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Abid ZafarGlobal CommunicationFall 2014International Islamic University Islamabad

Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication

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Global Communication is related to share information among nations by speaking, writing, reading, listening and by using of signals.

In the age of technology, it is easy to interact with global communities through Media. The role of global communication changed after cold war through technological advancements

and international relations. Internet is an effective medium to communicate effectively through emails and other social media

tools.

What Is Global Communication?

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Communication across distances has been continued from the last 3000 years

Courier system by ancient China and Egypt Greeks fall of Troy was announced by lightning fires

on the top of the mountains. Every culture introduced the conditions of

communication by mythical Images in ancient life People of olden times were not more violent, feared

from enemies, animals and nature

Geographical Space:A Barrier To Communication

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The olden generation had the perception of fear in their lives. Ancient Greeks believed in one-eyed giants, Images and maps

and these images were designed by mapmakers Travel was limited in a few square miles and vast world was

grasped through magical and metaphysical images Marines designed ancient maps illustrations (Edson, 1997)

Geography and The Mythical World

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Foreign lands were the frightening places, Europeans believed that India and Africa were the places where pygmies fought with storks

a. People of doglike heads b. People run as faster as windc. People could carry elephants in their talonsd. Headless people whose eyes were in their stomase. Animals able to fly

Cont…

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During the middle ages, Prof. John wrote a letter for addressing Europeans. He wanted to rule over this land, frightened Europeans but in 11-12th century Pope Alexander gave response of Johns letter

Attila, king of Medieval Huns (353-406 C.E.) used this psychological power of mythical beliefs against his enemies. These stories were much pronounced in uneducated classes

Cont…

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Greek and Arab philosophers and mathematicians introduced rational models of knowledge after the mythical beliefs become popular and perceived that “world is a measureable space”

In the 4th century, Greek explorer ‘Pytheas’ sailed towards Spain, France and British regions. His name was known as the earliest astronomical and mariner for many decades

Alexander stretched the European boundaries world wide. His empire covered Egypt, Balkans, Asia and Ganges River in India

In 4th century, trade was established in his empire with south and ease Europe, Africa and Asia

His empire worked on geographical knowledge and established the ways to open a “Library of Alexandria”. This library held half million papyrus rolls.

Ancient Encounters of Societies and Cultures

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Before 2000 C.E in Europe, migration was the way to spend their lives by changing climates and for food requirements but after the improvement in farming, people settles in fertile lands permanently by confronting war.

Travel was difficult for increasing the state business. That was the main reason, Asian did not travel far.

The culture of Asia was governed by the monarchy of China. Korea, Japan and Vietnam were united with China

Global Explorers: Migrants, Holy People, Merchants

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During the 9th century, Arab ships did many trips from Persian Gulf to China by sea routes

A north African writer wrote a document “ Amusement for Him Who Desired To Travel Round The World”

Historian says , there was running a dynamic period when social and intellectual life was in interaction

In this era, 2 million people of Europe were not in favor of distance communication but it’s an unusual fact that this era had established many favorable opportunities

Cont…

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Jewish merchants traveled by using the routes of Spain to Europe and East to India and China. An Arab writer composed in his Book “The Book of Roads & Kingdom”

Morcopolo traveled to the kingdom of Mongols and then to Kublai Khan about 160 C.E. European traders thought more but knew little. Traders wanted to obtain silk from east for Europe. He helped to bring down the barriers between Europe and Asia

Cont…

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Mapmaking was an essential part of communication history. Maps were used for different keys and for unlocking unknown

worlds After the invention of printing press, maps did great help in

finding ancient data, in which travels, adventures and pilgrims were important including Columbus’s long journey which had been secured on charts

Mapmakers In The Medieval World

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Mapmaking implemented by European powers for “buildings”a) Mapmaking for marine navigationb) For religious pilgrimagec) For military and administration usesd) An intellectual tool of ancient Greece, Romans and Greeks After the fall of Roman Umpire, Europe had been divided by

Islam in South. At that time, medieval photographers depicted the world in Asia, Africa and Europe by maps

Religious belief system reflected by medieval maps Muslims pursued the direction of holiest shrine at Mecca.

Muslims also communicated Divine knowledge for the creation of civilized societies.

Cont…

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The earliest communication system for distances known as a “Simple Signal System” which had employed fire and beacon

Signal system for military usage “Beacon to Beacon” across mountain tops Torch signals which were based on alphabet letters by Greeks

(200-118 B.C.E) were specifically used by Greeks military By Roman (26-37 C.E.) from Island of Capri, Heliograph was

introduced ‘an apparatus for signaling by means of a moveable mirror which reflects flashes of sunlight

Inventors: Signals and Semaphores

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Cyrus Horses Couriers. Greek historian said, there were 111 couriers relay stations

between Sardis and Susa and the distance of these couriers was 1800 miles. Cyrus gave a message to the field commander of this courier

“ There is nothing in the world which travels faster than these Persian couriers…”

Romans adopted the Persian courier. Each station maintained 40 horses, covered the distance of 50 to 100 miles/day

During the middle ages, Charlemagne introduced a courier system in France, Italia and Spain.

Cont…

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In 1464 Louis reintroduced relay station system in France In 1481, England introduced a private commercial courier system

which was based on royal franchises In 13th century, Morcopolo described relay system with Mongols.

Each station was at 25 to 30miles distance and 250 to 500 miles/day distances was covered with 400 horses

Mongols ruler Genghis Khan used pigeons for courier system in 12 th century. Through this, all central Asia was covered

Other Communication Innovation

a) Tapping codesb) Magnetic compassc) Metal tubesd) Electric telegraph(16th century)e) Telescope (1608 by Hans Lippersley ‘Dutch’)

Cont…

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In middle ages, clerks were the few literates who had command on writing

a) Religious duties of clerks(writing of legal documents)b) In diplomacy and commerce, letters were used effectively After the development of printing press in Europe, Diversity in

intellectuals and cultural life emerged a market place of information and literacy

Printed press in Asia(8th century)a) Chinese had lot of collection to produce textb) Arabs defeated Chinese at Samarkand and captured Chinese

papermakerc) Papermaker in Spain(1150), In Italy (1270), In Germany (1390)

The Printing Press, Literacy and The Knowledge Explosion

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Social consequences of printing press(for reading practices, reformation of European institutions, religious and governance)

In the mid of 19th century, Mergenthaler introduced a printing machine of molten metal which set lines and columns

The postal services (accessible for middle class)

Cont…

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Technological innovation emerged in the mid of 20th centurya) Isolated countries emerged as global networks

b) Electric Telegraph (1844) introduced two way exchange of information with long distances

c) With the passage of time, Electric Telegraph followed by Telephone and Wireless Radio and emerged a social revolution in information age

d) Limited services of Telegraph (Town, cities and with in country)

e) Support of Governments to Scientists

f) Scientists themselves worked for improving these standards

Scientists and International Networks

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To overcome the conflicts among nations, International organizations were organized. The 1st International organization was established in 1851 with the name of “Central Commission for The Navigation of Rhine”

France played central role in negotiations with International Colonial Powers

France introduced one of the best organized visual system including towers network across country

First standard code of science in 1860 by Germany for the usage of chemicals

a) In few years, many conferences were conducted and revolution came in astrology(1865), Pharmacy(1865), Meteorology(1873)

b) International Telegraph Union(1865)c) Universal Postal Union (1875) Metric System introduced by British and France

Cont…

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Scientific Innovations in 19th Centurya) Steam Boat “Savannah” (1819) crossed Atlantic Coastb) Steam Powered Railway (1830)c) Linkage of Telegraph and Steam Railways(1839) were the great

innovations in establishing International corporate empiresd) In 1844, 150,000 telegraph lines in mostly Europe and North

Americae) American Telegraph Company (half prizes for neighboring

countries) Graham Bell introduced Telephone in 1876a) First phone was sold to Western Union Telegraph Company for

$100,000

The International Electric Revolution

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In media agencies, Telephone was firstly used by Reuters News Agency in 1850 and get the first news of Stock Market Prizes

Aerial Technology 1872(signals without wires) Edison develop ideas for wireless transmission which were

sold to Marconi First trans-Atlantic radio signal was received in 1901

Media Agencies, Telephone and Radio

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De forest 1959, The father of Radio did great advancements in sounds by using vacuums tubes. His dream to social use of Radio was based on the transmissions to marines at sea as a kind of musical beacon.

He did not like to commercialize this medium. According to him, Technology was used by only limited works

Cont…

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Digital age Internet Global village Modernism and postmodernism Electronic Media, Print Media, Advertising, Advertisements

and Social Media Political Communication and Technology International Communication No transparency

Global Immediacy and Transparency

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http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xu6NJ_Zd2vYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=geographical+space+a+barriers+to+communication&ots=uUbksH-_Uk&sig=4jzyyIGpBDqHt8kZoM_hJbjD9pU#v=onepage&q=geographical%20space%20a%20barriers%20to%20communication&f=false

http://globalcomhilda.blogspot.com/2008/09/chapter-1-following-historical-paths-of.html http://www.tonyfinlay.co.uk/AncientGiantsandGodsChapter10.htm http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/

0205036562.pdf http://samyasglobalcom.blogspot.com/2007/06/chapter-1-detailed-outline.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20011.html http://books.google.co.uk/books?

id=yPcIuJ5TNxMC&pg=PA476&lpg=PA476&dq=Mapmakers+In+The+Medieval+World&source=bl&ots=lZmewDEX5f&sig=1ASs98uzKAeD561T3af6B0ZpWTk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kIeVM6oIcSfO9btgZAD&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Mapmakers%20In%20The%20Medieval%20World&f=false

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YcPvV893aXgC&pg=PA1015&dq=Inventors:+Signals+And+Semaphores&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gEMeVNz3L6efygP-lYHYDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Inventors%3A%20Signals%20And%20Semaphores&f=false

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lippershey http://www.google.co.uk/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEQQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandstrategy.net%2FPublications%2FArticles%2FArticles%2FCommunications_Revolution.pdf&ei=1kQeVOWZBoOAPZzjgKAB&usg=AFQjCNGPRz1FCrsmCH0L_PeGGFIKTA_FDg&bvm=bv.75775273,d.ZWU

Bibliography

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