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Risk management and stock value maximization.

Derivative securities.

Fundamentals of risk management.

Using derivatives to reduce interest rate risk.

CHAPTER 23Derivatives and Risk Management

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If volatility in cash flows is not caused by systematic risk, then stockholders can eliminate the risk of volatile cash flows by diversifying their portfolios.

Stockholders might be able to reduce impact of volatile cash flows by using risk management techniques in their own portfolios.

Do stockholders care about volatile cash flows?

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How can risk management increase the value of a corporation?

Risk management allows firms to:

Have greater debt capacity, which has a larger tax shield of interest payments.

Implement the optimal capital budget without having to raise external equity in years that would have had low cash flow due to volatility. (More...)

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Risk management allows firms to:

Avoid costs of financial distress.Weakened relationships with

suppliers.Loss of potential customers.Distractions to managers.

Utilize comparative advantage in hedging relative to hedging ability of investors.

(More...)

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Risk management allows firms to:

Reduce borrowing costs by using interest rate swaps.

Example: Two firms with different credit ratings, Hi and Lo:

Hi can borrow fixed at 11% and floating at LIBOR + 1%.

Lo can borrow fixed at 11.4% and floating at LIBOR + 1.5%.

(More...)

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Hi wants fixed rate, but it will issue floating and “swap” with Lo. Lo wants floating rate, but it will issue fixed and swap with Hi. Lo also makes “side payment” of 0.45% to Hi.

CF to lender -(LIBOR+1%) -11.40%

CF Hi to Lo -11.40% +11.40%

CF Lo to Hi +(LIBOR+1%) -(LIBOR+1%)

CF Lo to Hi +0.45% -0.45%

Net CF -10.95% -(LIBOR+1.45%)(More...)

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Risk management allows firms to:

Minimize negative tax effects due to convexity in tax code.

Example: EBT of $50K in Years 1 and 2, total EBT of $100K,

Tax = $7.5K each year, total tax of $15.

EBT of $0K in Year 1 and $100K in Year 2,

Tax = $0K in Year 1 and $22.5K in Year 2.

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Corporate risk management is the management of unpredictable events that would have adverse consequences for the firm.

What is corporate risk management?

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Speculative risks: Those that offer the chance of a gain as well as a loss.

Pure risks: Those that offer only the prospect of a loss.

Demand risks: Those associated with the demand for a firm’s products or services.

Input risks: Those associated with a firm’s input costs.

Definitions of Different Types of Risk

(More...)

23 - 10Financial risks: Those that result from

financial transactions.Property risks: Those associated with loss

of a firm’s productive assets.Personnel risk: Risks that result from

human actions.Environmental risk: Risk associated with

polluting the environment.Liability risks: Connected with product,

service, or employee liability.Insurable risks: Those which typically can

be covered by insurance.

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Step 1. Identify the risks faced by the firm.

Step 2. Measure the potential impact of the identified risks.

Step 3. Decide how each relevant risk should be dealt with.

What are the three steps of corporate risk management?

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Transfer risk to an insurance company by paying periodic premiums.

Transfer functions which produce risk to third parties.

Purchase derivatives contracts to reduce input and financial risks.

What are some actions thatcompanies can take to minimize

or reduce risk exposures?

(More...)

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Take actions to reduce the probability of occurrence of adverse events.

Take actions to reduce the magnitude of the loss associated with adverse events.

Avoid the activities that give rise to risk.

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Financial risk exposure refers to the risk inherent in the financial markets due to price fluctuations.

Example: A firm holds a portfolio of bonds, interest rates rise, and the value of the bonds falls.

What is a financial risk exposure?

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Derivative: Security whose value stems or is derived from the value of other assets. Swaps, options, and futures are used to manage financial risk exposures.

Futures: Contracts which call for the purchase or sale of a financial (or real) asset at some future date, but at a price determined today. Futures (and other derivatives) can be used either as highly leveraged speculations or to hedge and thus reduce risk.

Financial Risk Management Concepts

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Hedging: Generally conducted where a price change could negatively affect a firm’s profits.

Long hedge: Involves the purchase of a futures contract to guard against a price increase.

Short hedge: Involves the sale of a futures contract to protect against a price decline in commodities or financial securities.

(More...)

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Swaps: Involve the exchange of cash payment obligations between two parties, usually because each party prefers the terms of the other’s debt contract. Swaps can reduce each party’s financial risk.

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The purchase of a commodity futures contract will allow a firm to make a future purchase of the input at today’s price, even if the market price on the item has risen substantially in the interim.

How can commodity futures marketsbe used to reduce input price risk?

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Risk identification and measurement

Property loss, liability loss, and financial loss exposures

Bond portfolio risk management

Chapter 23 Extension:Insurance and Bond Portfolio

Risk Management

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Large corporations have risk manage-ment personnel which have the responsibility to identify and measure risks facing the firm.

Checklists are used to identify risks.

Small firms can obtain risk manage-ment services from insurance companies or risk management consulting firms.

How are risk exposures identified and measured?

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Property loss exposures: Result from various perils which threaten a firm’s real and personal properties.

Physical perils: Natural events

Social perils: Related to human actions

Economic perils: Stem from external economic events

Describe (1) “property” loss and(2) “liability” loss exposures.

23 - 22Liability loss exposures: Result from

penalties imposed when responsi-bilities are not met.

Bailee exposure: Risks associated with having temporary possession of another’s property while some service is being performed. (Cleaners ruin your new suit.)

Ownership exposure: Risks inherent in the ownership of property. (Customer is injured from fall in store.)

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Business operation exposure: Risks arising from business practices or operations. (Airline sued following crash.)

Professional liability exposure: Stems from the risks inherent in professions requiring advanced training and licensing. (Doctor sued when patient dies, or accounting firm sued for not detecting overstated profits.)

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Both property and liability exposures can be accommodated by either self-insurance or passing the risk on to an insurance company.

The more risk passed on to an insurer, the higher the cost of the policy. Insurers like high deductibles, both to lower their losses and to reduce moral hazard.

What actions can companies taketo reduce property and

liability exposures?

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By appropriately spreading business risk over several activities or operations, the firm can significantly reduce the impact of a single random event on corporate performance.

Examples: Geographic and product diversification.

How can diversification reduce business risk?

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Financial risk exposure refers to the risk inherent in the financial markets due to price fluctuations.

Example: A firm holds a portfolio of bonds, interest rates rise, and the value of the bonds falls.

What is a financial risk exposure?

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Duration: Average time to bondholders' receipt of cash flows, including interest and principal repayment. Duration is used to help assess interest rate and reinvestment rate risks.

Immunization: Process of selecting durations for bonds in a portfolio such that gains or losses from reinvestment exactly match gains or losses from price changes.

Financial risk management concepts: