FNPT STANDARD OPERATING...

FNPT STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

In accordance with EASA-FCL and Global Aviation Training Manual

Published by Global Aviation S.A.

June 2018

FNPT II STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

GLOBAL AVIATION SA STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES of 60

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK



PREFACE

This manual has been developed by Global Aviation S.A., an EASA

Authorized Training Organization, and serves as an aid to all students

entering Phase IV of their flight training, but is not meant to serve as an

IR or theoretical handbook, therefore it is strongly suggested that the

students use this manual in conjunction with the appropriate training

manuals and handbooks where applicable.

The main use of this manual is to provide the student with information

on the FNPT device, its controls and characteristics and also to provide

the Standard Operating Procedures under which the sessions are to be

conducted. It is expected that the student will have studied this manual

and all other applicable manuals before commencing the FNPT sessions

and during the training, in order to optimize the training process and

achieve the maximum results.

This manual has been published for training only and under no

circumstances shall be used for real life navigation.

Special thanks to the team of people behind the making of this manual.

Christos Malamas

Head of Training

Global Aviation S.A.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................7

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION...................................................12

3. LIMITATIONS................................................................23

4. NORMAL PROCEDURES.................................................26

5. ABNORMAL & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES....................40

6. APPENDIX.....................................................................53



1. INTRODUCTION



1. INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Golden rules....................................................................................9

2. Task Sharing...................................................................................9

3. Normal Checklist.............................................................................9

4. Abnormal & Emergency Checklist...................................................9

5. Standard callouts & Phraseology.................................................10

6. How to use "Normal Porcedures".................................................10



1. GOLDEN RULES

AVIATE-NAVIGATE-COMMUNICATE

Aviate: fly the aircraft, with the appropriate attitude and power setting, for the current phase of flight. Ensure appropriate configuration timely.

Navigate: follow the assigned tracks/headings, altitudes and airspeeds (if so required). Maintain situational awareness, know your position in respect to terrain etc.

Communicate: advise ATC for your course of action, provide requested reports etc.

2. TASK SHARING

Since this is a single pilot aircraft, all actions are performed by the Pilot in Command.

Nevertheless, in the interest of the safety of the flight, the Pilot in Command may

delegate tasks to other crewmembers or even passengers, provided it is certain they

are able to cope with the task (e.g. reading of a checklist).

3. NORMAL CHECKLIST

While on ground, the checklist is performed on the read-and-do principle. This

means that the PIC will first read the action on the left column of the checklist, then

operate and confirm the relevant control or switch as dictated on the right column.

In flight, all actions mentioned in the checklist are performed by memory when

appropriate, in respect to the phase of flight. The checklist can then be used to

confirm that all actions have been performed.

4. ABNORMAL & EMERGENCY CHECKLIST

All failures shall be dealt with as soon as possible, using the appropriate memo

items, while managing the aircraft attitude and navigation. The abnormal checklist

shall be used to confirm that all actions have been performed, when safe to do so.

When minor failures or failures not directly affecting the safety of the flight occur,

the abnormal checklist may be used as a guidance for troubleshooting. The POH may

also be used for further guidance.



5. STANDARD CALLOUTS & PHRASEOLOGY

During critical phases of operation, like takeoff, approach etc, standard call-outs help

maintain situational awareness and provide guidance to the pilot for monitoring the

aircraft configuration and performance. In this manual, everything quoted e.g.

"AIRSPEED ALIVE" is a standard callout and should be used whenever indicated.

Whenever used, the word "shall" means that the relevant action is mandatory and

the crew is expected to perform as dictated. The word "should" is of a lesser

intensity, and means that the relevant action is good to be done, but not mandatory.

If used, the word "must" is equivalent to "shall".

6. HOW TO USE "NORMAL PROCEDURES"

Normal (and Abnormal) procedures are written in a manner that resembles most

airlines' Operational Manuals layout and phraseology. These are the exact

procedures to be used during each stage of flight. They are not a checklist, where the

student reads and does, but are procedures to be memorized and performed by

heart every time the flight phase requires so.



2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION



A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The training device is built by Elite Simulations in Switzerland. It simulates a

generic low wing, twin engine, piston aeroplane, similar to Piper Seneca III.

The engines are turbocharged, counter-rotating and fitted with constant pitch

propellers. The undercarriage consists of two main wheels and a nose wheel,

is fully retractable and is hydraulically operated . The flaps are electrically

operated. The wings, stabilator and vertical stabilizer are fitted with leading

edge de-icing pneumatic boots and the propellers are fitted with electrical

anti-icing strips.

The training device is fitted with all necessary controls and switches to

replicate the exact operation of the aeroplane and the control wheels and

rudder pedals are coupled to a control load system, which simulates the

aerodynamic forces normally exerted on the controls.

The visual part of the device consists of a single projector and screen. The

graphics are generic, low detail terrain representations and generic, high

detail runway representations (including the respective markings and lighting

facilities). The database includes all Hellenic airspace, including navaids,

waypoints and airports.

The aim of the Training Device is not to train the student on the specific

aeroplane class/type, rather than to provide a realistic environment where all

basic and advanced IFR procedures may be practiced.

In the following pages, the general arrangement is presented along with

details on control panels, switches etc. The student pilots should take enough

time to familiarize themselves with the arrangement of the device and the

procedures described later on.



2.A.1. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

A: Main Instrument Panel

B: Engine Gauges & Auxiliary Instruments

C: Auto Pilot Control Panel

D: Audio Control Panel

E: Main switching panel

F: Gear & Flaps Control Panel

G: Flux Valve & De-icing Control Panel

H: Radio Panel

I: Circuit Breakers

E F G

A B

C D

H

I



2.A.1A. Main Instrument Panel

A typical Main Instrument Panel, including:

Air Speed Indicator (ASI)

Attitude Indicator (AI)

Altitude Indicator (ALT)

Turn Coordinator (TC)

Horizontal Situational Indicator (HSI)

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

Omni Bearing Indicator (OBI)

Parking Brake indicating light.

All the required instruments are fitted with the appropriate control

knobs.

For details on the operation of the instruments, refer to Global Aviation SA IR

handbook and to Bristol "Instruments" handbook.



2.A.1B. Engine Gauges & Auxiliary Instruments

This panel includes:

Engine Gauges Manifold Pressure

Propeller RPM

Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)

Fuel Flow

Fuel Tank level indicator

Oil Pressure Gauge

Oil Temperature Indicator

Cylinder Head Temperature Indicator (CHT)

Annunciator Panel

Altitude Alert system

Outside Air Temperature Indicator (OAT)

Ammeter

Vacuum Gauge

Flaps & Trims Indicator

Propeller Synchronizer

Cowl Flaps position Indicator

GPS panel

(for details on the operation of a Constant Speed drive,

refer to Bristol "AGK" handbook)



2.A.1C. Autopilot Control Panel

2.A.1D. Audio Control Panel

2.A.1E. Main Switching Panel



2.A.1F. Gear & Flaps Control Panel

2.A.1G. Flux Valve & De-icing Panel



2.A.1H. Radio Panel

This panel includes:

COM 1 & NAV 1, with tuning knobs, X'FER & IDENT buttons

COM 2 & NAV 2, with tuning knobs, X'FER & IDENT buttons

ADF, with integrated chronometer for Flight Time (FLT) &

Elapsed Time (ET).

DME, with remote tuning capability. Can be used with either

NAV 1 or NAV 2. Groundspeed & Time to Station indications

included.

TRANSPONDER with MODE C

GPS control panel.



On the pedestal, three additional control panels can be found:

Cowl Flaps & Alternate Air Controls

Fuel Selectors & Rudder Trim Controls



Pitch Trim Wheel & Indicator

The device also includes a conventional Yoke and a conventional

Power Quadrant associated with Twin Engine Constant Speed

Drive.

The Yoke, includes various switches to assist the pilots in controlling

some features of the aeroplane without removing their hands from

the control wheel. On the left hand grip, an electric trim switch, an

Auto Pilot Disconnection pushbutton and a Push to Talk switch. On

the right hand grip, a Flight Director On/Off switch.

The Power Quadrant includes all necessary levers for the control of

the propulsive equipment. 2 Throttles (black color), controlling the

Manifold Pressure of each engine, 2 Propeller Levers (blue color),

controlling the respective propeller RPM and 2 Mixture Levers (red

color), controlling the fuel ratio in each engine.



3. LIMITATIONS



Note: These limitations are only relevant for the simulator sessions and are reduced to those

absolutely necessary for training on an FNPT. For a complete list of limitations, only

the approved POH is to be used.

1) POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS

a) Maximum Man. Press..........................................................40 inHg

b) Maximum Propeller RPM.................................................2800RPM

c) Max. time allowed at max. power.......................................10mins

2) GEAR LIMITATIONS

a) VLOE.........................................................................................130KTS

b) VLOR.........................................................................................110KTS

c) VLE..........................................................................................140KTS

3) FLAP LIMITATIONS

a) Max. Flap Operating speed (white arc limit).........................115KTS

4) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM LIMITATIONS

a) Battery capacity........................................................................23Ah

5) OPERATIONAL LIMITATIONS

a) RUNWAY LIMITATIONS

Runway surface................................................................Paved only

Minimum runway width.............................................................20m

Slope...........................................................................................±2%

b) WIND LIMITATIONS

Maximum crosswind twin engine.............................................25kts

Maximum crosswind single engine...........................................15kts

Maximum headwind.................................................................40kts

Maximum tailwind......................................................................5kts

c) ALL WEATHER LIMITATIONS

Flying into know icing conditions prohibited.



4. NORMAL PROCEDURES



4. NORMAL PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Cockpit preparation......................................................................28

2. Before Start..................................................................................28

3. Engine Start..................................................................................29

4. After Start.....................................................................................30

5. Before Taxi....................................................................................30

6. Before Takeoff..............................................................................31

7. Takeoff..........................................................................................31

8. After Takeoff.................................................................................32

9. Climb.............................................................................................32

10. Cruise............................................................................................32

11. Descend........................................................................................33

12. Approach......................................................................................34

13. Landing.........................................................................................37

14. After Landing................................................................................37

15. Go-around....................................................................................38



1. COCKPIT PREPARATION

MASTER SWITCH...........................................................................................OFF

ALTERNATORS...............................................................................................OFF

MAGNETOS...............................................................................4 SWITCHES OFF

LIGHT SWITCHES...........................................................................................OFF

RADIO MASTER..............................................................................................OFF

THROTTLES...................................................................................................IDLE

PROPELLER LEVERS..............................................................................FULL FWD

MIXTURE LEVERS...................................................................................CUT OFF

LANDING GEAR.........................................................................................DOWN

2. BEFORE START

MASTER SWITCH............................................................................................ON

RADIO MASTER...............................................................................................ON

RADIOS.....................................................................................................SET UP

use COM2 for ATIS.

ATIS.........................................................................................................OBTAIN

STARTUP & ATC CLEARENCE ..................................................................OBTAIN

on first contact, state parking stand and ATIS information received.

RADIO MASTER..............................................................................................OFF

Note: setting the Radio Master OFF during engine start is very important, as radios may be

damaged by transient currents.



3. ENGINE START

The procedure is identical for both engines. By default, starting sequence is Right then Left, but

may be altered according to the conditions.

ALTERNATOR..................................................................................................ON

AUX. FUEL PUMP.........................................................................................LOW

THROTTLE......................................................................HALF INCH (1cm) OPEN

PROPELLER..........................................................................................FULL FWD

MIXTURE.............................................................................................FULL RICH

PRIMER..........................................................................................AS REQUIRED

Note: avoid use of primer during hot days or when engine hot. On a standard/cold day, 3

seconds of priming are sufficient for a good engine start.

ANTI COLISSION BEACON...............................................................................ON

MAGNETOS..........................................................................................BOTH ON

AREA..........................................................................................................CLEAR

Shout "Clear Prop" and visually confirm that propeller area is clear.

STARTER.................................................................................................ENGAGE

Keep the starter switch depressed until RPM starts increasing.

OIL PRESSURE...........................................................................................GREEN

Note: Oil pressure must rise within 10" on a standard day. If not, shut down the engine

without delay. It is normal for the pressure to be higher than normal on a cold day.

REPEAT PROCEDURE FOR OTHER ENGINE.

Note: usually, simulator sessions begin with the engines running.



4. AFTER START

MASTER SWITCH............................................................................................ON

ALTERNATORS......................................................................................BOTH ON

AUX. FUEL PUMPS.............................................................................BOTH LOW

RADIO MASTER...............................................................................................ON

AMMETER..........................................................................................CHARGING

Verify battery charging and ammeter working either by switching on and off a heavy load (i.e.

pitot heat) or by setting both alternators to off.

ENGINE GAUGES.......................................................................................GREEN

LIGHTS............................................................................................AS REQUIRED

NAV lights ON, Anti collision ON

COMMS & NAVS.......................................................................................SET UP

Set up according to the ATC Clearance

TAKEOFF BRIEFING..............................................................................PERFORM

Perform the briefing in accordance with the SID

5. BEFORE TAXI

THROTTLES............................................................................................1000rpm

GYROS.......................................................................................................CHECK Check for red flags and appropriate indications (AI, HSI, RMI, TC)

ALTIMETERS.........................................................................SET & CROSSCHECK Set local QNH and crosscheck with airfield elevation. Limit: elevation ± 60ft

LIGHTS............................................................................................AS REQUIRED

AUTOPILOT....................................................................................................OFF Note: if Autopilot is engaged on the ground, the flights controls are stiff and taxi may be

compromised.

TRIMS...................................................................................................NEUTRAL

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS..............................................................................CHECK Check for red flags and appropriate indications.

ENGINE GAUGES.......................................................................................CHECK

FUEL SELECTORS.......................................................................................X'FEED Select crossfeed to check the functionality of the system.



6. BEFORE TAKEOFF

MASTER SWITCH............................................................................................ON

ALTERNATORS......................................................................................BOTH ON

AUX. FUEL PUMPS.............................................................................BOTH LOW

MAGNETOS................................................................................4 SWITCHES ON

PROPELLERS........................................................................................FULL FWD

MIXTURES............................................................................................FULL RICH

COWL FLAPS...............................................................................................OPEN

TRIMS......................................................................................SET FOR TAKEOFF

FLAPS.......................................................................................SET FOR TAKEOFF Flaps 0

o for normal takeoff or 25

o for short/soft field

FUEL SELECTORS.............................................................................................ON

TAKEOFF BRIEFING...............................................................................CONFIRM

Amend the briefing with any changes in the ATC clearance

TRANSPONDER....................................................................................SET & ALT

Confirm that sqawk is set and set mode C entering the RWY

LANDING LIGHTS............................................................................................ON

7. TAKE OFF

TAKE OFF CLEARANCE.............................................................................OBTAIN

TAKE OFF POWER..........................................................................40''/2800rpm

"TAKE OFF POWER SET"...................................................................ANNOUNCE

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL.....................................................................MAINTAIN


"ENGINE GAUGES GREEN"...............................................................ANNOUNCE

AIRSPEED INCREASING..............................................................................CHECK

"AIRSPEED ALIVE".............................................................................ANNOUNCE

AT VR (80kts).............................................................ROTATE FOR 15o PITCH UP

WHEN POSITIVE RATE:

"POSITIVE RATE"...................................................................ANNOUNCE

Note: positive rate is checked when VSI is positive AND ALT is increasing

GEAR SELECTOR..............................................................................................UP

"GEAR UP"........................................................................................ANNOUNCE

Note: announce "GEAR UP" only after confirming that all gear indication lights are off

PASSING 500ft AGL MINIMUM:

PITCH..................................................................................10o PITCH UP

SET CLIMB POWER.............................................................35''/2500rpm



8. AFTER TAKE OFF

Perform AFTER TAKE OFF items after passing at least 1500' AGL.

LANDING LIGHTS...........................................................................................OFF

COWL FLAPS..................................................................................AS REQUIRED

9. CLIMB


POWER.........................................................................MAINTAIN 35''/2500rpm

As altitude increases, open throttles to maintain constant Manifold Pressure.

PASSING TRANSITION ALTITUDE

ALTIMETERS...............................................................SET STD (1013hPa)

10. CRUISE

POWER...........................................................................................25''/2300rpm

ENGINE GAUGES...........................................................................CHECK GREEN

MIXTURES......................................................................................AS REQUIRED

Lean as per POH instructions. Use mixture lever carefully, one engine at a time.

AUX. FUEL PUMPS.........................................................................................OFF

FUEL CHECKS......................................................................PERFORM EVERY 30'

NAVIGATION.............................................................................................CHECK



11. DESCENT

Start preparing for the Descent & Approach at least 20nm before calculated Top

of Descent.

Standard ToD calculation method: [(Current Alt- Alt at target waypoint) x 3] is

the distance of the ToD from the target waypoint.

ATIS.........................................................................................................OBTAIN

APPROACH INSTRUCTIONS/INFORMATION............................................OBTAIN

COMMS & NAVS............................................................................................SET

APPROACH BRIEFING...........................................................................PERFORM

2nm BEFORE TOD

DESCEND CLEARANCE.................................................................OBTAIN

MIXTURES............................................................................................FULL RICH

Slowly move mixture levers to Full Rich, one engine at a time.

POWER..........................................................................................18''/2300rpm

As altitude decreases, close throttles to maintain constant Manifold Pressure.

PASSING TRANSITION LEVEL

ALTIMETERS...................................................................SET LOCAL QNH



12. APPROACH

All approaches must be flown stabilized, ensuring proper configuration is

selected timely and correct flight path is followed throughout the approach.

As a general rule, final approach configuration must have been achieved by

1000' AAL latest.

Furthermore, all stabilization criteria must be satisfied by 1000' AAL in IMC or

500' in VMC in order to continue the approach. If any of the stabilization criteria

is not met by the minimum altitudes mentioned before, a go-around shall be

initiated without delay.

Stabilization criteria are:

The aircraft is on the correct path.

Only small changes in pitch/heading are required to maintain the

correct flight path.

The aircraft configuration is complete.

The correct approach speed is flown (Vapp min, Vapp+5 max).

Vertical speed is less than 1000fpm.

All briefings and checklists are completed.



12.i. PRECISION APPROACH (ILS)


AUX. FUEL PUMPS..............................................................................BOTH LOW

APPROACH CLEARANCE..........................................................................OBTAIN

When 1 dot below the GS

POWER....................................................................................... 20''/2300rpm

ALTITUDE..........................................................................................MAINTAIN

SPEED........................................................................................BELOW 130KTS

"SPEED BELOW 130"......................................................................ANNOUNCE

GEAR.......................................................................................................DOWN

"3 GREEN-NO RED"........................................................................ANNOUNCE

SPEED..............................................................................................WHITE ARC

"SPEED CHECKED-WHITE ARC".......................................................ANNOUNCE

FLAPS.....................................................................................................SET 10o

Reaching Final Approach Point (established on LOC AND GS)

MANIFOLD PRESS........................................................................................18''

FINAL DESCENT.................................................................................ESTABLISH

PROPELLERS......................................................................................FULL FWD

APPROACH SPEED................................................................................... 95KTS

ALTITUDE ALERT.....................................................................................SET DA

BRAKES...................................................................................................CHECK

When Runway in sight and landing assured

FLAPS........................................................................................ SET 25o OR 40o



12.ii NON PRECISION APPROACH (LOC DME, VOR DME, NDB DME, Lctr)


AUX. FUEL PUMPS..............................................................................BOTH LOW

APPROACH CLEARANCE..........................................................................OBTAIN

When 2nm before Final Approach Fix

POWER....................................................................................... 20''/2300rpm

ALTITUDE..........................................................................................MAINTAIN

SPEED........................................................................................BELOW 130KTS

"SPEED BELOW 130"......................................................................ANNOUNCE

GEAR.......................................................................................................DOWN

"3 GREEN-NO RED"........................................................................ANNOUNCE

SPEED..............................................................................................WHITE ARC

"SPEED CHECKED-WHITE ARC".......................................................ANNOUNCE

FLAPS.....................................................................................................SET 10o

Reaching Final Approach Fix

MANIFOLD PRESS........................................................................................18''

FINAL DESCENT.................................................................................ESTABLISH

PROPELLERS......................................................................................FULL FWD

APPROACH SPEED................................................................................... 95KTS

ALTITUDE ALERT...........................................................................SET DA/MDA

BRAKES...................................................................................................CHECK

When Runway in sight and landing assured

FLAPS........................................................................................ SET 25o OR 40o



13. LANDING

LANDING CHECKLIST......................................COMPLETE BY 1000ft AGL LATEST

LANDING CLEARANCE.............................................................................OBTAIN

The landing clearance may be issued as late as after passing the MDA/DA. Initiate a Go-

Around if no Landing Clearance has been obtained by 100ft AGL latest.

VISUAL CUES...........................................................................................OBTAIN

Note: depending on the approach type, different cues are required by the DA/MAPt, in order

to continue the approach or go-around. In any case, continue flying with the instruments until

both runway centerline and PAPI lights are visible.

REACHING DA/MAPt................................................CONTINUE or GO-AROUND

POWER.......................................................................IDLE WHEN APPROPRIATE

FLARE.....................................................................................................INITIATE

AFTER TOUCHDOWN

CENTERLINE...............................................................................MAINTAIN

BRAKES....................................................................USE AS APPROPRIATE

14. AFTER LANDING

WHEN RUNWAY VACATED

FLAPS..........................................................................................RETRACT

AUX. FUEL PUMPS..............................................................................OFF

TRANSPONDER..................................................................................STBY

LANDING LIGHTS.................................................................................OFF

RADIOS.....................................................................NON ESSENTIAL OFF

AFTER LANDING CHECKLIST..........PERFORM WHEN AIRCRAFT STOPPED



15. GO-AROUND

Considerations about the go-around:

The go-around IS a normal maneuver, and the crew shall initiate a go-around

whenever in any doubt. The maneuver is performed based on the AVIATE-

NAVIGATE-COMMUNICATE principle. Reasons for the execution of a go-around may

be (but are not limited to):

Loss of situational awareness.

If there is a malfunction that jeopardizes the safe completion of the approach.

Adequate visual cues are not obtained by reaching the DA/MAPt, or are lost.

ATC changes final approach instructions, causing rushed actions from the crew.

If during the approach, the aircraft becomes destabilized.

If tower wind limits are exceeding airplane or company limits.

The procedure begins when any crew member announces "Go-around". The primary

concern is to fly the aircraft away from the ground and achieve the appropriate

configuration as soon as possible, but avoiding rushed and uncoordinated actions.

The vertical part of the missed approach shall be followed immediately after the

initiation of the go-around, but the lateral part shall be executed only after passing

the Missed Approach Point (MAPt). As soon as the AVIATE and NAVIGATE parts are

satisfied (i.e the aircraft is climbing with the correct configuration and towards the

published missed approach procedure) then, COMMUNICATION with ATC shall not

be delayed.

POWER...............................................................................................................MAX Note: overboosting the engines is acceptable up to 500ft AGL. Depending on the height at which

the go-around is initiated, MAX power may not be required, in that case set climb power.

PITCH.............................................................ROTATE SMOOTHLY TO 15o PITCH UP Note: if the go-around is initiated at a height above 500ft AGL, then climb with 10

o PITCH UP

WHEN POSITIVE RATE OF CLIMB

"POSITIVE RATE".....................................................................ANNOUNCE Note: positive rate is checked when VSI is positive AND ALT is increasing

FLAPS.............................................................................................................SET 10o

GEAR.....................................................................................................................UP

"GEAR UP"..............................................................................................ANNOUNCE Note: announce "GEAR UP" only after confirming that all gear indication lights are off

WHEN GEAR IS UP

FLAPS...........................................................................................RETRACT

ATC................................................................................................................NOTIFY

PASSING 500ft AGL

PITCH.....................................................................................10o PITCH UP

POWER.................................................................................35''/2500rpm



5. ABNORMAL & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES



5. ABNORMAL & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Airspeeds for safe operation........................................................42

2. Rejected Takeoff..........................................................................43

3. Engine Failure...............................................................................44

i) General Considerations...........................................................44

ii) Identifying Dead Engine..........................................................44

iii) Securing the Engine (feathering).............................................45

iv) Engine Failure during Takeoff..................................................46

v) Engine Failure after Takeoff....................................................46

vi) Engine Failure in Flight............................................................47

4. One Engine Inoperative Approach................................................48

5. One Engine Inoperative Go-around..............................................49

6. Unsafe Gear Warnings.................................................................50

7. Electrical failures..........................................................................51

8. Tripped circuit breakers................................................................52



1. AIRSPEED FOR SAFE OPERATION

ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE MINIMUM SPEED (VMCA)...............................66KIAS

Red radial line on the ASI

ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE BEST RATE OF CLIMB (VYSE)...........................92KIAS

Blue radial line on the ASI. Commonly referred to as "Blue Line speed".

ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB (VXSE)........................80KIAS

MANEUVERING.......................................................................................140KIAS

NEVER EXCEED.......................................................................................205KIAS



2. REJECTED TAKEOFF

i. General Considerations

A take off shall be rejected whenever any failure that endangers the safety of the

flight occurs. Such failures include, but are not limited to, engine failures, all red

annunciator panel indications, any abnormal instrument indication (e.g no

airspeed), vibration, noise, smell, presence of smoke or whatever makes the Pilot

believe that the safety of the flight is endangered. When such a situation arises,

the following procedure shall be followed immediately:

Rejected Takeoff

"STOP"..............................................................................................ANNOUNCE

THROTTLES......................................................................................CLOSE BOTH

BRAKES.......................................................APPLY MAX (CONSIDER RWY STATE)

DIRECTION.....................................................................MAINTAIN CENTERLINE

WHEN AIRCRAFT STOPPED

o PARKING BRAKE.................................................................................SET

o ATC...............................................................................................NOTIFY

Use standard phraseology, including "PAN-PAN" or "MAYDAY" phrases as required.

Provide as much information as possible, regarding the state of the aircraft, the nature

of the failure and the kind of assistance required.

o IF EVACUATION REQUIRED...................SECURING THE AEROPLANE C/L



3. ENGINE FAILURE

i) General Considerations

An engine failure can be either an unexpected flame-out or a catastrophical

failure.

The flame-out may happen due to fuel starvation, unusual attitude of the aircraft

or other reasons, and usually does not produce any abnormal indications. In case

of a flame-out, a restart may be considered, depending on the phase of flight.

A catastrophical failure includes any mechanical failure of the propulsive unit

(engine or propeller) that deems the engine unsafe for further operation. Such

failures include, but are not limited to: oil starvation, high vibration, propeller or

governor damage or failure etc. Such failures usually produce the relevant

indications on the engine gauges and annunciator panel. Restarting the engine

shall not be attempted.

ii) Identifying dead engine

In case of engine failure, the aircraft will behave as follows:

Loss of thrust

Nose of the aircraft will yaw to the dead engine side

Yaw induced roll

Decay of airspeed

Nose down tendency

Since the immediate effect of an engine failure is a rather strong yaw tendency,

opposite rudder is required to maintain the heading. Thus, detection of a dead

engine happens instinctively, by application of the mnemonic "Dead foot-Dead

Engine", which means that the dead engine is on the side of the foot not pushing

any rudder pedal.



iii) Securing the engine procedure (feathering)

ALTITUDE AND DIRECTION.................................................................MAINTAIN

Use of stabilizer and rudder trim is strongly suggested, once the aircraft is under positive

control.

MIXTURES..................................................................................BOTH FULL RICH

PROPELLERS..............................................................................BOTH FULL FWD

THROTTLES...............................................................................BOTH FULL OPEN

WHEN AT SAFE ATTITUDE & AIRSPEED

o IDENTIFY DEAD ENGINE........................................DEAD FOOT-DEAD ENGINE

o VERIFY DEAD ENGINE............MOVE THROTTLE AND OBSERVE INDICATIONS

o IF NO DAMAGE...........................................CONSIDER RESTART PROCEDURE

MAGNETOS OF DEAD ENGINE......................................................RECYCLE

AUX.FUEL PUMP OF DEAD ENGINE....................................................HIGH

ENGINE GAUGES..................................................................CHECK GREEN

STARTER...........................................................ENGAGE IF NO ROTATION

IF UNSUCCESFUL...................................APPLY FEATHERING PROCEDURE

o IF DAMAGE.................................................APPLY FEATHERING PROCEDURE

PROPELLER LEVER OF DEAD ENGINE...........................................FEATHER

MIXTURE LEVER OF DEAR ENGINE................................................CUT OFF

AUX.FUEL PUMP OF DEAD ENGINE......................................................OFF

MAGNETOS OF DEAD ENGINE..............................................................OFF

ALTERNATOR OF DEAD ENGINE...........................................................OFF

ELECTRICAL LOAD....................................................CONSIDER REDUCING

POWER OF OPERATIVE ENGINE............................................AS REQUIRED



iv) Engine failure during Take-off

IF SUFFICIENT RUNWAY

o THROTTLES..................................................................................CLOSE BOTH

o DIRECTION.....................................................................................MAINTAIN

o BRAKES......................................................................................AS REQUIRED

o ATC...........................................................................NOTIFY WHEN STOPPED

IF INSUFFICIENT RUNWAY

o CONTINUE TAKEOFF.......................................................................CONSIDER

o IF TAKEOFF NOT SAFE

THROTTHLES...........................................................................CLOSE BOTH

BRAKES.....................................................................APPLY MAX BRAKING

FUEL SELECTORS...................................................................................OFF

BATTERY MASTER.................................................................................OFF

DIRECTION.....................................................TURN TO AVOID OBSTACLES

ATC......................................................................NOTIFY WHEN STOPPED

v) Engine failure after Take-off

IF SUFFICIENT RUNWAY

o LAND STRAIGHT AHEAD.................................................................CONSIDER

IF INSUFFICIENT RUNWAY OR DECISION IS TO CONTINUE

o DIRECTION.....................................................................................MAINTAIN

o CLIMB.............................................................................................ESTABLISH

o SPEED..................................................................MAINTAIN VYSE (BLUE LINE)

o LANDING GEAR.............................................RETRACT WHEN POSITIVE RATE

Note: positive rate is checked when VSI is positive AND ALT is increasing

o DEAD ENGINE PROPELLER.......................................................FEATHER ASAP

After feathering the propeller the drag is greatly reduced and the aircraft resumes a

better rate of climb, thus it is very important to feather the propeller as soon as possible,

without compromising the safety of the flight.

o ABOVE SAFE ALTITUDE.......................CONSIDER RESTART OR SECURE PROC

At least 1000ft AGL.

o ATC......................................................................................................NOTIFY

Communication with ATC shall not be delayed, but the pilot should ensure that the

aircraft is safely established on the climb and the desired track before attempting any

task other that flying the aircraft.

o FOR APPROACH....................................ONE ENGINE INOP APPROACH PROC



vi) Engine Failure in Flight

THROTTLES...............................................................................BOTH FULL OPEN

PROPELLERS..............................................................................BOTH FULL FWD

MIXTURES..................................................................................BOTH FULL RICH

DIRECTION AND ALTITUDE................................................................MAINTAIN If unable to maintain altitude, notify ATC and establish shallow descent. Use stabilizer and

rudder trims to ensure smooth control inputs and reduce workload

DEAD ENGINE........................................................................................IDENTIFY

VERIFY DEAD ENGINE.................MOVE THROTTLE AND OBSERVE INDICATIONS

DAMAGE OR NO DAMAGE..................................................................CONSIDER

o IF NO DAMAGE...........................................CONSIDER RESTART PROCEDURE

MAGNETOS OF DEAD ENGINE......................................................RECYCLE

AUX.FUEL PUMP OF DEAD ENGINE....................................................HIGH

ENGINE GAUGES..................................................................CHECK GREEN

STARTER............................................................ENGAGE IF NO ROTATION

IF UNSUCCESFUL....................................APPLY FEATHERING PROCEDURE

o IF DAMAGE.................................................APPLY FEATHERING PROCEDURE

PROPELLER LEVER OF DEAD ENGINE...........................................FEATHER

MIXTURE LEVER OF DEAR ENGINE................................................CUT OFF

AUX.FUEL PUMP OF DEAD ENGINE......................................................OFF

MAGNETOS OF DEAD ENGINE..............................................................OFF

ALTERNATOR OF DEAD ENGINE...........................................................OFF

ELECTRICAL LOAD....................................................CONSIDER REDUCING

POWER OF OPERATIVE ENGINE............................................AS REQUIRED

DIVERSION..........................................................................................CONSIDER

FOR APPROACH.........................................ONE ENGINE INOP APPROACH PROC



4. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE APPROACH

The approach will be carried out according to ATC instructions, following normal

procedures. The differences between a normal approach and a single engine

approach have been established to ensure an approach with less drag and

consequently less power requirements (delivered by the remaining engine). The pilot

must keep in mind that very smooth power adjustments shall be applied, as the yaw

moment produced by the single engine may result in excessive LOC or Course

deviations.

APPROACH PREPARATIONS...............................................................COMPLETE

BRIEFING................................................CONSIDER GO-AROUND LIMITATIONS


Approaching FAP/FAF

FINAL DESCENT...................................................................................ESTABLISH

POWER...........................................................................................AS REQUIRED

PROPELLER..........................................................................................FULL FWD

SPEED..........................................................................................BELOW 130KTS

"SPEED BELOW 130".........................................................................ANNOUNCE

GEAR.........................................................................................................DOWN

"3 GREEN-NO RED"...........................................................................ANNOUNCE

SPEED.......................................................................MAINTAIN VYSE (BLUE LINE)

WHEN RUNWAY IN SIGHT AND LANDING ASSURED

o SPEED............................................................................................WHITE ARC

o "SPEED CHECKED-WHITE ARC"....................................................ANNOUNCE

o FLAPS..................................................................EXTEND GRADUALLY TO 40o

o RUDDER TRIM...................................SET TO NEUTRAL-USE RUDDER PEDALS

FOR TOUCHDOWN.................................................APPLY NORMAL TECHNIQUE



5. ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE GO-AROUND

Such a procedure is strongly not recommended by the aircraft manufacturer, as

above standard pilot skills are required. Nevertheless, no pilot shall force a landing if

any reason for a go-around exists. In case a go-around is necessary, apply following

procedure without delay.

THROTTLE.....................................................................SMOOTHLY SET TO MAX

CLIMB.................................................................................................ESTABLISH

DIRECTION..........................................................................................MAINTAIN

Up to full rudder may be needed. Use ailerons with care.

SPEED.......................................................................MAINTAIN VYSE (BLUE LINE)

WHEN POSITIVE RATE OF CLIMB

o "POSITIVE RATE"........................................................................ANNOUNCE Note: positive rate is checked when VSI is positive AND ALT is increasing

o FLAPS................................................................................................SET 10o

o GEAR........................................................................................................UP

o "GEAR UP".................................................................................ANNOUNCE Note: announce "GEAR UP" only after confirming that all gear indication lights are off

o WHEN GEAR IS UP

FLAPS..............................................................................................RETRACT

MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE...........................................................FOLLOW

ATC...........................................................................................................NOTIFY

WHEN AT SAFE ALTITUDE...................................................................LEVEL OFF

POWER...........................................................................................AS REQUIRED

FOR APPROACH

ATC INSTRUCTIONS...........................................................................FOLLOW

ONE ENGINE INOP PROCEDURE............................................................APPLY



6. UNSAFE GEAR INDICATIONS

If during Landing Gear operation, position of the gear does not agree with

commanded position, the indicating lights will notify the Pilot on the situation. The

normal indications are:

GEAR UP & LOCKED : No lights

GEAR DOWN & LOCKED: 3 Green lights

Red lights indicate Gear in Transit or unsafe gear. In such a case, a "GEAR" warning

light will light up and will remain lit on the Annunciator Panel.

IF DURING RETRACTION RED LIGHT ON ONE OR MORE WHEELS

o SPEED................................................................................LESS THAN 110KTS

o GEAR SELECTOR................................................................................RECYCLE

o INDICATIONS..........................................................................ALL LIGHTS OFF

o IF UNSUCCESFUL........................................FUEL CONSUMPTION INCREASED

IF DURING EXTENSION RED LIGHT ON ONE OR MORE WHEELS

o SPEED................................................................................LESS THAN 130KTS

o GEAR SELECTOR................................................................................RECYCLE

o INDICATIONS.....................................................................................3 GREEN

o IF UNSUCCESFUL.................................................MANUAL EXTENSION PROC

GEAR SELECTOR...............................................................................DOWN

MANUAL EXTENSION HANDLE...........................................................PULL

WHEN ANNUNCIATOR "GEAR" LIGHT OUT....................RELEASE HANDLE

INDICATIONS................................................................................3 GREEN



7. ELECTRICAL FAILURES

In the case where single pieces of equipment fail, the respective Circuit Breakers will

trip, rendering the system inoperative. If the safety of the flight is impacted, the

relevant procedure may be applied for resetting the c/b's.

In case of more severe failures, like Alternator failures or even complete Electrical

Failure, the following procedure shall be applied.

WHEN "ALTERNATOR" WARNING LIGHT ON ANNUNCIATOR PANEL

o AMMETER.............................................................................................CHECK

o ELECTRICAL LOAD..............................................................................REDUCE Switch off all non essential lights and radios.

o ALTERNATOR SWITCHES................................................RECYCLE ON BY ONE

o IF NONE RECOVERS

POWER...............................................................................BATTERY ONLY

ELECTRICAL LOAD..................................................REDUCE TO MINIMUM One radio, X'ponder, DME if required

DIVERSION.................................................................................CONSIDER

IF BATTERY DEPLETED.....................................LOST COMMS PROCEDURE

LANDING GEAR.................MANUAL EXTENSION ONLY - NO INDICATIONS

FLAPS................................................................................NOT AVAILABLE



8. TRIPPED CIRCUIT BREAKERS

It is strongly discouraged to reset any tripped c/b's in flight. Nevertheless, if the Pilot

believes that the safety of the flight is impacted by the inoperative systems,

following procedure may be applied.

TIME..........................................................................................................CHECK

WHEN AT LEAST TWO MINUTES HAVE ELAPSED

Allow two minutes time for cooling down the c/b

o CIRCUIT BREAKERS...........................................................RESET ONE BY ONE

IF SUCCESFUL.......................................CONTINUE NORMAL OPERATIONS

IF C/B TRIPS AGAIN OR DOES NOT LATCH..................AFFECTED SYS INOP

DIVERSION.................................................................................CONSIDER

IT IS PROHIBITED TO RESET ANY C/B MORE THAN ONCE



6. APPENDIX

FNPT STANDARD OPERATING...

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