Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report May 2016 · Pakistan 6- The Progressive Control of...

2016

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report May 2016

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation May 2016

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Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report

May 2016

Guest Editor Dr Giancarlo Ferrari

FAO Afghanistan

#I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.


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Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 5

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 6

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 8

A. POOL 1 – Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia .................................................................................... 8

B. POOL 2 – South Asia.......................................................................................................................... 12

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ................................................................................................ 13

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa..................................................................................................................... 18

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa .......................................................................................................... 20

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................. 22

G. POOL 7 – South America ................................................................................................................... 25

IV. OTHER NEWS: ................................................................................................................................ 26

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 27


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Guest Editor’s comments Dear All, it is really a pleasure for me and a privilege to contribute to this monthly report. Those that want to make use of it will certainly be able to find in it an amount of useful information.

Many of you may not know that, since December 2014, my duty station is Afghanistan where I am leading a FAO project funded by the Government of Japan, with FMD being one of the main components. Despite the many challenges, I feel in a way the privilege of experiencing what FMD may mean in a context where subsistence agriculture still plays an important role for the livelihood of the rural people.

I have often heard statements like: “FMD is not so important in developing countries, it is not a fatal disease, animals can easily recover, and it does not affect humans”. Those arguments, some of them certainly true, may tend to undermine the importance of FMD especially in a context where there could be a plethora of competing animal health issues.

On the other hand (and I would add obviously) countries officially free from FMD pose a lot of attention to the trade aspects and the possible negative consequences should FMD enter into their national territories.

I think that both arguments have their intrinsic validity but in a way it does not seem to me that those are looking at “the patient”.

Recently, I came to know the story of a farmer (let’s call him Khalid for convenience and hopefully without generating any gender issue!!) with two milking cows that became affected with FMD that stopped them from producing milk, an important nutritional element for his family (families in Afghanistan may mean a broad and rather numerous group of relatives sharing the same house).

No doubt that for Khalid FMD was a shock.

It is first interesting, to see how the delivery of animal health care services has evolved in a country like Afghanistan, before going back to Khalid. The privatization of the veterinary services has led to identify the private sector as the provider of clinical services but also act as service providers for activities (like vaccination) which traditionally were carried out by the public sector.

On the other hand, the public sector responsibilities have shifted towards a deeper engagement into regulatory activities (among which monitoring and evaluation).

We can now go back to Khalid and see that this division of responsibilities has led the private sector to provide services to Khalid (for example vaccination against FMD) and the public sector enabling Khalid (and all other farmers) to have the right to access to vaccines that possess certain characteristics (in terms of quality, efficacy, safety, matching, etc..) and which are effectively beneficial for the farmers.

I am not entering now into the dispute of who should pay for the vaccination but would like to highlight that there is still a significant amount of work to be done in improving the delivery of good quality animal health care services and the way these are monitored and measured.

The PCP-FMD regional roadmaps (especially the West Eurasia one which I am more familiar with) have provided a good opportunity to clearly see that despite several countries may apply preventive measures, such as vaccination, this has not translated into those countries being able to progress along the pathway. The main reason is most probably the lack of a system enabling to show the results of those on-going efforts. This is one of the areas where a significant component of the developmental efforts, in my opinion, need to be addressed.

In this regard, the production of a monthly report such as this is among those tools that can certainly assist in facilitating Khalid (and the many millions of Khalids around the world) to access to good quality animal healthcare delivery services.

With this I would like to wish all the best, to all those engaged in controlling this challenging disease. Warm regards


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Giancarlo Ferrari


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I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of

specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2011 – 2015

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES – colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES

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SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province),

Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A and Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1

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WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq,

Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia,

Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan

O, A and Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA

Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

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WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R.,

Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Togo

O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O and A

Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-

OVER FROM POOL 4


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MAP 1:Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2015

II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia 1 - From the vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests carried out by the WRLFMD, vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against field isolates collected in 2015, genotyped as O/SEA PanAsia and A/ASIA/Sea-97. Details of the results of the cell culture/ELISA serotyping, genotyping of VP1 and VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD on FMDV field strains, which are cited in this report, will be available in the forthcoming issue of the 2nd Quarterly WRLFMD Report (April-June, 2016). China (People's Rep. of) 2 – Within a series of FMD episodes that had started in November 2014, another FMD outbreak caused by serotype O occurred on the 4th of May 2016 involving a cattle farm in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou. Laos 1 – From the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, three vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the field isolate collected in 2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. Russian Federation 3 – The Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) genotyped, the detected FMDV serotypes collected during April 2016, in Central Asia, respectively as A/ASIA/Iran – 05HER-10 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. Thailand 1 – Twelve and five samples collected in Thailand during FMD episodes that occurred between November 2015 and March 2016 were respectively genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 and O/SEA/Mya-98. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 4 – The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the four samples examined during May 2016.


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Nepal 5 – The National Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and TADS Laboratory, Nepal reported as for the previous months the detection during May 2016 of FMDV serotype O. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Iran 1 – Field isolates belonging to various genotypes of FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, collected during 2015 were subjected to VMSD assays with the conclusion that some vaccines strains should be capable of conferring protection. Pakistan 6- The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported 143 FMD outbreaks during May 2016 caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, including some outbreaks with multiple serotypes. VMSD tests including field isolates belonging to serotypes A and O identified vaccine strains likely to confer protection. Saudi Arabia 1 - The WRLFMD detected FMDV serotype A in the three bovine samples collected during 2016. Turkey 1, 7– One of the two vaccine strains, produced by the Sap Institute (Ankara, Turkey) tested in VMSD assays against representative field viruses from FMDV serotype 0, produced homologous virus neutralization values that are suggestive of protection against this sublineage. The WRLFMD conducted analysis on the VP1 sequence of a sample collected during 2016, of which species and location of collection are not reported. United Arab Emirates 1 – FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was detected by the WRLFMD among the bovine samples collected in the country during February 2016. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 1, 8 - FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected in the bovine samples collected during an outbreak and examined by the National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon 9 – The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) - Garoua, Cameroon detected three FMDV positive samples among the 20 collected from cattle. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola 2 – A FMD outbreak, for which serotyping is still pending, occurred on the 29th of April 2016 in clinically affected cattle in Cunado Cubango, Angola. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 2 – No FMD events were reported for this Region during May 2016 COUNTER *** 53 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 141 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED


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III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia 1 Two field isolates A/CAM/2 and 5/2015, both genotyped as A/ASIA/Sea-97, were included in the VMSD test carried out by the WRLFMD, and the vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection for these strains were A Iran 2005 and A MAY 97 but not A/TUR/20/2016 and A22 IRQ. Another field isolate from the same country O/CAM/3/2015, genotyped as O/SEA PanAsia was also subjected to the VMSD test and O3039, O Skr VV and O Tur 5/09, but not O Manisa, represented vaccine strains as likely to confer protection against this isolate. China (People's Rep. of) 2 A FMD outbreak occurred on the 4th of May 2016 involving a cattle farm in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of). This event was the last of a series of FMD episodes, which began in November 2014. The outbreak was confirmed as due to FMDV serotype O on the 10th of May 2016 by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (National and OIE Reference Laboratory) using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. Summary of animals involved are presented in Table 2 and location of outbreak in Map 2. Source of the outbreak is unknown or inconclusive while control measures adopted are movement control inside the country, screening, disinfection, stamping out, zoning. Vaccination or treatment was not administered to affected animals. Table 2: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred during in May 2016 in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of).

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case fatality rate

Proportion susceptible

animals lost*Cattle 50 7 2 48 0 14.00% 4.00% 28.57% 100.00%


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Map 2: Location of the FMD outbreak in Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of).

Laos 1 For the field isolate O/LAO/3/2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, the three vaccine strains likely to confer protection according to the results of the VMSD test carried out by the WRLFMD were O 3039, O Skr VV and O Tur 5/09 but not O Manisa. Samples collected in Thailand from buffaloes during March 2016 and forwarded by the Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD were negative for infectious FDMV by the WRLFMD even if the viral genome was detected in all of them. Russian Federation 3 The ARRIAH, Russia genotyped the FMDV serotypes detected in samples collected in Central Asia during April 2016 respectively as A/ASIA/Iran – 05HER-10 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. The same laboratory also carried out post vaccination seromonitoring by screening 3,969 sera. Studies on the immunobiological properties of FMDV serotypes A and O are ongoing. The laboratory continues to provide materials to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and advice to the Veterinary Services of the Russian Federation Subjects. Thailand 1 Twelve and five samples all collected from cattle in Thailand during various FMD episodes that occurred between November 2015 and March 2016 were respectively genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 and O/SEA/Mya-98. A summary of the characteristics of the samples genotyped is reported in Table 3. Location of sampling is represented in Map 3. As can be observed from Table 3, FMDV virus from neighbouring countries have a high sequence identity confirming the possible exchange of FMDV strains among countries within the Region. Table 3: summary of the genotyping results of FMDV positive samples collected in different areas of Thailand between November 2015 and March 2016.


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Map 3: Location of the samples collected from cattle of various areas of Thailand between November 2015 and March 2016 and subjected to genotyping by the WRLFMD.

SEACFMD 10 No new FMD events were reported during April 2016 among the countries belonging to the Organization. The list of countries with the relative number of on-going FMD outbreaks is represented in Table 4. Table 4: Distribution of reported FMD outbreaks within the SEACFMD countries on-going during April 2016.

Strain identification

Date of collection Location of sampling Genotype detected

Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging

to the country (Seq id %)

Most Closely Related Reference Viruses

(Seq id %)

TAI/3/2016 12/01/2016A/MYA/2/2015

(98.74)

TAI/6/2016 02/02/2016

TAI/7/2016 21/04/2016

TAI/8/2016 12/02/2016 KumpanfpetchA/MAY/5/2012

(99.53)

TAI/9/2016 Chiang MaiA/MYA/2/2015

(98.58) TAI/10/2016TAI/11/2016TAI/12/2016 21/02/2016TAI/13/2016 27/02/2016TAI/15/2016 04/03/2016 SaraburiTAI/16/2016 06/03/2016 Lumphun

TAI/17/2016 07/03/2016 Chiang MaiA/MYA/2/2015

(98.58)

TAI/30/2015 13/11/2015 Chiang MaiO/MYA/1/2015

(99.37)

TAI/2/2016 11/01/2016 Khonkean

TAI/4/2016 14/01/2016 Nakhonratchsima

TAI/5/2016 26/01/2016 Ratchburi

TAI/14/2016 03/03/2016 Lumpang

A/TAI/7/2003 (HQ116312) (93.05 -

94.79)

O/VIT/21/2014 (97.81 - 98.44)

O/MYA/5/2015 (98.44 - 98.90)

O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925) (90.77 -

91.08)

16/02/2016

Chiang Mai

Lumphun

O/SEA/Mya-98

A/ASIA/Sea-97

/

/


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Table 5: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 4 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to

OIE between 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

# see pg. 1 Comment

Cambodia O, 2013-2015/NOT SAMPLED Sep 2015/O and A, Aug 2014/ not typed, June

2014/not typed

See text

China (People's Rep. of) 2012-2013/O,

2013 & 2015/A 2012 -2014/NOT TYPED**

May2016/O, May 2015/A Typing required See text

China (Hong Kong, Sar) O** Dec 2015/O Follow-up needed China (Taiwan

Province) 2012-2013/O, A/2015** Jun 2015/A Typing required

Korea (DPR) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014 & 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

May 2014/not confirmed, July 2014/O Follow-up needed

Korea (Rep. of) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014/O, 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

March 2016/O Follow-up needed

Laos PDR

2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT

WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS

2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Mar 2015/A, June 2015/O See text

Malaysia 2012 –2015/O 2013 & 2015/NOT TYPED Sep2015/O See text

Mongolia 2013/A & NOT TYPED, 2014 & 2015**/O

Sept 2013/A, May 2015/O, Oct 2015/O Follow-up needed

Myanmar 2012-2014/O, 2015/A & NOT TYPED

Oct 2015/A and O, July 2014/ not typed See text

Russian Federation 2012, 2014 & 2015/O, 2013 - 2015/A

Jan 2016/ A and Dec 2015/O See text

Thailand O, A NOT SAMPLED & NOT TYPED

Mar 2016 /A & O, Sept 2014/not typed See text

Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED, NOT TYPED 2013, 2014 & 2015/A,

Mar 2016/O, Feb 2016/A and not typed See text

Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, 2012 – 2015.

Countries with ongoing

outbreaks

N° of FMD events

Cambodia 119Myanmar 3Malaysia 46Thailand 26Viet Nam 33

Total 227


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Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per 2015 1, 17:

Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05SIS 10 sublineages

Serotype Asia-1 had not been detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (China (People's Rep. of) and Vietnam)

B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India 4 The ICAR-PDFMD, Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the four (three collected from cattle and one from a buffalo) samples examined during May 2016, using FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection. The laboratory also conducted genotyping of six samples positive for FMD serotype O and vaccine matching tests on eight field isolates belonging to the same serotype. The laboratory tested 4,706 serum samples for epidemiological studies. The laboratory tests were carried out using indigenous diagnostic kits developed at ICAR-PDFMD. The laboratory personnel were also involved in the field investigation of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. ICAR-PDFMD has on-going research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 5 The FMD and TADS Laboratory in Nepal reported during May 2016 the detection of FMDV serotype O. Diagnostic kits used in the laboratory were provided by FAO. Furthermore, the laboratory personnel were involved in outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 5 below.

COUNTRY


OIE between 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


# see pg. 1 Comment

Bangladesh DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA Not available Follow –up needed

Bhutan NOT TYPED,

2013 & 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2013-2015/O

Not available Follow –up needed

India O, A, NOT SAMPLED

2012-2014/Asia 1 2013/NOT TYPED

Apr 2016/O, Apr 2015/A Apr 2015/Asia 1 See text

Nepal O, 2012-2103/Asia 1 Apr 2016/O See text

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10

A/ASIA/Sea-97

O/CATHAY/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/SEA/MYA-98

Pool 1


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Sri Lanka 2012 – 2014/O, 2015/NO DATA REPORTED Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed

Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per 2015 1, 17:

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during 2012-15)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2014 in Sri Lanka)

A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern

and Western clusters)?

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Armenia 2 Following the single FMD outbreak of December 2015, in Armavir province, Republic of Armenia, caused by FMDV A/ASIA/G-VII, introduced by airborne transmission, the following sanitary measures are currently still in place to contain the spread of the infection in the affected and high risk area of the country: vaccination of 869,264 cattle and 299,010 sheep (details of which are reported in Table 7) using strains A/Iran-2005/ A/ASIA/AG-VII, O/ME-SA/Panasia-2, Asia-1/Georgia/2001, movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, disinfection, active surveillance and herd management. Other containment measures adopted are quarantine, surveillance outside and inside the containment and/or protection zone, modified stamping out and zoning. Clinical surveillance conducted during vaccination did not reveal any clinical signs consistent with FMD. Further reports on the ongoing activities will be submitted. Table 7: details on location, species and number of FMD vaccinations in Armenia following the outbreak of December 2015.

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/ME-SA/unnamed

Pool 2


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Iran 1, 2 Five, two and two field isolates, respectively belonging to FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, collected during 2015 were subjected to VMSD assays for which the following results were obtained:

• For field isolates A/IRN/5 and 10/2015, genotyped as A/ASIA/IRAN-05FAR-09 & SIS-10, and field isolates A/IRN/8, 10 and 25/2015, genotyped as A/ASIA/G-VII, vaccines strains A/IRAN 2005 and A22 IRQ were identified as likely to confer protection for only A/ASIA/IRAN-05FAR-09, SIS-10. Other vaccine strains, A MAY 97, A SAU 95(1) and A TUR 20/06 were unlikely to confer protection to all the field strains included in the test,

• For field isolates ASIA1/IRN/2, 20/2015, genotyped as ASIA 1/ ASIA/Sindh-08, vaccine strain ASIA 1 Shamir was unlikely to confer protection,

• For field isolates, O/IRN/4 and 6/2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Pan Asia -2FAR-10, BAL-09, vaccines strains O 3039 and 0/TUR/5/2009 were defined as likely to confer protection but not O Manisa.

Relative to the FMD outbreak of September 2015 in cattle in Qom, Iran, caused by A/ASIA/G-VII, this was reported as resolved as from the 28th May 2016. Source of outbreak was due to illegal movement of infected animals or fomites. Control measures adopted for the containment of the outbreak are movement control inside the country, vaccination of 28,800 cattle in Qom, in response to the outbreak, employing the Merial/Razi polyvalent vaccine, disinfection and quarantine. Kuwait 2

The FMD event of January 2016, during which 12 outbreaks occurred involving cattle farms in Al Jahrah, Kuwait, caused by A/ASIA/G-VII was reported as resolved as from the 28th May 2016. The origin of the outbreak remains unknown. A multivalent vaccine containing O, A, Asia 1 and SAT 2 serotypes was used for the immunization of 26,810 cattle in Al Jahrah. Other control measures adopted were: movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance outside and within containment and/or protection zone, control of wildlife reservoirs, zoning with no treatment of the affected animals. Pakistan 6 Within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project (TCP/PAK/3503) 143 FMD outbreaks were reported during May 2016 caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, as also some outbreaks including multiple serotypes. Details on number, serotypes involved and location are reported in Table 8 and Map 6. Ring vaccination and cost sharing basis that involves a contribution from the farmers, were carried out in the country during May 2016 and a summary of the interventions is reported in Table9. Table 8: FMD outbreaks that occurred during May 2016 in the various Provinces of Pakistan.

Cattle Sheep

VAYOTS DZOR 28,783 14,566GEGHARKOUNIK 158,408 34,827

ARARAT 58,866 51,239KOTAYK 72,515 11,529SHIRAK 135,049 44,581

LORI 103,148 15,215TAVOUSH 47,647 8,13

ARAGATSOTN 109,811 33,736ARMAVIR 71,596 53,842SIOUNIK 80,283 31,345YEREVAN 3,158 /

Total 869,264 299,010 116,8274

Administrative division

Total Vaccinated


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Map 6: Location of the outbreaks of in Pakistan which occurred during May 2016.

Table 9 Vaccination activities carried out during May 2016 in the various Provinces of Pakistan.

‘O’ ‘A’ ‘Asia 1’ ‘Mixed’ Not typedNot yet typed

Karachi 77 18 19 20 2 18Thatta 5 - - 4 - 1

Shikarpur 2 - 1 - - 1Tando Jam 2 - - - - 2Saeedabad 7 1 - 5 - 1

Swat 1 1 - - - -Dir Lower 3 - 1 1 1 -

Karak 2 - - 2 - -Azad Kashmir (5) Mirpur 5 - 2 2 - 1

Attock 2 - - 2 - -Chakwal 3 - 1 2 - -

Okara 6 - - 4 - 2Bahawalnagar 5 - 1 4 - -

Sheikupura 3 - - 2 - 1Gujranwala 1 - - - - 1

Kasur 2 - 2 - - -Lahore 2 - 2 - - -Layyah 2 2 - - -

Bhakkar 2 - 1 - 1Muzaffargarh 2 - 2 - - -

Balochistan (9) Sohbitpur 9 7 - - - 2143 29 31 49 3 31

Punjab (30)

Total

DistrictProvince (N° of outbreaks)

Number of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus Serotype(s)

Sindh (93)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (6)


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Further to the above, field isolates belonging to FMDV serotypes A, and O collected during 2015 were subjected by the WRLFMD to VMSD assays with the detection of vaccines strains capable of conferring protection. For field isolates A/PAK/31/2015 and 53/2015 respectively belonging to A/ASIA/IRAN-05FAR-09 and A/ASIA/IRAN-05FAR-11 sublineages, VMSD assays identified vaccine strain A/TUR/20/06 as likely to confer protection for the former and A22 IRQ for the latter field isolate. For all field isolates, O/PAK, 22, 30, 49/2015, respectively belonging to sublineages 0/ME-SA/Pak-98 and 0/Me-SA/PanAsia-2BAL-09 and 0/Me-SA/PanAsia ANT-10, vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection were represented by 0 3039, 0 Manisa and 0 Tur 5/09. Saudi Arabia 1 The WRLFMD detected FMDV serotype A in a bovine epithelial sample, while FMDV genome was detected without serotyping in the two probang samples collected from the same species. The samples were respectively collected during March and April 2016. Turkey 1, 7 Of the two vaccine viruses, O-Tur-07 and O-Tur-14, produced by Sap Institute Vaccines, Ankara Turkey, that were tested in VMSD assays, only the former produced homologous virus neutralization values that are suggestive of protection for representative field viruses O/IRN/6/2015, O/PAK/30/2015 and 0/KUW/4/2016 belonging to sublineage 0/ME-SA/PanAsia-2QOM-15. The VP1 sequence of a sample collected during 2016 in Turkey, for which species and location of collection are not reported, was genotyped as O/ME-SA PanAsiaQOM-15 with the most closely related field virus not pertaining to the country represented by O/KUW/1/2016 with a sequence identity (seq id) of 99.69%. United Arab Emirates 1 FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was detected in all of the five bovine fluid/mouth lesion samples collected in Sharjah, UAE on the 16th February 2016. The most closely related field virus to these field isolates not pertaining to the country was represented by O/NEP/17/2015 with a seq id% between 99.06 - 99.22, suggestive of a viral pathway between the two countries, while the most closely related reference virus was represented by O/BHU/3/2009 (KM921814) with a seq id % between 93.90 - 94.05. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map7 below.

Ring Vaccination

Cost sharing basis

Sindh 1,900 12,799Balochistan - 525

Punjab 700 5,900Azad Kashmir 200 -

Islamabad Capital Territory - 150

Total 2,825 19,374

N° of doses employed

Province


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COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in

2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


# see pg. 1

Comment

Afghanistan 2013-2015**/O, A, Asia 1, NOT

TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED

2014/A, Asia 1, O Follow –up needed

Algeria 2014 -2015**/O Apr 2015/O Follow –up needed

Armenia 2012-2014/DISEASE ABSENT 2015/A Dec 2015/A See text

Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT** 2007/0 Follow –up needed Bahrain 2012, 2014 &2015 /O Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 – 2015**/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, Jan-April 2015/A & O Follow –up needed

Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Follow –up needed

Iran 2012-2014/A,

Asia 1 & O 2015**/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED

Dec 2015/A Jun Apr 2014/O, 2013/Asia 1 See text

Iraq 2012-2013/O, 2012-2014/A

2015/ SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Dec 2013/A, O Follow –up needed

Israel 2012-2015**/O December 2015/O Follow –up needed Jordan DISEASE ABSENT** 2006/A Follow –up needed

Kazakhstan 2012/O

2012 –2013/A 2014-2015**/ DISEASE ABSENT

Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A Follow –up needed

Kuwait 2012/O 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE ABSENT Jan-Feb 2016/O See text

Kyrgyzstan 2012-2014/O, A 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2014/not typed Follow –up needed

Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2010/not typed Follow –up needed

Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/O Follow –up needed Morocco DISEASE ABSENT** Oct 2015/O

Oman 2012-2014/O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED May 2015/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Pakistan 2012 & 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2013-2014/A, ASIA 1 & O May 2016/A, Asia 1 and O See text

Palestine O, 2012-2013/SAT 2

Dec 2015/O Mar 2013/Sat 2 Follow –up needed

Qatar 2012-2015/O Dec 2013/O Follow –up needed

Saudi Arabia 2012-2014/O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Feb 2016/O, April 2015/A See text

Syrian Arab Republic DISEASE ABSENT** 2002/ A & O Follow –up needed

Tajikistan 2012- 2013/NOT TYPED 2014-2015**/DISEASE ABSENT

Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ NOT TYPED Follow –up needed

Tunisia 2014/O 2015/ DISEASE ABSENT Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Turkey Asia 1, A & O, NOT TYPED Oct 2015/ A May 2014- 2015/ Asia 1 and O See text


18

Turkmenistan 2012/NO DATA REPORTED 2013-2015/DISEASE ABSENT Not available Follow –up needed

United Arab Emirates

2012, 2015/DISEASE ABSENT 2013-2014/O Feb 2016/O See text

Uzbekistan 2012,2013 & 2015/NO DATA

REPORTED 2014/DISEASE ABSENT


Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 per 2015 1, 17:

A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, SIS-, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages)

A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia)1

A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 (cont’d)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09/11 sub-lineages)

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent)

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12

sublineages

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Ethiopia 8 NAHDIC Ethiopia detected FMDV serotype SAT 2 in six tissue samples from an outbreak in cattle using an antigen detection ELISA. The laboratory personnel conducted the outbreak investigation, including the collection of the diagnostic samples. In a serosurveillance, 135 (6.76%) of the 1,997 sera samples, collected from small ruminants, resulted positive FMD NSP antibodies.

A/AFRICA/G-IVISM-12

A/ASIA/Iran-05AFG-07

A/ASIA/Iran-05BAR-08/9

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11

A/ASIA/Iran-05HER-10

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10/12

A/ASIA/Sea-97

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

A/ASIA/G-VII

Pool 3 part 1

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2FAR-09/11

O/ME-SA/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 3 part 2


19

The laboratory provided expert advice to the to the National and Local authorities. NAHDIC is continuing its involvement in a National surveillance programme, which is being conducted on trade sensitive animal diseases represented by FMD, rift valley fever, peste des petits ruminants and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. NAHDIC has an on-going twinning project for FMD with the WRLFMD within which there will be the organization of a training course on outbreak investigation for regional veterinary laboratory professionals programmed for October 2016. Kenya11

No FMD events and related activities were reported for May 2016. The country will be hosting in June the 24th Realtime training FMD organized by EuFMD that focuses on clinical investigation for the recognition and sampling of animals for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 8 below.

COUNTRY


OIE in 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


#see pg. 1 Comment

Burundi DISEASE PRESENT Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Follow –up needed

Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT** Not available Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 – 2015**/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Eritrea

2012/O, 2013/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT

2015/ NO DATA REPORTED

Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed

Ethiopia O**, 2012/A,

2012 & 2105/SAT 2, 2015**/SAT 1

Jan 2016/ O, May 2016/SAT 2,

Jun 2014/A and SAT 1 See text

Kenya A, O, SAT1, SAT2, 2012 – 2015 /NOT TYPED

Apr 2016/ A & O, Oct 2015/SAT1 and SAT 2, See text

Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed Rwanda 2012-2013/A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required

Somalia 2012-2014/NOT SAMPLED

2013 – 2014/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

2011 Follow –up needed

Sudan 2013/SAT 2,

2012-2014/O & NOT TYPED 2015**/A & NOT SAMPLED

Dec 2013/ O & A, Jan 2014/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

South Sudan 2014/A, O SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, 2012-2013 & 2015/ NO DATA

REPORTED 2011 Follow –up needed

Tanzania 2012-2015/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 May 2015/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Follow –up needed

Uganda 2012/ SAT 1,2012, 2014/O,

2013/NOT TYPED 2015/NO DATA REPORTED

May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A, and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped

Follow –up needed

Yemen

2012/O, 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT

QUANTITATIVE DATA 2015/NO DATA REPORTED

2009/O Follow –up needed


20

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2015 (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per 2015 21,17: O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IV (Sudan) and VII (Ethiopia)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013)

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Cameroon 9 LANAVET - Garoua, Cameroon detected 3 FMDV positive samples among the 20 collected from cattle using real time PCR. A high seroprevalence (50%) was found in samples collected from cattle as 30, out of 60 sera, resulted positive in ELISA for the detection of antibodies against the FDV non-structural proteins (NSP). On-going collaborative activities by LANAVET are with the Ohio State University and Plum Island Laboratory, USA. Ghana 12 No reports of FMD outbreaks are available for May 2016 as also no FMD related activities were carried out by ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana. Nigeria13 The National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria conducted a serosurvey including samples from wildlife species, collected in collaboration with nomadic farmers, for the detection of antibodies against the NSP of FMDV with the following results: seroprevalences for wildlife and cattle were relatively higher than those found in pigs: of the 45 wildlife sera, 23 were positive (51.11%); of the 270 bovine sera, 192 were positive (71.11); of the 360 swine sera, 41 (11.39%) were positive. The laboratory also provides expert advice to the local farmers and has an OIE twining programme still on-going with CODA CERVA, Belgium. Senegal 14 The Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires is continuing with its FMD serosurveillance activities employing diagnostic kits provided by EuFMD.

O/EA-2/unnamed

A/AFRICA/G-I

A/AFRICA/G-IV

A/AFRICA/G-VII

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/EA-4/unnamed

SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/XII/unnamed

SAT 3/V/unnamed

Pool 4


21

Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 9 below.

Country

FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported

to OIE in 2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)

Last outbreak reported/serotype

#see pg. 1

Comment (Genotyping would be useful for

this region)

Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Burkina Faso DISEASE PRESENT SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Follow –up needed

Cameroon DISEASE PRESENT SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug

2015/untyped, Apr 2016/serotyping pending

See text Typing required

Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Central Afr. Rep.

DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE

DATA Not available

Follow –up needed

Chad 2012 – 2013/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available Follow –up needed

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2015/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Cote D'Ívoire

2012, 2015/A, NOT SAMPLED

2013/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Equatorial Guinea

2012 – 2013/DISEASE SUSPECTED

2014 – 2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE


Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O Follow –up needed

Ghana 2012 – 2015**/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2014/not available Follow –up needed

See Text

Guinea Biss.

2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2015/ Disease suspected

No data available

Follow –up needed

Guinea

2012-2013, 2015/ DISEASE ABSENT

2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

2014/not available

Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Follow –up needed Mali

2012/ NO DATA AVAILABLE 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2014-2015/SAT 2

2015/A, SAT 1

2011/2012, no precise data

Mauritania 2012-2013/NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS 2014-2015**/SAT 2

Dec 2014/SAT 2 Follow –up needed


22

Niger 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled, May 2015/O Follow –up needed

Nigeria 2014-2015/O Nov 2015/A and SAT 1, Sept 2014/0 and SAT 2

Genotyping required Follow –up needed

See text Sao Tome Principe

2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Senegal 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012, 2014-2015**/ NOT

SAMPLED

2014/ SAT 1 Feb 2015/ A and O See text

Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Follow –up needed

Togo O, SAT 1 2012/O Follow –up needed

Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2012 – 2015(EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per 2015 1, 17

Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria))

Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV)

Serotype SAT 1 (?)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 and unnamed genotypes)

F. POOL 6 – Southern Africa

Angola 2 A FMD outbreak for which serotyping is still pending occurred on the 29th of April 2016 in clinically affected cattle in Cunado Cubango, Angola, which is on the border of Namibia (Map 10). The outbreak occurred in a very remote area in a herd of 34 unvaccinated animals located approximately at 100 km to the East of the previous event of FMD. Veterinary staff confirmed outbreak based on twelve clinical cases. The present event is not related to previous outbreaks. Origin of outbreak is unknown and the containment measures adopted are the following: movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, and official destruction of animal products, carcasses, by-products and waste, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, modified stamping out and zoning. No treatment was administered to affected animals while vaccination in response to the outbreak was carried out in 3,510 cattle. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 13 and location of outbreak is represented in Map 10.

A/AFRICA/G-IV

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/WA/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Lib -12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 5


23

Table 13: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred during in April 2016 Cunado Cubango, Angola.

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 10: Location of the outbreak of in that occurred during in April 2016 Cunado Cubango, Angola. .

Mozambique 2 Due to a current intensive drought in the region, there is the concentration of a high number of stock in a few water bodies with an increase in the movement of FMD susceptible animals and in interactions with wildlife species. A total of 426 new FMD cases were detected (152 in Massingir district of Gaza Province and 274 in Magude district of Maputo province) since the first notification of this event, in May 2015 up to the end of September 2015. Vaccination was administered to 113,870 cattle employing a vaccine containing antigens of FMDV serotypes SAT 1 and 2. No new clinical case of FMD was reported between February and May 2016. RSA 15 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa examined 3,453 samples using liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 and 20 samples using NSP ELISA. The laboratory is carrying out research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Zimbabwe 2 Relative to the series of FMD outbreaks that started in April 2014 due to FMDV serotype SAT2, introduced by illegal movement of animals, contact with infected animals at grazing and watering and contact with wild animals no new case was reported for the last two months. All previously infected districts are still under quarantine and twenty-four hours roadblocks with veterinary and police officers were put in place in the affected districts to control animal movements as well as raise awareness for foot-and-mouth disease. Control measures still in act are movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zones, control of wildlife reservoirs and zoning. Vaccination was carried out in Manicaland in 50,000 cattle in the wildlife-livestock area and in Masvingo a booster vaccination was provided

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity

rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case fatality

rate

Proportion susceptible

animals lost*

Cattle 3,600 12 0 12 0 0.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.33%


24

to 26,992 cattle following the initial vaccination of all properties within a 20-km-radius zone around the infected outbreaks. Table 14: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 11 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in

2012 – 2015 **(1st semester)


#see pg. 1 Comment

Angola

2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013-2014/

DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

July 2015/ SAT 2 May 2016/typing pending See text

Botswana 2012-2015/SAT 2 2014-2015/SAT 1

Jun 2015/typing pending July 2015/SAT 2,

June 2015/SAT 1 See text

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2015/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Malawi 2012/NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2013-2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

Oct 2011, Sep 2015/SAT 1 Follow –up needed

Mozambique 2012 -2013/DISEASE ABSENT,

2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/SAT 2, May 2015/ SAT 1 Follow –up needed See Text

Namibia 2012-2014/SAT 1 2014-2015/SAT 2

May 2015/SAT 1, Jun 2015/SAT 2, July/typing

pending

Follow –up needed

South Africa 2012-2015/SAT 2

2013/SAT 1 2015/SAT 3

Dec 2015/SAT 3, Nov 2014/ SAT 2, Aug 2013/SAT 1

See text Genotyping

required

Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 2013-2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2, Mar 2016/SAT 3

Follow –up needed

Zimbabwe 2012-2015**/SAT 2 2013/SAT 3 2014/SAT 1

Nov 2015/SAT 2, Aug 2015/ SAT 1, Jun 2013/SAT 3

See text

Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per 2015 1, 17:

Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I(?), I(?)I and III)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV)

Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III)

SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/II/unnamed

SAT 2/I/unnamed

SAT 2/III/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

Pool 6


25

G. POOL 7 – South America

South America 2, 16 The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in May 2015 is presented in Map 12. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/). Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 12). The FMD history between 2012 –2014 is reported in Table 15. Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 12 below

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 2015**(1st

semester)


#see pg. 1 Comment

Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O

Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT** 2011/O, A National situation needs verification

Map 12: FMD status for South America 2.

http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/


26

IV. OTHER NEWS: 1The 1st WRLFMD Quarterly Report for the period January– March 2016 published the following table (Table 16) that contains a list of FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 16 Recommendations by the WRLFMD® on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) – March 2016. Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance


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V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 2. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 3. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal - Dr. Sharmila Chapagain 6. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project

Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 7. Fuat Özyörük, Head NRL FMD, FMD Institute Ankara, Turkey 8. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 9. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 10. SEACFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd 11. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Kenneth Ketter) 12. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph AdongoAwuni) 13. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom,

Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr.Ularamu Hussaini) 14. Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) – (Miss Mariame Diop

and Dr. Moustapha Lô) 15. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) 16. 43a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Punta del Este,

Uruguay, 7-8 April, 2016. http://www.panaftosa.org/cosalfa43/ 17. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report 2014

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

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