Comprehensive Assessment of Health Outcomes K30 Course on Translational Research
FMD2- K30 - FS_Exercise Physiology
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Transcript of FMD2- K30 - FS_Exercise Physiology
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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Sumatera utara
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Systemic Responses toExercise
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NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS AND
ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
Exercise maintains neuronal health by improving
blood flow to the brain and by increasing brain
levels of growth factors that promote optimal
function of neurons.
Recent study in humans has concluded that
exercise improves brain function and reduces the
risk of cognitive impairment associated with
aging.
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NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS AND
ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
Humans skeletal muscle can be divided into
several different classes based on the
histochemical or biochemical characteristics of
the individual fibers.
Neural adaptations: ↑ maximal motor unit recruitment
↑ synchronous recruitment of motor units
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SO motor units are recruited first during
incremental exercise, followed by a progressive
increase in FOG and FG motor unit recruitment
as exercise intensity increases.
Both endurance and resistance exercise training
have been shown to promote a fast-to-slow shift
in skeletal muscle fiber types but does not result
in complete transformation of all fast fibers.
Training adaptations: increases in muscle size
from hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
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METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE:
INFLUENCE OF DURATION AND INTENSITY
Short-term, Intense Exercise
• During high-intensity, short-term exercise (i.e.,
two to twenty seconds), the muscles’ ATP
production is dominated by the ATP-PS system.
• Intense exercise lasting more than twenty
seconds relies more on anaerobic glycolysis to
produce much of the needed ATP.
• High-intensity events lasting longer than forty-
five seconds use a combination of the ATP-PC
system, glycolysis, and the aerobic system to
produce the needed ATP for muscular
contraction.
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METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE:
INFLUENCE OF DURATION AND INTENSITY
Prolonged Exercise
The energy to perform prolonged exercise (i.e.,
more than ten minutes) comes primarily from
aerobic metabolism.
A steady-state O2uptake can generally be
maintained during prolonged, low-intensity
exercise.
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METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE:
INFLUENCE OF DURATION AND INTENSITY
Incremental Exercise
• The maximal capacity to transport and utilize O2
during exercise (maximal oxygen uptake, or
VO2 max) is considered to be the most valid
measurement of cardiovascular fitness.
• Indeed,incremental exercise test(also called
graded exercise test) are often employed to
determine a subject’s cardiovascular fitness.
• These tests are usually conducted on a treadmill
or a cycle ergometer.
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• Oxygen uptake increase in linear fashion during
incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached.
• The physiological factors that influence VO2 max
include: – The maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system
to deliver oxygen to the contracting muscle.
– The muscle’s ability to take up the oxygen and
produce ATP aerobically.
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CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONS AND
ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
With the start of exercise, cardiovascular
function changes by:↑ Heart rate
↑ Ejection fraction
↑ Stroke volume
↑ Cardiac output
↑ Redistribution of Q in favor of contracting skeletal
muscle
↓ Vascular resistance↑ Muscle blood flow
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MuscleContraction
Venous Return
End Diastolic Volume
Contractility
Stroke Volume Heart
Rate
Cardiac Output
Cellular
Respiration
SympatheticStimulation
Muscle Vascular
Resistance
Muscle Blood
Flow
a-
vO2∆
Oxygen
Extraction
Oxygen
Consumption
Acute cardiovascularadaptations thatcombine to increaseoxygen consumptionduring exercise
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CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONS AND
ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
Cardiovascular adaptations to training are
extremely important for improving endurance
exercise performance, and preventing
cardiovascular disease
The more important of these adaptations are:↑ Plasma volume
↑ Red cell mass
↑ Total blood volume
↓ Systolic and diastolic blood pressure↑ End diastolic dimensions and ventricular volumes
↑ Maximal stroke volume
↑ Maximal cardiac output
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Training ForLong -Term Endurance
Plasma
Volume
Red Cell
Mass
Blood Volume
Venous
Return
Ventricular
Volume
End Diastolic
Volume
Maximal Stroke Volume
Muscle Capillary
Density
Maximal Muscle BloodFlow
Oxygen
Delivery
VO2maxExercise to
VO2max
Maximal Cardiac
Output
Chronicadaptations ofthe CV systemafter exposure
to training forlong termendurance.
Adaptationsare related totheir aectduring both
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Training For
Long-Term Endurance
Plasma
Volume
Red Cell
Mass
Blood Volume
Venous
Return
Ventricular
Volume
End Diastolic
Volume
Stroke Volume
SympatheticStimulation
Heart
Rate
SubmaximalSteady State Exercise
Chronic
adaptations ofthe CV systemafter exposureto training forlong termendurance.
Adaptationsare related totheir aectduring bothmaximal &submaximal
exercise
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PULMONARY ADAPTATIONS TO
EXERCISE
After the onset of exercise there is: A rapid ↑ in ventilation
A similar rapid ↑ in pulmonary blood flow
An improved VEvs Q relationship in the lung
↑ Lung compliance
Airway dilation and ↓ resistance to air flow
The lungs and pulmonary circulation do not
express the degree of long-term adaptations to
exercise. The improvement are more determinedby muscular and cardiovascular function.
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Endocrine Adaptations to
Exercise
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