). FX P∑-ß-fn¬ Zpcn-X-a-\p- -hn-®mWv C°m-eØv AX (C-hn-sS) kpIrXw

sIm≠p h∂p ]nd-∂Xv? FX P∑w ae--Øn¬ (]p-gp-hm-bn-´v) Ign™p? FX P∑w Pe-Øn¬ (P-ePo-

hn-bmbn) Ign™p? FX P∑w aÆn¬ (IoSß-fm-bn-´v) Ign™p? FX P∑w hr£-e-Xm-Zn-I-fm-bn-

°-gn™p? FX XhW acn®p Ign™p? FX P∑w \m¬°m-en-I-fmbn Ign™p? Cßs\ FX

P∑w Ign-™n-´mWv a\p-j-y-P∑w Inń-bXv? hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´mWv AΩ-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXv?

hfsc ]Wn-s∏-´mWv AΩ-bpsS K¿`-Øn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xv. ]Øp-amkw AΩ-bpsS hb-‰n¬ Ign-™p.

]Øp-]-¥≠p sIm√w Ipń-°m-e-hp-am-bn. ]ns∂bpff ImeØv Ah-\-hs\ Adn-bmsX Alw-`m-h-

tØmsS Ign-bp-∂p. CX-Imew Bbp- p-≠m-hp-sa∂ Imc-yhpw Adn-bn-√. \o¿t∏m-f-t]m-se-bp-ff Cu

ico-c-Øn¬ izmkw amXw ImWmw. (hmbp C√m-Xm-bm¬ shf-f-t∏m-fbpw Pohn-Xhpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p).

Btem-Nn®p ]nSn-In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv izm-khpw t\¿Øp-t]m-Ip∂p (a-cn-bv°p-∂p). Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-

bn´pw \ma-P-]-Øn\v Bcpw Xp\n-bp-∂n-√.

(adn®v) A[n-Im-c-Øn-\pw, A`n-am-\-Øn\pw th≠n ]c-kv]cw a’cn®v Nne¿ \mWw sISp-∂p.

(km-aq-l-y-hn-a¿i-\-am-cw- n-bv°p-∂p. C∂pw Cu ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ ]k-‡-ß-fm-Wv). aZhpw Akq-bbpw

sIm≠v Nne-cpsS _p≤n \in®p t]mIp-∂p. N©-em£n = N©-e-amb Cf-In-s°m-≠n-cn-∂p∂ A£n

= (I-S)°Æp-f-f-h¿ ˛ kpµ-cn-am¿. IS-°-Æp-sIm≠v hnem-k-tN-jvS-Iƒ \Sn-bv°p∂ kpµ-cn-am-cpsS

hoń¬ sN∂p-IqSn (Ip-©n-cm-a≥ sam®-°p-cßv DS-a-ÿ≥ ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v Xpf-fn-°-fn-bv°p-∂p).

Nne¿ Ipc-ßp-fn-bv°p-∂p-. tImhn-e-I-ß-fn¬ (`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hoń¬) rX-y-∑m-cpsS thjw sIń

Nne¿ Al-¶-cn-bv°p-∂p. im¥n = ]qP-∏-Wn. t£X-ß-fn¬ ]qPm-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNbvXv [\w t\Sn

IpSpw_w ]pe¿Øm≥ cmhnse apX¬ cmXn-hsc Nne¿ ]d™p \S-°p-∂p. A—-\-Ω-am¿°pw `mc-

ybv°pw `£-Ww-t]mepw Nne¿ sImSp-°p-∂n-√. (A-·n-sb, Npcp-ßn-bXv hnf-°n-s\-sb-¶nepw km£n

\n¿Øn-bm-Wt√m sslµh hnhm-l-ß-i. _m“-W-cm-sW-¶n¬ tlmaw apX-emb hn[n-I-tfmsS thƒ°p-

∂p.) Aß-s\-bp-ff [¿Ω-]-Xv\nsb Nne¿ Xncn™p t\m°p-∂n-√. (]-c-kvXo-I-fn¬ àn®p \S-°p-∂p-

sh∂p kqN-\). kØp°ƒ = k÷-\-ßƒ CsXm-s°-°≠v in£n®v (Kp-W-tZm-jn-®v) ]d-™m¬

AhtcmSv iXp-°-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse tIm]n-bv°p∂p (Ip-≤n-bv°p-∂p). tbmK-y-∑msc Ah-am-\n®p kwkm-

cn-bv°p-∂-h-cmWv Nne¿. \ΩpsS Cu euInI Pohn-X-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm-≠mWv temIw Xs∂ \ne-

\n¬°p-∂-sX-∂mWv Nne-cpsS `mhw. _m“-W-\mWv Xms\∂pw \Sn®v Ip¥n-®p-Ip-¥n®p \S-°p∂

Nne¿ _“m-hn-t\-°mƒ aosX-bm-sW∂p sRfn-bn-∂p. (Ip-¥n®p \S-°pI = Imens‚ hnc¬ amXw

`qan-bn¬ Du∂n IrXn-a-ambn \S-°p-I. Ip¥n-®p-\-S-°pI F∂ Kmay ]tbm-K-Øn\v km[m-cW \ne-

bn¬ at\m-l-c-amb kmln-X-ym¿∞-sam-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ Cu ]tbmKw HuNn-Xyw

sIm≠v [-z-\-ym-fl-I-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. _m“-W-y-Øns‚ ta∑-sIm≠v ip≤w amdp∂ t]Sn-bm¬



Imep-]-c-Øn-®-hn-´m≥ t]mepw Ign-bp-∂n√ Ft∂m _m“-W-yw-sIm≠v Cu `qan-bn¬ sXm´p-sXm-ń√

F∂-a-ń-emWv \S-°p-∂-sXt∂m Hs° A¿∞-am-°mw). _m-“-W≥ = thZm-[n-Imcn, thZ-ß-fpsS

kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\mb _“tZh≥ t]mepw Xßƒ°v H∆m = H°p-I-bn√ F∂mWv Ah-cpsS \mS-yw,

A¿∞mi = ]W-s°m-Xn. Nne¿ ]W-s°mXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ th≠n A·n-tlmXw apX-emb bmK-

ßƒ Ign-bv°p-∂p. tZh-]o-Xnbpw XZ-zmcm temI-c-£-bp-amWv bmK-ß-fpsS e£-y-am-tI-≠-Xv. ChnsS

kzm¿∞-Xm¬]-cyw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\mWv bmKw Ign-bv°p-∂Xv F∂p hy-X-ymkw. CXbpw Imc-y-ßƒ

][m-\-ambpw _m“-Wsc hna¿in-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

C\n I®-h-S-°m-cm-I-s´, kz¿Æ-°-®-h-Shpw cXv\-°-®-h-Shpw \SØn Imip-≠m-°p-∂p. atØ`w

= aZn® B\. DØ-a-Xp-cKw = e£-W-samØ IpXn-c, B\-°-®-h-Shpw IpXn-c-°-®-h-Shpw \S-Øp-∂-h-

cp-≠v. IS-en¬ I∏-tem-Sn®v hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ I®hSw \S-Ønbpw Imip-≠m-°p-∂-h-cp≠v bmsXmcp

hrØnbpw shSn-∏p-an-√msX ([q¿Ø-cm-bn) tXm∂n-b-am-Xncn ]h¿Øn®v ]Ww tamln®p \S-°p-∂-h-cp-

ap-≠v. ]W-am-Is´ ssIøn¬ FX Inń-bmepw aXn-sb∂p tXm∂p-I-bp-an√. iXw = \qdv, klkw =

Bbn-cw, AbqXw = ]Xn-\m-bn-cw, ]Øp-In-ń-bm¬ \qdn-I-n-´-W-sa∂pw \qdpInń-bm¬ Bbncw thW-sa-

∂pw, AXpw Inń-bm¬ ]Xn-\m-bncw D≠m-bn-cps∂¶n¬ FX \∂m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw BWv Nn¥.

Bi-bm-Ip∂ Ib¿s°-ń¬ IpSpßn IjvS-Øn-em-hp∂p. km[p°ƒ ]Ww CØncn tNmZn-®m¬ Nne

ZpjvS-∑m¿ Nn√n-°mipw sImSp-°p-I-bp-an-√. (k-Øp-°ƒ = k÷-\-ßƒ) F∂m¬ acn®p t]mIp-

tºmƒ DSp-Xp-Wn-t]mepw IqsS sIm≠p t]mIm≥ Hcmƒ°pw Ign-bn-√.

]›m-Øm]w = sNbvXp-t]mb sX‰n¬ Ip‰-t_m-[w, hni-zm-k-]m-XIw = NXn, hnØw = [\w,

Ip¶paw = Imivao-cn¬ D≠m-°p∂ hne-Iq-Snb Huj-[-kp-K-‘-Z-h-yw, K¿±`w = Igp-X.

F¥p sX‰p sNbvXmepw B¿°pw ]›m-Øm-]-an-√. hni-zm-k-h-©-\-t]mepw sNøm≥ Nne¿°p

aSn-bn-√. ]W-s°mXn ImcWw kXyw Dt]-£n-bv°m\pw aSn-bn-√. Atlm = IjvSw, kX-y-am-Is´ Cui-

z-c≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v alm-∑m¿ hni-z-kn-bv°p-∂p. (]q-¥m\w Cu hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-®n´v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p

tij-amWv kX-y-amWv ssZhw F∂v alm-flPn ]J-ym-]n-®-Xv). ]Tn-®p-≠m-tI≠ Adn-hn-√msX Xm≥

kzbw hnZ-zm-\m-sW∂v Nne¿ ta\n \Sn-bv°p-∂p. Ip¶p-a-Øns‚ kpK‘w Bk-z-Zn-bv°msX IgpX

Ip¶p-a-s°´p Npa-°p∂ amXn-cn-bm-WnXv. `K-hm-t\, Cß-s\-tbm-tcm-∂m-tem-Nn-®m¬ XrjvW = Zmlw

= euIn-IPohnX-Ønse AS-ßmØ sImXn ˛ sIm≠v F√m-hcpw kzbw ad-∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p. (h-b- v)

FÆn-sbÆn Bbp- p-Ip-d-bp-∂p. AXtØmfw BK-l-ßƒ s]cp-In-s∏-cpIn hcp-∂p. HmWw CXm

FØn; hnjp-I-gn-™p-ht√m; F¥m Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bm-hm-ØXv F∂n-ßs\ s]mXp-th-bp-ff B≠-dp-Xn-bm-

tLm-j-ßƒ ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cmWv P\-ßƒ. P∑-\-£Xw = ]nd-∂mƒ, im≤w = IpSpw-_-Ønse

acn-®p-t]mb hy-‡n-bpsS Nc-a-Zn-\-In-b, Ipw`-am-k-Øn¬ Ai-z-Xn-bmWv Fs‚ ]nd-∂mƒ (Cu hcnsb

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Ipw`-am-k-Ønse Ai-zXn \mfn\v ]q¥m-\-Zn-\m-N-cWw \S-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cu

]kvXmhw Ihn-bpsS ]nd-∂m-fn-s\-∏-‰n-bm-sW∂v Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-Xn\v bp‡n-sbm-∂p-an-√). hr›n-I-am-k-

Øn¬ C√-sØmcp im≤-ap-≠v. C\n ]g-b-t]mse B¿`m-S-ambn kZ-y-sbm∂pw Ign-bv°m-\m-hn√. Cßs\

hy-‡n-]-c-amb BtLm-j-ßsf ImØn-cn-bv°p∂p Nne¿.

C\n a‰pXc-Øn-emWv Nne-cpsS mh\ Ibdn t]mIp-∂-Xv. Rm≥ hnhmlw Ign®v F\n-bvs°mcp

Ipń-bp-≠m-bn, B Ipńbv°pw Hcp Ipń-bp-≠mbn AXns‚ hnhmlw IqSn `wKn-bmbn \S-Øm≥ Ign-

btW F∂mWv Ah-cpsS BK-lw. ]Sn-bv°-ep-ff Irjn-ÿew A\-ym-[o-\-s∏-´p-t]m-I-cptX F∂mWv

Nne-cpsS ]m¿∞\ (Im-cWw = ]gb ImesØ qhp-S-a-ÿm-h-Imiw. A\-y-s\-Sp-∏n-°pI = as‰mcmfpsS



ssIøn¬ sN∂p tNcp-I). C∞w = C]-Im-cw, a\-t°m-´-Iƒ sIń-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ acn®p

t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F√m-hcpw th≠-am-Xncn Btem-Nn®p ]h¿Øn-bv°m≥ th≠n-bmWv CX-

sbms° hnkvX-cn®p ]d-™-Xv. I¿Ω-ß-fpsS amlm-fl-y-hp-w, \Ωƒ°p ]e P∑-ßƒ Ign™p F∂Xpw

Cu bpKw Ien-bp-K-sa-∂-Xpw, `mc-X-`q-an-bpsS hnkvXm-c-hpw, \mw `mKywsIm≠v ChnsS h∂p P\n-®n-cn-

bv°p∂p F∂Xpw Bbp n¬ Iptd Imew shdpsXt]m-sb-∂-Xpw, Pohn-X-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp \n›bw

C√ F∂-Xpw, Ct∏mƒ \mw Btcm-y-hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw Cui-z-c-\m-a-P]w sIm≠v tam£w

In´p-sa-∂Xpw (]p-cp-jm¿∞w ˛ [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw, tam£w F∂v \mev AXn¬ apJyw tam£w).

As√-¶n¬ \c-I-`-b-ßƒ hcm-\ps≠∂Xpw a‰pw th≠-am-Xncn Btem-Nn®p sImf-fp-I.

F¥n\v hrYm (sh-dp-sX) Imew If-bp-∂p. F√m-hcpw sshIp-WvT(-hn-jvWp-temIw ˛ A\-i-z-c-

amb tam£w)-Øn-te°v t]mIm-\p-ff iaw (\m-a-P-]w) XpS-ßp-I. \Ω-fmcpw Htc ka-b-Ø√ P\n-

bv°p-∂Xpw Htc ka-b-Ø√ acn-bv°p-∂-Xpw. ]ns∂ CS-bn¬ Dff Pohn-Xta H∂n-®p-f-fq. AXn-\n-S-bn¬

Cßs\ Bh-i-y-an-√msX a’-cn-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? ]pcp-jm¿∞-amb tam£w Iäp-ºn-ep-fft∏mƒ

\n m-c-amb a‰p-X-c-Øn-ep-ff A¿∞-ßƒ°p-th≠n (a‰p ]pcp-jm¿∞-ßƒ) BK-ln-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-

\mWv? a≤-ym-”m¿°≥ = \´p-®-kq-c-y≥ sXfn™p \n¬°p-tºmƒ JtZ-ymXw = an∂m-an-\p-ßns\

Bcp hI-sh-bv°p-∂p. (tam£w a≤-ym-”m¿°≥: a‰v A¿∞-ßƒ JtZ-ym-X-ßƒ)

a°-fn-s√∂v Zp:Jnbvt°≠ Imc-y-an-√. km£m¬ K-hm≥ DÆn-Ir-jvW-\mbn a\- n¬ Ifn-bv°p-

tºmƒ thsd a°-fpsS Bh-i-y-an-√t√m (G-sd-°m-e-ambn a°-fn-√msX Zp:Jnbv°p∂ ]q¥m-\-Øn\v

B‰p-t\m‰v Hcp-Æn-bp-≠m-sb-∂pw, B Ipń-bpsS tNmdq-Wn-≥ \mƒ AXn-Yn-I-fpsS Ai-≤-sIm≠v B

]n©p-In-Smhv sIm√-s∏-´p-sh∂pw B thZ-\-bpsS ]›m-X-e-Øn¬ At±lw cNn-®-XmWv ⁄m\-∏m-\-

sb∂pw sFXn-l-y-ap-≠v. thW-sa-¶n¬ Cu hcn-Iƒ B Zpc-¥-Øns‚ XnI-´-em-sb-Sp-°mw). anX-ßƒ

= _‘p-°ƒ \ap°p FX-th-W-sa-¶nepw D≠-t√m. hnjvWp -`-‡-∑m-sc√mw \ΩpsS _‘p-°-ft√?

`ph\w = `qan. Cui-z-cs‚ ambm-hn-em-k-ßƒ ImWp-tºmƒ Pmb = `mcy ˛ kvXo ImWn-bv°p∂ irwKm-

c-tN-jvS-Iƒ FX \n m-c-ßƒ. `qXn = kº-Øv. temI-Øn-se-s¥√mw sFi-z-c-y-ß-fp-≠v. Cu `mc-X-

`q-an-Xs∂bmWt√m \ΩpsS temIw. temI-\m-Y≥ (hn-i-z-\m-Y≥) Bb Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂-bmWv \Ωp-sS-

sb√mw ]nXm-hv. [mXn = AΩ. Ncm-N-c-ßƒ = Cf-Ip-∂Xpw Cf-Im-Ø-Xp-amb F√m hkvXp-°-fpw.

Cu temI-am-Xm-hp-Xs∂ Cu ]]-©-Øn-ep-ff F√m-‰nt‚bpw AΩ. Cßs\ A—\pw AΩbpw Df-f-

t∏mƒ \sΩ c£n-bv°m≥ thsdm-cmƒ Bh-i-y-an-√. k∂-ymkØn¬ n£ bmNn-®m¬ In´p∂ £Ww

Xs∂ [mcm-f-am-Wv. AXp hmßn-°-gn-bv°p-Itb th≠q. (c-£n-Xm-°-sf-°p-dn®pw `£-W-sØ-°p-

dn®p Bi-¶-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-s√-∂¿∞w). k‡n = AXn-bmb Xm¬∏-c-yw. uXn-I-kp-J-ß-fn¬ Bk-‡n-bn-

√msX `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cui-z-c-\m-a-ßƒ P]n-°Ww. \Ωp°p kn≤n® Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ hfsc

i≤-tbmsS Pohn-bv°-Ww. Cu ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂ F√m Ncm-N-c-ß-tfbpw \mWn-bv°msX hWßn

kvXpXn-bv°-Ww. lcn-jmip = B\-µ-°-Æp-\o¿. ]cn-πp-X≥ = apßn-°p-fn-®-h≥, ]cp-jm-Zn-Iƒ = ItTm-

c-amb hm°p-Ifpw ]hr-Øn-Ifpw F√mw ad∂v B\µ°-Æp-\o-cn¬ apßn-°p-fn®v a‰p-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂p-

≠m-bp∂ Iqc-amb hm°p-Ifpw s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw hI-sh-bv°msX k÷-\-ßsf ImWp-tºmƒ bmsXmcp

aSnbpw IqSmsX hoWp \a-kvI-cn-bv°-Ww. aØ≥ = aZn-®-h≥, `‡n-bn¬ apgnIn B\-µ-\rØw

Nhn- --Ww. ]mcn¬ = qan-bn¬, Cßs\ qan-bn¬ Pohn-bv°p-tºmƒ Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-sfm∂pw A\p- -h-s∏-

Sp-I-bn-√. \ΩpsS I¿Ω-êw Ign-bp-tºmƒ icocw Fhn-tS-sb-¶nepw NØp hogn-∂p. Xs∂ BI¿jn-

bv°p∂ Cui-zc ssNX-\-y-sØ-°-≠n´v AXn-t\mSp tNcm≥ Poh≥ IpXn-®p-Nm-Sp-∂p. kpJm-k-‡n-bn-

√msX temI-Øn¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ tam£w e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ a\- n¬ hnjaw D≠m-tI-≠-Xn-√.

\ma-P-]-Øns‚ al-Xzw tI´p-sIm-f-fp-hn≥.



]m¿°n¬ = Btem-Nn®p t\m°n-bm¬, A¥-y-P≥ = iqZ≥, G‰hpw XmW-h≥, thZ-hmZn =

hmZw Dcp-°-gn-bv°p-∂, alo-kp-c≥ = _m“-W≥, PmXn-bn¬ G‰hpw \n m-c-\mb iqZ-\m-Is´ thZm-

[n-Im-cn-bmbn Db¿∂ _m“-W-\m-Is´ \mhn-√mØ a\p-j-y-scm-gn®v a\p-j-y¿ F√m-hcpw A\-h-[n-bm-

bpff Cu-i-z-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬- GsX¶nepw H∂v amXw Znh-k-Øn-sem-cn-bv°¬ a\:kam[m-\-ambn´n-cn-bv°p-

tºmtgm, Dd-°-Øn¬ Adn-bmsX kz-]v\-Øntem, as‰m-cm-fpsS t]cv ]cn-l-kn®p hnf-bv°p∂ hn[-Øn-

tem,as‰m-cm-fpsS \n¿_v‘-w-sIm≠msW-¶n-epw, Fhn-sS-bn-cp-∂n- m-bm-epw, kz¥w \mhp-sIm≠p P]n-bv°p-

I-tbm, As√-¶n¬ as‰m-cmƒ P]n-bv°p-∂Xv tIƒ°p-Itbm amXw sNbvXm¬ aXn PohnXw At∏mƒ

k^-e-am-bn, Cui-z-c-\p-am-bn-ff kwK-a-am-Ip∂ tam£w In´pw. kmbq-Pyw = tam£w, `mK-hXw

hym-J-ym-\n® io[-cm-Nm-c-y-cpw, `mK-h-X-I¿Øm-hmb thZ-h-ym-k\pw (_m-Z-cm-b-W≥) `K-h-XvKo-Xbpw

thZ-ßfpw Cß-s\-bmWv \ma-am-lm-flyw ]d-™n-´p-f-f-Xv.

AXp-sIm≠v B\-µ-tØmsS Cui-z-c-\n¬ sFIyw ]m]n®v tam£w t\Sm≥ BÀm-Z-tØmsS

\ma-ßƒ P]n-bv°p-I. _p≤n-bn-f-f-h¿°n-Xtb th≠q. AX-bv°p≠v Xncp-\m-a-ß-fpsS aln-a.

Cu-i-z-cm, Rm\o ]d™ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ (Fs‚ Imh-y-Øn¬) sX‰p-s≠-¶nepw icn-bp-s≠-¶nepw

Aß-bpsS A\p-Klw D≠m-bn-cn-°-tW. C]-Imcw hn\-b-tØmsS Cui-z-cm¿∏-W-ambn Imhyw

Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°p-∂p.

]m\

A\p-jvTm\ Ie-I-fnte tXm‰-ß-fnepw Cui-z-kvtXm-X-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂ efn-Xhpw

Km\m-fl-I-hp-amb Hcp hrØ-amWv ]m\ AYhm ZpX-Im-I-fn. Km\m-fl-I-X-bmWv AXns‚ ta∑. kwKo-

X-⁄m-\-ap-f-f-h¿°v AXp ]e coXn-bn¬ sNm√m≥ Ign-bpw. Cu \mtSm-Sn-hr-ØsØ BZ-y-ambn Kuc-

h-amb Hcp Imh-y-Øn¬ DS-\ofw D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ]q¥m-\-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\bpw

⁄m\-∏m-\bpw DZm-l-c-Ww. ]n¬°m-eØv Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ N≠m-e-`n-£p-Inbpw a‰pw Cu hrØ-

Øn¬ cNn-bv°-s∏-´p.

e£Ww

c≠p-]m-Z-Ønepw ]ns∂˛

b¥-amb KW-Øn\v

h¿Æ-sam∂p Ipd-s™-∂m¬

ZpX-Im-Ifn Io¿Ø-t\.

ImI-fn-bpsS c≠p hcn-I-fnepw Ah-km-\sØ KW-Øn¬ Hcp A£cw Ipd-™m¬ Io¿Ø-\-

ß-fnepw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ ZpX-Im-Ifn h∂ hrØw.

hrØ-a-⁄-cn-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ k¿∏nWn F∂ hrØhpw ]m\-sX-∂-bm-Wv.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) I≠m-sem-´-dn-bp∂p Nne-cXp

I≠mepw Xncnbm Nne¿t°-Xpta

I≠-sXm-∂pta kX-y-a-s√-∂Xp

aptº-I-≠-ßdn-bp-∂nXp Nne¿ ˛ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2) Cuiz-cs‚ hnem-k-ß-fn-ßs\ ˛ Fßs\?

3) ""Fs∂√mw ]pI-gvØo-´p∂p a‰pt-f-fm¿"" Bcv? Fs¥√mw ]d™p ]pI-gvØp∂p?

4) \o¿t∏m-f-t]m-se-bp-tf-fmcp tZl-Øn¬

ho¿∏p-am-X-ap-≠n-ßs\ ImWp∂p ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

5) IrjvW IrjvW \ncq-]n-®p-Im-Wp-tºmƒ

XrjvW sImt≠ `qan-bv°p-∂n-Xp-Nn-e¿ ˛ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep-ff `a-ßƒ F∂v t\m°pI

6) at≤-y-bn-ßs\ ImWp∂ t\cØv

a’-cn-bv°p-∂-sX-∂n\p \mw hrYm ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

II D]\ymktNmZ-y-ßƒ(aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) ]q¥m-\-Øns‚ tZi-`n -am -\-Ønt‚bpw `mjm-`n -am -\-Ønt‚bpw hnP-b-]-Xm-I-bmWv

⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h\ ]cntim[n-°p-I.

2) ka-Im-cn-I-k-aq-lsØ kmam-\-y-ambn hna¿in-bv°p∂ Hcp Imh-y-amWv ⁄m\-∏m\ ˛

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ D≤-cn®v ka¿∞n-°p-I.



IptN-e-hrØw ˛ h©n-∏m´v

cma-]p-cØv hmc-y¿

cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿

Hscm‰-°m-h-yw-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿnc-]-XnjvT t\Snb Hcp "Hcp

sNdnb alm-I-hn-" bmWv cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿. At±-l-Øns‚bpw Poh-N-cnXw ]q¿Æ-amb \ne-bn¬

hy-‡-a-√. kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X\pw Zcn-Z-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Ihn-sb∂v hni-z-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ao\-®n¬

Xmeq-°n¬ cma-]pcw F∂ ÿeØp P\n-®p. ]WvUn-X\pw ]n¬°m-eØv cmP-]o-Xnbv°p ]mX-am-b-

h-\p-am-b-Xn-\m¬ cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. kmln-X-y-Øn-\p-]p-dta kwKo-X-

Ønepw hnZ-Kv≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1703 apX¬ 1753 hsc-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Imew F∂mWv ]WvUn-

X-a-Xw. Pb-tZ-h-I-hn-bpsS KoXm-tKm-hnµw At±lw ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p X¿÷a sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IptN-

e-hrØw h©n-∏m-ń-\p-X-s∂-bmWv ]kn-≤n.

h©n-∏m´v

kwL-bXv\w Bh-i-y-amb sXmgn-en¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ A≤-zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ta-

≠nbpw Iq´m-bva°v CW°w Iq´p-∂-Xn\pw hmbvØmcn ]d-bp-Itbm \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ ]mSp-Itbm ]Xn-

hp-≠v. tIc-f-Øn-se-t∏mse Pem-i-b-ßƒ kar≤amb \mń¬ h©n-Ifpw hf-f-ßfpw ]≠p-ap-Xte

][m\ hml-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ h©n Xpg-bp-∂-h¿ CuW-Øn¬ \oń-]m-Sn-bn-cp∂ \mtSmSn∏m´p-

I-fmWv ]g-bh-©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ. Cui-z-cmcm[\m-]-c-ßtfm ]pcm-W-IYm ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßtfm ]mtZ-inI

kw`-h-ßsf A[n-I-cn-®p-ffhtbm Bb lk-z-Km-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ahbv°v kmln-X-y-Kp-Wtam

Iem-aq-e-ytam D≠m-I-W-sa∂v ]mSp-∂-h¿°pw tIƒ°p-∂-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tIc-f-

Ønse ]kn-≤-ß-fmb hf-fw-I-fn-Iƒ°pw h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ kmln-

X-y-Kp-W-k-ºq¿Æ-ambn ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X-amb BZ-ysØ cN-\-bmWv cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b-cpsS IptN-e-

hr-Øw. CtXmsS ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ Cu coXn°v am\-y-ÿm\w e`n-®p. B ań¬ [mcmfw IrXn-I-fp-

ap-≠m-bn.

IptN-e-hrØw ˛ Dev]ØnIY

Zcn-Z-\m-bn-cp∂ cma-]p-cØp hmcn-b¿ inj-y-tcm-sSm∏w Ign-bp-tºmƒ ssh°-Øp-sh®v Xncp-hn-

Xm-Iq¿ cmP-hmb am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωsb apJw ImWn-°m-\p-h-kcw Inń-sb∂pw cmPmhv hmcn-bsc

Xs‚ IqsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØbv°v £Wn-®p-sh-∂p-amWv sFXn-l-yw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p-ff

bmX-°n-S-bn¬ cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw h©n-bn-en-cp∂p sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-®-Xm-WsX IptN-e

-hr-Øw. Zcn--Z-\mb Xs∂ IptN-e-\mbpw am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωsb ioIr-jvWm-h-Xm-c-ambpw Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-csØ Zzm-c-I-bmbpw k¶-ev]n-®mWv Imh-y-c-N-\. ]oX-\mb cmPmhv IrjvW≥ IptN-e-s\-sb-∂-

t]mse kΩm-\n®v kµ¿`-Øn-s\m-Øp-b¿∂p F∂mWv IYbpsS _m°n `mKw. GXm-bmepw

am¿Øm-WvU¿Ω-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Im-c-amWv cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿ IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m-s -gp-Xn-b-sX∂v

Ihn-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ]WvUn-X\pw hn\-b-[-\\pw `‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Ihn F∂v CXnse F√m

hcn-Ifpw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p.



]mT-y- m-K-Øn-eqsS

aq∂p temI-Ønepw CXp-t]m-se-sbmcp cmP-[m\n ImWn√m ioIr-jvWs‚ IqsS sshIp-

WvThpw ]q¿Æ-ambn qan-bn-te°p h∂-Xm-Wn-sX∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. ]Sn-™m-sd-°-S-ens‚ \Sp-hn¬

Hc-e-¶m-c-sa-t∂mWw Hcp kz¿Æ-Z-zo]pw AXns‚ aosX Aa-cm-h-Xnsb e÷n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp cXv\-\-K-

chpw \n›-e-ambn \n∂Xv Rm≥ Hm¿°p∂p K-hms‚ Cu \Kcw DbcØn¬ BImihpw IS∂v ]mXm-

f-Øns‚ aosX At\-I-Imew h¿Øn-®p ioIr-jvWs‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-tØmsS \in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-

tX. BImiw ap´p∂ ]pdw-tIm-´-a-Xn-ep-\p-f-fn¬ H‰-c-Xv\-°√v ]Xn-®n-cn-°-bm¬ ap‰w IÆm-Sn-t]mse

Xnf-ßp-∂p. BImiw ap´p∂ AI-a-Xn-ep-Ifpw apI-∏p-Ifpw FX-sb∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. Zzm-c-Im-]pcn

Fs‚ `mh-\-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse amXta h¿Æn-bv°m-\m-hq.

tIm´-a-Xn-en¬ \mep tKm]p-c-ßfpw AXn-eqsS \K-c-Øn-te°v \mep-h-gn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ]m¿i-

z-ß-fn¬ Aßm-Sn-Ifpw D≠v. Aßm-Sn-I-fn¬ e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS ISm£w \nanØw [\-[m\yßfpw

kz¿Æ-c-Xv\-ßfpw kq£n-°m≥ ÿew t]mc. e£vao-tZhn ]Xn-\m-dm-bn-c-sØ-´m-bn-Øo¿∂ t]mep-ff

kpµ-cn-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°m-\p-ff Krl-ßfpw Gsd-bp-≠v. ioIr-jvWs‚ ]pX-s]uX∑m-cpsS Krl-ß-

fpsS FÆw IW-°m-°m≥ A\-¥-\p-t]mepw Bhn-√. kqc-y-tImSn-]`∑m-cmb ]Z-yp-av\≥, A\n-cp-≤≥

apX-em-b-h-cp-tSbpw kZm aZ-y-a-Ø-\mb _e-cm-at‚bpw D≤-h¿ kmX-y-In, IrX-h¿Ωmhv F∂n-h-cptSbpw

amfn-I-Iƒ G‰hpw henb kwJ-y-bn¬t∏mepw HXp-ßpIbn-√. Zzm-c-I-bn¬ hoSn-√mØ ÿe-an-√. kz¿Æ-

a-b-a-√msX hoSp-an-√. DZ-ym-\hpw s]mbvIbpw F√m-h¿°pw sht∆-sd-bp-≠v. ioIr-jvWs‚ tIm´-

bv°-I-Øp-ff kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°pw B\ IpXn-c-Iƒ°pw Xmakn-bv°m≥ Cu qan-Xs∂ t]mc. ]ń-

Wn-sIm≠p saen™ IptN-e-]-WvUn-X\v Zzm-c-Im-]pcn I≠-t∏mƒØs∂ hni∏pw Zmlhpw Xo¿∂p.

F∂p amX-a√ `‡n-sIm-≠-√msX ]bm-k-s∏-´mepw Hgn-bmØ kwkm-cZp:Jhpw Xo¿∂p. ioIr-jvW-

]-´Ww IptN-e\p kΩm-\n® tcmam-©-am-Ip∂ Ip∏mbw \\-™p. AXn-cn-√mØ B\-µ-I-Æp-\o-cn¬

Ipfn-®-Xn\m¬ AXv At±-l-Øn\v `mc-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (Z-zm-cI I≠-t∏mƒ tcmam-©-ap-≠m-

bn. DtZ-z-K-Øm¬ hnb¿Øp. B\-µ-°-Æp-\o¿ D≠m-bn). AZr-i-y-amb `‡n-bm-Ip∂ Im‰v [mcm-f-am-

tb‰p h¿≤n® `mK-y-k-ap-Z-Ønse Xnc-am-e-°q-´-ßƒ i‡n-tbmsS AZr-i-y-amb ssII-sf-t∏mse amdn-

amdn FSp-Øn´v IptN-es\ Zzm-c-I-bn¬ FØn-®p. IS-en-cºpw t]mse Zzm-c-I-bn¬\n-∂p-ff alm-P-\-ß-

fpsS i_vZ-tIm-em-lew tI´pw \K-c-Ønse NnX-∏-Wn-Iƒ I≠pw IptN-e≥ ][m-\-am¿§-Øn-eqsS

\S-∂p. Cu ka-bØv e£vao-tZ-hn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ggmw amfnIbn¬ Ccn-bv°p∂ ioIr-jvW≥ Xmsg

kl-]m-Tn-sb-°-≠p. I≠m¬ FXbpw Zb-\o-b-ambn apjn™p Iodnb hkvXw sIm≠v X‰p-SpØpw

AXp-t]mse DØ-co-b-a-Wn™pw ap≠n¬ s]mXn™ s]mXnbpw apJ-y-amb ]pkvX-Ihpw I£-Øn-en-Sp-

Ibpw `kvaw Ipdn-bn´v \a-kv°m-c-ap-g-bp-ambn Hcp Iod-°p-Sbpw NqSn cpZm-£-am-e-bn¬ \maw P]n-®p-

sIm≠v Cui-z-c-\n¬Øs∂ Dd® a\- p-ambn h∂-W-bp∂ _m“-W-s\-°-≠n´p kt¥m-jw-sImt≠m

AtXm At±-l-Øns‚ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ I≠v Zp:Jw sImt≠m F∂-dn-bn√ ioIr-jvWs‚ IÆp-Iƒ

\nd-™p. F¥nepw ]X-dmØ ioIr-jvWs‚ CXn-\p-apºp Ic™p I≠n-ń-t≠m? ]f-fn-°-ń-en¬\n∂v

NmSn-sb-Wo‰v ]m¿i-z-ß-fn-ep-ff A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn ioIr-jvW≥ Xmsg-tØ-bvs°-gp-∂-f-fn. CXp

I≠v ]uc-∑mcpw IqsS sN∂p. kap-Z-Xp-e-y-amb ]cn-hm-c-tØmSp IqSn `‡-]n-b-\mb IrjvW≥

IptN-es\ sNs∂-Xn-tc-‰p. Zp:JnX-tcmSv CX-amXw A\p-Iº as‰m-co-i-z-c-\p-t≠m. hnb¿∏p-sIm≠v

\mdp∂ kl-]m-Tnsb KmV-ambn Benw-K\w sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ssIIƒ ]nSn®v apI-fn-te-bv°p-

I-b-‰n-s°m≠p h∂v e£vao-X-ev]-Øn-en-cp-Øn Xs‚ ssIIƒ sIm≠v IptN-es‚ Imep-Iƒ Igp-In-®p.

aSn-hn v e£vao-tZhn shf-f-sam-gn®p sImSp-Øp. Im¬ Igp-Inb shffw Xpf-fn-t]mepw If-bmsX Xt∂bpw

Ahn-sS-°q-Sn-b-h-tcbpw Xfn®p Nµ\w sXmSp-hn-®p. [q]-Zo-]m-Zn-IƒsIm≠v ]qPn-®p. `¿Øm-hns‚



CwKnXw a\- n-em-°nb e£vao-tZhn hni-dn-sb-SpØv AXn-Ynsb hoin-Øp-S-ßn. Imes\ tXmev]n®v

Kpcp-Z-£nW \¬Inb B hoc≥ Cu _m“-Ws‚ IqsS-bn-cp∂p ]d-™p. ""FX Ime-ambn Rm≥

ImWm≥ sImXn-°p-∂p. Ctßm´p h∂Xv Rß-fpsS `mK-yw. B›-c-y-sa∂p ]d-bs´ Atßm´p

sN∂mtS≠ Xo¿∞-am-Wt√m Ctßm´p h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A\-ys‚ `mc-ysb kzo-I-cn-bv°¬, hoc-∑m-sc-

sIm-√¬, NXn-]-tbmKw F∂n-ßs\ Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]-ß-sfms° Cs∂m-gn-™p. ]Xn-∂mep temIhpw

]cn-ip-≤-am-°p∂ alm-∑m-cpsS ]mZ-Xo¿∞w s]s´∂p e`n-°p-I-bn-√. kmµo-]\o Krl-Øn¬ H∂n®p

]Tn-®Xpw kulrZw hf¿∂Xpw H∂pw ad-∂n-ń-√-t√m. Kpcp-]-Xv\n-bpsS Bh-i-y-]-Imcw Hcn-°¬ \mw

hnd-sIm-Sn-°m≥ Imń¬t]m-bXpw hnd-sIm-Sn®v t\cw Ccp-´m-bXpw Hm¿Ω-bp-t≠m. Ccp´pw Hm¿°m-∏p-

d-sØmcp agbpw sImSp-¶m-‰p-am-b-t∏mƒ KXn-ap-ńb \Ωƒ ]c-kv]cw X∏n-ØS™v H∂n-®p-IqSn ]pecpw

hsc Ccp-∂Xpw Hm¿Ω-bn-t√. Im‰Øp ]d∂p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Hcp Kpl-bn¬°-S∂v ssIIƒ tIm¿Øp-

]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂n-t√. Kpcp cmXn h∂-t∏mƒ \Ω-sf-°m-Wm™p ]Xv\n-tbmSv tIm]n-®Xpw H‰bv°v ]`m-X-

Øn¬ Zp:JtØmsS \Ωsf Xnc™p h∂Xpw \mw hnd-Ip-sI-´p-ambn Acn-In¬s®∂v \a-kvI-cn-®-t∏mƒ

A\p-K-ln-®Xpw tXm∂p-∂p-t≠m. \ap°v B \∑-tb-bp-f-fp. Kpcp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-an-√msX P∑-km- -

eyw In´p-tam. Xs∂-s°m≠p Ign-bp-whÆw Bcpw Kpcp-Z-£n-W-sN-ø-Ww. AXv B\tbm ]pjv]tam

F¥p-am-Imw. Imes‚ ]°¬\n∂v aIs\ hos≠-SpØv Kpcp-Z-£nW \¬In-bn- p-f-f-t∏mgpw Kpcp-hn-t\m-

Sp-ff `‡nbv°v bmsXmcp Ipd-hp-an-√. Kpcp-hns‚ kao-]-Øp-\n∂p t]mbn Xm¶-fpsS kam-h¿Ø\w

Ign-™nt√? F¥n-\-[nIw Xm¶-fpsS hnhm-lhpw Ign-™n-t√. `mcy Atßbv°p tN¿∂-h-f-t√.

h¿Ø-am-\-ß-sfms° C\nbpw ]d-bmw. F\n°p hni-°p-∂p. AXp XSp-°m≥ hø. ]pW-ym-flm-hmb

Aß-bpsS temIPohnX-Ønse Zp:Jßƒ Fs‚ hni∏p amdp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xocpw. AXn-s\-¥p≠v

ssIøn¬. B s]mXn-bn-tßm´p Xcq. \mWn-bvt°≠. tKm]-kvXoIfpw Fs∂ sImXn-b-s\∂p hnfn-

bv°m-dp-≠v. C]-Imcw ]d™v ioIr-jvW≥ B s]mXn Xń-sb-Sp-Øn´v I√pw s\√pw Ahn-se∂p

IW-°m°n Hcp ]nSn hmbn-en-´p. c≠m-aXpw hmcm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ aXn F∂v ]d™v e£vao-tZhn

ssI]n-Sn-®p. Cu NoØ `£-W-Øns‚ hne-a-Xn-bv°m\pw sImSp-°m\pw Ct∏mƒØs∂ Fs∂-s°m-

≠m-hn-√. ]nd-∂∂p apX¬ ]ncn-bm-Xn-cn-°p∂ Fs∂ ad-t∂m. _‘w th¿s]-SpØn Fs∂ Cu _m“-

Ws‚ ]Xv\nbpsS ASn-a-bm-°m≥ Xocp-am-\nt®m F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ IrjvW≥ ]d-™p: \o ]d-

™Xpw icn-X-s∂. `‡-∑m-tcm-Sp-ff hm’-ey ]mc-h-i-yw-sIm≠v Rm≥ Fs∂-Øs∂ ad-°pw.

CXphcsØ ]cn-Nbw sIm≠pw AXp a\- n-em-°n-bnt√. Hcp ]nSn-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Fs‚ hb¿ \nd-™p.

\ns‚ a\- -dn-bm≥ th≠n-bmWv ho≠pw hmcn-b-Xv. _m°n-bp-ff Ahn-en-Xm. \o ]d-™Xpw am\n-°-

W-a-t√m. B PK¬∏n-Xm-°ƒ AXn-Ynsb Adn-bn-°m-sX-bmWv ]d-™-Xv. _m°n-bp-ff B hnin-jvS-

amb Ahn¬ e£vao-tZhn hmßn. ]]-©sØ Df-fn-em-°n-bn´pw \nd-bmØ IrjvWs‚ hb¿ `‡n

\nd™ kqlr-Øns‚ Hcp ]nSn Ahn¬ sIm≠p \nd-™p. IrjvW≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp:

]s≠m-cn-°¬ ]m©m-en-bpsS Ce-°-dnbpw C∂v Aß-bpsS Ahnepw Ign-®n´v D≠mb Xr]vXn CXn-\p-

ap-sºm-cn-°epap≠m-bn-ń-√.'' (]mXNcnXw IY. ]m©m-en-bpsS £Ww sImSp-°m-sa-t∂-‰n´p AXn\p

Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ ]m©men IrjvWs\ [ym-\n-®p. IrjvW≥ h√msX hni-°p∂p F∂p ]d-™m-

sW-Øn-b-Xv. A£-b-]mXw kq£n-®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Ce-°-dn-bpsS Aev]w Inń. AXv ioIr-

jvW≥ `£n-®-t∏mƒ Zp¿∆mkmhv al¿jn-bp-tSbpw inj-y-∑m-cp-tSbpw hb¿ \nd-™p). Zcn-Z-cmb

`‡¿ Im™n-c-°pcp X∂mepw F\n-bv°-ar-X-am-Wv. `‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h¿ AarXp X∂mepw Im™nc-°p-

cp-hp-am-Wv. Aß-sb-t∏m-ep-ff hn\-b-im-en-Iƒ h√Xpw Nh-bv°m≥ X∂m¬ Ipt∂mfw X∂ amXn-cn-

bm-sW-\n-°v. icocw cs≠-¶nepw Ccp-∂mepw acn-®mepw \Ω-sfm-∂m-Wv. e£vao-tZ-hnbpw Xm¶-fpsS

]Xv\nbpw H∂m-sW∂v Rm≥ ]d-™-Xmbn `mc-y-tbmSp ]d-bq. Cßs\ ]d-bp∂ `K-hm-t\mSv adp-]Sn

]d-bm-\-dn-bmsX Ipg-ßnb IptN-e≥ Aev]-t\cw Nn¥n®v Cßs\ ]d-™p: ""A∂hpw tam£hpw



Xcp∂ Xºp-cm-t\, Aßv `‡n-sIm≠v `‡-∑m-tcbpw i‡n-sIm≠v i‡-∑m-tcbpw Pbn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬

APn-X≥ F∂ t]cv Fß-t\bpw tbmPn-°pw. tZh-∑mcpw ImgvN-h-kvXp-°-fp-ambn Aß-bpsS kabw

ImØp Ign-bp-∂p. Nfn-bn¬°n-S-°p∂ Fs∂ Aßv ]qPn-®Xv ]pXp-a-X-s∂. sNdp-∏-Ønse ]cn-Nbw

sXmt´ Aßsb Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw a\- n¬ I≠p-sIm≠ncp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ h∂p ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Aß-bpsS Iev]\ ewLn-bv°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu \n m-c≥ cmXn apgp-h≥ e£vao-X-

ev]-Øn-en-cp∂v sshIp-WvT-Øn¬ (hn-jvWp-hns‚ ÿm\-Øn¬ F∂pw) Ccp-∂p. Fs∂-t∏mse `mK-y-

hm≥ Bcp-≠v. cXv\-ß-fpsS tim`-sIm≠v ChnsS cmhpw ]Iepw Adn-bn-s√-¶nepw t\cw ]`m-X-am-bn.

C\n Rm≥ t]mIs´. Aß-bn¬ ebn-°p-thmfw ip≤-amb `‡n F\n-°p-≠m-h-Ww. [\-iq-\-y-\mb

B `‡≥ IrjvWs\ a\- n-te-‰n-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.


(1) `‡n-bmb Im‰p ssII-W-°n-te-‰p -s]-cp-Inb

`mK-y-]m-cm-hm-c-`w-K-]-c-º-cbm

i‡n-tbmSp IqSn-h∂p amdn-am-dn-sb-Sp-Øn´p

im¿MvKn-bpsS ]pc-Z-zmcw ]qIn-bv°-s∏´p ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.

(2) F¥p-sImt≠m siucnI-Æp-\o-c-Wn™p [oc-\mb

sN¥m-a-c°Æ-\pt≠m Ic-™n-´p-f-fq ˛ kµ¿`w FgpXn Bibw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

(3) NnXw NnX-a-tßm´p sN∂m-tS-≠p∂ alm-Xo¿∞w

CX-tØm-f-am-K-an° sIm≠p \∂mbn ˛ hnh-£nXw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.

(4) \∑ \ap-°-tX-bp-ffq Kpcp-I-Sm£w IqSmsX

P∑-km-^-eyw hcptam P\n-®m-em¿°pw. ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

(5) s]mXn-bn-tßm-´p-X-∂mepw e÷n-bvt°≠ tKm]n-amcpw

sImXnb \ns∂-÷-\-tØ-∏-d-hq-Rm-bw. ˛ kµ¿`w ImWn®v kmc-kyw hni-ò-I-cn-bv°pI

(6) ]s≠m-cn-bv°¬ ]mWvUh aln-jn-bpsS imtIm-Z-\˛

ap≠p \man∂p `hms‚ ]rYpIw Xn∂p. ˛ kqNnX IYsb-gp-XpI.

(7) Ip∏-bn¬ InS-∂-h-s\-∏q-Pn-°p∂p `K-hm≥; Iogn˛

en∏p-Xp-a-I-≠n-ń√ tIń-´p-an-√. ˛ Bcv? Bsc ]qPn-bv°p∂p? AXnse ]qXp-a-sb¥v?


(1) cma-]p -c -Øp-hm-cn -b-cpsS IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m-ńs‚ kmln-X-y -]-c -amb ta∑-Iƒ

]cntim[nbv°p-I.

(2) Kpcp-`-‡n, kXo¿∞-y-kvt\lw ˛ Cu c≠p [¿ΩnI aqe-ß-fpsS al-X-z-amWv IptN-e-

hrØw h©n-∏mń¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p-f-fXv ˛ N¿® sNøpI



]pØ≥]m\

A¿tWmkv ]mXncn

A¿tWmkv ]mXncn

anj\dn ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p th≠n tIc-f-Øn¬ FØnb `mjm-kvt\-ln-bmb Hcp P¿Ω≥

]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p A¿tWmkv ]mXn-cn. 1699-˛¬ tIc-f-ØnseØnb At±lw kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-bm-

fhpw ]Tn®p F∂p-am-X-a√ ]kvXpX `mj-I-fn¬ \nL-≠p-°-fpw, hym-I-cW KŸ-ß-fpw, kmln-X-y-Ir-

Xn-Ifpw cNn-bv°m≥ t]m∂ sshZ-KvZ-yhpw t\Sn. kwkvIrX `mjsb ]m›m-X-y¿°n-S-bn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-

®hcn¬ AK-K-W-y-\m-W-t±-lw. ae-bm-fw-˛-t]m¿®p-Kokv \nL-≠p, ae-bm-fw-˛-t]m¿®p-Kokv hym-I-c-Ww,

ae-bm-fw- -kw-kvIrX \nL-≠p, kwkvIrX hym-I-c-Ww, IpXm-i-∏m-\, NXp-c-¥-yw, Pt\mhm-]¿∆w, ]pØ≥]m\

F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.

]pØ≥]m\

]q¥m-\-Øns‚ ⁄m\-∏m-\-bpsS al-X-zhpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬t∏mepw

Dff AXns‚ ]Nm-chpw I≠v AtX-]Sn InkvX-ym-\n-Iƒ°pw \nX-y-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-bv°-s∏-

Sp-amdv km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ mj-bn¬ B≤-ym-flnI XX-z-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb Hcp ‡n-Im-hyw cNn-bv°-W-sa∂

Dt±-i-tØmsS A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn cNn-®-XmWv ]pØ≥]m-\. InkvXp--hns‚ Pohn-XsØ CXn-hr-Ø-

am°n ]Xn-∂mep ]mZ-ß-fn-embn Bbn-c-Ø-™q-dn¬∏cw hcn-Iƒ Dff ]pØ≥]m-\-bnse G‰hpw anI®

`mKw. "hym-Ip-e-am-Xm-hns‚ hnem]w' F∂ ]¥≠mw]m-Z-am-Wv. ssZh-]p-X-\mb tbiphns‚ arX-i-

cocw aSn-bn¬°n-SØn AΩ-bpsS hnem-]-amWv Cu mKw. ⁄m\-∏m-\sb A\p-I-cn®v ]pØ≥ ]m\-bn-

se ]Xn-s\m-∂p -]m-Z-ß-fn-e-tebpw hrØw ZpX-Im-Ifn AYhm ]m\-bm-Wv. ]¥-≠mw-]Zw \tXm-∂X

(h©n-∏m- v) hrØ-Øn-emWv ssIkvX-h-cpsS aX-K-Ÿ-amb ss__n-fn\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZ-y-am-bp-≠mb

kz-X-¥-]p-\-cm-J-ym-\-amWv ]pØ≥ ]m\ Fs∂mcp ]tX-y-IX IqSn-bp-≠v.

tIc-fob InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS ih-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ Xte∂p cmXn ]pØ≥]m\ hmbn-bv°p∂

BNmcw C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. IqSmsX s]k-lm-h-ym-gw, Zp:Jsh-ffn F∂o Znh-k-ß-fnepw Cu

IrXn-]m-cm-bWw sNøm-dp-≠v. ]pØ≥]m\ hmbn-bv°p-∂Xpw hmbn-®p-tIƒ°p-∂Xpw ]pW-y-I¿Ω-

ambn ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂p. Cßs\ tIc-fob InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS Bflob Pohn-X-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘-

ap-ff Hcp `‡n-Im-h-y-amWv ]pØ≥]m-\.

ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ hym-Ip-e-]-em]w

Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

AΩ-I-\-ym-aWn Xs‚......................

..................... aI-\mbn ]nd-t∂m-]pXm (1 -˛20)

k¿∆-tZm-tjm-Øcw = F√m tZmj-ß-tfbpw adn-I-S-°¬, I\-y-m-a-dn-b-am-Ip∂ AΩ-bpsS Zp:Jßƒ

i≤n®p tI´p-sIm-f-fp-hn≥. B Zp:Jw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnh-cn-°m≥ a\p-j-y-cpsS `mjbn¬ aXn-bmb

hm°p-I-fn√. AXns‚ Kuchw Nn¥n-bv°m≥ _p≤nbv°v XmWn-bp-an-√. Fs‚ Ign-hn-s\m-Ø-hn[w



]d-™mepw icn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. I\-ym-am-Xm-hns‚ A\p-K-l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Rm≥ Ipd-s™m∂p ]dbmw.

a\p-j-y-k-aq-l-Øns\ _m[n® tZmj-ß-sf-sb√mw Pbn-bv°p-hm≥ temI-\m-Y-\mb tbip-InkvXp acWw

hcn-®-Xn-\p-tijw F√m \∑-Iƒ°pw kap-Z-amb At±-‰-Øns‚ Zpcn-Xw-I≠v A]m-c-amb Zp:JtØmsS

AΩ aIs\ t\m°n. Ip¥-ap-\-t]m-se-bp-ff Atºm, shSn-bp-≠tbm sXm≠-bn¬ sIm≠-t]mse B

AΩ-bpsS Ic-N-c-W-ßƒ Ipg-™p. a\- p-sh¥v NpSp-I-Æp-\o-scm-gp-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-amb B Zp:JsØ-

∏‰n F¥p-]-d-bm-\mWv? AXp-]-d-™m-e-h-km-\n-°n-√. A\-i-z-c-\mb PK-Zo-i-z-cs‚ Xncp-I-ev]-\-Iƒ Hm¿Øv

a\- ns\ ]c-am-h[n im¥-am°n C]-Imcw hne-]n-bv°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. ""]cn-ip-≤-\pw, \∑-\n-d-™-h-\p-

amb Fs‚ aI-t\, \o Cßs\ (a-c-W-Øn-eq-sS) P∑-]m-]-Øns‚ `mcw Cd-°n-sh-®pthm? `qan-bnse

Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ sNbvXp Iqńb ]m]-Øns‚ ISw ho´p-hm-\mbn \o ssZh-]p-X-\mbn Ah-X-cn-®-XmtWm?

BZ-am-Zn-\-c-h¿§w ......................................

.................................. \ns∂ hft™m ]pXm

BZn-amZn = BZyw sXm´p-ff

BZyw apX¬°n-tßm-´p-ff a\p-j-y-h¿§w i¶m-te-i-an-√msX sNbvXp-Iq-ńb ]ng-I-fpsS Imc-W-

Øn\v \o c£ sNbvXXv DNn-X-am-bn. CsXms° Rm≥ ImWp-hm≥ th≠n sNbvXp-sh-®-XmtWm?

Rm≥ acn-®-Xn\p tij-amWv Cßs\ kw -hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ \∂m-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cyw t\c-sØ-Øs∂

Ft∂m-Sp-]-d™v \o bmX-bm-bn. ico-cw-sIm≠#pff IS-∏mSpw Xo¿Øp. a\p-j-y¿°v \√ _p≤n-sIm-

Sp-°p-hm≥ \o ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Ic-™-t]-£n-®p-thm. thZ-\-sIm-≠p-ff ]n®n-en¬ Np´-a-\-t msS \o

]m¿∞n-®p. \o tNmc-bnepw hnb¿∏nepw Ipfn-®p. kz¿§-Øn-tebv°p t\m°n ]m¿∞n-bv°p∂ \ns‚

IÆn-epw tNmc-s]m-Sn-™p. \ns‚ NpSp-tNm-c-sIm≠v `qan-\-\-™p. `qan ]m]-ßƒsIm≠v Ipg-ßn-b-

t∏mƒ \ns‚ tNmc-sIm≠v `qan-bpsS ]m]-ßƒ°pw \o ]cn-lmcw sNbvXpthm? Cßs\ \o

a\p-j-y¿°v t£a-ap-≠m-°p-hm≥ kzbw ]oU-\-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øpthm? \o Cßs\ k¬°¿Ωw sNbvX-

Xn\v Iqen Xcp-hm≥ ]m]n-Iƒ \ns∂ hf-™pthm? (hn-]-co-Xm¿∞w)

HØ-t]mse H‰n-I-f-f≥ ..........................

..........................-\o-N-]m-]n-b-Sn-t®m-]pXm (41- 50)

ap≥Iqń ]d-™p-d-∏n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v B If-f≥ (bq-Zm-kv) \ns∂ H‰n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ Npw_n®v

Imń-s°m-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ tijvT-\mb \ns∂ B ZpjvS-∑m¿ ]nSn-®pthm? Gsd-°m-e-ambn \o t\m°n-h-

f¿Ønb B ZpjvS≥ \ns∂ iXp-hn\v hn‰p. B \oN\v ]W-Øn\v CX B¿Ønbm-sW-¶n¬ BtcmsS-

¶nepw Cc-∂n-s´-¶nepw AXp sImSp-°m-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. \ns∂ Hcp-I-f-f-s\-t∏mse ]nSn-®p-sIń Ah¿

X√n-b-t√m. tbml-∂ms‚ apºn¬sh®v Ah¿ \ns‚ Ihn-f-Ø-Sn-®p.

]ns∂-\-ymbw hn[n-∏m-\m-bv...................................

..............................-Ip‰w ]dt™m]pXm (51-˛60)

]ns∂ \ymbw \S-Øm≥ Ah¿ \ns∂ Ah-am-\n®v Ip‰w Npa-Øntbm? F√m-h-cp-tSbpw hn[n-

\n-›-bn-bv°p-∂-h-\mb \ns∂, temIsØ krjvSn®p kwc-£n-bv°p∂ \n\°v B alm-]m]n in£

hn[n-®p-h-t√m. A[nImc-an-√msX \ns∂ h[n-bv°m≥ iXp-°ƒ Iogm-fsc Gev]n-®p-thm. \ns∂ B

\oN¿ A]-am-\n®v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS apºn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn Ip‰w Npa-Øn.

F¶nepw \osbm-cp-Ø¿°pw...................................

............................-F-Sp-∏n®v \SØn ]pXm (71-˛80)



Xe-sXm´v ASn-hsc \ns‚ ico-c-Øn¬ sXmen-bn-√m-Xmbn. tNmc-sbm-en-bv°p∂ \ns‚ icocw

]pf-fn-∏p-en-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-em-bn. \ns‚ Xncp-c‡w IpSn-bv°p-hm≥ Ah¿°nX sImXn-bm-b-sXt¥? \ns‚

apJØv Im¿°n®p Xp∏n. ]ns∂ ]p—n®v sXmgp-Xp. Hcp Pohnsb Cßs\ \nµn-bv°m-tam. \ns‚

apJ-Øp-t\m°n Fs¥√mw sXdn-Iƒ ]d-™p. Zp¿∫-e-\mb \ns‚ apXp-IØv I\-ta-dnb Hcp

ac-°p-cnip sI´n-sh®v \S-Øn-®p.

X√n-X-f-fn-b-Sn-®p¥n ............................

..........................-£-ant®m ]pXm (81-˛90)

Ah-cpsS Iqc-a¿±-\-ßƒ G‰v \o Gsd he-™nt√. NØ-P-¥p-°sf ]m]-ßƒ ISn®p hen-

bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse \ns‚ apdn-bp-I-fn¬ ho≠pw IpØn-°o-dntbm? ZpjvS-∑m-cm-bm¬t]mepw CØcw

ImgvN-Iƒ I≠m¬ a\- p-]n-fcpw. AX-t]mepw A\p-Klw (Z-b) Ch¿°n-√m-sX-t]m-b-t√m. CXbpw

AXn-I-a-ßƒ IWn-bv°m≥ \ob-h¿s°¥p sX‰p-sNbvXp? Ah-tcmSv Zb amX-am-Wt√m ImWn-®Xv.

Cu alm-]m-]n-Iƒ sNbvX sImSpw IqcX \o£-an-®p-h-t√m.

Zqan-am-\p-j¿°p..................................

...................................-\o-Xq-ßntbm ]pXm (91- 100)

`qan-bnse a\p-j-y¿°p h∂-]n-g-I-sf√mw `qan-tb-°mƒ £a-tbmsS \o kln-®p-h-t√m.

Iqc-ambn in£n®p ]cn-l-cn-®-h¿ \ns∂ Pdp-kew \K-c-Øn¬ DS-\ofw \S-Øn. Ipg™p hoWpw

Fgp-t∂‰pw \ns‚ Ipe-a-c-amb Ipcpipw Npa∂v \o ae-ap-I-fn¬ FØn. tNmc-bn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®p

InS-°p∂ \ns‚ Ip∏mbw Ah¿ hen-®p-Io-dn. henb Ipcnip ac-Øn¬ \ns∂ Xq°n.

BW-e-bn-t∑¬ Xqßn ..................................

.......................-B-cm-[n-®p-thm -]pXm (101-˛110)

BWn-bn¬ Xqßn Rc-ºp-Iƒ hen™p apdp-Ip∂ ]mW-th-Z\ \o kln-®-t√m. BWn-sIm≠v

\ns‚ icocw Xpf® \mW-t°-Sn-\-Xn-cn-√. iXp-°ƒ Fs‚ aI-s\-°p-dn®v CØn-cn-t]mepw

Zb-bn-√m-Xm-b-t√m. hoc-]-cm-I-an-Iƒ Ign™ Rmb-dmgvN Xncp-a-Is‚ ap∂n¬ h∂v hµn®v Hmim\

]mSn-b-Xm-W-t√m.

AXn¬ ]ns∂-sb-¥p.......................................

.........................................-tZlw Nat®m ]pXm (111-˛120)

AXn-\p-tijw Cßs\ Iqc-X-Im- p-hm≥ F¥p-Ip-‰-amWv sNbvXXv? Hma-\-Xzw Xpfp-ºp∂ \ns‚

apJ-Øp-t\m°n Cu ]m]n-Iƒ°v Cßs\ sNøm≥ tXm∂ptam? DÆo \ns‚ apJhpw icocw `qan-In-f®p

adn-bv°pw-t]mse XI¿Øpthm? IÆn¬ tNmc-bn-√mØ Ah‰ \ns∂ NX-®p-h-t√m.

ASn-sbm-Sp-ap-Sn-tZ-lw................................

..........................................Zp:JtamSp Zp:Jta ]pXm (121-˛130)

ASn-apSn \ns‚ tZlw IpSn-bvs°m-gn-hn-√msX NX-®p-h-t√m. \ns‚ N¶n¬ Ah¿ IpØn-bXv

Fs‚ Igp-Øn¬ sIm≠-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. a\p-j-y-\mb \ns‚ ac-Ww-sIm≠v a‰p-a-\p-j-y¿°v ac-W-Øn-

ep-≠m-Ip∂ am\-lm\n C√m-Xm-°n-tbm. D®bv°p Xs∂ kqc-y≥ AkvX-an®p \´p-®bv°v Iqcm-Iq-cn-cp-

´m-bn. hoc-\mb \o acn-®p-thm. `qan-bn¬\n∂v Hcp-]mSp ih-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-´p. Zp:Jtam-SpZp:Jam-bn.



]mW-\n-√m-Ø-h¿Iq-sS.................................

............................... F¥p-]‰q ]qXm (131-˛140)

]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ t]mepw Zp:JtØmsS ]pd-Øp-h∂p F∂n´pw Pohn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂-h¿°p Zp:Jan-

√msX t]mb-sXt¥? I√pw ac-ßfpw IqSn Zp:Jw kln-bv°msX s]mń-∏n-f-cp-∂p. I√n-t\-°mfpw

ItTm-c-am-Wt√m blq-Z-cpsS lrZ-b-Øn\v. k¿∆-tem-I-\m-Y-\mb \ns‚ acWw I≠-t∏mƒ Zp:Ja-b-

ambn Fßpw Rm\nXm k¿∆Zp:J°-S-en¬ B≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

\n∑-c-W-tØmSp IqsS.......................................

............................................-Xqßn \obpw acnt®m ]pXm (141-˛150)

\ns‚ IqsS Fs∂bpw sIm∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu Zp:Jw H´pw XWp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. \n\-°n-jvS-s∏-

´-sX√mw Rm≥ A\p-h-Zn-bv°m≥ Xo¿®-bm°n. F∂n´pw F\n-bv°m-i-zmkw In´p-∂n-√. \n\-°m-tcmSpw

shdp-∏n-√. F∂n´pw iXp-°ƒ°v \nt∂mSp shdp-∏m-Wv. \ns‚ Imense c‡w BZ-ans‚ inc- n¬

A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. h©-Xn-sIm-≠p-≠mb ]m]-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw sNbvXpshm acw-sIm≠p h∂-tZmjw

acw-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°m-\mtWm \o ac-°p-cn-in¬ Xqßn acn-®-Xv.

\mcn-I-øm¬ ew Xn∂p...............................

...................................-t\-Sn-sh-®tXm ]pXm (151-˛160)

s]Æns‚ (l-∆) t]c-W-bm¬ (hn-e-°-s∏-´) ]gw Xn∂-Xp-sIm≠v a\p-j-y¿°p-h∂ alm-]m-

]sØ s]Æmb Rm≥ hgn ian-∏n-®p-thm. Rßsf lrZ-b-Øne tN¿Øp-sh-bv°m-\m-K-ln-bv°p∂ \o

AXn\p th≠n a\p-j-y¿°mbn ]nf¿∂p sh®p-thm. bmsXmcp If-¶-hp-an-√m-Ø-XmWv \ns‚ kvt\l-

sa∂v ImWn-bv°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmtWm \o Dffpw s]mfn-®p-Im-ń-b-Xv. BZw sNbvX sX‰ns‚ t]cn¬

a\p-j-ycpsS apºn¬ sImń-b-S-bv°-s∏´ kz¿§-hm-Xn¬ \ns‚ tam£-bm-X-bn-eqsS Xpd-∂p-sh-®p-thm.

]gb IS-ß-sf√mw hoń C\n-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ISw ho´m-\p-ff kzØpw kºm-Zn-®p-thm.

]f-fn-Xs‚bpf-f-I-Øp......................................

..................................... ]nXm-ho-ti-m-`-hnbv° Xkvam¬ (161-˛174)

\o \ns‚ [\-sa√mw If-f-∑m¿°p In´m-Ø-hn[Øn¬ ]f-fn-bpsS Df-fn¬ sh®p. ]f-fn-bn-ep-f-f-

h¿°v AX-ym-h-iy ka-bØv AXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ kq£n-∏p-Im-c-t\bpw Gev]n-®p. Cß-s\-sbms° a\p-

j-y¿°p \√Xp hcp-Øp-hm\pw Ah-cpsS hnj-a-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m\pw ]h¿Øn-®mWv \o acn-®-Xv. I\-

ym-am-Xm-hns‚ Zp:Jßsf Cß-s\-sb√mw ]mSn kvXpXn® Fs‚ a\- nse tZmj-ß-sf√mw Igp-In-°-

f™v a\- n\p sh◊-\¬I-Wta ssZh-am-Xm-th. \n∑-Is‚ ac-Ww-sIm≠v Fs‚ ac-WsØ Hgn-hm°n

AtΩ Fs∂ c£n-bvt°-Wta. Fs∂ \n∑-I-t\mSv tN¿Øv Fdnbv°pw tam£w Xtc-W-ta.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ


1) Cßs\ \o a\p-j-y¿°p awKew hcp-Øp-hm-\mbv

Xnßn\ k¥m-]-tamSp iant®m ]pXm ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

2) \n¥n-cp-ap-JØp Xp∏n \nµ-sN-bvXp-sXm-gp-Xt√m

P¥p-thm-Sn-ßs\ IjvSw sNøptam ]pXm ˛ Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.

3) kqc-y\pw t]mbv ad-™t√m Ccp-´mbn D®-t\cw

hoc-y-hmt\ \o acnt®m òXntbm ]pXm

4) \mcn-I-øn¬ êw-Xn∂p \c-∑m¿°p h∂-tZjw

\mcnbmw ta ê-ambv \o Hgnt®m ]pXm ˛ kqNn-Xm¿∞w Fgp-Xp-I.


1) ]pØ≥]m\ F∂ IrXnbv°v kmln-X-y-]-c-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw Dff ÿm\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

2) ]pØ≥]m-\-bnse `mjm coXn ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.



\f-N-cnXw B´-°Y

(\memw Znh-kw)

B -°Ym ]ÿm\w

a‰p `mjmIfn-sem∂pw ImWmØ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp A`n-\b kmlnXy-amWv B´-°-Y.

Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Ime-L-´-Øn\p tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® Hcp kvXw`-\m-h-ÿbv°v B´-

°Ym ]ÿm-\-tØm-sS-bmWv am‰w h∂-sX∂p ]d-bmw. mj-]-c-ambn aWn-]-hm-f-Øns‚ tNcn-bn¬Ø-

s∂-bmWv B´-°-Ybv°pw ÿm\w. kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cmb Ihn-IƒX-s∂-bmWv B´-I-Y-bn¬

AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-Xpw.

]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv B -°Ym ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw. sIm´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cm-\mWv

CXns‚ D]-⁄m-X-hv. cmam-b-W-I-Ysb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-ff At±-l-Øns‚ F´p IY-I-fmWv

BZ-ysØ B´-°-Y-Iƒ. IrjvW-\m-´-Øn-t\m-Sp-ff InS-a-’-c-Øn¬ cma-\m-´-sa∂ t]cn-em-WsX Cu

IrXn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. Ihn-Xzw Ipd™ sIm´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cms‚ B´-°-Y-Iƒ ]Nm-c-ep-]vX-ß-fm-

bn. B´-°-Ym-km-ln-X-y-Øn\v AXnt‚Xmb Kuc-hhpw s]uVnbpw ssIh-∂Xv tIm´-bØp

Xºp-cms‚ IrXn-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ie-ym-W-ku-K-‘n-Iw, _I-h-[w, In¿Ωo-c-h-[w,

\nhm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h[w F∂o \mem-´-°-Y-Ifpw kmln-X-y-Zr-jvSym anI-®-h-sb-∂-wKo-Imcw t\Sn.

Im¿ØnI Xncp-\mƒ, Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, hnZ-zm≥ Infn-am-\q¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-

h-cm-Wv B´-°-Ybv°v I\Ø kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xv. F∂m¬ DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cnXw

B´-°Ym kmln-X-y-Øn¬ Hcp A\-\-z-b-ambn h¿Øn-bv°p-∂p.

IY-Ifn

X\nt°c-fo-b-sa-∂m-`n-am-\n-bv°m-hp∂ hniz]kn-≤-amb Hc`n\b-I-e-bmWv IY-I-fn. B´-°-Y-

I-fpsS cwKm-hn -jvImc cq]-amWv IY-Ifn AYhm IY-I-fn -bv°p-ff kmln-X-y -cq -] -amWv

B´-°-Y. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \mtSmSn Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw AjvS-]-Zn-bm-´w, IrjvW-

\m- w, IqSn-bm´w F∂o A`n-\b kmt¶-X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]e LS-I-ßfpw Ime-I-a-Øn¬ Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv

C∂sØ cq]-Øn-ep-ff IY-I-fn-bm-b-Xv. \rØw, \mS-yw, kwKo-Xw, hmZ-yw, NnX-Ie F∂n-h-bp-sS-

sb√mw ka-yIv ktΩ-f-\-amWv IY-I-fn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. kmX-zn-Iw, BwKn-Iw, hmNn-Iw, Blm-cyw

F∂o \mep hn[ A`n-\-b-Øn\pw IY-I-fn-bn¬ ÿm\-ap-≠v. a‰v A`n-\-b-I-e-Isf At]-£n®v IY-I-fn-

bv°p-ff Hcp ]tX-y-IX \S≥ kwkm-cn-bv°p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv. kmln-Xy `mK-ßsf kwKo-X-ambn Nn´-

s∏-SpØn `mK-h-X¿ ]mSp-∂-XmWv hmNn-Im-`n-\-bw. IYm- m-Khpw kµ¿`hpw t«mI-Ønepw kw`m-j-W-

ßƒ ]Z-ambpw (]m- v) BWv B -°-Y-I-fn¬ ImWp-I, IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS kz- m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahsc ]®,

IØn, XmSn, Icn, an\p°v F∂ kmt¶-X-Øn¬ HXp-°n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂Xpw IY-I-fn-bpsS ]tX-y-I-X-bm-Wv.

IY-I-fn-bpsS cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-Ønepw \f-N-cnXw hcp-Ønb ]Nm-chpw AXns‚ kzm-[o-\hpw FSpØp

]d-bmsX hø.



\f-N-cnXw

Ccn-™m-e-°p-S-bn-ep-ff AI-Øq´p hmcn-b-ØmWv DÆmbn hmcn-b¿ P\n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚

Pohn-X-Im-ew, t]cv, a‰p IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh X¿° hnj-b-am-Wv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-

Ønepw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZ-y-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn-°Ww At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa∂pw Ip©≥

\-º-ym¿ At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. \f-N-cn-X-Øn\p

]pdta Kncn-Pm-I-e-ymWw KoX-]-_-‘-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ as‰mcp IrXn.

\f-N-cnXw aqe-IY alm-`m-c-X-Øn-ep-f-f-Xm-Wv. h\-hm-k-Øn-s\-Ønb ]mWvU-hsc

Bi-z-kn-∏n-bv°m≥ _rl-Z-i-z-ap\n ]d™p tIƒ∏n-bv°p∂ Hcp \o≠ D]-I-Y-bmWv alm-`m-c-X-Ønse

\tfm-]m-J-ym-\w. B aqe-I-Ysb B[m-c-am°n DZm-Ø-amb Hcp \mS-Iob Imh-y-amWv DÆmbn hmcn-b¬

cNn-®-Xv. \f-N-cnXw \mep Znh-ksØ IY-bmbn (\mep `mK-am-bn) BWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse imIp-¥fw F∂ _lp-a-Xn-t]mepw klr-Z-b¿ \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Ybv°v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

s]mXpth IY-I-fn-tbmSpw B´-°-Y-tbmSpw hnap-J-\mb F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω-bmWv BZ-y-am-bn \f-N-cn-

X-Øn\v Hcp hym-J-ym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bXv (Im-¥m-c-Xm-c-Iw) F∂v it≤-b-amb Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. tPmk^v

ap≠-t»-cn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ IY-Ifn F∂ Hc-`n-\b kt¶Xw \mam-hn-ti-j-am-bm¬ B´-°Ym

]ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-bv°p∂ Htc Hcp IrXn \f-N-cn-X-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp IYsb Iri-tIm-a-f-amb Hcp Iem-in-ev]-am-°n-Øo¿Ø-

XmWv DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS hnP-bw. kwt£-]-W-Ønepw GIm-K-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw At±lw

i≤n-®p. ]mX-c-N\m ]mS-hw, PohnX \nco-£W Iuiew, [z-\-ym-fl-I-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\w, k¿t∆m-]cn

F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff HuNn-X-y-Zo-£, Imh-y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff Dƒ°mgv® CsX-√m-amWv \f-N-cn-XsØ

Hcp D¬IrjvS \mS-Iob Imh-y-ambn am‰n-b-sX∂p ImWmw.

\f-N-cn-X-Ønse `mj-sb-°pSn i≤-bvt°-WvS-Xp-≠v. `mjm-]-tbm-f-Øn¬ \º-ym-sc-t∏m-se-

Xs∂ D—rw-J-e-\m-bn-cp∂p At≤-lw. aWn-]-hm-fw-X-s∂-sb-¶nepw eoem-Xn-eI \nb-a-]-Imcw DØa

aWn]-hm -f -sa∂p ]d-™p-Iq -S. Hcp Xcw sh¶-e-`mj F∂mWv AXns\ ]d-tb-≠-Xv .

ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw bmsXmcp t`Z-hp-an-√msX Xne-X-WvUpe \ym-tb\ ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ At±-l-

Øn\p aSn-bn-√. ]mkw, A\p-]m-k-w, ba-Iw, F∂o i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-fn¬ AXn-cp-I-hn™ à-am-Wv.

hym-I-cW \nb-a-ß-fnepw kº-Zm-b-ß-fnepw AanX kzm-X-¥yw ]tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ At±lw B´-°Ym

kmt¶-X-Ønepw s]mfns®gpØp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

\memw-Zn-hkw ˛ Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS

]pd∏mSv: IY-bm-cw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn CjvS-tZ-h-Xmcm [\-m]-c-ambn \S-Øp∂ Hcp NS-

ßm-bWv Ct∏mƒ "]pd--∏m-Sv.' \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-∑msc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NS-ßmbn´mWsX ]g-b-Im-

eØv ]pd-∏mSv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.

t«mIw 1 : ZpjvS-\mb Ien Xs∂ hn´p-am-dnb \nanjw apX¬ (aq-∂mw-Zn-hkw IY-bn¬ EXp-

]¿Æ cmPm-hn¬ \n∂v A£-lr-Zbw Kln-bv°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv Ien \fs\ hn´p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv) Xs‚

]nb-X-asb (Z-a-b-¥n-sb) Hm¿Øv \f≥ apº-tØ-Xnepw th-KØn¬ B tX¿ (E-Xp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚

tX¿. Za-b-¥n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-ap-s≠∂pw Xs∂ ImØv hnhm-l-Zn\w \oń-\o-ń-s°m≠p t]mIp-I-

bm-sW-∂p-sas° sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-bv°-s∏´ EXp-]¿Æ≥ hfsc thK-Øn¬ tXtcm-Sn -bv°p-hm≥



\f-s\-bmWv tXcm-fn-bm-bn-°q- n-b-Xv) HmSn®p sIm≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ tZh-∑m¿ (\n-en-º¿)-t]mepw A¤p-

X-a-¤p-X-sa∂p ]d™p (]p-e-ºn). AkvX-an-bv°m≥ t]mIp∂ kqc-y≥ (A-cp-W-kq-X≥) thKX Ip-d-

™h (hn-fw-_n-X-K-Xn)-\mbn `hn®p (_-sù) _sù + Acp-W≥ ˛ _`m-h-cp-W≥ (kq-c-ys‚ bmX-b-

h-km-\n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p apºv \fs‚ bmX Ah-km-\n®p ˛ AkvX-a-b-Øn\p apºv EXp-]¿Æ-\p-ambn

\f≥ IpWvUn-\-Øn-se-Øn)

]Zw = AXn-thK(Xq¿Æw)-Øn-seØn EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hv. kpµ-cn-bmb Za-b-¥nsb hnhmlw

sNøm≥ t]mIp-∂-tXm¿Øv At±lw tcmam©w sIm≠p. cXv\m-`-c-W-ßƒ AWn™v ssIbn¬

cXv\w ]Xn® hn√v. (Nn-e) Aºp-sa-SpØv Ima-hn-Im-cw-sIm≠v a\-s -cn-bp∂ EXp-]¿Æ≥ Ie-ym-W-sØ-

°p-dn®v at\m-cm-P-y-Øn¬ apgpIn B\-µ-Ø-em-dm-Sn. Z¿∏nX (A-l-¶-cn-®) iXp-°ƒ°v Ime\pw Z¿∏-

I≥ (Im-a-tZ-h≥) ImcWw hnep-]vX-io-e≥ = \jvS-s∏´ kz-`mh-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-h≥, `¿∏-W-tem-e≥ =

Ft∏mgpw IÆmSn-bn¬ t\m°p-∂-h≥ ˛ kpµ-c-hn-UvVn, Z¿∏-tIm-P-z-e≥ = Imaw-sIm≠v Pz-en-bv°p-∂-

h≥. aq∂p-tem-IØpw ]kn-≤-bmb kpµcn (Z-a-b-¥n)-sb ASp-Øp-In-´m-bvI-bm¬ Aev]-a-]n-Im-e-ehw

(sN-dnb ka-b-Øns‚ `mKw t]mepw) Iev]w (bp-Kw) F∂v Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h≥ ˛ (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥ Ct∏mƒ

Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Wv). hm¿jvtW-b≥ (\-f≥ cmPm-hmbn-cp-∂-t∏m-gsØ c≠p tXcm-fn-am-cmWv Poh-e-

\pw, hm¿jvtW-b-\pw. \f≥ NqXn¬ ]m∏-cm-hp-∂-Xp-I-≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ t\csØ \nj-[-bn¬ \n∂p

cmPn-sh®v t]m∂v EXp-]¿Æs‚ tXcm-fn-bmbn IqSn. hgn-b-dnbp∂ Hcmƒ F∂ \nebv°v Cu bmX-

bn¬ c≠mw tXcm-fn-bmbn hm¿jvtW-b\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p). ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v IWvUn-\-Øn-se-Øn-

sb-∂-dn-™p. tImjvW-am-X]w sImSpw shbn¬ I≠v IuXpIw ]q≠v, _mlp-Is\ A`n-\-µn®v (C-X-

th-K-Øn¬ FØn-®-Xn-\v) tijvT-amb tXcn¬ ssIøq-t°-dnb EXp-]¿Æ≥ at\m-l-c-amb IpWvUn-\-

Øn¬ FØn.

ChnsS ]pd-s∏´v C\n-h-cm≥ t]mIp∂ IYm-]m-XsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂p

i≤n-bv°p-I.

t«mIw 2: A\-zbw : k: EXp-]¿Æ: IpWvUn\w ]pcw

D]K-ay X¬\r-]k©mc-hn-lo\w Gh ]i-y≥

AY AXn-Ip-WvT-a\m:hnj-ÆXm hnh¿Æ: Nn¥mw PKma

B EXp-]¿Æ cmPmhv IpWvUn\ \K-c-Øn¬ FØn-bn´v AXns\ (\-K-cw) a‰p cmPm-°-∑m¿

Bcpw C√m-Ø-Xm-bn-Øs∂ I≠n´v (k-z-bw-h-c-am-Ip-tºmƒ Aßs\ t]mc-t√m) hnjm-Z-lr-Z-b-\mbn

hnfdn C]-I-mcw Nn¥n®p. ]Zw: _“-W¿°v hnUvVnØw IqSp-sa∂v F√m-h¿°p-a-dnbmw ho≠p hnNm-

c-an-√msX Ctßm´p NmSn-∏p-d-s∏´ Rm≥ `mhn-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-X-am-bn. Hcp _m“-

W≥ h∂v hnUvVnØw ]d-™p. (Z-a-b¥n c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn\v tbmK-y-\mb Hcmsf ImØn-cn-bv°-bm-

sW∂v kptZh _m“-W≥ ]d-™-Xv) AtXmsS Ima-tZ-h≥ Fs‚ ASp-sØØn \n¿±-b-ambn Aºp-

I-f-b®v Fs∂ `m¥p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS a\- ns\ Ie°n adn-bv°m≥ (a-Y\w sNøp-I) kma¿∞-

yhpw hoc-yhpw Ima-tZ-h-\p-Xs∂. C\n F¥mWv \√-Xv. h∂ Imcyw BtcmSpw ]d-bm-Xn-cnbv°mw (A-

I-Y-\w) Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ Kmwò-c-y-Øn\pw hoc-y-Øn\pw \√-Xv. _“mhv (-hn-[n), alm-hnjvWp (hn-[p)

inh≥ (hn-[p-sau-en) F∂n-h¿°p-t]mepw XSp-°m-\m-hmØ Ima-tZ-hs‚ ]cm-Iaw Fs∂-t∏m-ep-f-f-h-

cpsS apºn¬ \n m-c-am-Ip-I-bn-√-t√m. (saucn + Ahm-cnX ˛ sau-eyhmcn-X). kvXohntbmK Zp:Jw

Rm\nXm If-™n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Cu hnZ¿` cmPyw (hn-j-bw) F\nbv°p Zqsc-sbm-∂p-a-√-t√m. (A-bmƒ

]°sØ cmPm-hp-ambn kulr-Z-°m-gv®-bv°p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bmw).



t«mIw 3. A\-zbw: AY Za-b-¥n-Xm≥ kptZ-h-ap-JmZv

AJnew Gh apZm D]-I¿W-y, ZpXw EXp-]¿Æ-\n∂p hcp

sa∂v A\n-Xc Nn¥w hnate aWn-ku-[-Xte BkvX

cY-amb t]mjtI´v DZn-X-tXmjw kJow DhmN

AXn-\p-tijw Za-b-¥n-bm-Is´ kptZ-h-_m-“-W-\n¬ \n∂v F√mw-Xs∂ (Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS

Bh-i-y-]-Imcw Atbm-≤-y-bn¬ FØn \fs‚ km∂n-≤-y-Øn¬ Za-b-¥n-bpsS c≠mw hnhml hm¿Ø

]d™v EXp-]¿Æs‚ a\- n-f-°nb Imc-y-sa-√mw) kk-t¥mjw tI´v "thK-Øn¬ EXp-]¿Æ≥ C∂p-

hcpw C∂p-hcpw F∂ Hscm‰®n¥tbmsS at\m-l-c-amb Xs‚ amfn-I-bn¬ Ccn-∏m-bn. AXn-\n-S-bn¬

Hcn-bv°¬ tX¿°p-Xn-c-I-fpsS i_vZw tI´v D≠mb kt¥m-j-tØmsS tXmgn-tbmSp ]d-™p. ]Zw =

Fs‚ kwi-b-sa√mw Xo¿∂p. Fs‚ Zp:Jßƒ Ah-km-\n-®p. Cµm-Wn-bpsS (C-µ-]-Xv\n) (kp-aw-K-e-

I-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-]m-Xw) A\p-Klw F\nbv°p Inń. ]q¿Æm-Z-_m“Ws‚ hm°p-Ifpw ên-®p.

Rm≥ t\¿∂ hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw ê-ap-≠m-bn.

NI-h¿Øn-bmb Fs‚ `¿Ømhv Ct∏mƒ Atbm-≤-ym-cm-Pm-hns‚ tXcm-fn-bm-bn. amXen

(tZ-th-µs‚ kmc-Yn)-t]mepw ]cm-P-b-s∏´p Ign-™p. (\-fs‚ cY-th-K-Øn¬). AXp-sIm≠v F\nbv°v

]eXc-Øn-ep-ff kt¥m-j-am-bn.

CXm t\cnb tXscm-en-tIƒ°p-∂p. CXm tXcns‚ sImSn-°qd (tI-X-\w) ImWp-∂p.

At∏m-tg°pw CXm tXcn¬ \n∂v aq∂m-fn-d-ßp-∂p. Bcm-W-h¿ (tX-cns‚ thKX hmI-y-ß-fn¬

\n∂q-ln-bv°mw) hoc-tk-\n(-ho-c-tk-\-]p-X≥ = \f≥) C°q-´-Øn-en√ ho≠pw k¶Sw Xs∂.

Im‰nt‚bpw a\- nt‚bpw thK-X-bmWo tXcn-\v. AXn-\p-Im-cWw \fs‚ tXcmfn

(hm¿jvtW-b≥) C°q-´-Øn-ep-f-f-Xp-Xs∂ (th-KX I≠-t∏mƒ BZyw \f-\m-bn-cnbv°pw tXtcm-Sn-bv°p-

∂-sX-∂q-ln-®p. Fs‚ F√m ]cn-i-a-ßfpw \njv^-e-am-bn.

t«mIw 4. A\-zbw: aWvUnX: kmbm-thK IpWvUn-\m-Jy ]pcw

D]-KX:[oc Asku EXp-]¿Æ: l¥ ssào-]-cn-W-b-IYmw

anYym C\n ⁄mXzm s]ussc: B thZn-X-\n-P-KXow òaw GXb

X¬ k¬°mc ]ap-Zn-X-alm: tX\ k¶Ymw tXt\.

\∂mbn thj-`q-jm-Zn-I-fm¬ Aew-Ir-X-\mbn sshIp-t∂-cØv IpWvUn\w F∂ \K-c-Øn¬

FØn-t®¿∂-h-\mb [oc-\mb B EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hv, IjvSw Xs∂, Za-b¥o hnhm-l-IY \pW-bm-sW-

∂-dn-™n´p sIm´mcw tkh-I-∑m¿ ]d™v Xm≥ (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥) h∂ hm¿Ø-b-dn™ òam-cm-Pm-hns\

kao-]n®v (G-X-y) At±-l-Øns‚ AXnYn k¬°m-c-Øm¬ sXfn™ a\-t m-Sp-IqSn At±-l-hp-ambn

(ò-a≥) kw`mjWw sNbvXp (k-¶-Ym-tX-t\) oa-cm-Pmhv a\p-Ip-e-\m-bIm Xh Ipiew Inap? A√tbm

cmPmth Aßbv°v t£aw Xs∂-bt√? Aßbv°v th≠n Rm≥ F¥mWv sNtø-≠Xv? (F-¥n-\mWv

h∂Xv F∂p Xs∂) ]cn-hm-c-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX cmPm-Iob Nn”-ßƒ (]-cn-—-Zw) H∂p-an-√m-sX-bp-ff

Aß-bpsS Cu hchv Fs¥¶nepw Hcp Imcyw a\- n¬ Icp-Xn-bn-´mhpw AtI-t∂mSp ]d-bq. CXm-tem-

Nn-bv°p-tºmƒ F\n-bvt°-‰hpw kt¥mj-ap-≠v. AsX-s¥-∂t√? Cu \K-c-hpw, Cu ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw

Xt‚Xp-X-s∂-bmWv F∂ Dd® hni-zm-k-tØm-sS-bm-Wt√m Aßv h∂Xv (\mw A\-y-c√m F∂ t_m[-

Øn¬). AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]pW-y-hm-\mWv a\- n\v kt¥-j-hm-am-bn. ]pW-y-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v Gsd-

°mew A≤-zm-\n-®m¬ t]mepw k÷\kw-k¿§w e`n-bv°p-I-bn-√-t√m. (A-ß-bpsS hchv Fs‚

]pW-y-êw sIm≠m-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂p).



EXp-]¿Æ≥: `oa-cm-Pm-th, F\nbv°v kpJw Xs∂. Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-tIƒ°q. Aß-bpsS

sIm´m-c-Øn¬ H∂p hcm≥ Rm≥ Iptd-°m-e-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. C∂Xp km[n-®p. A√msX thsd

bmsXmcp Imc-y-hp-an-√m. Aß-sb-t∏mse AXn-cn-√mØ \∑-I-fp-f-f-hsc ImWp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-∂-Xm-

Wt√m ]pW-yw. (A-ßsb ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv Fs‚ ]pWyw sIm≠m-Wv). \mw XΩn¬ \√ ASp-∏hpw

_‘-y-X-bp-am-W-t√m. (]-‰-e¿ = iXp-°ƒ) Aß-sb-t∏m-ep-f-f-hsc `mK-yw-sIm-≠p-am-Xta ImWm≥

Ign-bp-I-bp-f-fq.

t«mIw 5. A\-zbw:

Xmack_‘p-hw-i-ap-S-tbm-c-h-\n-]-Xn-e-I≥ Ipl-Nn¬

Ac-aX oa-P-b-In¬ BIp-e-a\m: Ba-b-`q-a-[q-a-en\m

kJnsb \nc-Zn-i¬

kqc-y-hwi cmPmhv (E-Xp-]¿Æ≥) Hcn-SØv Xma-kn®p (-k¬°m-c-ta-‰v) Za-b-¥n-bm-Is´ Ie-ßn-

a-dn™ a\-t m-Sp-IqSn Bab (Zp:J)Øns‚ `qam-hv (s]m-cp-∏w)BIp∂ [qa-Øm¬ (]p-I-bn¬) tim`-

sI-´-h-fmbn Xs‚ tXmgnsb C]-Imcw ]d-™-b-®p.

Za-b¥n:˛ Rm≥ `mKyw sI´-h-fmbnt∏mbn. tImSn-°-W-°n≥ Ima-tZ-h≥am¿ tN¿∂-Xp-t]mse

kpµ-c-\mb Fs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ sXfn™ apJw Rm\n\n F∂p-Im-Wm-\mWv? hnc-lZp:Jam-Ip∂ Cu

ITn-\-amb IS¬ Bg-ta-dn-bXpw adp-I-c-Im-WmØXpamWv. G‰hpw Zb-\o-b-ambn Rm\n-Xn¬ hoWv KXn-

sI-´p. CXv hnjaw Xs∂; G‰hpw thZ-\m-P-\-Ihpw AXn-\m¬ \o Ct∏mƒ B hoc-]p-cp-js\ Is≠-

Øm-\p-ff ]W-n-Iƒ sNø-Ww. EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pm-hns‚ hnIr-X-cq-]n-bmb Cu tXcmfn \nj-[m-cm-Pm-hmb

\f-\m-sW-∂-dn-™n-cn-bv°n∂p F∂v kz-Im-c-y-ambn Hcp _m“≥ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. \o t]mbn Abm-

tfmSv C°m-c-y-sØ-∏‰n tNmZn-®-dn™p Abm-fpsS adp-]Sn F¥m-sW∂p tI´p-h-c-Ww.

Abm-fpsS Blm-cw, Pe-]m\w F∂nh Fßs\ (I-Yw) sb∂pw a\- n-em-°n-h-c-Ww. ad-™n-

cp∂v CsX√mw Adn™v DS-s\-Øs∂ h∂v Ft∂mSp ]d-b-Ww. kabw If-b-cpXv Cu k¶-S-ßƒ

Xo¿°m≥ CXp-X-s∂-bmWv D]mbw F∂p-Xo¿®.

t«mIw 6. A\-zbw: ]nb-X-a-Z¿i-\-]-kn-X-bm,

_lptI \f: CXn P\nX kwib am\-kbm `oa-Pbm

CXn-Ine \nK-XnXm Ipi-em-tI-in\n Phm¬ cY-KXw

\fw GXy Ipiew Ipiew A\-z-bpMv‡.

`¿Øm-hns\ ImWm≥ BK-ln-bv°p-∂-hfpw _mlp-I≥ \f-\m-sW∂ kwi-b-ap-f-f-hfpw Bb

Za-b-¥n-bm¬ C]-Imcw ]d-b-s∏ v Ipi-em-tI-in\n (k-a¿∞-bmb tIin-\n) thK-Øn¬ tXcn-en-cn-bv°p∂

\fs\ kao-]n®v (Ip-iew) B ka¿∞-t\mSv Ipiew A\-z-bpMv‡ = t£aw At\-z-jn-®p.

tIin\n:˛ \obm-cmWv? t]sc-¥mWv? CXm-cpsS tXcmWv Zpc-ÿ-eØp \n∂p h∂-h-cm-sW∂p

tXm∂p-∂p. kXyw ]d-bWw. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-i-y-ap-≠v. Fs‚ Cu \n¿_‘w ]mgm-bn-√. Za-b¥ndmWn-

bp-IS Iev]-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu k‘-ym-k-a-bØv Chn-tSbv°p Ib-dn-h∂ \nß-fm-sc∂v hy-‡-ambn Adn-b-Ww.

_mlp-I≥:˛ Cuc-ysX (]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p) Rms\√mw kX-y-ambn ]d-bmw. AXp-sIm≠v \n\-

s°¥v ]tbm-P\w? AXp-]-d-bv. hfsc Zqc-Øp-\n∂p h∂-h-cm-Wt√m Rßƒ. ChnsS EXp-]¿Æ-cm-

Pm-hns‚ tXcm-fn-I-fmbn Rßƒ c≠p t]¿ h∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ Rm≥ _mlp-I≥. C\n CX-dn-

™n´v \n\-s°-¥p-Im-cyw F∂v Ft∂mSv kXyw ]d-bq.



tIin\n:˛ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ (A-tßm-´p-Xn-c-™v) sN∂mepw ImWm≥ kuI-c-y-s∏-SmØ (Xn-c-°p-

]n-Sn-®-h-\m-Wv) Cµ-Xp-e-y-\mb Cu EXp-]¿Æ cmPmhv F¥n-\m-Wn-hnsS h∂-sX∂v Ft∂mSp ]d-bm-

tam. as‰mcmƒ IqSn-bp-s≠∂p ]d-™p-h-t√m. Abm-sf-hn-sS-t∏mbn? Abmsf ChnsS Nne¿°-dnbmw

(hm¿jvtW-bs\ \fs‚ tXcmfn F∂ \nebv°v ChnsS ]≠v ]e-t∏mgpw h∂n-´p-≠t√m. \f≥ NqXp-

I-fn-bn¬ tXm‰p sIm≠n-cn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ kz¥w Ipń-Isf kpc-£-tbm¿Øp Cu tXcm-

fn-am¿ aptJ-\-bmWv Za-b¥n IpWvUn-\-Øn-te-bv°-b-®-Xpw).

_mlp-I≥:˛ \m\m-cm-P-y-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff cmPm-°≥am¿ Hcp-]m-Sp-t]¿ ChnsS hcp-a-sX. \f-s\-

Z-a-b¥n Dt]-£n-®p-h-sX. as‰mcp cmPm-hns\ kz-bw-h-cn-bv°m≥ t]mIp-∂p-hsX.

tIin\n:˛ A°Y tIń-´mtWm kqc-y-hw-i-Øn¬ ]nd∂ Cu cmPmhv h∂-Xv. AXp-\n¬°t´

F\nbv°v as‰m∂p tNmZn-bv°m-\p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw ]tZ-iØv \f-s\-°p-dn®v \√-h¿Ø-am\w h√Xpw

tIƒ°m-\pt≠m? C∂p-h-sc-bp-ff (\-fs\ ]ncn-™Xp apX¬) Za-b-¥n-bpsS PohnXw AXnZp -l-

sat∂ ]d-tb-≠q.

_mlp-I≥:˛ \f≥ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Hfn®p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m Bthm? \fs\ Bcv ImWm-\m-Wv.

(\-fs\ B¿°p-thWw F∂ [z-\n) as‰m-cmsf hnhmlw Ign-bv°m-\p-ff (Za-b-¥n-bp-sS) iaw hfsc

\∂m-bn. \ft\bpw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂n v B¿s°¥p ]tbm-P-\w. (Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn-ep-ff ]p—hpw

]Xn-tj-[hpw hn]-co-Xm¿∞-Øn¬ [z-\n-bv°p-∂p).

tIin\n:˛ kptZh _m“-W≥ (]¿Æm-Z≥) As∂m-cn-bv°¬ Atbm-≤y (k-mt¶-Xw)-bn¬ h∂v

Hcp Imcyw ]d-™-t∏mƒ \ob-Xn\p adp-]Sn ]d-™p-h-sX. B adp-]Sn C∂n-t∏mƒ \osb-t∂mSp

]d-b-Ww. AXp F∂pw Za-b-¥n-bpsS sNhn-Iƒ°v Aar-XmWt√m. (F-X-tI-´mepw aXn-bm-In-√)

_mlp-I≥:˛ Ipeo-\-I-fmb kvXoIƒ°p tIm]w ]mSn-√. temI-km-£n-I-fmbn ]e tZh-≥am-

cp-≠-t√m. (B-Zn-X-y≥, Nµ≥, hmbp, A·n, cmXn, ]I¬, ]`m-Xw, ]tZmjw apX-em-b-h-cmWv temI-

km-£n-Iƒ. Ahƒ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw GXp-t\-c-tØbpw ]hr-Øn-Iƒ°v km£n-I-fm-Wv) (Ie-h-[p-

°ƒ°v) D`-b-`p-h-\-kpJw (C-tl-tem-I-Ønepw ]c-tem-I-Ønepw \∑) ta¬°p-ta¬ h∂p-Iq-Spw.

(\-f≥ Za-b-¥nsb Imń¬ Dt]-£n-®Xv A\o-Xn-bm-bn-t∏mbn F∂-]¿Æm-Zs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn\v "\f≥

Adn-™p-sIm≠v bmsXmcp sX‰pw sNbvXn-ń-√. ˛AXn\p temI-km-£n-IƒXs∂ km£n-Iƒ.

]mXn-h-Xyw Xs∂ ]Xn-h-X-amsc c£nbv°pw' F∂mWv _mlp-I≥ ]d™ adp-]Sn).

t«mIw 7 shfn-®ta sN∂v Htcmt∂ Xncn™v = ]c-k-y-ambn (tI-in\n, \fs‚ ap∂n¬)sN∂v

Hmtcmtcm Imc-W-ßƒ tNmZn-®-Xn\v ˛ Ifn-®-h≥ sNm∂Xp tI´p = Ah≥ Ifn-bmbn ]d™ adp-]-Sn-

Iƒ tI´v (tI-in-\n) X¬°mew AhnsS \n∂p t]m∂p. Hfn®p ]nt∂m´p [cn®p ZqXn = B ZqXn

(hn-Z-Kv[-ambn ZuXyw \n¿∆-ln-bv°p-∂-h¿ F∂v [z-\n) ]ns∂ H´p Hfn®p [cn®p thsd Nne-Im-c-y-ßƒ

ad™p \n∂v a\- n-em°n (I-Ym-K-Xn-bn¬ a¿Ω ][m-\-amb A°m-cyw C\n-]-d-bm≥ t]mIp-∂p). F∂n v

ssàow hnPt\ hnfn®p ]d-™p. Za-b-¥nsb H‰-bvs°m-cn-S-tØbv°p hnfn®p sIm≠p-t]mbn

kz-Im-c-y-ambn∏d™p.

tIin\n:˛ ]qamXv (e-£vao-tZ-hn)˛bv°v Xpe-y-amb ico-c-tØmSp IqSn-b-htf ˛ kpµcn (X\p =

icocw ˛ Xt\m-˛-kw-t_m-[-\) hnZ¿` cmPm-hns‚ ]pXn, tIƒ°. ]pcp-j-cXv\w Xs∂-bmWv _mlp-

I≥ (-tbm-K-y-\m-Wv). [oam≥ (_p-≤n-am≥) Bb At±lw Ft∂mSv t]cpw h¿Ø-am-\-ßfpw ]d-™p.

\f≥ sX‰p-Im-c-\-√-sX. AYhm \f\p sX‰p-]-‰n-bm¬t∏mepw Ipeo-\-kvXo-Iƒ°v tIm]w D≠m-I-cp-

X-tX. h¿Ø-am\w tI´m¬ Abmƒ ZpjvS-\-√. Fs¥-¶nepw NXn(O-ew)bns≠∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√.



]e-Im-c-y-ßfpw ]d™p; AsXms° Xam-i-bm-bn-°q-ń-bm¬ aXn. A∂m-Zn-]mI kw`mcw = `£Ww

D≠m-°m-\p-ff Hcp-°-ßƒ h-Xn-bpsS Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v Rm≥ Hfn-®p-\n∂p I≠p. IpS-Øn¬ shffw

X\ntb h∂p-\n-d-™p. CXn¬]cw A¤p-X-ap-t≠m. Zw`w (N-Xn) IqSmsX Xo ]mI-Øn\v Bfn°Øn

(k-zbw ˛ AYhm hnd-In-√m-sX). F√mw thK-Øn¬ ]mIw sNbvXp Ign-™p. Ah ]I¿s∂-SpØp

EXp-]¿Æs\ hµn-®p. Xncn®v tXcn¬Øs∂ h∂n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ (tXcv Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂) ]q°-sf√mw

hmSn-b-Xm-bn-°≠p Ahsb sXm´p Xtem-Sn. At∏mƒ Ah ]g-b-t]mse tim`n-®p.

(\-fm-t\-z-j-W-Øn¬ Hcp henb ]co-£-bm-Wn-hnsS ˛ Ab¬cmPm-°-∑m¿ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn hcp-

tºmƒ Ah¿-°p CjvS-`-£Ww Xøm-dm-°m≥ kz¥w ]mN-I-°m-c≥ IqsS-bp-≠m-hpw. BXn-tY-b≥

Ah¿°p th≠ hn`-h-ßƒ sImSp-°pw. EXp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚ `£Ww Xøm-dm-°m≥ hndIpw shf-

fhpw Hgn®v a‰p km[-\-ßtf sImSp-°p-∂p-f-fq. ad-∂-Xm-sW-∂-a-ń¬. CXv Za-b-¥n-bpsS Hcp ]co-£-

W-am-Imw. \f-Z-a-b-¥o-k-zbw hc-a-WvU-]-Øn¬ sh®v A·n- -K-hm≥ \f\p \¬Inb hnhmlkΩm\hcw

CXm-Wv.

]N-\-Z-l-\-ß-fn¬ `hX: kzm-[o-\≥ Rms\˛

∂cn-I, \o sh®p-≠mIpw Idn-I-f-ar-Xn-s\m°pw

hcp-W≥ \¬Ip∂ hcw CXmWv

Xcp-h-√o-kq\w Iev]-X-cp-kq-\amw \o sXm´m¬

acp-`q-an-bnepw Xh Pe-ap≠mw th≠p-thm-fw.

Cu hc-_-e-Øn-emWv _mlp-I≥ EXp-]¿Æ cmPm-hns‚ Du´p-]p-c-bpsS Npa-X-e-tb¬°p-∂Xv

"\f ]mImw" F∂ sNm√pw Cß-s\-bp-≠m-bn. CØcw Imc-y-ßƒ kq£va-am-b-dn-bm-\mWv "Ai-\-i-b-

\-]m\w' Ah≥ Fßs\ \n¿∆-ln-bv°p-∂p-sh∂p Hfn™p t\m°n a\- n-em-°m≥ Za-b¥n tIin-

\nsb \ntbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

EXp-]¿Æs\ bYm-k-abw Duń Xs‚ Xmh-f-amb tX¿Ø-S-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂m-tem-Nn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-bv°p∂ \f≥ Ae-k-\mbn ]q°-fn¬ Xncn-∏n-Sn-®-t∏mgmWv Ah-ap-t∂-°mƒ tim`n-®-Xv. CtXmsS

_mlp-I≥ \f≥X-s∂-bm-sW∂v sXmÆq-dp-i-X-am-\hpw Za-b-¥nbv°v t_m[-y-am-bn-°-gn-™p.

t«mIw 8. A\-zbw:

kmCXn B›cyw _mlp-Iobw ssh`hw ZqXym

]oXym BthZnXm òa-]pXo

tI´-t\cw aq¿Øym KqVw ]m]vXw kz-Im¥w

Gh kmXym\µw \n\-®p.

C]-Imcw A¤p-X-I-c-amb _mlp-Is‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ tXmgn-bm¬ kt¥m-j-tØmsS Adn-bn-bv°-

s∏´ Za-b¥n AXp-tI-´-t∏mƒ icocw ad®v (thjw amdn) h∂-h≥ Xs‚ `¿Øm-hp-Xs∂ F∂v B\-µ-

tØm-Sp-IqSn Nn¥n-®p.

Za-b¥n:˛ \f≥ Ct±-lw-Xs∂. F\n°v eh-teiw kwi-b-an-√. Xo¿®. thjw Cß-s\-bm-b-

Xp-sIm≠v F\n-bv°n\n F¥p tZmj-amWv hcm-\p-f-fXv. (_m-lp-I≥ \oe-\ndw \f≥ ]≠v shfpØ

kpµ-c≥. A°m-c-y-Øn¬ amXta \f\pw _mlp-I-\p-ambn hy-X-ym-k-ap-f-fq. Bi-¶-bmWv C\nbpw

_m°n-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

Za-b-¥nsb Dt]-£n®v Im-ń¬ \f≥ Ae™p \S-°p-tºm-gmWv Im´p-Xo-bn¬s∏´ Im¿t°m-SI

k¿∏w \fs\ t]cv hnfn®v klm-bn-bv°m-\-t]-£n-®-Xv. A·n-tZ-hs‚ apºp-kq-Nn-∏n® hcw A\p-k-cn®v



Xo \f-t\bpw \f≥ sXm´p \n¬°p-∂-h-tcbpw s]mf-fn-bv°p-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ Xobn-eqsS \S-∂p-

sN∂v Im´p-Xo-bn¬ \n∂v Im¿t°m-Ss\ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-sh® DSs\ DK-hn-j-ap-ff Im¿t°m-S-I≥

\fs\ ISn-®p. hnj-Xo-£vW-Xbpw Im´p-Xobpw kln-bv°m-\m-ImsX \f-\n¬ IpSn-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ienbv°v

sskz-c-t°-Sp-sIm≠v ]pdØp NmtS-≠n-h-∂p. Aßs\ \fs‚ Ien _m[ Xo¿∂p. hnj-Øns‚ i‡n-

sIm≠v \fs‚ \ndw Icp-hm-fn-®p. CXp-I≠v Zp:JnX-\mb \f\v Im¿t°m-S-I≥ c≠p hnti-j-s∏´

]´p-Iƒ \¬In. X¬°mew thjw amdn \S-°m≥ Cu \nd-amWv \√-sX∂pw Bh-iyw hcp-tºmƒ Cu

]´p-Sp-Øm¬ \f\v ]gb tZl-Im-¥nIn´psa∂pw A\p-K-ln-®p. _mlp-I≥ F∂-t]cv kzo-I-cn-®Xpw

EXp-]¿Æs\ Bi-bn-®Xpw Im¿t°m-S-Is‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Im-c-am-Wv).

B hm°p-Iƒ (_m-lp-I≥ ]d-™-Xm-b)-amXw Btem-Nn-®m¬ \f≥X-s∂-bmWv CsX∂p Xo¿®-

bm-Ip-∂p. F∂m-em-Is´ B cq]w ImWn-tºmƒ H´pw hni-zmkw hcp-∂p-an-√. AXn\v C\nbpw ]cn-tim-

[\ \S -Ø-Ww. F\n -b v°nXv ]mW-kw -i -b -am -Wv . B]Øm-Ip∂ kapZw

(kn-‘p) Np‰pw ]c∂p InS-°p-tºmƒ a\- n¬ tXm∂p-∂-sX√mw bmYm¿∞w (D-◊) Xs∂-bmtWm?

kXyw Bcp ]d-™p Xpw. AΩ-tbmSp tNmZn-®mtem? Chs\ kzo-I-cn-®m¬ \∂m-hptam? AXv

]Xn-h-Xm-[¿Ω-Øn\v Io¿Øo-I-c-am-Iptam? (Io¿Øn-bpsS \ndw shfp-∏v). H∂pw Adn-bp-∂n-√.

GXm-bmepw Rm\n-t∏mƒXs∂ AΩsb sN∂p ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]≠p-Xs∂ ssXtem-I-y-am-Xm-

hns\ (hnjvWp amXmhv = Af-∂-h-≥. hnjvWp-hm-a\ aq¿Øn-bm-b-h-X-cn®v aq∂-Sn-sIm≠v aq∂p temI-

ßfpw Af-∂p-h-t√m. Rm≥ Ipń-°mew apX¬t° hnjvWp ‡-bm-Wv). Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-h-fmWv Rm≥.

\∑-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Cui-z-cm-\p-Klw amXw-a-Xn. [¿Ω k¶-S-Øn¬ Fs‚ c£n-Xmhv (]n-Xmhv ˛ ]men-

bv°p-∂-h≥) \f≥ Xs∂ (A-t±-l-am-I-s´) temIsØ AXn-i-bn-bv°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]hr-Øn-I-tfm-

Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥. IjvS-Imew (l-X-ssZ-hw) BIp∂ Ib-dp-sIm≠v Np‰n-h-cn-b-s∏-´-h≥ (th-jvSn-X≥).

ZpjvS-∑msc \in-∏n-bv°pI F∂ bmK-Øn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-bv°p-∂-h≥. F\nbv°v Hcp hn[-Ønepw

Dt]-£n-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h≥. Ct∏mƒ thjw amdn-\-S-°p-∂-h≥. Fs‚ ¿Øm-hn\v Ft∂mSv shdp-

∏pt≠m? Cs√-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cß-s\-sbms° sNøp-∂-Xv. A∂v Imń¬ Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-b-

t∏mƒ F\n-bv°m-cm-bn-cp∂p AwK-c-£-I¿? (Xs‚ c≠mw hnhm-l-hm¿Ø-bm-bn-cn-bv°ptam Xs‚

`mK-Øp-\n-∂p-ff sX‰m-bn-cn-bv°ptam Cu shdp-∏n-\p-Im-cWw? Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ A\m-Y-bmb Fs∂

Imń-en-t]-£n-®p-t]m-b-Xn¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an√? cm⁄nam¿°v Fhn-tSbpw ]cn-hmcw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-a-

t√m) At±lw F¥p-Im-Wn-®mepw Atßm-s -Xn¿°msX hWßn \n¬°mt\ A[n-Im-c-ap-ffq (]-Xn-h-

X-b-t√). Rm≥ sNbvX ZpcnXw Xs∂-bmWv Cu k¶-S-ßƒs°√mw Imc-Ww. AsXms° CtXmsS

Ah-km-\n-∏n-bv°-Ww. Cu th¿]mSv lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-am-Wv. CXnepw t`Zw ac-W-am-Wv. Iqc-am-ba-c-Ww.

t«mIw 9. ]oXm Cbw òaPm: k¥p-jvS-bmb B Za-b¥n

]nb-Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-gdn: `¿Øm-hn-s\-Im-Wm≥ shº¬sIm≠v

]oUmw shSn™v Bip-t]mbv

k¶SsØ HXp°n s]´∂p t]mbn AΩ-tbmSv Imc-y-ß-sf√mw ]d™v kΩ-Xhpw hmßn-®v,

kt¥m-j-tØmsS tIin\n ]d-™-hm-°p-IƒtI´v hs∂-Ønt®¿∂n´p-ff _mlp-I-t\m-Sv, D≠mb ]e-

hI Nn¥-I-tfmSpw ]›m-Øm-]-tØmSpw IqSn ab-s∏´ (a-krWw) hm°p-I-fm¬ Ic-™p-sIm≠p ]d-

™p.

Za-b¥n:˛ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw ImWp-I-bp-≠mtbm \ns‚ alm-a-\-kv°-\mb B Nßm-Xnsb

(Z-a-b-¥n-bpsS X¥-]q¿∆-amb Hcp tNmZ-y-am-Wn-Xv. "Bsc F∂p ]d-™n-√. tX¿ sXfn-bv°-enepw

]mN-I-hn-Z-y-bnse \ns‚ NßmXn (Xp-e-y≥)-bp-f-f-h≥. kam-\-hnZKv[¿°p-X-Ωn¬ ]cn-N-b-ap-≠mhmw.



tXcm-fn-Iƒ ]e-bn-SØpw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cp-am-W-t√m-˛-I-peo-\X hnSmØ ]mX-k-z-`m-hw. Rm\m-Is´

Xo∏pg (Aw-Km-c-\-Zn)-bn¬, AXns‚ Xnc-am-e-°q-´-ß-fn¬ Atß-b‰w hsc apßn-a-dn-™p, F¥v, GXv

F∂-dn-bm-sX.

_mlp-I≥:˛ Rm\n-t∏mƒ B\-µ-Øn-em-dm-Sn-b-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. kX-y-Øn¬ Rm≥ A]-I-S-ß-

fpsS \Sp-°m-sW-¶nepw (Z-a-b¥n kpJ-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p-ht√m F∂-dn-™-Xn-epw, Ahƒ Xs∂-∏‰n Hm¿°p-

∂-Xn-epw, c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn\v HcptbmK-y-\mb Imap-Is\ FØn®p sImSp-°m≥ Ign-™-Xnepw hn]-

co-Xm¿∞w, ]›m-Øm-]w, Bfl-\n-µ, tIm]w) Btem-Nn®p t\m°n-bm¬ inh-Nn-¥-\-\n-b-anjw = inh-`-

‡n-bn¬ Dd®p \n¬°p-∂-h¿°v bmsXm-cm-]Øpw hcn-√. Xo¿® (\-f≥ inh- -‡-\m-Wv). _X Pm\¥w

amw Im¥zm Je-aXn: Ien: A]n abn ]Zw. AX-\pX = IjvSw, ⁄m\n-bmb Fs∂ _m[n-®n´v ZpjvS-

_p-≤n-bmb Ienbpw F∂n¬ Imeq∂n. (Ien _m[n-®p) Rm≥ kºØpw \mSpw Dt]-£n-®p. Im´n¬

Xma-k-°m-c-\m-bn. ]ns∂ lhn v (tlm-a-Z-h-yw) sIm≠pw BPyw (s\-øv)-sIm≠pw ]oX-cmb tZh-∑m-

tcm-Sp-Iq-Snb (bm-Km-Zn-k¬°¿Ω-ßƒ sIm≠v Cui-z-cm-\p-K-l-ap-f-f) chn-cm-Py (kq-c-y-hwi cmPm-°-

∑m-cpsS cmP-y)-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. \ns‚ im]-i-‡n-bm¬ (Hcp qX-Øn-\m-tehw ]cn- q-X≥ aa-Im-¥≥..............

Fcn-Xo-bn¬ ]Xn-X-\mbv hcnI h©-I-\-hY ˛ c≠mw-Zn-h-k-Øn¬ Za-b-¥n-bp-sS im]w Hm¿°p-I)

Zp:JnX-\mbn Ah-i-\mb (C-cn-°-s∏m-dp-Xn-sI-´-h≥)Ien Fs∂ hn´v Zqsc-t∏m-bn. A_te = kvXo,

Rm\n-t∏mƒ ChnsS h∂p. \n∂-co-In-∂n\n = \ns‚ kao-]-Øp-\n∂v C\n-ta¬ Hcp-h≥ ]ncnth = (\-Ω-

fn¬) Hcmƒ ]ncn-bpI F∂Xv Dbn¿ (Po-h≥) thc-dth = C√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ amXw. \ndthIp-dth =

Gsd-bp-ff, hne-]nXw = Ic-®n¬, aXn = C\n, hnf-hXv = C\n D≠m-hp-∂Xv kpJwamXw, ssZhm-sem-cp-

KXn = hn[n ssh`hw sIm≠v Cß-s\-sbms° h∂p-IqSn aXn-[r-Xn-lXn = a\- ns\ ie-y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv

aXn.

Za-b¥n:˛ hma ca-Wo-b-io-em, t]am-\p-cm-KnWn Rm≥

tkmam-`n-cm-a-apJw Xzmw iym-a-cm-P\n iin\w Ch

Xzmw lrZn BX-t\m-an. hma-Iƒ (kvXo-Iƒ)°v BI¿j-Wo-b-amb kz-`m-h-ß-tfm-Sp-

Iq-Sn-bth (G-sXmcp kvXobpw sImXn-®n-t]m-Ip-∂-h-t\) kvt\lhpw A\p-cm-Khpw Dff Rm≥ Nµ-s\-

t∏mse at\m-l-c-amb apJ-ap-ff Aßsb IdpØ cmXn (I-dpØ hmhn¬ \mfsØ cmXn) Nµs\

F∂-t]mse (C-h) lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn®v Ign-bp-∂p. Iqcn-cp- nepw (I-jvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bv°pw) cmXn

(Z-a-b-¥n) Nµs\ (\-f-s\) ]Xo-£n®p Ign-bp-∂p.) \o amb-bmte amam-hm-ao-`h = Aßv kqX-hn-Z-y-

sIm≠v (]-—-∂-th-jw) A\p-Iq-e-a-√m-Ø-h≥ (hmao-`-h) BI-cptX (Fs‚ BK-l-tØmSv A\p-k-cn-

bvt°-W-ta). Iman-\n-bmb Rm≥ \nt∂mSv Aev]-t\-c-tØ-bvs°-¶nepw th¿]n-cn-™n-cp-∂n-´pt≠m?

Ima-\o-b-I-hn-lm-c-\n-tIXw Xzmw = F√m kuµ-c-y-hn-em-k-ß-fp-tSbpw Ccn-∏n-S-amb Aßsb _m“-W¿

(`q-an-tZ-h¿) ]e-tcbpw Ab® Rm≥ Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw ImSp-I-fn-ep-sams° Iptd-°mew

Xnc-™p. Hcp ]mSp Ic-™p. AsXms° BtcmSp ]d-bm-\m-Wv.

t«mIw 10. s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn, hm°v, ]mbw F∂nh t\m°p-tºmƒ Ct±lw \f≥ Xs∂. ]t£

tXtPm-a-b-amb B Ah-b-h-ßƒs°¥p-∏‰n F∂v i¶n®p \n¬°p-∂-h-fmb Zmk-tbmSv (Z-bn-Xmw)

`pP-tK-µ≥ (k¿∏-cm-Pmhv ˛ Im¿t°m-S-I≥ apºv) sImSpØ ]´p-SpØv bYm¿∞-cq-]-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂-

h-\mb cmPmhv (\-f≥) kln-bv°m-\m-hmØ tIm]-tØmsS ISpØ `mj-bn¬ C]-Imcw ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.

\f≥:˛ _p≤n-`aw (I-e-ymthiw sIm≠v) sIm≠v Rm≥ \nt∂mSv IW-°‰v sX‰p-Iƒ sNbvXp.

F∂mepw qan-]m\mw Ah-tcm[w = cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS A¥-]p-c-kvXo-Iƒ (£-Xnb h\n-X-Iƒ) tIm]hpw

h©-\bpw C√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-cn-bv°Ww (Ip-e-h-[q\mw tIm]-amIn F∂-hcn Hm¿°p-I). A[nIw



tIƒ A[¿Ω-a√ = AX-tØmfw Btem-Nn-®m¬ \o sNbvX-Xn¬ bmsXm-c-[¿Ω-hp-an-√. (c≠mw

hnhm-l-i-aw). AsXm-s°-sb-\n-bv°-dn-bmw. AsX√mw BkvXmw = AX-hnsS \n¬°-s´.

F\n-bvt°-‰-hp-a-[nIw ]nb-s∏-´-htf \ns‚ Cu DZ-yaw G‰hpw DNnXw Xs∂. A]cw \rhcw hcnXpw

= as‰mcp cmPm-hns\ hcn-bv°m≥. Cl-]pcn \nc-h[n \c-]Xn hcp-h-Xn\v = Cu \K-c-Øn¬ A\-h[n

cmPm-°-∑m¿ hcp∂Xn\p bXtk (bXv\w sNøp-∂p) bZv = F∂-bm-sXm∂v ˛ F∂-h-kvXpX (bZv +

Atb = bZ-tb) Atb kpµcn = A√tbm kpµcn \n≥ sXmgn¬ CXv \∂v \n¿Æbw (]p-\¿hn-hm-l-

Øn\v ]‰nb hc-∑msc hcp-Øm-\p-ff \ns‚ Cu A≤-zm\w DNnXw Xs∂ hn]-co-Xm¿∞w) hnZtb Xh-

hmNm a\p-Iq-e-]-Xn-h∂p = \n¿±tb \ns‚ £W-a-\p-k-cn®v CXm EXp-]¿Æ-cm-Pmhv h∂n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

(Xs‚ hmZ-Øn-\p-ff sXfnhv \f≥ Xs∂ tXcn¬°-b‰n sIm≠p h∂-Xm-W-t√m)

Za-b¥n:˛ (A-ßsb ImWp-∂-Xn-\p) apºp-Xs∂ Aß-bpsS tbmK-y-X-Isf tI´-dn™v Fs‚

a\ v Aß-bn¬ ]‰n. ]ns∂ Ac-b∂w h∂v Aßsb ]pIgvØn X∂p At∂cw apX¬°v Aßsb

Rms\s‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ IqSn-sh-®p. ]n∂oSv tZth-µ≥, A·n, ba≥, hcp-W≥ (A¿Ækmw

A[n-]≥) F∂o tZh-∑m¿ Fs∂°n´m≥ sI©n-b-t]-£n-®p. AXp-sIm≠m∂pw Rm≥ Xocp-am\w

amdm-Ø-hƒ (A-`n-∂) Bbn Dd-®p-Xs∂ \n∂p. (k-abw h∂-t∏mƒ) Imse A\n-h-cXcwKw = ]Wbw

ad-®p-sh-bv°m-sX, a∂-h¿ XneIm = cmP-ti-jvTm, kap-∂Xw kZkn h∂p ame-bnte hcn®p = B

alm-k-Z- n¬ sh®v ame-bn´p hcn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂-t]mse C∂p the = A∂-sØ-t∏mse

Aß-sb-In-´m≥ FSpØ ]Wn-bm-Wn-Xv. irwKm-c-ho-c-c-k-ßƒ°p kap-Z-am-bn-´p-f-f-ht\ AsßhnsS-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. F\n-bv°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p XpW.

\f≥:˛ BKlw Df-f-Xp-sIm≠pamXw Hcm-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-ßƒ Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. a‰p-f-f-

h-cpsS Ip‰hpw Ipdhpw I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m≥ anSp-°n-√m-Ø-h-cm-cmWv (Z-a-b¥n \fs‚ Ip‰hpw Ipdhpw

I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m≥ ian-®-Xm-sW∂p kqN-\) kvXoI-fpsS a\- nse hf-™-h-gn-Iƒ B¿°-dn-bmw.

\ns‚ Df-fn-cp∏v F\nbv°p \√ hÆw a\- n-embn \n\°p \√Xv C\n Rm≥ ]d-™p-X-cmw. bmsXmcp

kwi-bhpw C√. cpNn-Xw, ]knXw, ]Yn-Xw, ZbnXw `P ˛ \n\°p ]nb-s∏-´-h\pw \ns∂ ]nb-s∏-´-

h\pw ]kn-≤-\p-amb At±-lsØ (E-Xp-]¿Æ-s\) ¿Øm-hmbn kzo-I-cn-®m-epw. AXm-Wp-Nn-Xw. At±lw

Cl- q-sau = Cu qan-bn¬ cW hnl-cW hnX-cWw NW-\mWv cXn-hn-l-cW hnX-c-W-Ønepw = irwKmc

tIfn-Iƒ sNbvXp-X-cp-∂Xnepw cW-hn-l-cW hnX-c-W-Ønepw = bp≤-ßƒ Ifn-t]mse \S-Øn-Ø-cp-∂-

Xnepw ka¿∞\mWv (c-Xn-c-W-hn-l-cW hnX-cWw F∂v H∂n®pw FSp°mw ˛ Ima-]-cm-I-a-eo-e-Iƒ

Zm\w sNø¬ ˛ aZ-\-k-acw ˛ F∂¿∞w. \o C∂v Ah-t\mSv tNcp-I.

Za-b¥n:˛ \mYm Aß-sb-°m-Wm™v ]cn-`m-¥n-]q≠hfmb Rm≥ Xnc-s™-SpØ hgn (A-

ßsb ImWm≥) GXm-bm-se-¥mWv sX‰v? Fs‚ Imc-y-Øn¬ AΩ km£n-bm-Wv. F∂n´pw Rm≥

Xs∂--bmWv sX‰p-Imcn F∂m-W-ß-bpsS A`n-]m-sa-¶n¬ F\n-bvs°´pw hnj-a-an-√. adn®v kt¥m-jta

Df-fq. APm-X-\m-i-X\pw = icocw \in-®n-´n-√mØ (b-Ym¿∞ Ima-tZ-hs‚ icocw inhs‚ IÆn¬

`kva-am-b-Xm-W-t√m). NqX-km-bIw = Ima-tZ-hs\ (D-S-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb Ima-tZ-h-\mWv \f≥ F∂p-km-cw)

_lp-am-\-tØmsS H∂p ImWp-hm-\p-ff D’mlw sIm≠v sNbvX Hcp sX‰v F∂-Xn¬ Ihn™v BtemNn-

®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ ChnsS a‰p bmsXmcp NXn-bp-an-√. (Fs‚) A—≥ t]mepw C°m-cyw Adn™m¬

\∂√ Xo¿®. (A-—≥ t]mepw Adn-™n-´n√m F∂ Cu ]kvXm-hhpw IpWvUn-\-Øn¬ hnhm-l-tLm-

j-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-sfm-∂p-an-s√-∂Xpw c≠mw hnhml ]kvXmhw \pW-bm-sW-∂-Xn\p sXfn-bm-Wv)

t_m[-a-Xn-ßp-Xs∂ = Fs∂-Øs∂ hni-z-kn-bv°q. Fs∂ `mc-y-bm-°q. Aß-bpsS apJ-Øp-t\m°n

CX ]d-™Xp kXyw Xs∂.



t«mIw 11. ]nb-Xa kpNn-cm-Imw-£n-Xm-tem-I-em-`m¬ = ]nb-X-as‚ Gsd-°m-e-ambn BK-ln-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p∂ ImgvN e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ (Im-Wm≥ sImXn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂ `¿Øm-hns\ Is≠-Øn-b-Xn-

\m¬) BØm-\-µ-Xn-tcIw = D≠mb kt¥m-j-Øn¬ Xf-fn-®-aqew Bkp-`m-jnWn At±-l-Øns‚

Im¬°¬h-Wßn C]-Imcw ]d-™Xp tI -t∏mƒ, sskz-cnWo kwK-a-I-ep-j-e-hm-te-]-\m-]m-Nn-Io£m

= X∂n-jvS-]-Imcw \S-°p-∂-h-fmb (th-i-y)-h-fp-am-bp-ff kwKaw (_-‘w) F∂ Iep-j-Øns‚ = tZmj-

Øns‚, eh (Xp-f-fn) Bte-]-\w(-]-‰n-∏n-Sn-bv°m≥) A]m-Nn-Io¿j = Hgn-hm-°m-\p-ff C—sb Bÿmb

=kzo-I-cn®v (c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp∂ ]c-]p-cp-j-kw-K-a-X≥∏-c-bmb Chƒ sskz-cnWn Xs∂.

Ahsf kzo-I-cn-bv°pI F∂ alm-]m]w Xs∂ Xo≠m-Xn-cn-bv°-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn). Bÿmw

ssIhn-´p-\n¬°pw = (A-h-tfm-Sv) bmsXmcp kvt\l-`m-hhpw ImWn-bv°msX \n¬°p∂ \f\v BIm-i-

a-≤-y-Øn¬ \n∂v (A-i-co-cn-bm-bn) Xmsg ]dbpw]Imcw hm°p-Iƒ tIƒ°m≥ Ign-™p.

t«mIw 12. \f, irW, Alw `qX-hr-µ-km-£n-hmX:

tl \fm, tIƒ°q, Rm≥ temI-km-£n-bmb hmbp-hm-Wv. (]-e-cnt√ temI-km-£n-Iƒ F∂v

CØncn apºv \f≥ ]d-™-tXm¿°p-I) cmP¿tj Xh alnjn hy-t]-X-tZmjm = A√tbm Ejn Xpe-y-

\mb alm-cm-Pm-th, Aß-bpsS ]álnjn If-¶-an-√m-Ø-h-fm-Wv. Bi¶mw Plnln = (A-h-sf-∏-‰n-bp-f-

f) F√m tZmj-Nn-¥-Ifpw Dt]-£n-®mepw. Cbw ]p\¿hn-hm-l-hm¿Ømw Xzmw ZrjvSw DNnXw D]mbw

sF£X = Chƒ c≠mw Ie-ym-W-]-kvXm-hsØ Aßsb I≠p ]nSn-bv°m≥ ]‰nb Hcp kqX-ambn

(am-Xw) I≠-Xm-Wv.

tNmZ-y-ßƒI eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ ˛ (\qdv ˛ \q‰-ºXv hm°p-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) AY \√-Xn-\n-bvs°¥p Imc-yhpw? A˛

IY-\-sa-∂p-d-t®≥ Kmwò-c-yhpw hoc-yhpw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

2) `qcn-b-Xv\-a-Jnew aa hnêw ˛ BcpsS bXv\w? F¥mWv bXv\w? hn^-e-am-sb∂p

]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

3) Hfn-hn¬a-cp-hn, ∏p\-tcm-Sn-h∂p k˛

Ie amip tIin\n \o! sNm¬ \o ˛ kµ¿`w FgpXn Cu \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw

hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI

4) A\-y-s\ßpt]mb-h-s\-b-dnbpw Nne-cn-hnsS ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI

5) DNn-X-a-]-\-h-c-tWm-Z-yaw

F¥p-l¥ \f-Nn-¥bm ˛ A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ Btem-Nn-s®-gp-XpI

6) _mlp-Is‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ Hfn™p I≠- tIin\n

"IpXp-I-sa-Xbpw' F∂-Xns\ hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

7) ss\j-[-\n-h≥Xm≥ Hco-£-en-√ta \n¿Æ-bw ˛ B¿°mWv Cuj¬ Xo¿∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

8) B\µ Xpµn-e-\mbv h∂n-Xm-ip-Rm≥

B]-∂-s\-∂m-sW-¶nepw ˛ kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.

9) A`n-emjw sIm≠p-Xs∂ KpW-tZmjw thZ-y-a-√˛ hnh£ hy-‡-am-°p-I.

10) Hcp- sam-gn-tIƒ°m-bn-Xm-Im-i-a-≤-ym¬ ˛ B¿°v? tI´-sX¥v?

II D]\ymktNmZ-y-ßƒ (aq-∂qdp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) \f-N-cnXw \memw-Zn-hk-Ønse ]mT-y-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n DÆmbn hmcn-b-cpsS `mjm-

coXn N¿® sNøp-I.

2) DØ-a-bmb Hcp tXmgn-bmWv tIin\n F∂p ]d-bmtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

3) \f -Z -a -b -¥o ]p\:kwKaw ]mX -k- z -`m -h -ßƒ°v bmsXmcp \yq -\ -Xbpw X´msX

hni-z-k-\ob-amw-hÆw Ah-X-cn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ DÆmbn hmcn-b¿ ]tX-yIw i≤n-®n-´p≠v

˛ Cu ]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.



samUyqƒ ˛ 4

hS-°≥ ]m´p-IƒDÆn-bm¿®

IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mbIY

aebmf-Ønse ]mNo\ \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-ß-fn¬ ]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-amWv hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ. A\p-jvTm-

\-]-cw, hnt\m-Z-]-cw, Ncn-X-]-cw, sXmgn¬]cw F∂n-ßs\ \mS≥ ]m´p-Isf ]e-X-c-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°m≥

Ign-bpw. aä-d™ [oc-tbm-≤m-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff ]m´p-I-fmWv hS-°≥]m-ń¬ IqSp-X¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

AXp-sIm≠v Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m´p-I-fn¬ Ahsb Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. F∂m¬ Rmdp-\-Sp-tºm-gpw sImøp-

tºmgp-sams° \nc-£-c-s∏-Æp-ßƒ IqtdmsS ]mSp-Ibpw G‰p-]m-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXv amcn-∏q-a-g-bm-°nbpw

]mS-sØ-t®m-dns\ IkvXq-cn-®m-dm-°nbpw am‰p-tºmƒ Ch sXmgn¬]-c-amb ]m´p-I-fmbpw `hn-°p-∂p.

GXp-X-c-Øn-ep-ff hn`-P-\hpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂n-√.

hnZ-ym`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw Ipd™ hmk-\m-\p-Kr-lo-X-cmb Ihn-I-fpsS \mhn¬\n∂v A∏-

t∏mƒ hm¿∂p hogp-∂-XmWv Ch-bn¬ an°-Xpw. ]I¿∏-h-Im-i-tam, ]kn-≤o-I-cW kz-`m-htam A∂-

sØ-°-hn-X-I-fpsS Nn¥-bnte C√. AXp-sIm≠v tI´p-]-Tn®v ]mSn-∏-S¿∂v Cu Km\-ßƒ hf¿∂p-h-∂p.

CØcw Km\-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ A⁄m-X-cm-Wv. Adn-bp-sa-¶n¬Øs∂ AXn-\X ]m[m-\-yhpw

sImSp-Øn-cp-∂n-√. Hcmƒ ]mSnb hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p Xs∂ as‰m-cmƒ thsd-sbmcp ]m´p-≠m-°n-

sb∂pw hcpw. ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-b-ßfpw hcn-Ifpw BZ-ysØ Ihn-bn¬\n∂v c≠m-a-sØ-bmƒ kzo-I-cn-

t®-°mw. ]mSp-∂-h-cpsS at\m-[¿Ωwt]mse aqe-cq-]-Øn-¬\n∂v Iqńtbm Ipdt®m ]tbm-Kn-°m\pw

km≤-y-X-bp≠v. AXm-Xp-Im-e-Øp-ff ]m´p-Im-cpsS Ime-k-z-`m-h-Øn-\p-ff ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ sIm≠v Cu

]m´p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Ah-bpsS Ime-tØtbm Ncn-X-h-kvXp-X-I-tftbm Duln-s®-Sp-Øp-

Iq-Sm. h¿Æ-\-I-fn¬ ]e ]m´p-I-fnepw kam-\X ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ipń-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xv

h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ

Xe-bn¬sh-®mtem t]\-cn°pw

Xmsgsh-®mtem Ddp-º-cn°pw ˛ F∂o hcn-Iƒ ]e ]m´p-I-fnepw ImWmw. ]gb Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ,

If-cn-Iƒ, hkvXme-¶m-c-ßƒ, BS-bm-`-c-W-ßƒ Nm¿Ø¬, Btbm-[-\-ap-d-Iƒ XpSßn kam-\-k-z-`m-h-

ap-ff ]e kµ¿`-ß-fnepw hy-X-ykvX IrXn-I-fn¬ Htc hcn-Iƒ Xs∂ ImWmw.

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ hkvXp-°fpw _nw_-ß-fp-amWv Ae-¶mc ]tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp-I.

“hb\m-S≥ a™ƒ apdn-®-t]mse

Ip∂Øp sIm∂bpw ]qØ-t]mse

Cf-am-hn≥ Xøp Xfn¿Ø-t]mse

]nS-t°mgn sImØn-∏n-cn-bv°pw-t]mse”

F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff ]tbmK-ßƒ [mcmfw ImWmw. AXn-i-tbm-‡n-tbm-SmWv ]gb ]m´p-Iƒ°p

Iºw. Km\-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw hocm-cm-[-\-]-c-am-hp-tºmƒ Ahn-i-z-k-\o-b-amb cwK-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-

Xnepw A¤p-X-ckw D≠m-°p-∂-Xnepw i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv kzm- m-hn-I-am-W-t√m.

]mNo-\-Im-esØ BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Pohn-X-coXn-bpw CØcw ]m´p-I-fn¬ sXfn™p

ImWmw. kw`m-jW`mj-tbmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ ]mtZ-inI ]tbm-K-ßfpw Kma-y-

]-tbm-K-ßfpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-dp-≠v. ep]vX-]-Nm-c-amb ]gb ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ \mS≥]m-´p-Ifn¬ ImWmw.



Hcp-Im-eØv hS-°≥]m- p-Iƒ F∂m¬ Xt®m-fn-∏m- p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]qØqcw hoń-tebpw Xt®mfn

hoń-tebpw hoc-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-tSbpw [oc-\m-bn-I-am-cp-tSbpw IY-Iƒ ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv hS-°≥]m-

ń¬ Gdn-b-Iq-dpw. H‰-s∏´ hoc-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-ff kml-k-I-Y-Ifpw Iq´-Øn¬ ImWmw.

DÆn-bm¿® IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY

If-cn-b-`-ym-kn-I-fmb Btbm-[-\-ho-c-cpsS A]-Zm-\-ß-fmWv hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ. Ah-bn¬ `qcn-]-

£hpw kml-kn-I-cmb ]S-\m-b-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p-f-f-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-h-X-y-Øns‚bpw Xd-hm´p aln-a-bp-sSbpw

kX-y-Zo-£-bp-sSbpw \oXn-\n-jvT-bp-sSbpw Btbm-[\ ]Sp-X-bp-sSbpw kml-kn-I-X-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬

\nX-y-kva-c-Wo-b-cmbn an∂-semfn ]c-Øp∂ amXr-\m--bn-I-am-cp-sSbpw IYIƒ A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v. Aß-

s\-bp-ff Hcp hS-°≥ hoc-\m-bn-I-bmWv DÆn-bm¿®. DÆn-bm¿®-sb-∏‰n [mcmfw hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-fn-≠v.

A°q-´-Øn¬ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS Xt‚S-tØbpw A`n-am-\-sØbpw [oc-X-sbbpw sXfn-bn-bv°p∂ IY-

bmWv A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY. ]t£ ChnsS DÆn-bm¿®°v Ddpan Dutc≠n

hcp-∂n-√. Ahsc icn-bv°-dn-™-tXm-sS-Øs∂ Iiva-e-∑m-cmb sXcp-hp-Kp-≠-Iƒ ]cm-Pbw kΩ-Xn®v

Imgv®-sh®p hWßp∂p.

A¿∞ kqN\

""\mcm-bW F∂ \maw tI´m¬ \mhn\pw \∂v X\n°pw \∂v'' F∂v GXp ]m´v ]mSptºmgpw

BZyw ]mSp-∂p. AsXm-gn-®m¬ thsd CjvS-tZ-hXm hµ-\-tam, a‰p BapJ h¿Æ-\-Itfm H∂pw C√msX

Ihn Imh-y-hn-j-b-Øn-tebv°v IS-°p-∂p. \mS≥]m-´p-I-fpsS B¿÷-h-Øns‚bpw AIr-Xn-a-X-bp-s-

Sbpw AS-bmfw IqSn-bm-WnXv.

hcn-Iƒ 1˛49: B‰pw-Ω-W-tΩse .... Aø-∏≥Im-hn¬ hnf-°m-W-t√m.

kz-]v\-Øn-\pw, iIp-\-Øn-\p-sams° ]≠p-f-f-h¿ henb ]m[m-\yw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. IqØ-

√mWv = IqØv BW-t√m. IqØv = D’-hm-tLmjw F∂n-hnsS kmam-\-y-ambn FSp-Øm¬ aXn. Abn-

em-f¿ = Ab¬∏-°-°m¿, Im¿Iq-¥¬ = ag-°m¿ t]mep-ff apSn, a≠Iw = IpSpw-_t£-Xw, DW¿s∂-

Wo-‰m¬ `qantbbpw kqc-y-t\bpw hµn-bv°-W-sa-∂mWv ]gb kº-Zm-bw. tamsd-ym-Xp°n = tamdn

HXp°n ˛ IgpIn ASp-°n. Agn-h≥ = ]≠v hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ [m\-y-ßƒ Af-°m≥ D-]tbmKn®n-

cp∂ Hcp Afhp ]mXw, A™mgn = A©p-\m-gn, Fcp-Zm-l-°™n = cmhn-esØ I™n. A∂v

cmhnse Nmb ]e-lmcw \S-∏n-√.

]qØqcw hoń¬ P\n®v B‰p-a-W-t∑-tebv°v Ie-ymWw Ign-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ DÆn-bm¿® Hcp

Znhkw A√n-a-e¿°m-hn¬ IqØm-sW∂v kz]v\w I≠p. IqØn\p t]mIm≥ th≠n Xs‚ ho´p-]-Wn-

I-sf√mw t\csØ Ign-®p. IqØn\v t]mIm≥ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—-t\mSv A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®p.

50- 97: ARvP-\-°m-hn¬ the-]q-cw........ Fcp-Zm-l-°™n IpSn-®p-sImƒhn≥

t]mcm-\n-S-h-cp∂p = IqsS hcm≥ kuI-cyw In´ptam? ]bn-‰n-hs\ = If-cn-b-`-ymkw ]cn-io-en-∏n-

bv°-em-Wn-h-\v. XpS-ßp-tºm-fm-bncw In´pw t\m°v = A`-ymkw Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ Bbncw s]m≥]Ww

In´pw \Ωƒ°v. \n¿Øp-tºmƒ = ]cn-io-e\w Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ. tPmt\m≥ = bh-\≥ F∂ hm°ps‚

cq]t`Zw. ]n∂o-SXv am∏nf (C-…mw) F∂ A¿∞-Øn-ep-d-®p. ]fp∏v = Al-¶m-cw. Ab-bv°p-∂p-ffq

˛ Ab-bv°p-I-bp-f-fq, XnIhv = ]q¿Æ-X.



DÆn-bm¿® ¿Ør-]n-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p. kz¥w hoń¬ \n∂p t]m∂-Xn¬∏ns∂ Xm≥ the-

]q-c-ßƒ I≠n-ń√. ]nXm-hns‚ adp-]-Sn. IqsS-t∏m-cm≥ Bfn-√. aI\v Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ tPmen-Øn-c-°v.

AI-an-I-fmb am∏n-f-am¿°v ]mam-W-y-ap-ff Aßm-Sn-bn¬°qsS t]mWw. B`-c-WaWn™ kpµ-cn-am-

cmb s]Æpßsf Ah¿ Xń-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ipw. \·-I-fm°n A]-am-\n-°pw. IqsS-bp-ff ]pcp-js\

sIm√pw. X\n-s°mcp aI-t\-bp-f-fq. ]qØqcw hońse s]Æp-ßƒ `¿Øm-°-∑msc sIm√n-bv°m-dn-

s√∂v DÆn-bm¿® ]cn-lm-k-k-z-c-Øn¬ ]d-™p. F∂m¬ \o AΩ-bpsS kΩXw hmßn-t∏m-bvs°m-f-

fpI F∂v A—≥ ]d-™p. DÆn-bm¿® AΩ-bpsS apdn-hm-Xn-°¬ sN∂v cmhn-esØ IpSn-°m≥

hnfn-®p.

98-˛152: At∏mƒ ]d-bp∂p AΩ-b-t√m.......

........-B-Sn-°p-g-™ßp h∂p-s]Æv

F\bvs°‚tΩ = Fgp-t∂¬°v Fs‚ AtΩ, ]mW≥ XpW = IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn KWn-®n-cp∂

]mW¿ ]S-bm-fn-I-sf-∏‰n ]m´p-]mSn \S-°p-∂-hcpw Ah¿°v `rX-y-∏Wn sNøp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. ]g°w =

kº-Zm-bw, H∂n≠p tIƒ°Ww \nß-tfmsS = Hcp Imcyw tIƒ°Ww \nßƒ. Ip™n-cm-a≥ DÆn-

bm¿®-bpsS `¿Øm-hv. Ipe-kvXo-Iƒ `¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-®-cn-bv°m-dn√. BSn-°p-g-™ßp h∂p-

s]Æv = `¿Øm-hns\ A\p-\-bn-∏n-bv°m≥ irKm-c-tem-e-bmbn Acn-IØp h∂p \n∂p.

153 ˛ 190: H∂p≠p tIƒ°Ww \nß-tfmsS ..........

........ \\-ap≠p ]ngn-™ßp tXm¿Øp-∂p≠v

t]mWw t\ms° = t]mIWw \Ωƒ°v. t]mcm-\n-S-h-cp∂p = IqsS hcm≥ kabw In´ptam?

Cu©v = Cu™-h-ffn NX-®v. ico-c-Ønse Nfn tX®n-f-°p∂ km[\w (N-In-cn-t]m-se) ]pfn-©n°m =

]pfn-©n-°mb Cf tkm∏p-t]mse ]X-bpw, hmI = sagp-°n-f-°m-\p-ff s]mSn hmI-a-c-Øns‚ tXm¬

s]mSn-bm-°n-b-Xv. Ccp-∏-∏n-Æm°v = Ccn-∏-°m-b-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ ]nÆm-°v. then-ta¬ Xmfn = then-

bn¬ ]S-¿∂p hf-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw Xmfn ˛ then-bn¬∏-cØn F∂pw ]d-bpw. Xmfn-°√v = ]g-b-Im-eØv

Ipf-ß-fn¬ Xmfn-D-c®p ]ngn-bm≥ ]tX-yIw Ipgn-s®-SpØ I√p-≠mhpw.

DÆn-bm¿® `¿Øm-hn-t\mSpw Xs‚ BKlw ]d-™p. Abmfpw A\p-Iq-en-bv°p-∂n-s√∂pw

tPm\-Isc b-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw a\- n-em-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ kzbw t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. BZ-y-am-bn tX®p-

Ip-fn-bv°m-\p-ff Hcp-°w.

192 ˛ 252: kqc-y\p shffw P]n-s®-dn™p.......

..........-D-Æn-bm¿®-b-cn-I-Øp-h-∂p-\n∂p

cmam-bWw sImØn-® -hf = cmam-bW IYm-k-µ¿`-ßƒ sImØn-sh® hf, ssIhn-c¬°m-

dn\pw s]m≥tam-Xncw = c≠p ssII-fnepw IqSn Bdp-hn-c-ep-Iƒ°v, CSpØp = FSp-Øm, Ggp-I-ºp-ff

IpS = \of≥ Hme-°pS, AtΩ-ymSv = AΩ-tbm-Sv, am\n-jyw sIm©pI = am™mfw ImWn-bv°pI ta\n

\Sn-bv°p-I. sagpIpw = sacp°pw (P-¥p-°-sf-t∏m-se), in-j-y-∑m¿ = Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS inj-y¿.

hn[nbmw-hÆw IpdnIfn´v hkvXm-`-c-W-ßƒ AWn-™p. Ddpan Ac-bn¬ ]qń `¿Øm-hns‚

A—-t\mSpw AΩ-tbmSpw bmX-]-d-™n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ `¿Ømhv Ip™n-cm-a≥ Cu am™mfw Xm≥

Nqc¬sIm≠p am‰p-sa∂p òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. A—\pw AΩbpw Kpcp-\m-Y\pw Xs∂ X√n-bn-ń-s√∂v

Ahfpw ]d-™p. Ahƒ X\ntb \S∂v B‰pw aW-∏p-dsØ B¬Ø-d-bn¬ Ibdnbncp∂v Xs‚

ktlm-Z-c≥ Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS hchpw ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp-Iq´w

inj-y-∑m¿ Ah-fp-sS-b-Sp-sØ-Øn.



253-˛291: At∏mƒ tNmZn-bv°p∂p inj-y¿I-fpw...............

.................... B¬Ød Ib-dp∂p Ip™n-cm-a≥

skmcp-an®v = H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn. inj-y¿ DÆn-bm¿®-tbmSv Fhn-sS-bv°m-sW∂v tNmZn-®p. t]mIp-∂-

hgn Ipg-∏-ap-f-f-Xm-sW∂pw Btcm-a¬t®-I-h¿ Ct∏mƒ hcn-s√∂pw ]d-™p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ ¿Ømhv

XpWbv°p hcp-sa∂v ]d-™p. inj-y¿ DÆn-bm¿®bv°v Aømbncw ]Ww Z£nW sImSpØp bmX

]d-™p. At∏m-tgbv°pw Ip™n-cm-a≥ Ahn-sS-sb-Øn.

292 ˛ 349: \\-ap≠p hncn-®ßp Ccp-∂-h\pw...........

............ B¬Ø-d-b-cn-Ibpw sN√p-∂p≠v

A\p-Iqew = kΩ-Xw, cmP-]-X-sh-y∂v = cmP-]-Z-hn-sb-∂v, sImºpapdw = Nń-apdw (]-c∂ cq]w,

D-bcw Ipd-hv), Xmºqew = Xmºqew ˛ sh‰n-e, ]d-™-sXm-Øn-\n°v = ]d-™Xv icn-bmbn (HØp

F\nbv°v)

F¥n-\mWv Ct∏mƒ t]m∂-sX∂v DÆn-bm¿® `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-®p. Abmƒ ]d-™p.

A—\pw AΩbpw kΩ-Xn-®p. F∂mepw AI-an-I-fmb tPm\-I¿]p-f-bv°p∂ \mK-]p-c-Øn¬IqSn thWw

\ap°p t]mIm≥. Hs° hn[n-t]mse hcpw. Ah¿ \mK-]p-c-sØ-Øn. tPm\-I¿ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS

kuµ-cyw I≠v àn®p ˛ Ff-am-hn≥ ssX Xf¿Ønb t]mse F∂p XpS-ßnb \mS≥ D]-am-\-ßƒ

i≤n-bv°pI ˛ tPm\-I¿ aq∏s\ hnhcw Adnbn®p. Ah-sf-]-d-\n-d-t∏m-Sp-IqSn ktLmjw ]nSn-®p-sIm-

≠p-h-c-W-sa∂p aq∏≥ Iev]n-®p. tPm\-I¿ B¿®-bpsS kao-]-sØØn.

351 ˛ 429: tPm\-I¿ \n¬°pw \ne-I-≠tem .....................

..........................-hn-ń-´p-X-s∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v

]d-™-sXm-Øn-\n°v = ]d-™Xv HØp (icn-bm-bn) F\n-bv°v. hm°sS Iøpw s]mØn-\n∂p =

hmbvss° s]mØn \n∂p ˛ _lp-am\ kqN-\. Iø-∑m¿ = sImf-f-cp-XmØ `rXr¿, Iømw-I-fn-°m¿

F∂p-am-hmw. \mS-√mWv = \mSm-W-t√m. ZqjWw = Bt£]w. FIcw = Db-cw, tPm\-I¿ s]mSnbpw

sXffpw = tPm\-Isc sXf-fn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ \\pØ s]mSn-bm-°pw.

tPm\-I¿ DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS ASp-Øp-Iq-Sn. Ip™n-cm-a≥ t]Sn-®p-hn-d-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn. DÆnbm¿®

`¿Øm-hn\v ss[cyw ]I¿∂p. tPm\-I¿ _lp-am\w \Sn®v DÆn-bm¿®-bpsS apºn¬ ImgvN-∏-d-sh-®p.

CsX-¥n-\p-ff ImgvN-bm-sW∂v B¿® tNmZn-®p. AtXmsS tPm\-I-cpsS `mhw amdn. Ah¿ hSnbpw

De-bv°-bp-ambn DÆn-bm¿®sb hf-™p. Ip™n-cm-as\ _‘n-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. DÆn-bm¿®

Xs‚ B`-c-W-ßƒ Agn®v apºn¬sh-®p. AXmWv th≠-sX-¶n¬ sIm≠p-t]mImw F∂p ]d-™p.

Ah¿°p th≠Xv Ah-sf-bm-Wv. ss[c-y-ap-s≠-¶n¬ h∂p ]nSn-®p-sIm-f-fp-hm≥ ]d-™p. Ahƒ A¶-

Øn-s\m-cp-ßn. Bbp[w D]-tbm-Kn-°msX Xs∂. Hcp ]Incn Xncn-®nepw IpXn-c-∏m-®nepw Ign™tXmsS

FÆq-tdmfw tPm\-I¿ \new-]-Xn-®p. Bßf Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cmsW Cu Al-¶m-cn-I-fmb tPm\-Isc

Rm≥ s]mSn-®p-sX-ffpw F∂p Ahƒ sh√p-hn-fn-®p. Btcm-a¬t®-I-h-cpsS s]ß-fm-Wn-sX-∂-dn-™-

tXmsS tPm\-I¿ Poh-\pw-sIm-t≠mSn ad-™p.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ


1) ]qØqcw hoń∂p t]mt∂-∏ns∂

B‰pw aW-tΩep ht∂-∏ns∂

ImgvN-Iƒ the Rm≥ I≠n-ń√ ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Ipdn-bv°p-I.

2) ]pØqcw hońse s]Æp-ßfpw

]mW-s\-Øp-W-Iqń t]mbn-ń√

\nß-fpsS ]g°w ]d™p \nßƒ ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bnse Bt£-]-[-z-\n-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

3) Nqc-t°m-emte sagp°pw Rmt\ ˛ B¿? Bsc? F¥n\v?

4) \mK-]p-c-ØqsS t]mI-thWw

tPmt\m¿]p-f-∏p-ff \mS-√mWv ˛ Fs¥-√m-amWv tPm\¿]p-f∏v?

5) s]Æmb Rm\pw hnd-bv°p-∂n√

BWmb \nßƒ hnd-bv°p-s∂t¥ ˛ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI

6) Im‰Øp ]™n-]-d-°pw-t]mse

hnń´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v ˛ Bcv? Bsc? F¥p-sIm≠v?


1) Xt‚Sn-bmb Hcp amXrIm h\nX F∂ \ne-bn¬ IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb-I-Y-bnse DÆn-bm¿®sb

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2) DÆn-bm¿® IqØp-Im-Wm≥ t]mb IY-bn-eqsS sXfn-bp∂ A∂sØ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse

kmaq-ly hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI



\mS≥ ]m´pIƒ

(1) _Z-dp¬ ap\o¿ ˛ lpkv\p¬ Pam¬

tambn≥Ipń sshZ-y¿

am∏n-f-∏m´v

"am∏nf" F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ]pXp-a-W-hm-f≥, hc≥ Fs∂ms° ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A¿∞-ap-≠v. hntZ-

i-Øp-\n∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂v Chn-SpsØ kvXoIsf hnhmlw Ign-®-h¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-

bn-cn°Ww blqZ¿°pw ssIkvX-h¿°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw am∏nf F∂v kap-Zm-b-t∏-cp-h-∂-Xv. hym-]-

I-amb Cu A¿∞w Npcpßn ae-_m-dn¬ ap…o-ßsf amXw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kap-Zm-b-t∏-cmbn Ct∏mƒ

am∏nf F∂ ]Zw ]tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. am∏n-f-am-cpsS kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn sI´p-]n-W™p InS°p∂

Km\ kap-®-b-amWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. kaq-l-PohnX-Ønse F√m kµ¿`-ß-fnepw ]m´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-h-cmWv am∏n-f-am¿. Cui-z-cm-cm-[-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv CXnse Hcp henb `mKw˛ hkq-cn,

tImfd apX-emb oI-c-amb kmwI-anI tcmK-ßƒ Kma-ß-fn¬ ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p-tºmƒ ]f-fn-I-fn¬\n∂v

hnf-°p-ta¥n kwLw-tN¿∂v Cui-z-c-kvXp-Xn-Iƒ (saueqZv) ]mSn cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ducp-Np-‰p∂ G¿∏m-

Sp-≠v. tZhm-e-b-ß-fnepw hoSp-I-fnepw ]pW-y-Im-e-ß-fn¬ saueqZv \S-Øm-dp-≠v. aä-d™ kn≤-∑m-

tcbpw c‡-km-£n-I-tfbpw ]oWn-∏n®v kaq-l-Øns‚ tbmK-t£-a-Øn\p \SØp∂ "dmØo_v' Fs∂mcp

A\p-jvTm-\-ap-≠v. CXn-s\m-s°bpw am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hnhmlw, ]k-hw, Krl]thiw

XpS-ßnb kµ¿ -ß-fn-epw, _oUn sXdp-°p-I, Imf-h≠n sXfn-°pI apX-emb sXmgnseSp-°p∂ kµ¿ -

ß-fnepw tIm¬°-fn, Ad-h-\-ap´v apX-emb Iem-]-I-S-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-tºmgpw am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ

]mSp-∂p. bp≤w, Iem]w F∂nh hnh-cn-°p∂ am∏n-f-∏m- p-Ifpw D≠v. H‰bv°v ]mSmt\m hmbn-°mt\m

Df-f-X√ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂Xv Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ cNn-°p-∂Xv hy-‡n-I-fm-sW-

¶nepw kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´m-bva-I-fn-ep-ff ]tbm-K-amWv Ah-bpsS e£-yw.

aWn-]-hm-f-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb Hcp `mj-bmWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. GtX-

¶nepw c≠p- m-j-I-fpsS amXw ka-\-z-b-a√ CsXt∂ hy-X-ym-k-ap-f-fq. Ad-_n, kwkvIr-Xw. Xan-gv, lnµp-

ÿm-\n, ]m¿kn, I∂U XpS-ßnb `mj-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw btYjvSw ]Z-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp

hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ am∏n-f-∏m- n-\p-f-f-Xv. Ad_n ]Z-ßfpw Ad_n hym-I-c-Whpw

ae-bm-f-tØmSp Iqń-t®¿°p-∂-XmWv apJ-y-k-z- m-hw. hmsam-gn-tbm-Sp-ff _‘hpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

kwKo-X-amWv am∏n-f-∏m-ńs‚ Poh≥. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]mk-]-tbm-K-ß-fn-ep-ff \njvI¿j

hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]m´p-km-ln-X-y-Ønse tam\bv°p kam-\-amb ]Zm¿≤mZn]mkw F∂ "Iºnbpw"

\∂mep hcn-I-fnse Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-]mkw F∂ "IgpØp' (]m- nse "FXpI'-Ibv°v kam-\-am-Wn-Xv). A¥-

ym-£-c-]mkw F∂ "hm¬°-ºnbpw' ]g-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ km¿∆-Xn-I-ambn I≠phcp∂ A¥m-Zn-]m-k-sa∂

"hmep-Ω¬ Iºn'bpw am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ s]mXpth ImWmw. CuWhpw, Xmfhpw, ]mk-hp-sam-∏n-bv°m-

\mWv bmsXmcp XX-z-Zo-£-bp-an-√msX A\-y-`m-j-I-fn-se√mw \n∂v X¬`-h-ambpw X’-a-ambpw ]Z-ßƒ

Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂-Xv. am∏n-f-am¿°p kz-¥-am-bp-ff "Ad-_n- -a-e-bmfw' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ en]n-k-º-Zm-b-Øn-

emWv am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. Ad-_n-bn-tebpw ae-bm-f-Øn-tebpw A£-c-ßƒ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-

f-fp-∂-XmWv Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bmfw en]n-h-y-h-ÿ.



tambn≥Ipń sshZ-y¿

1852¬ C∂sØ ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ sImt≠m-ń-bn-emWv Hm´p-]md Bep-ß¬I≠n

tambn≥Ipń sshZ-y¿ P\n-®-Xv. Ad-_n-˛-a-e-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Ihn-bm-Wn-t±-lw.

hoc-I-Y-Ifpw tZi-N-cn-X-ßfpw hnh-cn-°p∂ ]kn-≤-amb A\-h[n am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb

Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ccp-]Xmw hb- n¬ cNn-® ]Ya Imh-y-amWv _Z-dp¬ ap\o¿ lpkv\p¬ Pam¬. ]kn-

≤-amb t]¿j-y≥ ]WbIYsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn cNn® Cu IrXnbmWv am∏n-f-∏m´v ]ÿm-\-

Ønse BZ-ysØ t]a-Im-h-yw. `mh-\m-hn-em-kw, ]Z-k-zm-[o-\w, kwKo-Xm-fl-IX F∂o KpW-ß-fpsS

hnf-\n-e-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ. kzm-X-¥-y-t_m-[-Øns‚ Ihn-sb∂v At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-

°m-dp-≠v. t]a-km- -e-y-Øn-\p-th≠n sIm´mcw hnń-dßn kml-kn-I-X-bn-eqsS Ian-Xm-hnt‚bpw Xt‚bpw

PohnXw `Z-am-°nb "lpkv\p¬ Pam¬' F∂ \mbn-I-bpsS Ah-X-cWw Xs∂ At±-lØns‚ kzm-X-

¥-y-t_m-[-Øn\v ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. _Z¿ ]S-∏m-´v, DlZp ]S-∏m-´v, lnPvd, ae-∏pdw ]S-∏m´v F∂n-h-bmWv

At±-l-Øns‚ a‰p ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ.

]mT-y- m-K-Øn-eqsS]qa-Iƒ = e£vao-tZ-hn, tlaw = kz¿Æw,

B_-c-W-t°mh = B -c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´w, IØpw = tim`n-bv°p∂,

XJvØv = Iń¬, acp≠pw = InS-°p-∂,

A∂-\-S-®mben¬ = Ac-b-∂-sØ-t∏m-se-bp-ff \S-Ø-Øn¬,

^cp°n = Ae-¶-cn-®, Pn∂v = sNIp-Øm≥, a\p-h¿ = a\p-j-y¿,

X≥t_m[w = Xt_m[w sImsff = ]‰n lp∫v = ]Wbw

t\iw = teiw tX\m¿ = tX≥]pg Nnd°pw = Hen°pw

^b°w = `mjWw C≥km¬ = kvJe\w sbØpw = kw`-hnbv°pw

kmam-\-ym¿∞w

lpkv\p¬ Pam¬ e£vao-tZ-hn-sb-t∏mse hf¿∂p-h-∂p. NnX-∏-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp]mSv kz¿Æm-

`cWßfp≠v Ahƒ°v. Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ FÆn-∏-d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ahƒ \h-c-Xv\-tim-`-bn¬

BdmSn. Ahƒ tim`n-bv°p∂ Iń-en¬ InS-°p∂ B ImgvNbv°p kam-\-ambn as‰m-∂n-√. ac-X-I-∏´v

sRdn-™p-Sp-Øv, amWn-Iytim -bp-ff c≠p ssIIfpw hoin-sb-dn-™v, Xe-apSn NoIn-sbm-Xp-°n-b-e-¶-cn-®v,

am\n-s\-t∏mse IgpØv sNcn-®v, B\-sb-t∏mse CSØpw heØpw Aa¿Øn-®-hn-ń, ]pcn-I-ßƒ

shń-®v, Imam¿Øn-tbmsS t\m°n, ]hn-g-s∏m≥Np-≠p-I-fn¬ aµ-lmkw s]mgn-®v, Ac-b-∂-Øn-s\-t∏mse

Ahƒ hcp∂ hc-hp-I-≠m¬ sNIp-Øm-\m-bmepw a\p-j-y-\m-bmepw kz-t_m[w \jvS-s∏-´v, aZ-\m¿Øn-

bn¬ apgp-Ipw.

B ]©-h¿Æ-°n-fn°v cmP-]p-cp-j-\mb _Z-dp¬ ap\odn-emWv ]nb-ap-≠m-b-Xv. a\- n¬ Xnf-®p-

adnbp∂ A\p -cmKw \nanØw Ahƒ Aev] -t\ -cw -t]mepw th¿]n -cn -bm -Xn -c n -b v°pw.

Icp-Ø-\mb _Z-dp¬ ap\o-dn-s\-t∏mse tbmK-y-X-Iƒ XnI™ at‰mcp ]pcp-j-\n-√. Ahs‚ apJw

I≠m¬ Xma-c-hn-Scpw. Ahs‚ `mjWw tI´m¬ tX≥]p-g-sbm-gpIpw. at\m-l-c-amb hm°p-I-fpw,

kwKo-Xm-em-]w-t]m-se-bp-ff i_vZhpw Hs°-bp-ff Ah-s\-°-≠m¬ a\p-j-y-kvXo-I-fm-Is´ tZh-kvXo-

I-fm-Is´ kzbw ad∂v kvJe\w kw`-hn-°pw.

Cßs\ Cu ]mń¬ \mbn-Im-\m-bI∑msc h¿Æn-°p-∂p.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ ˛ (\qdp˛\q-‰-ºXp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

(1) X©-ßƒ Pn∂p-a-\p-h¿I-Æm¬

Xt_mZw _n´v aZ-s^-Sp-ta˛ F¥p-I-≠m¬? hnh-cn-°p-I.

(2) Iman\n Pn≥a-\p- q-am-Z¿Iƒ

I≠m¬ aZn-a-d∂v C≥km¬sbØpw ˛ Ft∏mƒ? kµ¿`hpw ImWn-°p-I.

II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw ( ap∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

(1) ]mT-y -`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn am∏n-f-∏m-´p -I-fnse `mjm-]-c-amb ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ D≤-cn®v ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.

(2) \ΩpsS \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fn¬ am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ°p-ff ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.



ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m´v

imIp-¥fw ˛ \memw-JWvUw

a®m´v \mcm-b-W≥ Cf-bXv

ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m´v

]mNo-\-Imew sXmt´ tIc-f-Ønse sslµ-h-kvXo-I-fpsS Hcp \rØ-hn-t\m-Z-amWv ssIsIm-ń-

°-fn. apXn¿∂ kvXoI-fpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw I\-y-I-am-cpw, kpaw-K-en-I-fp-amWv CXn¬

]s¶-Sp-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. Xncp-hm-Xnc BtLm-j-Øns‚ Hcp-`m-Kw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. Xncp-hm-Xn-cbv°v kpaw-K-en-

am¿ ]pe¿s® shf-f-Øn-en-dßn \n∂v XpSnbpw ]m´pw Pe-tI-fn-Ifpw Ign™pw hX-Øns‚ mK-amb Dd-

°-sam-gn-b-en\pw \nb-ta\ ssIsImń-°fn®ncp-∂p. HmWhpw, ]gbImesØ "sI´p-I-e-ym-W-"hp-am-Wv

ssIsIm- n-°-fn-bpsS a‰p thZn-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn F∂pw AXn\p ]kn≤nbp-≠v. (]t£

"Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn' F∂p amX-ap-ff ]tbmKw sX‰mWv) lmk-y-]-[m-\-amb CXnse Ne-\-ß-fpsS

Nph-Sp-sh-∏p-Ifpw tamln-\n-bm-´-tØmSv hnZq-c-_-‘-ap-f-f-Xm-Wv. k¶o¿Æ-amb Nph-Sp-Ifpw Cc-Sn-I-fpw-

sam-s°-bp-ff ssIsIm-ń-°fn kvXoI-fpsS Hcp a’c hnt\m-Z-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnepw

a‰pw hnZ-KvZ-kvXo-Isf \n¿Øn ssIsIm-ń-°fn ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Nne ]pcp-j-∑mcpw ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-

bn¬ sshZ-Kv[yw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. kvXoIfpw A]q¿∆-ambn ]pcp-j-∑mcpw CS-I-e¿∂pw Ifn-®n-cp-∂p.

IpΩn-b-Sn, Xncp-∏-d-°¬ F∂n-hbpw ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. ap…oß-fpsS H∏-\bv°pw,

InkvX-ym-\n-I-fpsS am¿§w I-f-nbv°pw CXns‚ cq]m-¥-cßsf∂v am\-kn-I-ambpw Bflo-b-ambpw kmln-

X-y-]-c-am-bpw, imco-cn-I-ambpw ]tbm-P\w sNøp∂ Cu tIc-fob h\n-Xm-\m-S≥Ie Ct∏mƒ bph-P-t\m-

’-h-ßsf Bi-bn®v \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

ssIsIm-ń-°-fn°v ]g-b-Im-eØv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv Cui-z-c-kvXp-Xn-]c-ßtfm ]pcm-W-I-Ymw-

im-J-ym-\-]-cßtfm Bb H‰-sbm‰ A⁄m-X-I¿Ør-°-fmb \mS≥Km-\-ß-fm-Wv. ]mk-`w-Kn, mjm-em-

fn-X-yw, Nph-Sp-Iƒ°p ]mI-Øn¬ apdn™p hogp∂ ]Z-L-S\ F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-

ńs‚ P\-]n-b-X. B´-°-Ym-Km-\-ß-tf-bm-Wv, ]tX-y-In®v Cc-bn-Ω≥X-ºn, hb-kvIc aq Zv (Zptcym-

[\h[w), DÆm-bn-hm-c-n-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fn-∏-Z-ß-tf-bmWv ]n¬°m-eØv ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-´mbn

kpe-`-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂-Xv.

a®m-ń-f-b-XmWv ]pcmtWXn-lm-k-I-Y-Isf ]q¿Æ-ambn ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m´p cq]-Øn¬ ]e-a-

ń¬ sNm√m≥ hrØ-ssh-hn-[-y-tØmsS cNn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. AtXmsS Kmay IhnX F∂p apZ-

IpØn sXs√mcp ]p—-tØmsS hy-h-l-cn-bv°-s∏- n-cp∂ ssIsIm- n-°-fn-∏m´pw s]uUamb Hcp ]ÿm-

\-t`-Z-ambn hf¿∂p. h©n-∏m´p hn`m-K-Øn¬ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿°p-ff ÿm\w ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-

ń¬ a®m-ńf-b-Xn\pw A¿l-X-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

a®m´v \mcm-b-W≥ Cf-bXv (a-e-bm-f-h¿jw 940- 1017 ˛ F Un 1765 ˛ 1842)

Xr»q¿ Pn√-bn¬ hS-°m-t©-cn-bv°-Sp-Øp-ff a®m´p Kma-Øn¬ P\-\w. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬,

]tX-y-In®v tPym-Xnj imkvX-Øn¬ XnI™ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. Sn∏p-kp¬Ømt‚bpw, sIm®n

i‡≥ Xºp-cmt‚bpw apºn¬ tPym-Xn-j-kw-_-‘-amb kma¿∞yw t_m≤-y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.



PmX-Im-tZ-i-c-Xv\w, a®-m´p-`mj F∂o c≠p tPymXnj KŸ-ßfpw cmam-bWw ba-I-Im-h-yhpw cNn-®n-

´p -≠v . F∂m¬ ssIsIm -´p -°-fn -∏m -´p -I -fpsS t]cn -emWv At±lw Adn -b -s∏ -Sp -∂-X v .

imIp-¥fw F´p hrØw, ]m¿∆Xo kz-bw-hcw ]¥-≠p-hr-Øw, ]m¿∆Xo kz-bw-hcw \mep-hr-Øw, KtP-

µ-tam£w \mep-hrØw, e£-Wm-k-z-bw-hcw F´p-hrØw, koXmk-z-bw-hc \mep-hr-Øw, hrIm-kp-c-

h[w c≠p-hr-Øw, Ie-ym-W-skuK‘nIw c≠p-hr-Øw, hkvXm-]-l-cWw c≠p-hrØw AarXaY\w

F∂n-h-bmWv Cf-b-Xns‚ ][m\-s∏´ ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ. kc-f-a-[p-c-amWv Cf-b-Xns‚ `mjm-

ssi-en. Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Imh-y-ssi-en-tbm-SmWv AXn\v ASp-∏w. cN-\m-skujvTh-Ønepw ]mSn-°-

fn-bv°p-ff CW-°-Ønepw CXbpw anI® ssIsIm-ń-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ hf-sc-hn-c-f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ ""HmSpw arK-ß-sf-tØSn \c-]Xn'', ""Ie-ym-Wn-I-f-hmWn'' XpS-ßnb At±-l-Øns‚ ]e ]m´p-Ifpw

\nc-£-c-cmb \mS≥ a¶-am-cpsS \m°n≥Xp-ºn¬t∏mepw XØn-°-fn-®n-cp-∂p.

]mT-y- m-K-Øn-eqsS

imIp-¥fw \memw-J-WvU-amWv ]mT-y-`m-Kw. Zpj-y-¥-a-lm-cm-Pmhv IW-zm-i-a-Øn¬sh®v iIp-¥-

fsb°mWp-∂Xpw Km‘¿∆- hn-[n]Imcw hnhmlw Ign-bv°p-∂Xp-amWv Cu JWvU-Ønse

IYm-h-kvXp.

Bia I\-y-I-bmb iIp-¥-f-tbmSv Zpj-y-¥≥ tNmZn-®p. ""tl, kpµ-co, \obm-cmWv? BcpsS

aI-fm-Wv. \ns∂°≠-Xp-ap-X¬ Rm≥ Ima-hn-Im-c-Øm¬ hnh-i\mIp-∂p. AXp-tI´v B I\-yI ]Xp-

s°-∏-d-™p. ""cmPm-th, Rm≥ IW-z-a-l¿jn-bpsS ]pXn-bm-Wv. Fs‚ t]cv iIp-¥-f. Ft∂mSv Aßbv°v

Aßs\sbmcmKlw D≠mbXv DNnX-a-√. Xm]-k-kvXosb £Xn-b≥ hnhmlw Ign-bv°p-∂Xv ]m]-

amWv.'' At∏mƒ Ah-tfmSv cmPmhv ]d-™p. ""\nXy _“-Nm-cn-bmb IW-z-a-l-¿jn-bpsS ]pXn-bmWv

F∂p \o ]d-™Xv \pW. \o kXyw ]d-bq''. At∏mƒ B kpµcn (k-c-km£n = ]¶-Pm-£n) ]d-™p.

""Fs‚ IY apsºm-cn-°¬ al¿jn ]d™p tI´p-´p-≠v. AXp ]dbmw. temI-]-kn-≤-\mb hni-zm-an-

X≥ ]≠v GIm-K-Nn-Ø-\mbn X] p XpS-ßn. CXpI-≠v (`m-hn-bn¬ Cubmƒ Cµ-]Zw Xń-sb-Sp-

°ptam F∂v) `b-s∏´ tZth-µ≥ Ima-tZ-h≥ apX-em-b-h-tcmSv IqSn kpµ-cn-bmb ta\-Isb ]d-™-b-

®p. ta\-I-bpsS kuµ-cyw I≠v hni-zm-anX al¿jnbpsS a\- n-f-In. (a-l¿jn ta\-Isb kzo-I-cn-®p).

Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ ta\I K¿`w-[-cn-®p. Ahƒ Cu Imń¬ Fs∂ ]k-hn-®p. hni-zm-anX

_oP-Øn\p \mi-ta¬°p-I-bn√ F∂p-d® ta\I Fs∂ Dt]-£n®p kz¿§-Øn-te-bv°p-Xs∂ t]mbn.

AΩ-bp-t]-£n®v ape-∏m¬ IqSn In´m-sX-In-S-°p∂ Fs∂ ]£n-Iƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn IW-z-a-

l¿jn-bpsS ssIøn¬ c£n-°m-t\¬∏n-®p. iIp¥ßƒ (]-£n-Iƒ) Fs∂-sIm-≠p-t]mbn sImSp-Ø-

Xn-\m¬ IW-z-a-l¿jn F\n°v iIp-¥f F∂p t]cp-an-´p. Aßs\ Rm≥ hf¿∂p. CXmWv ]c-

am¿∞w’’. F∂v Ahƒ ]d-™-t∏mƒ k¥p-jvS-\mb cmPmhv ]d-™p. ZnhykvXobmb ta\-I-bpsS

]pXn-bm-sW∂p ]d-™Xv t_m[-y-ambn a\p-j-y-]p-Xnbv°v CX-amXw ico-c-Im¥nbp≠m-In-√. \o C\n-

ta¬ Fs‚ mc-y-bm-bn-cn-°pw. al¿jnbv°pw AXp-k-Ω-X-am-Ipw. hn[n-]-Imcw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff hnhm-

l-®-S-ßp-I-fp-≠v. AXn¬ Km‘¿∆-amWv £Xn-b¿°v DØ-aw. AXp \o kΩ-Xn-bv°-Ww. H´pw aSn-

bv°-cpXv F∂v am\-y-cm-Pmhv ]d-™-t∏mƒ Ahƒ \mWn®p Xe XmgvØn-∏-d-™p. AXp-s\mcp XS- -

ap-≠v. AXp-]-dømw. Aßbv°v F∂n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ ]pXs\ `mhn-cm-Pm-hmbn hmgn-bv°-Ww. AXp

Rm≥ sNømw F∂v Ah-tfmSv kXyw (k-a-bw) sNbvXp ]cm-I-an-bmb cmPmhv Ah-fpsS ssI ]nSn-®p.



tNmZ-y-ßƒ

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ ˛ (\qdp˛\q-‰-ºXp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) ""I\-y-I-b-Xp-tI´p aµ-a-ßp-c-sNbvXp’’. GXp I\-yI? F¥m-bn-cp∂p adp-]Sn?

2) ""]cn-tNmsS hf¿Øn-Xp, ]c-am¿∞-an-sX-∂-hƒ

]d-™-t∏mƒ sØfn™p `q]-Xnbpw’’ Ahƒ ]d™ ]c-am¿∞-sa¥v? `q]Xn sXfn-bm≥

Imc-W-sa¥v?

3) AXp-sN-bvXo-Sp-h≥ Rms\-∂-h-tfmSp ka-bw-sN˛

bvXXp-e-hn-I-a≥ ]mWn-K-lWw sNbvXp.˛ kµ-¿-`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.

II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw ( ap∂q-dp-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)

1) ssIsIm-ń -°-fn -∏m -ń -\p -≠m-bn -cn -bvt°≠ KpW-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? imIp-¥fw \memw

JWvU-Øn¬ Ah-sb√mw FX-I≠v Ds≠∂p ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.

2) ae-bmf kmln-X-y-Øn\v a®m-ń-f-b-Xns‚ kw`m-h\ Fs¥√mw?

For BA MALAYALAM - University of Calicut · School of Distance Education ae-bmf Ihn-X ˛...

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