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Transcript of Follow your Neighbor? Regional Emulation and the Design of Transparency Policies
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Follow your Neighbor?
R E d t Ds fTsc Pcs
D B
N. 55 | N 2013
WORKING PAPER
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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-ForschergruppeT Tansfmav P f Ep
T KFG W P Ss ss t dsst t sc sts f t K-Fsc
t t d c. It s t c cdc xc s s t stt d d
xs sc sc t d xt ds csss E d t E U.
A KFG W Ps t KFG st t .tsf. c dd t
Ct f ts ss: D B
Edt ssstc d dc: Ad Bc d F B
B, D 2013: F N? R E d t Ds f Tsc Pcs, KFG W
P Ss, N. 55, N 2013, K-Fsc (KFG) T Tsf P f E, F Us-tt B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (Pt)
ISSN 1868-7601 (Itt)
Ts c s fdd t G Rsc Fd (DFG).
F Ustt B
K-Fsc
T Tsf P f E:
T E U d t Ds f Ids
Ist. 26
14195 B
G
P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096
.tsf.
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Follow your Neighbor? | 3
Follow your Neighbor?
Rna Eman and t Dsn f Tanspanc Pcs
Dan Bn
Astact
H d cts c ct d? D cs d, ds
cs t t dsc tsts, ds, d sts? O d t td, t c -
ts f t cts? Ad f t , d t ? Fcs t scc c
f Fd f If s, I tt s tt s c
ds. Pcs fc sst ctt t csqcs f dt ds ccs, d
s t t cts s c ds. I ft tt, d t t s, cts t
s s s t st tt sc ds. A s xs f sc -
, I d t c st t 4,096 s f cts, d d tt cts t s
, c xt, td t s s t t ct-s. Ts
sts st t dt ctzs f , xd cts ct ct-scc fts,
d ts st t fs f s s t ds css f c-
, cc, cdt, d . Ts c s ts t ds f c design, s
sd t adopon, s tt ft dc f c ds sc.
T At
Dan Bns Assstt Pfss t Dtt f Pc Scc
t t Ust f Mst, T Cs. Ps s Pst-Dct
F t t K-Fsc T Tsf P f E t
F Ustt B. H cd s P.D. 2012 f t Ust f
Wst, S. Hs sc fcss t sd f tsc d
cctt cs d t d, c ds d ts
dcc ts, d sss f c s cs. F
f, s .d.c.
Ctct: [email protected]
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4 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
Contents
1. Itdc 5
2. T G Sd f t Fd f If 7
3. T Ds f Pc Ds 9
3.1 Uncertainty and Emulaon 9
3.2 Illustrave Evidence 10
4. A Qt Ac t Pc Ds d Pc St 14
4.1 Measuring the Design of FOI Laws 14
4.2 Modeling Policy Similarity among Country-Pairs 15
5. Md Rsts 17
5.1 Regional Emulaon 17
5.2 Alternave Diusion Mechanisms 18
6. Ccs 23
B 25
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Follow your Neighbor? | 5
1. Intdcn1
H d cts c ct d? D c-s d, ds
cs t t dsc s d tsts, d t dsc st stcts d cts? O dt td, t c ts f t cts? Ad f t , d t ?
M dt tts stdd sc qss f t ddc tddc f c-
, t t d ts d fs. Stds f c ds fcs
cts c ccs ctd t ccs f t cts (Ss t . 2006:
782). Stds f c cc x t tdc f cs t , t f
f cs st stcts, csss, d fcs (Dz 2001: 53). Pc tsf,
t t d, s dd s css c d t cs, dst
ts, sts d ds c s (st st) s sd t dt
f cs, dst ts, sts d ds t c s (Dtz/
Ms 2000: 5). Rsc z sc s fcsd st ss,
cst css tt fcs t t s t ts tt fc t s st f
t cds (DM/P 1983: 149). At tt s ddc s
fcsd stsc cs t d tddc f c- d t stt s
(Fzs/Hs 2008; N/P 2012). A f ts cs s t fdt qss,
: Fst, t c- s ddt tddt; d scd, t f tt
tddc ts.
O tt cs tt s sd t x c tddc s ,
ts cs t dt cs s t t cts cs t d t c, t
cs t cd ccstc (H 2001: 127). Istd f d-
dt, de novoc ds, cts sc css, f st dss tsd
t t s ct s t c t f t s (Bz/Rss 2012: 9).
E s d ctt, cs c-s ct cct jd t c A s
t c B t ctt (Ss t . 2006: 799). DM/P (1983: 151) fd
t d c ctt s c ss, tt z tc-
s dstd () s s, t t cts sc
ctt, zs d tss t zs.
E c t t f f c ss-d, cts t ts f cs d s
tt c sd s s s d tsf t t dsc ctxt,
ss c, cts t tc dd f st s-
sc f fc d, s cs ts s t d ds ct
(Bz/Rss 2012: 9-10). M qt stds s fcsd t tt f
1 Ts s t st f sc cdctd t t K-Fsc (KFG) T Tsf
P f E, std t t F Ustt B, t t s Pst-Dct F 2012-
2013. T KFG s fdd t G Rsc Fd (DFG) d s tt sc t ds
f ds t EUs t d xt s. F ft f s cst .tsf.
.
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6 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
d t ds f cs cd cc z (Ss/Es 2004; Hsz t .
2005), ct ddc (P/G 2005), d t z ccs f s (G
t . 2002).
Ts fcss t cs f s t f c, Fd f If (FOI) s, c
sd d css t d t st s dcds. I x t c ds f ts s,
scc t tdc f cts t ss s s t xs s t cts. I -
tt st xs ts s. Cts t t t FOI ds
ccs d t cts, t t st t t t s. Pc-
, sc f c fs, ts c d cds f ctt t
csqcs f dt c ds ccs. Ud sc ccstcs, cts t
scs (K t . 1982) d t t s f d c ds.
Bd qt d f c st t s f cts, I s tt cts t
s td t s FOI s t cts c t. 2Sd -
s s tt d st d f c st t ct-s, t t
cct dt ss ds f , t dsc fts f dd cts, st
st ct s, t ss fs f , d t c tszd df-
fs css, cd c, cc, cdt, d . Ts sts t
t tt f t ds f c ds. W ts sts f t
scc cs f t f c, ft sc sd st t xtt t c t z t
ts. Ft, sc stsc sts ct cstt ccs dc f c -
s f c dcss, I st ts dc cjc t t f st dc
f cct css c t f cts t s s s td s
fct.
I t st dcd, xts qt tt c ds s fcsd ts t df-
ft css d t s tt d t adoponf cs, t s fcsd
t t f t ds f c design. Nt ds ts std t tt
s tt d f c ds, t s ts t ds f c ds
s tt ft f c ds sc. Fcs c ds t t c
d s ts t tst dt ds css, ds, d t s
(S 2012) ssctd s t s sc s d.
T scd sc f ts dts t sd f FOI s d t tt xsts t
ds. T td sc sts t f sd t f ctt c-
s fc ds FOI s, d s t st dc f xs f FOI
ds d ss d t d. T ft sc tdcs dt t ds f FOI s, d
2 Pc d t td t st t t f cs f s. Cts s
c scc ss t ssts f t cts cs. H, fcs t st f
FOI s sc , ts ss sts f dc f f s
tt fct s c ds. E f dd c ss s tt tc f
ft sc.
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Follow your Neighbor? | 7
qt c t d t c st t s f cts. T sc
sts t sts f ss f qt ds ts t t t
ds css. F, t sxt sc ccds.
2. T Ga Spad f t Fdm f Infman
Fd f f s czs, t sdts, d tstd s t t t ccss
dcts d t t tt d t dstt tst (Ac/
Sd-Bsts 2006). T s t t t tsc dds t
t t qst f d cds f t ds, d q t cs t
sd. FOI s s cd Accss t If Rt t If s.
Sd ssd t ds st FOI 1766, d s fd Fd 1951, d t Utd
Stts Fd f If Act 1966. F ss t Utd Stts, t stts ssd
s s t cs d t, t t s f cscd (F/S 1998).
Ot dstzd cts ssd t s s t s dcds, s t
ts. R dts cd Fc, t Ntds, Ast, N Zd, d Cd,
c ssd FOI s t d 1978-1982. O t t d, t Utd Kd d G
dd 2000 d 2005, sc. A d cts, C s t st t ss
FOI , ss L 57 f 1985 c t Dscs f Oc Acts d Dcts s Odd
1985 (Md 2009). T xt t ssd tsd f t dd d Est E, t
H d U t ss FOI s 1992. B t d f 2000, 19 d ts c-
ts d ssd FOI s. Td, 90 cts ssd FOI s css f t d.
M t sts d ts czd t fd f f s tt
ct f t fd f xss. Ac 19 f t Us Dc f H Rts,
t st t t fd f xss, ts t t t s d c f s :
E s t t t fd f d xss; ts t cds fd t d s
tt tfc d t s, c d t f d ds t d d d-
ss f fs (Utd Ns 1948). Idd, Ac 19, j t NGO FOI s-
ss, d tsf ts c t ts fd 1987. T It Ct C d Pc
Rts s czs t t t c d t f d ds f ds s t f t
fd f xss. M ct, sts d t d d t dcts
cz t fd f f s t, sc s t 2000 It-Ac Dc f
Pcs Fd f Exss, t 2002 Dc f Pcs Fd f Exss Afc,
d s Jt Dcs t Utd Ns, t Oz f Sct d C
E, t Oz f Ac Stts, d t Afc Css H d Ps Rts.
H, ts dcts cds, f t , t t ds f
FOI s tt cts t ss d t t ts ts t ct.
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8 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
FOI s t sjct f tt cdt. T t f ct -
ts t t Wd B dt s df f css (t t Wd B
s ct td FOI s s s, sc s d fds f tstd ts
t d c csts). T EU s t cdd t ss f FOI s ccss ct ct f C . At t f t C c sct GONG, d
t 2003 FOI s cdd t 2012 Cs Mt Rt Cs dss
f s.3T t cd f C t dt t ccss t f, d
t stt t d dst f t f ccss t f. 4P -
t f xs FOI s s s d ss ts f S, s s
f Bs d Hzs t ft s, t t fcs f ts st std s
ds, t t ss. I R, t E Css dd t t ss
c dsc c f ss s d d d s d d d t-
d. T E Csss 2001 t Rs ccss ss td tt Accss t f-
s tt ss tt s cs td t t t cctt f t d t t
st c. At t c f ccss t f s sd t 1991 Cst
t s c s (E Css 2001). O t t d,
sd t t EU d d sts f ss d t f t 2000 Accss t
Pc If Act B, t st f NGO t c sd tt t d
f ts.5
W t t d dsc dtts f ss f FOI s d t s-
jct f c sc, t qt d qt (Ac/Sd-Bsts 2006; B
ftc; F 2007; Gsc 2003; Ks 2012; Mc 2010; Mc 2011; McC 2011;
Rts 2006), ss sc s fcsd t ds f FOI s d t d (t
Mc 2010 stds ds L Ac cts).
T s sst t ds f FOI s d t d. S t d f
cs f t, cs, d ts f f t ts. S d xs
f dscs f ss sc s sct, c, d cc scts, ts
f xs, t c c tst tst t c ts xs st t -
cs tst dscs. S FOI s s ct st d ddt s f s,
st, t, d scs. Idd, sc ddt If Csss s c-
cdd tt t ctt t FOI s c st cc (Hs/Psq 2012).
I Id, f x, t 2005 Rt t If Act d t stt d c ts s s
fd cs, ctd ddt If Css, d ts xs t c
tst tst f sd f t c tst dscs ts t
3 S ://..//d-c/ccss-t-f/-f--st-tds--t
(td 01 Oct 2013).
4 S ://c../t/df/_dcts/2012/c/_t_2012_.df (td 01Oct 2013).
5 It, S, B, Oct 2012.
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t t tctd tst (Bs 2006). Ids s sccssf ss. T
f css s xcsd ts tt t cs f -cc, qsts
sd t xs c c, d Id czs d t f qsts
t s st t d f s (Rts 2010).
I S, t 2004 L Fd f Accss t If f Pc Itc ctd
xs, c tst tst, d ctd ddt css s dcss d
c ts (Bs 2006). A t t fd tt 2011, 53,000 qsts d
d t s , sst f ct f Ss sz, d tt t ct f
dd qsts c d t t If Css t sd f
f t qst (S Css f If f Pc Itc d Ps Dt Ptc
2012).
Ot s, , c . I t Dc Rc, t 2004 L Accss t If
ctd ss d f xcs, c css scc ss t s
d c ds t cd tst c tst d (Md 2009: 67), dd f -
ddt s st c, d qd qsts t dc t ss f s
f (Bs 2006; Md 2009). W FOI s t td t d cts, t.
I G, t 2005 Fd Fd f If Act ctd s xs f sc dt
tt xt sd tt f t ss t f , ts s dsst (G Itt 2007: 1). Ts
fcss sc t ds f FOI s s sd xt c ds.
3. T Dsn f Pc Dsn
3.1 Uncertainty and Emulaon
Wt xs t ds f FOI s? Nt s st t ts, t dt
cts s xt dt stts d sss dt ds ts. I tt, t
t dsd t t dsc s d tsts, t t dsc sts, xt fcts
cc s t ds f FOI s. I tt t ctt d t cs-
qcs f dt ds ccs, c-s t t t ds f FOI s tt t s
s st c ds, d tt cts t s t sd s sc ds.
T s ss f c-s t d f ctt d t ds
f FOI s. Fd f If s d st cts ss ts s, d
c-s xc t t t sss. Ts s t cs t Utd Stts
t 1960s s c s t s t cs N 2011. T ds ccs tt st d
cctd tds t dt s, scc d ss, d t-d d -
ds f cctt, c dct t cc. E ft, c-s fc ctt
t csqcs f FOI ss, d f dt ds ccs t . W t
j csqcs f cc cc, c cctt, d cz
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10 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
t, d t c s f cts? Pc-s f s
ts qss a priori, d s f xt xs t s s c ds.
W sc c ds, t t cts d c-s ? T s ss ssf cs sc ds. Pc-s t - xs, t Utd Stts, f-
c . T f cts tt s t t , ts f ct, st,
st stct. T s t cts t c t tct t
ts, sc s t t zs. H, I fcs ts c
ds sctd t ss f t sc (K t . 1982), c ds cts t s
dcss t f css t t s (D t . 2007: 461).
Wd (2005) fcsd c scs s cc s t ds f s z
L Ac, tt: T t sc s dst, xcss
t sc xt, d, st, d ts () T t sc s
s dsd ct sc t cs t c cct
t cs d f d t (Wd 2005: 23-24). S, Ms
(2004) dts f s fs:
Overall, emulaon is dierent from learning in that it does not ascribe full analycal capabilies to
policians when it comes to analyzing available informaon. Rather, policians resort to cognive heu-
riscs to process informaon. When imitang, the emphasis is not so much on all available informaon
as on relevant informaon. Finally, emulaon, unlike raonal learning, does not entail an enhanced
understanding of the causal links between policies and outcomes in the light of experience (Meseguer
2004: 313).
Ts, I xct tt c-s s xt c ds t s t ds f t cts
FOI s. Ts c ds cd xs d s cts, t I xct tt
cts t s c t d t t t s xs.
I st st t st f t c st dc f
cts s f f c ds t ds f FOI s, d t tdc dt sc
ds tt t ts f t qt ds.
3.2 Illustrave Evidence
T s xs f t ds f FOI s. I s css, c-s xc-
t scd f c ds t cts, ts t std t css t
t cts dsc c sct t NGOs. I css ts csss szd
s, ts t szd f c ts -
s sc s t Utd Stts Fd f If Act.
Rt d Sctz (2002) t tt t Utd Stts sd s d d s f Js
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Follow your Neighbor? | 11
, c s ssd 1999. W t FOI s L Ac, Mc (2010: 28) t tt
t Mxc c t d t td, c t s s t C t
s sst sd s d f L Ac d t ts f t d. Idd, Ecd,
Mxc cstts d t ctt t d t 2004 (Mc 2010: 28), d Gt, sts td tt Mxcs tsc t s sd s d t c
d ss f Gts , c s ssd 2008.6
I S, dsc c sct s d d t FOI c s t
tdcd t N Ass, t f s d t xts ctd t d
t css t xts x f s t cts FOI s. Ts cdd s f
t Utd Stts, D, d N, s s ct ssd d c xt
s Bs d Hz d S.7
As 2002 L Accss t Adst Dcts s cd f Pts 1993
f t s (Bs 2006). Ss t t t s cd t d f scc cs,
ds f ts, d scc qts f s f t st csss. F
Bzs 2011 ss f FOI , t Ud-sd Afc Fd f If Ct td t
t f c Pts-s Afc Cts, :
Africa has ve Lusophone countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and So Tom
and Prncipe). Delays in adopon of FOI laws in these countries (except Angola) have always been at-
tributed the dicules in obtaining models draed by nave Portuguese speakers. Translaons from
English are not always coherent, it is argued. The emergence of a law from Brazil should now lay to rest
this argument. It provides opportunies to iniate advocacy for adopon where it does not yet exist
and to intensify eorts in countries like Mozambique where campaign for adopon has been iterave.8
I Bds, 2008 ss f d s, cdctd jt t t NGO Ac
19 d t c NGOs, td t scs f t d c dd Ids 2005 Rt
t If Act. T ss stts tt
Secon 21 establishes a regime of sancons for obstrucon of access that appears to be closely mod-
eled on the Indian approach. It provides for the Commission to impose daily nes up to a maximum of
BDT25,000 (approximately USD370) for a number of unreasonable failures in relaon to the law, and
for the Commission to recommend disciplinary acon against any ocer who has, unreasonably and
persistently, engaged in a number of listed failures. This is a reasonable package of punishments and
protecons.9
6 S ://.fdf./2009/02/t-s-t-xc-d-f-ccss-t
(td 01 Oct 2013).
7 It t d t d css, Bd, S, 20 M 2013.
8 S ://fcfct./dx.//?=c_ctt&=c&d=1580:zs-f--s-ss-f-fc&cd=293:c-s&Itd=561 (td 01 Oct 2013).
9 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/ss/ds-f-s.df (td 01 Oct 2013).
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12 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
W Bs s t t dt ssd FOI , 2008 d s zd Rss xt t
t st f t Oz f Sct d C- E (OSCE). T ss td tt
the raonale for the need to prepare the Dra Law of the Republic of Belarus on Informaon,Informazaon and Protecon of Informaon states that in preparing the dra law, the legisla -
on of the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Hungary, Greece,
Estonia, Lithuania, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Moldova and the Russian Federaon has been
analyzed.10
I s cts, sts t fct-d ts t t cts t std t FOI s. I N,
FOI s d csd 2000, t t s ssd 2011. Ntss,
t 2000 d s fd t t Hs f Rsts If C, t C
s dcdd tt t dd t dt std t f t dcd dccs tt
fd f f s t s t fc (Md Rts Ad 2003). W scs
td t xtt f t std t, t c s t t dt t t
d td t t U.S. d t U.K, t t t sts f sc ss s Ac
19 Ld d Fd Hs N Y, ts (Md Rts Ad 2003). S,
Mxc, Mc (2010: 168) ts tt t s d css f t 2002 cdd -
t ts t t U.S., Cd, Bt d Fc.
Ext ds s d tt s t tts c t f s cts: t
C Isds ( ct f ssc t N Zd) d t C Isds ( Bs Oss
Tt). At 2008 cfc d t S Isds, t C Isds Ods sd t C
Isds FOI s s sd t N Zd Oc If Act d cds ss
f t Ods t st d dcss t cs t td qstd
f.11At t s cfc, s f t C Isds Fd f If Ut
sd tt C Isds, dsd FOI s c s std t sd st,
t sss f ct. W d t t FOI s ts f Jc, t Utd
Kd, N Zd d t Stt f Fd d cd t scs f ts s tt std
st t st.12
I t cts, dsc t c sct szd t cts s s ds. I
2007 t Idss Psdt Yd, t t NGO Ac 19 szd c-
ss t t As FOI s c f ss f t d Ids t sttd.13
Rd ddt st ds, t t tt ts s d fd Stt cc. T
Id Rt t If L 2005, f x, s t s ts t s t ddc f
10 S ://.t2f./scs/cs/s-1/s_sc-cts--s-f- (td
01 Oct 2013).
11 S ://.fsc./s.cf/s/ss-sttts/2008/f-ds--sc-d.
t (td 01 Oct 2013).
12 S ://.fsc./s.cf/s/ss-sttts/2008/f-ds--sc-d.
t (td 01 Oct 2013).
13 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/s/ds-f-.df (td 01 Oct 2013).
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Follow your Neighbor? | 13
t st d. Rd sjc stt-d tss t t , t t tt
once again, this is widely recognized in State pracce. In India, for example, anybody which is owned,
controlled or substanally nanced by government is subject to disclosure obligaons. In Japan, aspecial right to informaon law the Law Concerning Access to Informaon Held by Independent
Administrave Enes was adopted to give eect to this principle. The Thai Ocial Informaon Act of
1997 also covers State enterprises.
T dd t scc t dd s sd f ts f Id, Td, d J.
T dct f Ac 19s s s qtd t Jakarta Post s css,
st tt t As, cts sc s Id, Td, N d J cd c ds t
t sc f t s.14
I B, c s t t dt ssd FOI , 2011 ss f d Ac 19 d c-
ss t t L Ac cts c st st d: W t tt sxt
stts cd s C, Hds d Mxc d f ddt, dst st d
t fss t d ccss t f d s t t f t .15
I Bz, t c sct N F f t Rt t Accss Pc If zd c-
fc A 2009 c t tt sts f t cs f t, c
sct s, d sts d t xts t dscss t t t f.16T
t xts cdd sts f t Mxc Fd Istt f Accss t If
(IFAI) d t C Cc f Tsc, ts t t cts s s
ds.
Wt c ccd f ts xs? Pc-s cdct sc css f -
c ds t st f t d, t d ds f cts t s -
, cts t sd s c sts, - xs. Ts sts tc
t ts t d scs f c ds (Ss/Es 2004;
Ss t . 2006; G t . 2002; Hsz t . 2005; P/G 2005). Add, ts
dcts s xct css t t cts f sttd c
ds. It s ss tt dcts xct css t cts t s t
sc t sd c-s t css t dstt cts.
Ps, ts td xs dc f c dsd css. T ssss t x-
tt t c ts c sstc, d t ssss t ts f c ds tt cts
td t s s fc ts, I t t qt tds.
14 S ://.tjtst.c/s/2008/03/28/scs-f-ss-039sd--dd039.
t (td 01 Oct 2013).
15 S ://.c19./dt/s/d/1831/11-03-09-MEMO-.df (td 01 Oct2013).
16 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/ss/z-t-ss-t-dt-t-t-f-
-.df (td 01 Oct 2013).
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14 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
4. A Qantav Appac t Pc Dsn and Pc Smat
4.1 Measuring the Design of FOI Laws
I s t ds f FOI s s t G Rt t If R (RTI R), c-
s c ss f t fs f ccss f c f t 89 cts
sc sst xsts (Ct f L d Dcc 2011). Ts jct s cdctd t
NGOs Ct f L d Dcc d Accss If E, cst t 79 xts f
t d, d st sd St 2011 (t dtd 2012). Ec FOI s scd 61
dt dcts, st f 0-2 ts c, t s . Ts cd sst dd tt
ss sc f 150 ts f cts FOI , t cc t sd scs f 39
t 135. Ts dcts t cs s dt cts, std Table 1.17
Table 1: Categories in Global Right to Informaon Rang
Category Points
Rt f Accss 6
Sc 30
Rqs Pcds 30
Excs d Rfss 30
As 30
Scs d Ptcs 8
P Mss 16
Tt Pts 150
Sc: RTI R
Idcts t Rt f Accss ct cc t f f t s t. Idcts
t Sc ct cc t cs d cs f t t c t s.
Rqs Pcds dcts cc cds sc s ts f ss, fs, d sss-
tc f qsts t sc ds sc s tc. Excs d Rfss cc t cts
xt f dscs (sc s sct d c) d t xstc f c tst
tsts t d t. As cc ddt s cs d t s f dd
qsts. Scs d Ptcs cc scs f -ct cs. F, dcts
t P Mss ct cc c ss, ts f cs, d f
stscs f qsts.
T cts f t s sz t s f cts, t t t scs S, Id,
d S, d t st Ast, Lctst, d Gc. H, t s s f 61
dcts dss tt c t. S s st s ds -
ts t ts. T ssss ts, I cdct c cts ss f t 61 dcts,
17 Ds f 61 dd dcts c fd t ://.-. (td 01 Oct 2013).
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Follow your Neighbor? | 15
css 91 s. Pc cts ss (PCA), s t, ss t x s c s
ss t s f dss s ss, f dtst.18If, f x, cts t scs
td t scs t , ts t s d st
t t s ds. If ss f dcts jst dt s f s t sd cct, t PCA s t df dt ds x st f t ,
t dd dss x . H, f t d ccts, t
PCA s t df dss, t t c t, x sst c-
ts f t .
Idd, t c cts ss f t RTI R dcts ds st ds c
xs 15.8 ct f t c t dt, scd ds c xs 10.1 ct, td
c xs 9.3 ct d ft c xs 5.8 ct. A t dss c x
f t 5 ct f t c. T sc f ts dt dss s tt t s
ssc t cctz FOI s s -st xs. As sc, I d f t ssss
t c st ct-s tt ds t sc -ds c.
4.2 Modeling Policy Similarity among Country-Pairs
I d t d t d ss FOI s, I ddc c, tt-
ct-s s t t f ss, d t st t t s f c s t ddt
. Ts c s sd Es (2010), t qt std scc f t ds
f ds ( csts s cs) tt I t df. Ec s s
d f c ct c sss , d sd ct c s t-
d f c ds. Rc d sd f t E Rs (1962) f f
t ds f s t sds d cs s cs f cc.
I ct ct- s s f t c ct (RC f st) s ssd ss-
qt t t sd ct (SC f st) , t xcd t sst f sc c -
cds . Ec s s ts dctd dd; f x, t s A-A
s, t A-A s. Ts s css t t t dc f t
std: ss xst t dtst t SC s s t d f t RC
t csd. B sc ct-s s t t f ss, t s dtst cts 4,096
ss, f c dctd dd.
T ddt ts c s t st t t ds f t t s c
ct-. I s st t dt s: Fst, s t f 61 ds dcts
c dc t t t s, d scd, t t c cct t t t
18 Pc cts ss s sd c scsts t std sc tcs s st
cctscs (Pt t . 1994; Cd t . 2008), c tds (Ms/Rs 1997), t ds
(G/H 2000), d ct sss t cc fc (Ks/Pss 2012).
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16 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
s css t 61 dcts. Ec f ts s d 100 f s f dscss, s tt c s
f 0 t 100.
F x, Ids d Mxcs s 37 dc ds ts, ccd t t RTI R, 24 dss. Ts ds st sc f 60.7. T c cct t t t
s css 61 dcts, t t d, ds c sc f 64.8. T st s
s f 13.1 t 80.3, t f 43.6, d f 42.6, d stdd d f 9.4. T c-
s s f -10.1 t 89.6, t f 61.9, d f 64.2, d stdd d f
13.3. W t t ss ct t c t t 0.498, t sst sts f t ds
s c s sd, s I fcs t st s.
Sc t ddt s dsttd, I stdd d. T
ddt s I fts f t ddc s t cts c .
Cf ts s t t t s . Ts ts f 1 f t cts
t s , d f 0 ts. I s ts ctz f cts t
sx s: t Acs, Est As d t Pcc, Est E d Ct As, t Mdd Est d
Nt Afc, S-S Afc, d Wst E. I s ts s f s (c-
d t t ss ctzs) t d t f FOI s c . T st s
xst t Acs, t tt, t fst t Mdd Est d Nt Afc, t f.
H, t tt d s s ts ss, I s s
t ctz sd t Utd Ns. Ts cssts f tt-t st s:
Ast d N Zd, C, Ct Ac, Ct As, Est Afc, Est As, Est
E, Ms, Mcs, Mdd Afc, Nt Afc, Nt Ac, Nt E,
Ps, St Ac, St-Est As, St Afc, St As, St E, Wst
Afc, Wst As, d Wst E. H, t st FOI s St E, t t,
t s cts t FOI s. Sc sx f ts s t cts
t FOI s, s t UN ctz st cts t t f t ds t df
, s I s ts stss cc.
F, I s s s f c s c s ctz t : t dstc
t t t cts ct cs. I tt ts tt s t d tt dstc,
t d s t f 1 f dstcs d 500 ts d 1,000 ts, sc-
. A f ts t ss f s ct t xtt t c s
t st c ds f FOI s. I s cd ds ct f t t
f c s sd t ss f t t cts s, s ct ssd s
t st s c ds. Ts s t d f s sd t t
ss f t SCs d t RCs .
Sc t ds f s s t sst sd fts f dsc cs, xs
sts d cc cts, d t c s f c cts, I xd cts f
c cts. Ts xd cts tc ct f s t t ct- (sc
s t f dt, t, c cts f tsc scc), t
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18 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
t 500 ts f c t td t s 6.3 ts s t c t, c-
ts t cts t 1000 ts td t s 4.4 ts s t c t t
cts s cts t s cs. F, Md 6 cds t dct f S R t ss
t t ddt , sd t cs t t sxt- ds ts ft FOI s c ct-. Us ts ddt , cts t s td t
s 4 ts s t c t.
Table 2. Linear models of the similarity of FOI laws among country-pairs
L ds f t st f FOI s ct-s. Ec s cstts c ct c sss
, d sd ct c s ssd d s t d f c ds. T ddt
s t f 61 ds dcts c dc t t t s, d 100, xct f Md 6, c
ss t c t t ds dcts f t t cts s t ddt . A ds cd xd cts f
c cts (ts s ct s f c ct cctscs t cdd ts d ctd
t xd cts). Cstt t t s t s sc.
5.2 Alternave Diusion Mechanisms
Table 3sts t f t ds css c sstd t t-
t. T st t ds cd t t ts f ct-s c cd ss f
. Md 7 cds t f Shared IGO (inter-governmental organizaon) Memberships
t t t cts, t tt t RC ssd ts . Ot sc s fd IGO -
ss t tt ts f t ds f dcc (Ps 2002) d ts
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Y Dc -0.448 *** -0.545 *** -0.579 *** -0.552 *** -0.552 *** -0.732 ***
(0.101) (0.102) (0.1) (0.102) (0.102) (0.129)
S R 4.421 *** 4.006 ***
(0.353) (0.45)
S R (UN) 4.141 ***
(0.563)
Dstc t Cts -2.319 ***
(0.167)
Dstc < 500 6.319 ***
(0.926)
Dstc < 1000 4.424 ***
(0.559)
R2 0.197 0.176 0.204 0.175 0.178 0.349
N f ss 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096
Stdd s tss; *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, * < 0.05
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Follow your Neighbor? | 19
(G 2010). Idd, t sts f ts d s tt c dd sd IGO s s
ssctd t 0.08 ts t st t s. A cs sd IGO ss f
t (36.3) t stdd d t (49.5) d ts d t 1.1 ts
t st t t cts FOI s. Md 8 d 9 c cd dcts f fcts ccd d t Sd Cts t s s st s f : s t Same Colonial
History, d s t Same Language. T sts s tt cts t t s c st
td t s 2.8 ts s t c t, cts t t s c
td t s 1.8 ts s. Itt, t f ts ds, t cct f S
R s s, stsc sct, d f t td t t ccts f f
t t t s. H, ts sts s t tt ts c
sd d t f sd ts t . I dd t tdc t c t
FOI s f t s, cts s xt tdcs t c t ds f cts t
t s stc, sc, d st s.
Mds 10 d 11 cd t dt s t ct t t f c. C
cs t c ds d tt, c tddc, cts cf tc -
cs f t cts t s tt t t dsdtd d t d cs (C/Ps
2011: 113). Ad t t ds f FOI s, t c cs d xct tt cts
t dt s s t ts f t t cc cts. F x, f t
cts c f xts t t s dss t s scts, d f t
tt ct ds ts f FOI t s csqcs f t c-
ss, t ct cd ss t FOI tt t t s d cdd.
T tst ts sst, I cstct t dt ss t ct t xtt t c t cts
cts t c t, t tt t RC ssd ts . T st s Export Desnaon Similarity,
t c t t cts xt ds s t tt f t xts t c
t ct t d (s t td dt f t Cts f W jct). T scd s
Export Sector Similarity, t c t t cts sct ss f xts. Ts s
cstctd s dt f t Wd B Wd Dt Idcts t ss f c c-
ts cds xts scts: ct ts, fd, f, fcts, d s
d ts. F t ss, cts t scs ts c xt t s dss,
xt s xs f ds, t cts t c. H, t f t
ccts f ts s stsc sct. Ts sts s tt c s t
tt d f t ds f FOI s.
Mds 12 d 13 cd t dt s t ct t s f cc d cdt.
If cc s t c t f FOI ds, t d xct t s t st f
s t st t t cts s . T tst ts, I cd s f t
Dierence in Logged Total GDPt t cts, t tt t RC ssd ts . Ts s
ts s s t t SC s c t t RC, d s
t s s t. If cts tdd t dt FOI s s t ts f f c-
ts, t d xct t d s cct f ts . I fct, t sts f Md 12
s t st, s t cct s d stsc sct. Ts cts t tdc
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20 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
f f cts t dt s s t ts f ss f cts. I t f
c f, f cts fs, t ds. T ct t t
f d cdt t c t ds f FOI s, Md 13 cds dcts t
f 1 f t t SC s d f Foreign Aidt t RC. H, ts cct s dstsc sct, s tt d cts td t ss FOI s dss f ts f t d
ds. Ts sts, t t d dc f cc cdt css, s
st s t t ts css d xct.
Mds 14 d 15 cd t ss f st st t cts, t sts f c
c ttd s. Regulatory Similaritys t c t t t cts
css t -f dt ss f t ssts cdd t Fs Istts Ecc
Fd Dtst.20Regime Similaritys t c t t t cts css t sx c-
t s t Pt 4 dtst.21Bt sd t tt t RC ssd ts , t
st ct t dt. Idd, t ccts f t s d stsc
sct.
H, t dt tts f ts d ss. T st sst s tt ts cts
t f sd st t f cts td t sct FOI ds fts c
c-s s st std f t ctxts, s ts fts sd c-
ts t s sts t t . I ts cs, t sts f ts ds d dc f
ds cs. T scd sst, , s tt ts ds d notct
t f ds t . If cts d dd ddt (s sd t tddt) -
c-, ds FOI s c std t t st ctxts, t d s
xct ts , cts t s sts s s. If ts s t
cs, t t tt t f ts d s tt even aerct f ts cts, t
S R s s, stsc sct, d f c td (4.4 d 4.2,
Mds 14 d 15 sc). Ts s tt dc tt t ct s t
fct f s cts s ss s s.
F, Mds 16 d 17 cd t ss c ct t t f sd f-
c, t t st t. Id, d cd s f t ct fc f
c FOI , ts f ts sccss dds t ccss t t f tt t
s. Uftt, dt ds t t xst css cts d ds tt d cs
f ts t ss . I d cd ss f t Sd Cts fc
t d tcs tt s tsc dcts c cd tsc
cs: cc t d c. Sender Economic Growthss t t SCs cc
t t t RC ssd ts , Sender Corrupon Reduconss t
dc c t st s, s t s f c f t It
20 Ts -f ss f t cts: Sz f Gt; Exdts, Txs, d Etss;
L Stct d Sct f Pt Rts; Accss t Sd M; Fd t Td It; d
R f Cdt, L, d Bsss.
21 Ts : R f Exc Rctt, Css f Exc Rctt, Oss f Exc
Rctt, Exc Cstts, R f Pc, d Css f Pc.
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Follow your Neighbor? | 21
Ct Rs Gd. If cts td t ss FOI s s t s f cts t st cc
t sstd dcs c, t t ccts f ts s s d
sct. H, t Sd Ecc Gt cct s t stsc sct. T Sd
C Rdc s t stsc sct t, ss tsd f
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22 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
Table 3. Linear models of the similarity of FOI laws among country-pairs, each tesng a dierent
alternave diusion mechanism.
Model 7 Model 8 Model 9 Model 10 Model 11 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 Model 17
Y Dc -0.621 *** -0.454 *** -0.452 *** -0.471 *** -0.456 *** -0.187 -0.194 -0.296 * -0.438 *** -0.812 *** -0.463 **
(0.106) (0.101) (0.101) (0.104) (0.118) (0.109) (0.11) (0.115) (0.115) (0.12) (0.146)
S R 3.593 *** 3.867 *** 4.178 *** 3.851 *** 4.478 *** 4.283 *** 4.299 *** 4.352 *** 4.179 *** 4.743 *** 4.488 ***
(0.389) (0.365) (0.363) (0.381) (0.405) (0.354) (0.353) (0.416) (0.403) (0.366) (0.432)
Emulaon (Alternaves)
Sd IGO Mss 0.080 ***
(0.016)
S C Hst 2.773 ***
(0.49)
S L 1.748 **
(0.596)
Compeon
Ext Ds St 0.277
(0.628)
Ext Sct St 0.22
(0.451)
Coercion/Condionality
D. Ld Tt GDP -0.451 ***
(0.068)
F Ad -2.009 ***
(0.353)
Learning (Instuonal Fit)
Rt St 4.512 ***
(0.748)
R St 1.617 *
(0.743)
Learning (Performance)
Sd Ecc Gt 0.019
(0.031)
Sd C Rdc 1.394
(0.722)
R2 0.202 0.203 0.198 0.186 0.199 0.212 0.203 0.235 0.182 0.211 0.234
N. s. 4096 4096 4096 3808 2767 3987 4096 2728 3195 3780 2607
Stdd s tss; *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, * < 0.05
L ds f t st f FOI s ct-s, c ts dt t ds cs. T d-
dt s t f 61 ds dcts c dc t t t s, d 100. A ds
cd xd cts f c cts. Cstt t t s t s sc.
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6. Cncsn
M scs css dscs std t c- s ddt
tddt, d t css d s t d sc tddc. O f tt css f c ds, cc, tsf, ss s ,
cts tt t cs f ts t c s st c ds. E s sc
d ccstcs f ctt t csqcs f dt c ccs.
Ts fcss scc t f c, Fd f If s, s ss s d
dsd css t t st s dcds. FOI s scc t f c f
d t t t tsc dsc cs d c-, t s
f dcd c, t cz t, d cc cc. H, c-
ts ss FOI s, t st s dcss c ds, cd t sc f cs
f t cd t , t sc f f xtd f dscs, d t ts d
stt f s d st css t s t s td d fcd. Ts dc-
ss cctd tds t scc d ss, d st d ctxts
c-s s xc t tsc c. Pc-s ts fc
t d f ctt t csqcs f dt ds ccs, d s ct d-
s FOI s t t dsc tsts, sts, cts. Istd, t d f c ds
t t. I tt cts t s c t sd s sc ds, s
t s xs d t t xt d c s s.
T dc ts ds st st f t tt f s
t ds f FOI s. I d qt d f s t c st s
f cts t ssss t fcts ssctd t t ss s FOI s ct-s.
Cts t s td t s s t c t, d ts s t cs s t-
ctzs f cts t s, s ss f c dstc tt d t
sc ctz. I s tst st t ts f , d st
t ds css tt td t tt. I d tt c s
sd c ds f cts tt s IGO ss, c s t s c
c st, t tt t tc f sd s dts
ts. I s d td dc f c , t dc f f c, cc,
cdt css. Itt, ts ds t dt f t ct- ds -
cd xd cts t cct f ss cctscs f t cts ss FOI s tt t
s t tdc t ss s s t t cts.
F, I s s tt t f s st t t t cct tt t-
ccs. O t tt cts t s s s stct cctscs tt
d t t ss s s ss t ts fts, t t ss s s s st
f . H, I ct f t ss f st st t cts, d d
tt s cts d td t ss s FOI s, t ct f
s jst s st c cd ts t d. E st s cts,
ts t s s t t c ts cs.
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24 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
I dd t dc f t tc f c ds, ts std s
stds s f f cct tt t ds f c design, t t f c adopon, s f
tc f std f scs f c ds d qt sc. Idd, stds fcs
t ds f c ds t s f ts t dt css dcs f ds. Ft sc sd d ts c, d x t xtt t c t
tc f zs t t c s.
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Follow your Neighbor? | 25
Rfncs
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26 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013
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Ms, W/Rs, Rcd 1997: Tst, Dstst d Scs: P Es f C d
Pc Ists Pst-Cst Scs, : T J f Pcs 59/2, 418-451.
Neumayer, Eric/Plmper, Thomas 2012: Cd S Pc Ddc T d MdScc, : C Pc Stds 45/7, 819-849.
Pevehouse, Jon C.2002: Wt f fds? R zs d t csd
f dcc, : Ac J f Pc Scc 46/3, 611-626.
Polillo, Simone/Guilln, Mauro F.2005: Gz Psss d t Stt: T Wdd Sd f
Ct B Iddc, : Ac J f Sc 110/6, 1764-1802.
Putnam, Robert D./Leonardi, Robert/Nane, Raaella Y.1994: M dcc : Cc tds
d It, Pct: Pct Ust Pss.
Repeta, Lawrence/Schultz, David2002: Js Gt If: N Rs f Accss, T
N Sct Ac, : ..d/~sc/s/f/jf.t, 1 Oct 2013.
Roberts, Alasdair S.2006: Bcd t: t scc t f , Cd: CdUst Pss.
Roberts, Alasdair S. 2010: A Gt d R L? T Fst F Ys f Ids Rt t
If Act, : Pc Adst R 70/6, 925-933.
Rogers, Evere M. 1962: Ds f s, N Y: F Pss f Gc.
Serbian Commissioner for Informaon of Public Importance and Personal Data Protecon 2012: Rt
It f t L F Accss t If f Pc Itc d t
L Ps Dt Ptc 2011, : ://...s/s/sts/
dtcj-/zstjP/2011/2011zstj.df, 1 Oct 2013.
Simmons, Beth A./Dobbin, Frank/Garre, Georey 2006: Itdc: T It Ds f
Ls, : It Oz 60/4, 781-810.
Simmons, Beth A./Elkins, Zachary 2004: T Gz f Lz: Pc Ds t
It Pc Ec, : Ac Pc Scc R 98/1, 171-189.
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Solingen, Etel2012: Of Ds d Fs: T Dsc, R, d G Pcs f It
Ds, : It Stds Qt 56/4, 631-644.
Weyland, Kurt 2005: T ds f s: H c scs sd Bs s f,
: C Pcs 38/1, 21-42.
United Naons1948: T Us Dc f H Rts, : ://..//dcts/d, 1 Oct 2013.
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