Foothill Energy System

Foothill CollegeFall 2012

Big Ideas

• Modern utility systems

• Foothill’s power grid

• Renewable Energy (RE), Distributed generation (DG) and Intelligent Grid (IG)

• New Electricity Model

• Energy pulse of a building

• Energy Intelligence Ei = cm3

Important Energy Units

• KW => Kilowatts (1,000 watts)• MW => Megawatts (1,000,000 watts)• kWh => Kilowatt-Hours• mWh => Megawatt-Hours• Therms => 100,000 BTU of heat capacity• BTU => British Thermal Units• Joule => one watt-second• KJ => Kilo Joules (~ 0.95 BTU)

Modern Utility Systems1) The power plant, where primary energy from fuel is converted to electricity using a generator. 2) High-voltage transmission lines, which efficiently move electricity over large distances from power plants to end users. These are necessary, because today most power plants are built in remote places far from where people live, since a power plant is seldom a good thing to live beside. 3) A substation is the link between the transmission system and the distribution system. It "steps down" the voltage to lower levels suitable for distributing to end users. 4) Transformers reduce the voltage further to levels that can be used by appliances and machines operated by end users. 5) Local distribution wires move this low-voltage power to end-use locations, otherwise known as homes, schools and businesses.

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/ebf200up/node/151

Foothill Power Grid

• 1.5 MW solar photovoltaic (PV)– 100KW PE– 440 KW IH– 1 MW Lots 2-3

• 250 KW cogeneration– 4 Capstone micro turbines in PE

• Main PG&E utility meter

• 75 buildings (8-10 building types)

Foothill Energy System

Foothill College is the ideal test bed for innovative energy technology for clean generation, smart distribution, and efficient end use

Large Scale REDistributed Generation

Renewable Energy (RE)

• Zero emission power!

• 1.5 MW (mega-watt) Solar PV

• Generates ~ 2 million kWh per year – 25% of our 8M kWh projected load

• Produces 80 to 120% of our peak load– Very strong daytime electricity demand

• Offsets natural gas (power) on hot days– Saves ~ 1 lb of CO2 for every kWh produced

Capstone MicroturbineBenefitsUltra-low emissions (CARB 2003 DG certified) Minimal annual maintenance Direct2Grid interconnection UL1741, CA Rule 21, NYPSC DG , No fluid storage, leakage, changes, disposal Reduced compression maintenance As low as 0.2 psig inlet pressure Uncontaminated exhaust heat for sensitive direct-drying applications Phase-to-phase balance (0-100%) on stand-alone units Small footprint, lightweight , Vibration-free, quiet operation . Easy indoor/outdoor/rooftop sitting Zero hardware arraying (up to 1.2MW) Optional remote monitoring/dispatch Optional heat recovery module Optional 2-to-100-unit PowerServer networking Optional external gas compressor that serves multiple units All Capstone MicroTurbines OperateContinuously or On-Demand Stand alone or Grid Connect Individually or Multi-pack Run on a variety of fuels

Low or High Pressure Natural Gas Biogas (landfill, wastewater treatment centers, anaerobic) Flare gas , Diesel , Propane , Kerosene

Capstone Microturbine Heat RecirculationWaste heat from the generation of electricity is recirculated through a heat exchanger and transferred to a thermal sink, typically district steam, heating a swimming pool, or hot water for a hotel or hospital.

Distributed Generation (DG)

• Generating power from the inside out• Local generation of electricity

– Power generation “inside the meter”

• Reduces demand from central plants• PV generation erases HVAC load• Cogeneration heats the swimming pool

Making Clean Local Energy Accessible Now

12

Distributed Generation + Intelligent Grid Vision

New Electricity Model

• Building from the middle out• Large-scale RE ‘inside the meter’• Power generation close to load• Sometimes called a ‘microgrid’• Combines DG, RE, storage and IG

– Active load control and balancing– Adv. Meter Data Management (MDM)

Smart Energy System Stack

Clean generation

Smart distribution

Efficient end use

Flow of Energy

Flow of Information

Electrical Generation

Electrical Use

SYS-STEMic Energy principles described in Foothill College NSF-ATE Energy Program proposal October 2010

Energy Systems Model

Modern Energy Systems

Large-scale Renewables

Distributed Resources

Smart Energy Systems

Advanced Transportation

Building Energy Efficiency

1

3

5

4

2

6

fossil-fuel based & centralized

de-centralizedlow-carbon

G2V/V2GDR/AMI/HEN

EMS/

DM

S/G

IS

integration integration

Macrogrid

Microgrid

Nanogrid

Clean generation

Smart distribution

Efficient end use

Energy Pulse of a Campus

• Baseload energy• Start-up (morning) energy• PV production starts• Midday (all systems on)• Afternoon HVAC & PV on• Evening HVAC on, PV off

Itron Interval Data 3/1 - 4/15

From the largest power user to the largest power producer => We are a self study in distributed electrical generation

Energy Intelligence => Ei=cm3

• Ei=cm3

• Energy Intelligence from computational:

– Monitoring

– Modeling

– Management

• Smart energy systems that integrate:– Clean generation, smart distribution, and

efficient end-use (ecomagination principles)

Monitor

• Gather– Utility meter and bills– PV and cogen inverter output– Submetering of buildings

• Organize– Data by month, day, and hour

• Inspect– Missing or anomalous data

Model

• When, where, and how is energy used?

• Benchmarking / comparative analysis– How do our buildings perform compared to

other public buildings, similar size and use?

• Time-of-Use (ToU)– Baseline (baseload) energy– Energy Pulse (Pattern of ToU)– Peak energy demand

Manage

• How can energy be used better?– Energy Management Systems (EMS) working?– Building Automation Controls (BAC) working?

• Have buildings been commissioned?– Monitoring based commissioning (MBCx)

• What efficiency projects could be done?

• Can ToU be managed to generation?– Alter the aggregate campus energy pulse

Program Analysis Sustainable Design Dept. Blocks/Bldg. Space Planning Site Analysis/Planning Image StudyPSEC Energy Analysis

Energy Cost Savings: 30.34 %

Active Learning PSEC

Winter 2013 planned occupancy

Smart Home Metering

Allegro.com

Building Science and Performance Engineering

Energy Efficiency

Building EMSOnsite Generation

RemediationPlug Loads

Analysis, BPI Benchmarking

Solar PVCogen

Fuel cell

AMI/DRHAN/HENBEMS/IT

Is this an industry, a building strategy, a set of SI competencies, or an ES-CO professional?

Summary

• Foothill College’s energy system– PV, cogen, utility power feed

• Distributed Generation (DG)

• Intelligent Grid (IG)

• New Electricity Model

• Energy pulse of a building

• Energy Intelligence => Ei=cm3

Zimride Ridesharing

• Facebook trust platform

• Locate drivers/riders near you

• Keep track of rides, trip (VMT) and GHG reduction

• Ridesharing networks

• Ridesharing culture

Ridesharing Culture

Social engineering for a world with fewer cars, less petroleum, and a genuine desire to collaborate

Social Transportation Networks => Tools

Flows of vehicles that have positions and paths

Flows of people that have schedules and destinations

V (P,P) <= Social Transportation Tools => P (S,D)

Ridesharing CorridorsSan Francisco

San Jose

De Anza

Foothill

Skyline Daly City

Palo Alto

Cupertino