WA R D E P A R T M E N T F I E L D M A N A L

FIELD SERVICEREGULATIONS

ADMINISTRATION

WAR DEPARTMENT 15 NOVEMBER 1943

WAR DEPAR TME N FIELD MANUAL

F M 100-10

This manual supersedes FM 100-10, 9 December 1940, includingC 1, 29 April 1942, C 2, 8 yune 1942, and C 3, 5 October 1942.

FIELD SERVICE

REGULATIONS

ADMINISTRATION

WAR DEPARTMENT · 15 NOFEMBER 1943

UNITED STA TES GOVERM.IENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON . 1943

WAR DEPARTMENT,WASHIGNTON 25, D. C., 15 November 1943.

FM 100-10, Field Service Regulations, Administration, ispublished for the information and guidance of all concerned.It contains the fundamentals of administration, covering allphases of military operations in the field not included in tac-tics and strategy. These regulations will be studied in con-nection with FM 100-5, Field Service Regulations, Opera-tions, which covers the doctrines pertaining to leading troopsin combat and tactics of the combined arms; and FM100-15, Field Service Regulations, Larger Units, which dis-cusses the functions and operation of larger units and territo-rial commands.

The two fields-operations and administration-intowhich military activity is divided are obviously interlocking.They are separated in Field Service Regulations only forconvenience of discussion. It is the function of commandto unite the strategical or tactical plan and the administra-tive plan into a harmonius whole.

A full appreciation by a commander and his staff of capa-bilities and limitations of each service is essential not onlyto efficient administration but to success in combat opera-tions. A study of operations of large units in former warsshows that frequently failures initially attributed to faultystrategical or tactical plans were in reality caused by admin-istrative deficiencies.

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Not only must administrative plans provide a soundscheme to support the commander's plan of operations, butalso alternative procedures must be envisaged in order toobtain the flexibility required to meet the many varyingconditions and unforeseen factors of modern warfare.Therefore, various methods of administrative action andcontrol are indicated, and basic factors that influence thedecision as to appropriate methods to be employed are stated.

In presenting a broad outline of administration in thetheater of operations, a minimum reference is made to de-tails of operation. Technical operation is covered in man-uals of the respective services, a list of which is contained inFM 21-6.

[A. G. 30O(7 (5 Jul 43).]

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

G. C. MARSHALL,Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:

J. A. ULIO,Major General,

The Adjutant. General.DISTRIBUTION:

R and H (10); Bn and L (5).(For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6.)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs PageCHAPTER 1. Definitions _________________ 1 1CHAPTER 2. Theater of operations.

SECTION I. Organization___________ 2-8 7II. Duties of field force com-

mander and theater com-manders________--- ____ 9-18 12

III. Services and arms with serv-ice functions ___-- _____ 19-37 15

IV. Fundamental considerations_ 38-49 23V. Communications zone_____ 50-64 28

VI. Procurement and distributionof supplies ___________- 65-84 32

VII. Regulating stations________ 85-103 39CHAPTER 3. Transportation.

SECTION I. Railroads________________ 104-124 47II. Motor transport__________ 125-133 53

III. Inland waterways_________ 134-140 56IV. Air transport_ ____________ 141-144 57

CHAPTER 4. Supply a n d maintenance inArmy____________________ 145-193 59

CHAPTER 5. Supply and maintenance in corpsand division.

SECTION I. Corps---_____________--- 194-200 72II. Division_________________ 201-220 73

III. Cavalry division__________ 221-226 79IV. Armored division_________ 227-232 81

CHAPTER 6. Air force units_______________ 233-282 83

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CHAPTER 7. Evacuation, hospitalization, andsanitation. Paragraphs Page

SECTION I. General…______________ 283-295 84II. Within infantry regiment___ 296-307 89

III. Within division ___________ 308-321 93IV. Within corps_____________ 322-324 98V. Within army_____________ 325-336 99

SECTION VI. Withincommunicationszone_ 337-350 103VII. Medical service with cavalry,

motorized, armored, andair force units__________ 351-379 107

VIII. Sanitation in theater of oper-ations_________________ 380-390 113

CHAPTER 8. Personnel.SECTION I. Morale__________________ 391-417 118

II. Replacements __________ 418-437 123III. Military police___________ 438-441 135IV. Prisoners of war__________ 442-461 137V. Adjustments _____________ 462-465 143

VI. Leaves of absence and fur-loughs________________ 466-470 144

VII.. Civilians in theater of opera-tions__________________ 471-490 146

CHAPTERa 9. Traffic circulation and control__ 491-521 153CHAPTER 10. Miscellaneous.

SECTION I. Burials____________ _____ 522-528 162II. Salvage _________________ 529-533 163

III. Army Postal Service_______ 534-537 165IV. Censorship_______________ 538-544 167V. Exploitation of local re-

sources_ _______________ 545-551 169VI. Quartering______________ 552-562 171

VII. Property accountability____ 563-565 174INoEX___________________________________ 177

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This manual supersedes FM 100-10, 9 December 1940,including C 1, 29 April 1942, C 2, 8 June 1942, and C 3,5 Clitober 1942.

CHAPTER 1

DEFINITIONS

1. DEFINITIONS.Administration. When unqualified, administration in-cludes all phases of military operations not involved in theterms "tactics" and "strategy." It comprises supply, evac-uation, sanitation, construction, maintenance, replacements,transportation, traffic control, salvage, graves registration,burials, computations pertaining to movements, personnelmanagement, quartering, military government, martial law,censorship, and other allied subjects.Authorized Allowances of Equipment. The quantity ofitems authorized for issue to a unit or organization inaccordance with Tables of Allowances (T/A), Tables ofBasic Allowances (T/BA), Tables of Equipment (T/E),Tables of Organization and Equipment (T/O and E), orspecial authorizations.Automatic Supply. Signifies a process of supply underwhich deliveries of specific kinds and quantities of suppliesare moved in accordance with a predetermined schedule.Daily automatic supply means that supplies are dispatcheddaily to an organization or installation.Balanced Stocks. Accumulation of supplies of all classes,and in quantities determined as necessary to meet require-ments for a fixed period of time.Battlefield Recovery. Battlefield recovery is the removalfrom the battlefield by combat personnel (supplemented as

necessary by service personnel) of disabled or abandonedmateriel pertaining to both enemy and friendly troops, andits movement to defilade, to an axis of mat6riel evacuation,to a recovery collecting point, or to a maintenance or supplyestablishment where it can be returned to service immedi-ately, or repaired and reissued.Call. Demand for delivery of supplies covered by credits.Class I Supplies. Those articles which are consumed at anapproximately uniform daily rate irrespective of combatoperations or terrain and which do not necessitate specialadaptation to meet individual requirements, such as rationsand forage.

Class II Supplies. Those authorized articles not includedin class IV, for which allowances are established by Tablesof Basic Allowances, Tables of Allowances, and Tables ofEquipment.

Class III Supplies. Fuels and lubricants for all purposesexcept aviation, including gasoline for all vehicles, Dieseloil, fuel oil, and coal.

Class III (A) Supplies. Aviation fuels and lubricants.Class IV Supplies. Supplies and equipment for which al-lowances are not prescribed, or which require special meas-ures of control and are not otherwise classified. Normally,such supplies include fortification materials, constructionmaterials, aircraft and articles of a similar nature.Class IV (E i Supplies. Complete airplanes, airplaneequipment, and all spare parts and supplies required tomaintain the complete airplane in commission.

Class V Supplies. Ammunition, pyrotechnics, antitankmines,, and chemicals.

Clearing Station. Corps or division medical installationwhere sick and wounded are assembled from collecting andaid stations, sorted, treated if necessary, and turned over to

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the army for further evacuation. (Formerly called hospi-tal station.)Control Point. Agency established by a unit at a conven-ient point on the route of its trains where information andinstructions are given and received in order to regulatesupply or traffic.Credit. Allocation of a definite quantity of supplies whichis placed at the disposal of the commander of an organiza-tion for a prescribed period of time.Daily Telegram. Telegram or other message dispatcheddaily by divisions, air force service commands, and largerunits requesting class I and class III supplies. Class I sup-plies are requested on a strength report basis; class IIIsupplies are requiested by stating the kind and quantity ofgasoline and lubricants desired in gallons or pounds.Daily Train. Train arriving daily at railhead with suppliesfor troops which the railhead serves.Depot. Organized locality for the reception, classification,storage, issue, or salvage of supplies, or for the reception,classification, and forwarding of replacements. Arm orservice depots pertain to a single arm or service, and gen-eral depots pertain to two or more supply arms or services;for example, First Army Ammunition Depot No. 1 or Com-munications Zone General Depot No. 3.Holding and Reconsignment Point. Rail or motor centerwith considerable capacity, to which cars or trucks may besent and at which they may be held until their destinationbecomes known, or until the proper time for them to bemoved toward their -destination. This is an agency of thezone of the interior, and in a contiguous theater usually isthe point at which the theater commander assumes respon-sibility for the movement.Level of Supply.

a. Diay of supply. Estimated average expenditure ofvarious items of supply per day in campaign, expressed in

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quantities of specific items, in rounds per weapon, or inpounds per man per day.

b. Minimum level of supply. The minimum quantityof supplies to be held at a given point, base, defense com-mand, department, theater of operations, or similar ac-tivity, measured in days of supply or in specific quantitiesof an item. This amount should be held as a reserve anddrawn against only in case of emergency.

c. Operating level of supply. The quantity of supplies,measured in days of supply or in specific quantities of anitem, necessary for the maintenance of a command. Thislevel is determined by the frequency of shipments and thetime required for supplies to reach their destination.

d. Maximum level of supply. The maximum quantityof supplies authorized to be on hand and due in at any onetime at a given supply point, base, defense command, de-partment, theater of operations, or similar activity, meas-ured in days of supply or in specific quantities of an item.The maximum level of supply is the minimum level of sup-ply plus the operating level of supply. For ammunition,it will include the total quantity authorized to be on handin a particular command, including quantities in the handsof troops.

e. Reorder point. The point in stock level below whichsupplies are requisitioned on the next scheduled requisi-tioning date in order to replenish the operating level ofsupply and thereby preserve the minimum level of supply.Line of Communication. The network of railways, water-ways, airways, and highways available for the transpor-tation of personnel and mat6riel.Maintenance Supplies. Supplies required to replace itemswhich are wholly consumed, lost, or destroyed. It assumestotal consumption or loss of an item. Loss may result fromfair wear and tear beyond repair, capture, abandonment, ortotal destruction.

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Matiriel Evacuation. The transportation by service unitsof recovered mat6riel which has been severely damaged,from recovery collecting points, on the axis of evacuation,or maintenance establishments, to insure the eventual re-turn of this mat6riel for further service or its use as scrap.Park. Area used for the purpose of servicing, maintaining,and parking vehicles.Priorities. Definite rulings which establish, in order oftime, the precedence of shipments and movements of rail,road, water, or other transport.Railhead (Truckhead, Navigation Head). Supply pointwhere loads are transferred from the particular type oftransportation being employed; for example, Class I Rail-head, 1st Division; Gasoline and Oil Railhead; Ammuni-tion Railhead, 1st and 2d Division.Regulating Station. Traffic control agency established onlines of communications and through which movements aredirected and controlled by the commander of the theater ofoperations.Replacement. Individual available for assignment.Requirements. Computed needs for a military force em-bracing all supplies necessary for its equipment, mainte-nance, and operation for a given period, and classified asindividual, organizational, initial, maintenance, and reserve.Requisition. Requests for supplies, usually on a form fur-nished for the purpose. The word is also used to signify thepurchase by demand of supplies in hostile occupied territory.Reserves. Supplies accumulated in excess of immediateneeds for the purpose of insuring continuity of adequatesupply. Also designated as reserve supplies. Battle reservesare supplies accumulated by the army, detached corps, ordetached division in the vicinity of the battlefield, in ad-dition to unit and individual reserves. Individual reservesare those carried on the soldier, animal, or vehicle for his orits individual use in emergency. Unit reserves are pre-

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scribed quantities of supplies carried as a reserve by a unit.Service Center. An air force intermediate supply andmaintenance point between depots and operating airdromescontrolling the flow of supplies of all classes forward to com-bat units.Supplies. In a military sense, the term covers all itemsnecessary for the equipment, maintenance, and operation ofa military command, including food, clothing, equipment,arms, ammunition, fuel, forage, and materials and ma-chinery of all kinds:Supply Point. A general term to describe any point wheresupplies are issued; for example-depots, railheads, truck-heads, or navigation heads.Telegram. See Daily telegram.Train. The train of a unit is that portion of the unit'stransportation, including personnel, operating under theimmediate orders of the unit commander primarily forsupply, evacuation, and maintenance. It is designated bythe name of the unit, such as 1st Infantry Train.Unit of Fire. A unit of measure for ammunition supplywithin a theater, based upon experience in the theater.It represents a specified number of rounds per weapon,which varies with the types and calibers of the weapons.The unit of fire is not synonymous with the term "day ofsupply." In general, it represents a balanced expenditureby the various weapons under conditions of normal action.It is a term used as a yardstick or a unit of measure forsupply purposes within a theater from a tactical point ofview. The unit 6f fire prescribed by the War Departmentmay be modified by theater commanders as necessary foreach individual theater.

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CHAPTER 2

THEATER OF OPERATIONS

ParagraphsSECTION I. Organization________________________ 2-8

II. Duties of field force commander andtheater commanders________________ 9-18

III. Service and arms with service functions__ 19-37IV. Fundamental considerations___________ 38-49V. Communications zone __________-____ 50-64

VI. Procurement and distribution of supplies__ 65-84VII. Regulating stations_______-- ----------- 85-103

SECTION I

ORGANIZATION2. "Theater of operations" is a term used to designate thatportion of the land, sea, and air areas of the theater of warnecessary for military operations, either offensive or defen-sive, pursuant to an assigned mission, and for the admin-istration incident to such military operations. No absoluteand invariable distinction can be made between the terms'"theater of operations," "base command," and "defensecommand." In general, however, the term "theater ofoperations" is more inclusive, being applicable to an ex-tensive area in which military operations of any type maybe conducted, whereas the term "base command" is nor-mally used to designate a smaller area in which the primary

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mission is the maintenance of a military base or bases. Theterm "defense command" usually indicates an area in whichcontemplated operations are restricted to the tactical orstrategic defensive.

3. Only so much of the area is included in the theater ofoperations as is necessary for the operations and administra-tion of forces therein. Sufficient breadth and depth areprovided to secure room for maneuver, security, and opera-tion of lines of communications.

4. The zone of the interior comprises the area of the na-tional territory, exclusive of areas included in theaters ofoperations. The' mission of the zone of the interior is toexploit and develop the national resources in men and ma-terial required for military purposes and to supply themeans required by the commander of the field forces atsuch times, in such quantities, at such places, and in suchmanner and form as will assure him the freedom of actionnecessary for the accomplishment of his mission.

5. Field forces consist of components of air, ground, andsea forces, organized separately or in combination into taskforces, defense commands, base commands, and other com-mands as may be necessary in the national security, togetherwith such reserves as are made available.

6. For decentralization of control, a theater of operations isdivided normally into a combat zone, the area required foractive operations and immediate administration of the com-bat forces, and a communications zone, containing the arearequired for administration of the theater as a whole.Where a theater of operations is of limited usable area, suchas an island base or an isolated continental area, territorialsubdivision may not be feasible. The administrative estab-

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lishments serving the theater as a whole may be dispersedover the area as conditions require. Initially in a cam-paign, a theater of operations may include only a combatzone, installations and facilities of the zone of the interiorbeing utilized directly for the service of the field forces.

7. The combat zone comprises the forward area of thetheater of operations. Its depth is dependent upon size ofthe forces assigned, nature of the operations contemplated,character of the lines of communication, important terrainfeatures, and enemy capabilities. The combat zone is di-vided into army, corps, and division areas, each comprisingthe zone of operations of the unit to which it pertains.

The army service area is the territory between_the-corpsrear boundary and the combat zone rear boundary. Themass of army administrative establishments and army serv-ice troops is usually located in this area.

In an advance, the rear boundary of the combat zone isstepped forward in order to relieve commanders within thecombat zone from responsibility of administration of asmuch territory as possible.

8. The communications zone includes all the territory of thetheater of operations between the rear boundary of thetheater (fixed by the War Department) and the rear bound-ary of the combat zone (designated by the commander ofthe theater of operations). Laterally, it is usually coex-tensive with the theater of operations.

Within this zone are located the principal Establishmentsof supply, transportation, evacuation, and other admin-istrative agencies required for the immediate support ofthe forces in the theater. It is a link in the chain of supplyand evacuation between the combat zone and the zone ofthe interior (see sec. V).

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XI x xx x x x x

x 1 xxxlx x X K xX

X X X XX

-xxx XXx XXx

-x x

ARHY $LRVIC- AREA

XXX

ADVAHCE SLCTtOl

INTERMEDIATE SECTION

000

BASE SECTIO

0000-

BOUnDARY LEGEND:

-X X- DIV\SIOSX X X CORPS

-X XX X- ARMY- 000-- .5ECTIOn,C01'iuICAT- I10o5 ZOE,- 0000-- CoMMUNICATIOHS ZONE

FIGURE 2.-Typical organization of a theater of operations.

555811l-43 2 11

SECTION II

DUTIES OF FIELD FORCECOMMANDER AND THEATER

COMMANDERSFIELD FORCE COMMANDER

9. The Chief of Staff is the military commander of ill- ofthe field forces. Under the direction of the President heprescribes the ends to be accomplished. He exercises com-mand through the issue of directives, letters of instruction,memoranda, or orders, to theater, defense command, taskforce, department, and similar commanders.

10. The commander of the field forces controls all theatersof operations, specifying, regulating, and coordinating theoperations therein in accordance with the general policiesprescribed by the President and under the general directionof the Secretary of War. He specifies the personnel andsupplies of all kinds required for the field forces and estab-lishes policies and priorities for their distribution.

The duties and responsibilities of the high command inconnection with the administration of the several theatersare defined in FM 100-15. These regulations are confinedto a discussion of the administration of and within onetheater of operations only.

THEATER COMMANDER

11. A theater commander may be designated by the Presi-dent or by the War Department.

a. The mission of the theater commander may be pre-scribed in an approved war plan for a particular theater or

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theaters, or it may be stated in a letter of instruction orother orders from the War Department or the President.

b. The duties of a theater commander are strategical,territorial, and administrative. In addition to directingcombat operations, he is responsible for the administrationof all military agencies within the theater and for such civilgovernment as may be appropriate under the situation (seesec. VII, ch. 8). Except for the theater air force and fortroops held in theater reserve, he exercises commandthrough the army commander, the air force commander,and the communications zone commander.

12. Theater headquarters is located within the theater,usually in an army service area or in the advance section ofthe communications zone.

13. The theater commander is served by a general and aspecial staff similar to those of a corps or army (FM 101-5). Their duties are principally planning and coordinatingrather than operating. Normally, the special staff includesone or more representatives of each service and of eacharm having service functions. The senior officer represent-ing a service is the chief of service.

CHIEF OF SERVICE

14. The principal duty of a chief of service is planning.The details of operations concerning his service are decen-tralized to the armies and the communications zone.

15. The chief of a service provides information and tech-nical advice to the commander and to his general and.spe-cial staffs, keeping them constantly informed as to thecondition, capabilities, and requirements of his service. Hedevelops the commander's decisions into plans for his serv-

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ice and drafts the necessary orders for approval and issueby the theater commander. His advance planning includesestimates of the requirements in supplies, equipment, per-sonnel, and establishments to meet future needs. Heformulates and recommends training policies and a generalplan of operation for his service. He exercises generaltechnical supervision over his service as a whole.

16. A chief of service is responsible for the development,establishment, and maintenance of simplified and uniformmethods of administrative procedure for his service, and thedevelopment of new, improved, or special types of suppliesand equipment to meet the particular requirements of thetheater of operations.

17. A chief of service makes such technical inspections ofand calls for such technical reports from subordinate unitson matters pertaining to his service as are necessary to in-sure the proper execution of the plans of the commander.Matters of general routine as well as technical details maybe controlled by conference or correspondence between thecorresponding services of higher and lower units. Matterswhich require the statement of a new policy or a variationfrom prescribed methods are handled through commandchannels.

A chief of service normally supervises his service as awhole by conferences, visits, and recommendations to thetheater commander. When such recommendations are ap-proved, they are issued in the name of the commander asorders, policies, or other instructions.

18. The location of the office of a chief of service is deter-mined by the theater commander. When it is not at thea-ter headquarters, a chief of service has a representative atthose headquarters.

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SECTION III

SERVICES AND ARMS WITH SERVICEFUNCTIONS

19. The services are administrative agencies designed tomaintain the efficiency and morale of the combat forces.Of the arms, the Army Air Forces, Corps of Engineers,and Signal Corps have service functions. The ChemicalWarfare Service has combat units. Whenever the term"service" is used in these regulations it is understood thatthe service functions of the arms are included, and thai allreferences are to functions within the theater of operations.Duties of staff officers representing services appear in FM101-5.

20. The principal administrative functions of the AdjutantGeneral's Department are: handling all official correspond-ence not specifically assigned to an arm or other service;personnel activities under approved policies; and the opera-tion of the Army Postal Service (see sec. III, ch. 10).The Adjutant General's Department authenticates and dis-tributes orders, except those pertaining to combat opera-tions; prepares station lists, strength and other reports, andissues blank forms, publications (except codes and ciphers),and instructional matter.

Examples of personnel activities are procurement, classifi-cation, assignment, and promotion.

21. The Army Air Forces has administrative functionswhich include procurement, storage, issue, maintenance,and repair of all aeronautical equipment and supplies whichare not specifically required to be furnished by other armsor services. Its service functions pertain principally to air

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force units (see ch. 6). Exceptions are all photographic andcinematographic work made from aircraft, including thetaking and furnishing to the Corps of Engineers of suchaerial photographs as may be necessary in the preparationof military maps; and the operation of the Army weatherservice.

22. The Corps of Chaplains promotes morality and religion.

23. The principal service function of the Chemical War-fare Service is to provide chemical materials and gas defenseappliances. In general, chemical weapons and munitionsused exclusively by chemical troops, and protective devicesand materials for all troops, are procured, stored, issued,and maintained by the Chemical Warfare Service. It ischarged with investigation, development, procurement, andsupply of all smoke and incendiary materials, all toxic andnontoxic gases, and all gas defense appliances; rehabilitationof salvaged chemical warfare mat6riel; necessary inspectionsto see that chemical warfare material in the hands of troopsis properly stored and cared for; and investigation of anyinjury or accident resulting from use of chemical materials.The Chemical Warfare Service furnishes the chemical com-ponents of chemical munitions used by the arms, all othercomponents being procured by the Ordnance Departmentwhich stores and issues the complete munitions. The servicefunctions of the Chemical Warfare Service are performedby depot, maintenance, laboratory, decontaminating,impregnating, and special aviation service units.

24. The Corps of Engineers is charged with-a. Design, construction, repair, and maintenance of struc-

tures of every character (except telephone and telegraphsystems and other signal communications for use of troops),such as roads, bridges, shelter for troops, animals, and ma-terials; landing fields; wharves; construction and major

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maintenance and repair only of railroads; operation ofwater supply; installation and maintenance of utilities andoperation of such of them as are of general service exceptthose specifically assigned to other arms and services; sur-veying, mapping, production and distribution of maps, andphotographic and cinematographic work pertaining to ter-restrial reconnaissance, supervision and inspection of cam-ouflage practice; and procurement, storage, and issue ofengineer materials, including camouflage.

b. Procurement of real estate and facilities, includingland, buildings, piers, docks, or wharves, and office andstorage space; obtaining .rights-of-way and easements; set-tlements of claims arising from use or occupancy of realestate; and leasing accommodations for use as quarters forindividuals, organizations, or detachments.

c. General engineer troops, including combat and avia-tion engineers, perform a wide variety of duties. Specialengineer troops are organized into topographic, camouflage,water supply, ponton, dump truck, depot, maintenance,utilities, and shop units. General engineer troops are as-signed to the army, air force, and subordinate units, andboth general and special engineer troops are assigned tothe communications zone as required.

25. Principal functions of the Finance Department aredisbursement of funds and audit of property accounts. Itis charged with procurement, custody, accounting, and dis-bursement of Government funds, including payment oftroops; payment for supplies purchased or requisitioned,for damages and claims, and for hired labor; securing re-imbursement ·for public property lost, damaged,. or de-stroyed through fault or neglect; reimbursement for short-ages in public funds; preparation of estimates for funds;and the custody of financial records, including postal funds.Officers specifically designated as disbursing officers are

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located at advantageous points within the theater to insureprompt payment of personnel.

26. In general, the functions of the Inspector General'sDepartment are to inquire into and report upon matterswhich affect the efficiency and economy of the field forces,and to make such inspections, investigations, and reports asproper authority may direct. The inspector general of thetheater causes all money accounts to be inspected at pre-scribed periods. This office keeps all records pertaining toinspections, investigations, and reports made under hissupervision.

The object of inspections is to promote general efficiency,to determine whether or not the law, orders, and regulationsare complied with, to observe and report upon the disci-plinary and administrative efficiency of commands, officers,and troops, and to consider complaints affecting individ-uals and allegations concerning conditions detrimental tothe service. Ordinarily, these inspections include unitadministration, police, sanitation, care of sick and wounded,supply, equipment, transportation, messing, money accounts,discipline, morale, and unserviceable property.

27. The Judge Advocate General's Department is chargedwith the supervision of the administration of military jus-tice, including advice on general court martial charges be-fore trial is directed, review of records of trials by courtsmartial and other military tribunals, rendering such otherlegal services and advice as may be required by proper au-thority, the custody or disposition of records of all generaland special courts martial, courts of inquiry, and. militarycommissions.

28. Principal service functions of the Medical Departmentare evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation, and pro-

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curement, storage, and issue of medical supplies. TheMedical Department is charged with care of sick andwounded men and animals, including provision for andoperation of installations and transportation (except hos-pital trains) necessary for their evacuation and hospitaliza-tion; prevention of disease, including direction and super-vision of measures of public health among inhabitants of.occupied territory; procurement, storage, issue, and mainte-nance of medical supplies and equipment not specificallyrequired to be furnished by other services; sanitation, in-cluding inspection of meats, meat foods, and dairy prod-ucts; and preparation and proper disposition of medicalrecords.

The Medical Department is organized into the MedicalCorps, the Dental Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Medi-cal Administrative Corps, the Sanitary Corps, and the ArmyNurse Corps. Medical units and establishments are de-scribed in chapter 7;

Personnel, equipment, supplies, and installations of theMedical Department, except those of the Veterinary Corps,are protected by the provisions of the Geneva Convention.

29. The Ordnance Department is charged with-a. Supply, evacuation, and maintenance of ammunition,

arms and armament (less chemical warfare mat6riel), gen-eral purpose motor vehicles (including bicycles, motor-cycles, automobiles, trucks, and trailers), combat vehicles(including armored, track, and half-track vehicles), firecontrol instruments, and other designated equipment andsupplies (see par. 128).

b. Distribution of ammunition up to point of issue to unittrains, except in the case of air force units, for which serviceis provided up to designated supply points.

c. Reclamation and disposition of abandoned and cap-tured ordnance mat6riel.

IS

d. Dissemination of technical information regarding allordnance mat6riel.

e. Disposition of duds and unexploded or delayed actionbombs.

f. Ordnance troops are organized basically into divisional(organic) units, and nondivisional units. The latter unitsare organized into maintenance, ammunition, depot, andevacuation units, except in the case of those servicing theair force. Ordnance aviation units generally are compositein nature and include maintenance, depot, and ammuni-tion elements. Nondivisional units, other than base andaviation units, are normally assigned to armies and, in somecases, to the communications zone.

30. The Quartermaster Corps is charged in general with-a. Procurement, storage, and issue of supplies of stand-

ard manufacture, and of supplies common to two or morearms and services, including animal transportation, exceptmotor vehicles and special or technical items to be pro-cured or issued exclusively by other services.

b. Operation of all Quartermaster transportation.c. Operation, as may be required, of bakeries, sales com-

missaries, refrigerating, printing (except engineer reproduc-tion), and salvage plants, laundries, baths, baggagecollection depots, and cemeteries.

d. Operation of a Graves Registration Service, includingselection of land for burial places for deceased personnel;maintenance, control, and preservation of cemeteries;burial of the dead; marking arid official recording of graves;and receipt, collection, and disposition of all personal effectsof the dead.

e. Procurement, reception, care, conditioning, training,classification, and distribution of animals to meet the re-quirements and replace losses.

f. Operation of a salvage service (see sec. II, ch. io).

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31. Quartermaster supplies include rations, forage, andother class I supplies, clothing, many items of individualand organizational equipment, and fuels,'including motorfuels and lubricants except for aircraft.

32. In addition to Quartermaster units organically assignedto divisions, special nondivisional units are organized whichinclude truck, troop transport, car, pack, depot, gasolinesupply, service, remount, wagon, bakery, sales commissary,laundry, sterilization, salvage collecting, railhead, refrigera-tion, shoe and textile repair, graves registration, and avia-tibn units.

33. The Transportation Corps is responsible for the trans-portation of the personnel and property of the Army byland and water, including operation of the Military Rail-way Service, with the exception of those duties assigned tothe Motor Transport Service; operation of those portionsof military railways constructed primarily for firing pointsand ammunition service for railway artillery; operation ofwater craft used in connection with submarine mine opera-tions, and tactical vehicles organically assigned or attachedto units or establishments.

34. The Transportation Corps is charged with the opera-tion of-

a. All units of the Army, Transport Service and HarborBoat Service.

b. All operating and maintenance units for railways,railway equipment, and railway shops.

c. Port battalions.d. Headquarters and headquarters companies, port of

embarkation (mobile).e. Staging area battalions.f. Operation of docks and facilities pertaining thereto,

including stevedore service (port battalions).

21

35. Principal service functions of the Signal Corps are pro-curement, storage, issue, and repair of signal, meteorologi-cal, and cryptographic equipment and supplies of electricalapparatus associated with direction finding and range find-ing, and of equipment designated as required in connectionwith the Aircraft Warning Service; procurement and sup-ply of photographs and motion pictures and of photo-graphic supplies and equipment, except those required byother arms and services for special purposes (for example,equipment for aerial photography is procured by the ArmyAir Forces and equipment for map reproduction by theCorps of Engineers); preparation, publication, revision,storage, accounting for, and distribution of all codes andciphers; and installation, maintenance, and operation of allmilitary signal communication systems and equipment, in-ciuding military cable, telephone, and telegraph lines, radioapparatus and stations (except installation, operation, androutine maintenance of communication systems withinregiments of other arms and services, and of fixed airwaysand airdrome control systems, and radio aids to airnavigation)..

Signal Corps troops are organized into construction,operation, photographic, pigeon, radio intelligence, aircraftwarning, repair, aviation, and depot units.

36. Military police troops are organized basically into thefollowing: military police battalions, companies, and pla-toons, assigned to field armies, corps, and divisions, re-spectively; military police battalions and companies, gen-eral purpose; military police escort guard companies; mili-tary police companies, post, camp, and station; and pris-oner of war processing companies. The Corps of MilitaryPolice is charged with the following duties:

a. The initiation and execution of policies, plans, andprocedures for traffic control; crime prevention and thecirculation and control of individuals.

ZZ

b. The investigation of loyalty of all persons, other thanthose in the military service, but including civilians ac-companying or serving with the Army of the United Statesin the field.

c. Enforcement of military laws and regulations andthe protection of military and civilian personnel againstviolence and excesses.

d. The protection of material, premises, and utilities im-portant to national defense or war, including transporta-tion and communication facilities..

e. The collection, search, custody, identification, intern-ment, care, and treatment of prisoners of war.

37. The principal administrative functions of SpecialService are to formulate plans, establish procedures, andprovide materials for developing and maintaining themental and physical stamina of troops. In general, it ischarged with providing trained personnel and materialsfor recreation, off-duty education, orientation, informa-tion, and welfare of troops, and with study and report ofconditions affecting morale.

The service functions of Special Service are performedby Special Service companies. These include provision offield canteen and exchange, motion picture, publications,theatrical, library, radio-phonograph, and athletic services.

SECTION IV

FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSORGANIZATION

38. A theater of operations is organized administratively tomeet the needs of the forces assigned to the theater so as toenable them to carry out their missions in the general plan

23

of operations. Initially, the organization may be prescribedin War Department general plans for the theater. Im-proving the administrative organization is a continuingprocess based on experience gained in the theater.

39. In general, the fundamentals governing the organiza-tion and operation of tactical units are applicable to theorganization and operation of administrative units. Sim-plicity, mobility, flexibility, and security are emphasized.

Simplicity is exemplified by the direct communicationon routine technical matters of special staff officers of vari-ous headquarters, and by eliminating an echelon, such asthe corps, from the chain of supply. An example of mo-bility is the reserve of supplies carried on trucks with com-batant units; flexibility is secured by establishing regulat-ing stations and distributing supplies laterally and in depth;security is obtained by taking advantage of the protectionafforded by tactical units.

SUPPLY

40. The impetus of supply is from rear to front. It is thefunction of each element in the supply chain to push sup-plies forward within reach of elements in front. However,each commander is responsible for making his requirementsknown to higher authority and for making necessary ar-rangements for drawing and distributing supplies allocatedto him. For example, a division commander determinesneeds of his regiments or battalions and communicatesthem to the army commander who makes the necessary al-locations. The division commander informs his regimentsof quantity of supplies available and of their location.Thereafter regimental or battalion commanders are respon-sible. for drawing and distributing these supplies to theirbattalions and- companies. If at any time transportation

Z4

requirements exceed capabilities of a regiment, its com-mander is responsible that division headquarters is so in-formed. Thereupon the division commander is responsibleeither that the regiment is reinforced from the divisionmotor pool, or that supplies are moved closer to it. Onlyby advance planning in each echelon of command and bytimely notification of requirements can the supply system beexpected to meet the needs of the troops.

41. Reserve supplies held in troop units, railheads, depots,and other supply points permit operations to continue if atemporary break-down in the supply line occurs, or if thedemands of operations temporarily exceed capabilities fordelivery. When transportation is available, rolling reservesmay be maintained on railway and truck trains both in armyservice areas and in the communications zone.

42. The maintenance system which includes battlefield re-covery and evacuation prescribed for the military service isflexible and adaptable to varying operating conditions. Itconsists of two main divisions: organizational maintenance,which includes individual company, battery, or like unit,battalion, or regimental (first echelon and second echelon);and service maintenance, which includes third, fourth, andbase (fifth) echelons of maintenance. Any echelon is capa-ble of performing the function of a lower echelon. How-ever, repairs in general will be performed in the lowestechelon of maintenance consistent with availability of suit-able tools, necessary parts, time, capabilities of maintenancepersonnel, and the tactical situation. An echelon may per-form such functions of a higher echelon as are consistentwith the above considerations. Normally, division servicetroops perform third echelon service maintenance; armyservice troops perform third and fourth echelon servicemaintenance. Organizational maintenance includes sched-

z25

uled preventive maintenance services, emergency replace-ments, and repairs, and is the responsibility of the com-mander of the organization to which the arms, vehicles, andother mat6riel are assigned. Variety and sizes of tools andtechnical machine equipment increase progressively by ech-elon, terminating in the base shops. Basic procedure ofmaintenance in the infantry division is that mat6riel whichcannot be repaired promptly by division facilities is im-mediately evacuated to the next higher echelon of main-tenance.

Ordinarily, unserviceable mat6riel is replaced by service-able materiel. Frequently materiel which appears to bedamaged beyond repair contains subassemblies and partswhich are serviceable and which may be salvaged and re-issued. Such materiel should therefore be turned over eitherto the next-higher echelon of maintenance or to a salvageagency. Similarly, when unserviceable components and as-semblies (such as engines, radios, and breechblocks) arereplaced, the unserviceable items should be delivered to thenext higher echelon of maintenance in order that they maybe repaired and reissued. Prior to repair, such unservice-able items should be protected against rust or further dam-age with the same care as if they were serviceable.

PLANNING

43. Careful planning is essential. It is a responsibility ofcommand and the habitual duty of the staff. Scope of thisplanning as to time, space, number of troops, and quantityof supplies varies with the size of the organization involved.Thus the scope of a plan for a theater of operations isbroader than that for an army.

44. The plan of campaign for the theater of operationsgoverns all other plans-strategic, tactical, or administra-

26

tive. It announces the objectives sought and states the gen-eral line of action to be taken to attain the objectives.

45. Staff estimates based on the line of action are preparedfor the commander to aid him in evaluating all factorsaffecting the attainment of the objective.

46. The administrative estimate embraces all factors otherthan strategic or tactical. It is usually divided between G-1functions, such as replacements, morale, prisoners of war,and civil affairs, and GC- functions, such as supply, evacua-tion, and transportation. In large commands the adminis-trative estimate is based on estimates furnished by the serv-ices and coordinated by the general staff.

47. The administrative estimate concludes with the essen-tial elements of the administrative plan. It also contains astatement as to whether the desired line of action can besupported and, if not, what deficiencies will exist and how,if at all, they may be remedied.

48. From a study of estimates submitted, the commandermakes his decision and issues a directive which contains thetactical, intelligence, and administrative elements necessaryto enable the staff to proceed with complete plans for theoperation.

49. Administrative details of the plan are made flexible tomeet contingencies which may be caused by unexpectedchanges in the situation. ' They should be capable of beingfurther developed and expanded to meet, so far as can rea-sonably be foreseen, future probable operations andconditions.

55581 °--43 3 27

SECTION VCOMMUNICATIONS ZONE

GENERAL

50. The communications zone contains the administrativeestablishments required to serve the theater of operations asa whole. It constitutes the base of operations for the airforces and the armies.

51. The forward supply establishments contain balancedstocks maintained at a level determined from time to timeas necessary to meet promptly the immediate needs of thetroops in the combat zone. In the rear establishments, sup-plies arriving from the zone of the interior or obtained bylocal procurement are received, classified, and stored.

FUNCTIONS

52. Functions of the communications zone include procure-ment, storage, and issue of supplies and materials of allkinds; transportation of supplies and troops; establishmentand operation of repair shops, depots for replacements andcasuals; rest camps, leave, and quartering areas; establish-ment of training centers; reception, care, and disposition ofsalvage; evacuation and hospitalization of casualties; opera-tion and maintenance of railroads and other means oftransportation; construction work such as roads, railroads,and buildings; control of traffic; handling mail and censor-ship; control of civil population in friendly territory; theadministration of military government in hostile territory;and defense of the communications zone.

ORGANIZATION

53. Headquarters organization of the communications zone

28

is similar to that of the theater of operations, namely, acommanding general with a general and a special staff.Troops are assigned to the communications zone by thetheater commander for operation of its establishments andfor its defense.

In situations where the theater of operations is not sub-divided territorially into a combat zone and a communica-tions zone and the extent of operations requires a separateadministrative organization, a service command or a serv-ices of supply organization will be substituted for the com-munications zone organization as prescribed herein.

54. Organization of the communications zone is adapted tothe plan of operations and is based on actual conditions inthe theater of operations. The communications zone,therefore, will not be organized in the same manner in everytheater of operations; each case will present a differentproblem. The simplest case might occur at the beginningof operations in a theater contiguous to home territorywhere, supplies received from depots in the zone of the in-terior are forwarded without transferring loads direct toarmy or air force supply points. Ordinarily a more elabo-rate organization will be necessary, particularly where thetheater of operations is beyond the continental limits of theUnited States, in order to provide for adequate distributionof administrative establishments in depth and at the sametime provide for the decentralization necessary for efficientadministration and defense.

55. The first establishments organized are those of the basesection, which may be set up to operate as an advancedsection initially. When only the advance section is estab-lished; depots of the zone of the interior must functionas base depots. In some situations the communicationszone may be so extended in depth as to make it desirable

29

to divide the zone into a base section and an advance sec-tion in order to secure centralized control and decentralizedoperation (see fig. 2). It may become desirable to dividethe communications zone into three sections, designated inorder from rear to front as base, intermediate, and advance.Unusual conditions may require subsections.

DEFENSE

56. Normally the commander of the communications zoneis charged only with the ground defense (including defenseagainst sabotage) of the communications zone, the air de-fense being provided for the, theater as a whole. Suitablecombat units, preferably highly mobile troops, are assignedthe communications zone for ground defense. The defensemay be organized on a territorial basis with missiofis andtroops assigned to section commanders. This includes pro-viding suitable bomb disposal personnel to handle any de-layed action bombs or dud bombs or shells that may fall inor near the installation. Under policies laid down by thetheater commander, the communications zone commandermay be given authority to employ other combat forces inthe communications zone.

57. Troops, animals, transportation, materiel, or suppliesof any kind in movement to the front are not diverted for useof the communications zone without the authority of thetheater commander.

DEPOTS

58. Depots receive, store, classify, and issue supplies, andmaintain reserve stocks at prescribed levels. They are classi-fied as branch or general, depending upon whether they stocksupplies procured and issued by a single or by two or morearms or services. Communications zone depots are also des-ignated as advance, intermediate, or base, depending upon

30

oxtx ' xxx) x .

./ I '/ 's t' .ADVANCE SECTION

_BAE SE3 CTION L

FIGURE 3.-Schematic diagram of the organization for supply in

a theater of operations.

the section in which located. Their number, location, andcharacter are fixed by the communications zone commanderin accordance with instructions and policies of the theatercommander.

59. The level of stocks maintained in communications zonedepots is determined by the theater commander.

60. General depots are organized into sections correspond-ing to the several supply services represented; for example,Quartermaster Section, Communication Zone General De-pot No. 3. The depot commander is designated by the com-mander of the communications zone and operates directlyunder him. The commander of a general depot coordinatesthe activities of the several service sections in such matters asthe assignment of storage space, use of the common laborpool and utilities, transportation, and safety measures, leav-ing to section commanders the internal management of theirrespective sections.

61. The chief of each service in the communications zone ischarged with the maintenance of stocks at the prescribedlevel and furnishing the necessary personnel for functioningof his depot sections. He keeps records that will enable himto equalize stocks between depots and to make promptreports, when required, of the kind, location, and status ofsupplies.

62. The chief of each service having supplies at a generaldepot is represented thereat by a commissioned officer desig-nated as depot supply officer; for example, Ordnance SupplyOfficer, Communications Zone General Depot No. 1. Eachdepot supply officer at a general depot is responsible for re-ception, storage, care, maintenance, and issue of all suppliespertaining to his service; operating control of personnel

31

assigned to his section; supply records pertaining to hisservice; supervision of loading and unloading of his supplies;proper marking of all shipments; necessary arrangementswith transportation agencies of the depot for shipments; andtimely transmission through prescribed channels of informa-tion with respect to shipments.

63. Whenever any shortage is indicated or anticipated' inany article of supply, or the necessity arises for special con-trol of expenditures or reduction of allowances, the depotsupply officer brings the matter at once to the attention 6fthe chief of his service. The latter takes the necessary stepsto relieve the shortage and reports to the commander of thecommunications zone, with suitable recommendations, anyarticles requiring special control of expenditures or reduc-tion of allowances.

64. Organization and administration of branch depots aredirect responsibilities of the chiefs of the supply services,communications zone. The commander of a branch depothas the same responsibilities as a general depot supply offi-cer and, in addition, the duties of the commanding officerof a station.

SECTION VI

PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTIONOF SUPPLIES

PROCUREMENT

65. Supplies are obtained in the theater of operations byprearranged schedules of shipments from or by requisitionson the zone of the interior; by exploitation of local resources,

32

including captured mat6riel and salvage of equipment partlyworn out or abandoned. Local resources are utilized to theutmost, especially supplies such as food, forage, fuel, andengineer construction materials.

66. Supplies are sometimes furnished without a request asa result of an estimatte made by a supply service of existingor future needs. Initial stocking of a depot may be accom-plished in this manner. Supplies such as rations, the rateof consumption of which is constant, are forwarded on in-formation furnished by strength reports.

67. Supplies may be furnished as a result of a requisitionon a supply agency, a request in writing, and usually on aform provided for the purpose. Approval of a requisitionby an office higher than the office of origin is usuallyrequired.

68. Credits may be established. In this case a designatedamount of supplies of stated classes is made available to theconsumer at a specified place.

69. In an emergency, supplies may be furnished on aninformal request, either oral or written.

REQUISITIONS ON SUPPLY AGENCIES

70. A requisition should include articles issued by one serv-ice only. When avoidable, articles of different classes (seepar. 1) are not listed on the same requisition.

71. Supply on an approved requisition is a responsibilityof the supply service concerned.

72. When time permits, similar requisitions from severalsubordinate units are consolidated. A division consolidatesand forwards the requisitions of its components.

33

73. Requisitions normally are filled by supply agencies clos-est in the chain of supply to the troops needing the supplies.If 'such an agency cannot fill a requisition completely, itfurnishes what is on hand, extracts the unfilled items to thenext higher supply officer, and notifies the headquartersfrom which the requisition was received when shipment maybe expected.

74. Requisitions for supplies to be shipped from the zone ofthe interior are prepared under supervision of the com-mander of the communications zone, and are submitted todesignated depots in the zone of the interior or, in case nodepots are designated, to the War Department.

CREDITS

75. Credits provide commanders with definite assuranceof the supplies available to them, expedite supply, and re-duce the frequency of formal 'requisitions. The establish-ment of credits completes the command action necessary at.the headquarters assigning the credit, and thereafter suchsupplies are subject to call or draft by the commander towhom the credits are allocated. Credits are usually estab-lished in designated depots and for a specified period. Atthe end of the period named in the allocation, all creditsagainst which calls have not been received revert to depotstock.

76. Calls by an army against credits in communicationszone depots may be made directly on the depot or on theregulating station. In the former case, a copy is sent to theregulating station. In either case, the proper service repre-sentative at the regulating station takes the necessary actionto secure the shipment of the supplies in compliance withpriorities approved by the theater commander. Calls madeorally are confirmed by written memoranda.

34

Supplies in army or air force depots allocated in creditsto subordinate units are drawn as required by the subor-dinate unit, sending transportation accompanied by an in-formal requisition to the proper supply point.

77. Copies of credit allotments made by the headquartersof a theater of operations are furnished the commander re-ceiving the allotment, the regulating officer, and the com-mander of the communications zone.

CLASSES OF SUPPLIES

78. In general, the communications zone delivers all classesof supplies to army and air force supply points as recom-mended by the army and air, force, respectively. If suchsupply points are within reach of the using units, suppliesare moved forward from there by unit transportation or toair force installations by air force transport. If such supplypoints are beyond reach of using army units, suitable ad-vanced supply points are established by the ariny, usingarmy transportation, whence supplies are moved by unittransportation.

79. Class I supplies (rations) are called for by means ofa daily telegram which gives the strength of the commandin men and animals. Divisions and corps (for corps troopsonly) prepare and send to the army the daily telegram per-taining to their respective units. The army prepares a con-solidated daily telegram, including provision for armytroops, and dispatches it to the regulating officer. Theregulating officer notifies the designated depots of the com-munications zone to prepare the shipments. Trains aredispatched and shipments are sent forward to railheads orto truckheads according to schedules prepared'and ordersissued by the regulating officer. Air force units obtain class

35

I supplies from communications zone or army supply points,normally from the nearest railhead or truckhead, forwarddistribution being effected by air force service units or estab-lishments. The daily telegram is prepared by the air forceservice commander and routed as directed by the theatercommander (see figure 4).

rhd\ ' - rhdT TROOPS" oooo

= j-------EDGI--- rhd - -'-O[¥VELYIEGRAt.

FIGURE 4.-Class I supplies.

80. Class II supplies (supplies and equipment prescribed byTables of Equipment) are generally obtained by requisitionon the basis of actual or estimated requirements. Motorvehicles mnay be obtained by direct exchange of unservice-able vehicles for serviceable vehicles frdm the army replace-ment pool. Regiments submit requisitions (when required)direct to divisions, and divisions direct to the army. TheCorps, consolidating when necessary, sends requisitions forcorps troops to the army. The army normally directs issuefrom an army depot, or infrequently arranges through theregulating officer for shipment from the communicationszone direct to unit railheads or truckheads. Supplies forair force units are obtained by requisition submitted directto service centers. Supplies for army or air force depotstocks are procured by requisition on the proper service chiefat headquarters, communications zone, or direct on com-munications zone depots, as directed by the communica-tions zone commander (see figure' 5).

36

81. Reports of the status of class III and class III (A) sup-plies (gasoline and oil) are submitted by divisions and bycorps (for corps troops only) direct to the army, usually inthe daily telegram. Based on these reports, on stock levels inarmy supply points, and on intended operations, the armyestimates its requirements. The army requests class III sup-

T )OXX( 0000

P o 000-'

-- ---*REQUISlON ORCALL. C-D LIVtRIU

FIGURE 5.-Class II and IV supplies.

NoTE.-Requisitions are forwarded by army to communicationszone (class II), theater headquarters (class IV), a copy beingfurnished the regulating officer.

plies by a daily telegram to the regulating officer, stating theamount of supplies desired at each army supply point.

Divisions and corps and army troops obtain gasoline andoil on demand at army supply points. Class III suppliesrequired by the air force are obtained on requisition sub-mitted by the air force service commander as directed bythe theater commander. Distribution to air force unitsand establishments is from communications zone supplypoints, railheads, or truckheads, forward distribution beingeffected by air force service units or. establishments (seefig. 6).

82. Class IV supplies (miscellaneous) are provided on thesame basis and in the same manner as outlined above forclass II supplies, except that army or air force requisitions

37

are forwarded to theater headquarters for consideration.Articles of any class may, by reason of special stringency,be transferred to class IV pending the reestablishment ofnormal supply status for these articles (see fig. 5).

83. Air force class IV (E) supplies are provided on thesame basis and in the same manner outlined above forclass II supplies. In cases of urgent necessity these sup-plies are obtained by requisition submitted by the air force

xxx

o --- -XXXX r

p (Sp h LIVR

---R- pRIODIC REPORT or5F ATUSAno REUivStT10o

FIGURE 6.-Class III supplies.

depot commander direct on the communications zonedepot. Requisition is by wire or radio. Movement isnormally by air direct to the service center or the requiringunit. Distribution within the air force is from air forcesupply points direct to the requiring unit.

84. Class V supplies (ammunition) are normally madeavailable in the form of credits at designated supply pointsfor a stated period or operation. The initial allocation ismade by the theater commander. Each commander inturn reallocates to subordinate commanders. Unit com-manders secure ammunition within the limits of theircredits by calls on designated army or air force supply

38

points. Generally, the army or air force supply points ob-tain ammunition on call to communications zone depotsthrough the regulating officer, who moves the ammuni-tion to army supply points.

The status of ammunition is determined by periodic re-ports from combat units and ammunition supply points,consolidated, and forwarded by the various echelons ofcommand to the theater commander.

SECTION VII

REGULATING STATIONSGENERAL

85. Regulating stations are traffic control agencies. Theyare established on lines of communication through whichsupply and personnel movements are directed and con-trolled to and from the combat zone and, when necessary,from the zone of the interior to the theater of operations.A theater commander may establish regulating stations forthe control of air traffic within the theater.

The purpose of the regulating station is to assure thenecessary flexibility in the supply system; to maintain regu-larity and smooth movement of supplies and replacementsto the combat zone and evacuation of casualties, prisoners,and salvage from the combat zone. It prevents conges-tion and permits maneuver of supplies and troops in rearof the combat forces.

86. The discussion herein assumes that rail is the principalmeans of shipment to and from the combat zone. Lackof a suitable rail net, interruption of rail traffic, or othercause may require that part or all of these shipments be by

39

motor truck or water. The fundamentals prescribed hereinfor controlling the flow of traffic to and from the combatzone are applicable regardless of type of transport. De-tails of operation will necessarily vary.

87. Regulating stations are established in the communica-tions zone at or near the rear boundary of the combat zoneand, when necessary, at or near the rear boundary of thetheater of operations. When the situation permits, a regu-lating station is established at a location where necessaryfacilities exist or can be provided quickly. Preferably, it is

:~xfxx xxx

I3~~ /LorhJ orR 000

P xrX

5 xx (fl./ rd .rJepotTruckhead

-ruha -- CALL OR DRAFT4x O.LVLRIt[S

FIGURE 7.-Class V supplies.

NoTE.-Periodic expenditure reports are made by each echelon ofcommand through command channels to the theater commander.

located at a junction of two or more rail lines or routesleading from the supply and evacuation establishments inthe rear. It is also desirable that two or more separate'lines lead from the regulating station to the areas in thecombat zone which it serves. It should be linked withother regulating stations so that traffic may be maneu-vered laterally as well as to and from the combat zone.The regulating station is near enough to the combat zoneto enable trains departing at dark to arrive at their destina-tion before daylight. It is far enough to the rear to bereasonably safe from enemy ground activities (see fig. 3).

40

88. Each regulating station serves a definite area of thecombat zone, delimited on the basis of available lines ofcommunications, strength of forces involved, and capacityof the station. If conditions permit, these areas should becoincident with the army areas of the combat zone, oneregulating station being established for each army.

89. Efficiency in operating a regulating station requires thatits function be confined to that of a traffic control agency.Essentially, it requires only a regulating officer and staff,railway or motor transport personnel, and facilities forswitching and repair of equipment. No supply depot isestablished at a regulating station. It performs no functionof a replacement center, transfers loads only of mail and afew small articles of supplies, and maintains no immobilereserves. Violation of these fundamentals may cause suchcongestion as to defeat the object of the regulating station,thus endangering plans of the commander of the theater ofoperations. Figure 8 is a schematic lay-out of facilities re-quired at a rail regulating station.

REGULATING OFFICER

90. The regulating officer commands the station. He is the

direct representative of the theater commander. He con-trols all rail movements forward either of advanced depotsof the communications zone or of holding and reconsign-ment points between these depots and his station. No move-ment can be initiated within his zone of responsibility with-out his authority. He is responsible for systematic and or-derly movement of supplies and replacements to the combatzone, and for evacuation to the rear of sick and woundedmen and animals, prisoners of war, and materials. Basedon recommendations of army commanders and policies ofthe theater commander, he establishes and enforces trafficpriorities, and designates location of railheads or truckheads

41

b 14

C~~~~~~~~C

4 -o

4

n ~ ~~~~~~~ Ct.ol II 1 1 1 1 1 1

'A 4

= U"Z~~~~~~~ 4

C ~ ~ ~ , ..

;5 1 II I I I I- -a

4 ~ jl IIII C.) b

4 0

42~~~~~

in the combat zone. He provides for distribution of re-turning cars to depots in the rear.

91. The regulating officer is advised at all times of condi-tions at the front regarding changes in status of supplies,location of units and establishments, and military plans andintentions. He maintains direct contact with headquartersof the theater of operations, communications zone, andarmies. From theater headquarters he receives informationsuch as allocation of credits in communications zone depots,establishment of priorities, number of beds assigned in eachhospital, and number of hospital trains available. Fromthe manager, Military Railway Service, he receives infor-mation on the status of railway equipment, trains, andschedules available. The army served reports daily ofstrength of major elements of the army, the number ofevacuable cases, any changes recommended in location ofrailheads, and similar information. From the communica-tions zone he receives information regarding men, animals,and supplies awaiting transportation to the combat zone.

92. The regulating officer orders supplies on credit in com-munications zone depots to the combat zone, in accordancewith desires of the army commander and train schedulesavailable. He determines number and priorities of supply,troop, and hospital trains to be moved in and out of hisarea.

REGULATING OFFICER'S STAFF

93. The staff of the regulating officer includes a representa-tive of the general or division superintendent, Military Rail-way Service, and one or more officers from each supplyservice. The duties of the general or division superintend-ent are stated in paragraphs 111 and 114.

The representative of each supply service receives re-

55581.1°-43 4 43

quests for credit items from the army or air force, makesnecessary shipping arrangements with the transportationsection, checks on movement of the shipments, and notifiesthe army or air force when supplies may be expected.

94. Principal functions of the transportation section of theregulating station are to receive and consolidate all requestsfor rail shipments of supplies, issue shipping instructions,and arrange with the general or division superintendent fornecessary movements in accordance with established pri-orities, including arrangements for movement of prisonersof war, baggage, express, and less than carload lot ship-ments.

95. The medical evacuation section, headed by a medicalofficer, is charged with arrangements with the MilitaryRailway Service for evacuation of sick and wounded menand animals from the combat zone to general hospitals inthe communications zone, and with maintaining a record ofcredits in beds in the communications zone hospitals.

96. The adjutant general's section is responsible for making.arrangements through the transportation section for move-ment of mail, personnel replacements, casuals, and suppliesof the Adjutant General's Department.

SHIPMENTS BY MOTOR TRANSPORT

97. Railways usually are the principal means of trans-portation to and from the combat zone, but economy andcelerity of service or other causes may dictate shipment ofsupplies or troop movements by motor transport. To meetcontingencies, the regulating officer keeps detailed plansprepared for employment of large scale motor transporta-tion. In such case, the regulating officer may be given

44

authority to control all road traffic between the communi-cations zone and the combat zone, and to direct employ-ment of such elements of the Motor Transport Service asmay be allocated to him.

RAIL MOVEMENTS

98. All trains need not pass through a regulating station;for example, ammunition may be routed front the com-munications zone depots or other establishments direct toarmy supply points. Similarly, large troop movementsmove direct from entraining points to detriining points.However, control of these rail movements must rest withthe regulating officer(s) concerned. The general system ofrailroad operation is covered in section I, chapter 3.

RAILHEADS

99. Railheads are supply points where supplies are trans-ferred from rail to another type of transportation, generallymotorized trains. They are advanced as close to the unitsserved as safety permits. A railhead may be established forany class or classes of supplies. Examples of designationsare Class I Railhead, 1st Division; Class III Railhead, ICorps; Class V Railhead, First Army.

The essential facilities of a railhead are: siding for un-.loading of supplies; road net adjacent thereto suitable foroperation of type of transportation to be employed; andstorage space for such reserves as may be maintained.

100. Railheads (truckheads) are agencies of the army com-mandcer. The army receives and unloads supplies arrivingat the railhead, using army service personnel, and handlesthem thereafter until issued to using units. Similarly, thearmy loads material which has collected at the railhead for

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movement to the. rear. The army commander is chargedwith police, sanitation, and safety of the railheads. In gen-eral, a railhead serves the troops in one division area. Incase separate railheads are established for the air force(normally only for class III (A) and class V supplies) theair force assumes the responsibility for the operation thereofin lieu of the army commander.

101. Each railhead (truckhead) is established by a railhead(truckhead) officer (normally, the company commander ofthe railhead company), assigned to the railhead by the armycommander. The railhead officer is charged with the re-ception, accounting for, and issue of all supplies receivedfrom the rear at the railhead, and for the prompt loadingof personnel and materials turned over to him for move-ment to the rear. Only facilities essential to operation areestablished in the immediate vicinity of the railhead. Theduties of the stationmaster are stated in paragraph 113.

102. The army normally maintains one or more day's re-serve at or near each class I and class III railhead (truck-head). Railhead reserves may be held on cars only onauthority of the regulating officer.

103. The regulating officer is responsible for movement ofclass I railhead personnel and railhead reserves, if any, fromsite of old railhead to new railhead. Movement may beeither by rail or by motor by arrangement with the unitserved.

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CHAPTER 3

TRANSPORTATION

Paragraphs

SECTION I. Railroads --_____--- ____------------- 104-124II. Motor transport ___________----------- 125-133

III. Inland waterwavs_--__---------------- 134-140IV. Air transport ___________------------- 141-144

SECTION I

RAILROADSGENERAL

104. In general, railroads (railways) form the backbone ofthe transportation system in a theater of operations. Theymay be supplemented and sometimes replaced by motor, in-land waterway, and air transportation.

105. Construction of railroads in a theater of operations isa function of the Corps of Engineers. The operation andmaintenance of way of railroads in a theater of operationsare functions of the Transportation Corps, except that theCoast Artillery Corps will operate those portions of militaryrailroads constructed primarily for firing points and ammu-nition service for railway artillery. However, the extent

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to which military personnel takes over the control andoperation of railways depends upon the situation.

106. In a friendly theater of operations the railroads maybe continued in operation by their own' officials, utilizingtheir peacetime personnel augmented by additional civilianpersonnel if needed and available. Officers of the MilitaryRailway Service are assigned to each such railroad as may benecessary for liaison and to assist civilian railroad officialsin handling matters of a military nature.

It may be possible for the railway system to continue inoperation by its own civilian personnel to serve needs of thecivilian population, yet necessary for military personnel tooperate trains required by military needs. In such eventthe railway system may be taken over and operated by mili-tary personnel as outlined in paragraphs 109 to 123. Thecommander. of the theater of operations, on recommenda-tion of the chief of transportation (director of railways),will allocate to civilian railway officials certain terminal andother facilities for their exclusive or limited use, togetherwith the privilege of operating a certain number of trains onthe main lines each day.

107. Even in a hostile theater of operations needs of thecivilian population cannot be ignored entirely. The needsof the army will govern, but trains to serve needs of thecivilian population, as determined by the commander ofthe theater of operations, will be operated by the MilitaryRailway Service.

108. The discussion following is based on the assumption ofcomplete military control, maintenance, and operation.Appropriate modifications of the system indicated are madefor varying degrees of civilian control.

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ORGANIZATION

109. The chief of transportation of the theater of opera-tions is also director of railways. In accordance with poli-cies of the theater commander, he makes plans for and ex-ercises technical supervision over maintenance and opera-tion of railroads throughout the theater of operations.Direct control is decentralized to the commander of thecommunications zone. Direct control of construction isnormally decentralized to the commander, communicationszone, and to the commanders of armies.

110. The chief of transportation, communications zone, isalso director of railways for the communications zone. Heis assisted by a general manager, Military Railway Service.

111. The railway system is divided for maintenance andoperation into a number of divisions approximately thesame as in civil practice, each under control of a superin-tendent. To the division is assigned a railway operatingbattalion, including necessary personnel for maintenanceof track and structures, ordinary maintenance of equip-ment, and operation of trains, stations, and other fixed in-stallations. The division superintendent reports to thegeneral manager, Military Railway Service, except whenhis division is grouped with one or more others into a granddivision under control of a general superintendent, whoreports to the general manager, Military Railway Service.

112. For details of the regulating station in the organizationand operation of the military railway system, see paragraphs83 to 92. For information concerning railheads, see para-graphs 99 to 101.

113. At each railhead, depot, or other railway station ofimportance is a representative of the division superintend-

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ent, known as the stationmaster, who, in cooperation withthe officer in charge of the establishment, expedites move-nent of supplies, release and turn-around of rolling stock,and clearance of local yards and sidings.

114.. On the staff of each regulating officer is a representa-tive of the superintendent of the division or grand divisionoperating lines forward of the regulating station, and lines tothe rear as far as the nearest depots or holding and recon-signment points. This representative advises the regulatingofficer regarding status of railway operations, availabilityof railway equipment, and ability of the Military RailwayService to handle traffic. He arranges for movement oftraffic between the most advanced depots or holding andreconsignment points in the communications zone and therailheads or other stations in the combat zone in accordancewith desires of the regulating officer.

115. A railholding and reconsignment point is a regulatingreservoir of railway rolling stock and supplies. Thereshould be one on each line a few hours' run in rear of eachregulating station. The number of cars or trains at a hold-ing and reconsignment point should be held to the minimumnecessary to keep the regulating station and trackage for-ward of it free of surplus cars and supplies.

MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION

116. Under a chief of transportation, who is the director ofrailways for the communications zone, the general manager,Military Railway Service, maintains and operates the rail-roads throughout the communications zone and within thecombat zone to the forward limit of railroad traffic.

117. Heavy maintenance of equipment is performed at oneor more large railway shops, usually located at important

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railway centers within the communications zone, by railwayshop battalions. The shop superintendent reports direct tothe general manager, Military Railway Service, unless hisshop forms part of a grand division.

118. Equipment used on the railway system in a theaterof operations will necessarily be that taken over with therailroads from civil use, supplemented by other equipmentwhich may be transferred from the zone of the interior andto some extent by equipment specially constructed. It ishighly desirable that equipment used for operation betweenadvance depots and railheads be light, due to greater ease ofoperation of light equipment over rough track and lightbridges. Light internal combustion locomotives, if avail-able, should be used in advance of the regulating stations.Specially constructed hospital trains for evacuation of thewounded are desirable. If not available, they may be im-provised by alteration of commercial equipment.

119. There is usually a shortage of railway rolling stock andof yards and sidings in a theater of operations. For thisreason the tendency to hold supplies on cars in rolling re-serve, 'or to hold trains in reserve for possible troop move-ments, must be strictly controlled. Such use of railwayrolling stock can be made only to the extent authorized bythe commander of the theater of operations, who aloneis thoroughly acquainted with and responsible for both thetactical and the supply situation.

120. Responsibility' of the Military Railway Service forsupplies begins when they have been loaded on cars andturned over to the stationmaster and ends when they havebeen placed on the proper siding for unloading at theirdestination. Commanders of ports, depots, railheads, orother supply points are responsible for loading and unload-ing in the minimum time practicable.

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CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION

121. The great amount of time required for new railroadconstruction makes it imperative that existing railway linesin a theater of operations be exploited to the utmost. Re-construction of damaged lines requires less time than con-struction of new ones. Parts of existing systems havingleast capacity are usually terminals and yards rather thanmain line track. For these reasons railway construction ina theater of operations usually will consist mainly of exten-sion of terminals, provision of yards and sidings at newdepots or other new military establishments, and recon-struction of main line track in the combat zone as the armyadvances.

122. Railway construction and reconstructioil within thecommunications zone is under control of the commander ofthe communications zone. The work is done by generalengineer units (general service regiments and separate bat-talions) under immediate control of section engineers ofthe various sections of the communications zone, in accord-ance with general plans drawn up by the chief of transpor-tation for the theater of operations and more detailed plansprovided by the chief of transportation for the communi-cations zone.

123. Railway construction and reconstruction within thecombat zone is under control of the several army com-manders. The work is done by general engineer units ofthe army under immediate control of the army engineer, inaccordance with general plans drawn up by the chief oftransportation for the theater of operations. Sometimescorps engineers and, less often, division engineers may assistin construction of railways in the combat zone.

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SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

124. The chief of transportation for the theater of opera-tions arranges with the chief signal officer, theater of opera-tions, for necessary wire circuits for train dispatching andfor administration of military railways. Maintenance andoperation of wire circuits allotted exclusively to militaryrailways is a responsibility of the Military Railway Service.Maintenance of wire circuits used partly for operation ofmilitary railways and partly for other communication pur-poses is a responsibility of the Signal Corps. 'Wire circuitsturned over to the Military Railway Service exclusively forrailway business are not available for other purposes, exceptby specific authority of the general manager, Military Rail-way Service, or the division superintendent concerned.

SECTION II

MOTOR TRANSPORT125. The term "motor transport," as used herein, refers tocar units, truck units, and individiual vehicles assigned tothe theater commander for general transportation of cargoand personnel. Motor transport is the normal means ofbridging the gap between troops at the front and heads ofrail or water transportation. It is also used extensively introop movements, in interior administration of depotsand other establishments, and in movement. of suppliesbetween depots and other establishments. It supplementsand, in emergency, may entirely replace rail or inland water-way transportation.

126. All motor transport not assigned organically toarmies, the air force, lower echelon units, and communica-tions zone establishments may be organized into a Motor

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Transport Service. If so organized, it is commanded by adirector of motor transportation in accordance with thepolicies of the theater commander.

127. If organized, a motor transport service will operate thetheater automotive passenger and cargo service, and willcomprise -a headquarters and such passenger, cargo, andother units as may be assigned. It maintains a representa-tive on the staff of the regulating officer.

128. The supply and maintenance of general purposemotor vehicles and combat vehicles are functions of theOrdnance Department. (The supply and maintenance ofspecial purpose vehicles and of special equipment, wheninstalled on general purpose vehicles, are functions of theresponsible supply service unless directed otherwise by theWar Department. However, it is contemplated that anymaintenance organization or establishment will performany repairs within its capabilities when the necessity there-for exists). The Ordnance Department procures, stores,and issues motor vehicles, including replacement vehicles,spare parts, tools, and accessories, and performs mainte-nance beyond the capacity of using organizations. Com-manders of organizations to which vehicles are organicallyassigned or attached are responsible .for maintenance ofsuch vehicles within the scope of the means available.First and second echelons of maintenance are the respon-sibility of the using units. Third and fourth echelons ofmaintenance are performed by maintenance organizationsunder the command of the appropriate ordnance officer.These four echelons of maintenance are performed in thecombat zone for troops operating in that zone. Fifth eche-lon (base) is performed in the communications zone orzone of the interior. Vehicles which require repairs be-yond the momentary capacity of any echelon will be freely

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evacuated to the rear and replaced with serviceable ve-hicles (see par. 42).

129. Units of the Motor Transport Service are attachedto armies and air force units in accordance with their re-quirements, at direction of the theater commander. Like-wise, units of the Motor Transport Service are attached toports, depots, hospitals, and other establishments in thecommunications zone in accordance with their needs, asdirected by the commander of the communications zone.Commanders of the organizations to which they are at-tached are responsible for operation of these motor trans-port units under such general technical supervision by thechief of the Motor Transport Service as may be prescribedby the theater commander.

130. Commanders of units to which motor vehicles are or-ganically assigned or attached are responsible for light main-tenance of such vehicles. Vehicles which require repairsbeyond the capacity of such organizations are replaced withserviceable vehicles by the Motor Transport Service, whichthen performs necessary repairs or dismantles vehicles forsalvage.

131. The chief, Motor Transport Service, is in direct com-mand of all motor transport units not attached to armiesor establishments.

132. In case the theater commander desires to be able toestablish promptly a pool of motor transportation, he re-quires that the Motor Transport Service be prepared to fur-nish a specified tonnage in designated areas on call. Hemay extend this requirement to units and establishmentshaving attached motor transport. In extremely urgent sit-uations he may require physical pooling of such transporta-tion at designated places.

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133. Operations of motor transport in supply and evacua-tion of the combat zone are directed by the chief, MotorTransport Service, but are subject to control by the regu-lating officer similar to that exercised over rail transporta-tion. The motor transport representative on the staff of theregulating officer keeps him informed on availability ofmotor transport and on conditions of road traffic, arrangesshipments by motor transport, and coordinates with trafficcontrol agents of the communications zone and the armies.

SECTION III

INLAND WATERWAYS134. Inland waterways are characterized by great capacityfor freight and comparative slowness of movement. Whenavailable, they are of value in relieving congestion on rail-roads and roads through movement of heavy and bulk mate-rials such as fuel, road metal, and construction supplies.They may also be useful in evacuation of sick and wounded,since boats and barges may be made into floating hospitals.

135. The control and operation of inland waterways in atheater of operations are functions of the TransportationCorps. Maintenance is a function of the Corps of Engi-neers. The organization for the control antl operation issimilar to .that for railways. The manager, Military Rail-way Service, may operate the Inland Waterway Service, ora separate manager for the Inland Waterway Service maybe provided. In either event, preparation of plans andoperations are under the direction of the chief of transpor-tation, theater of operations, while maintenance is underdirection of the engineer, communications zone. Inlandwaterways are through lines and may not require organiza-tion into divisions as in the case of railways.

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136. Inland waterway terminals include equipment andpersonnel, part of the inland waterways organization, fortransfer of loads to and from rail and motor transport.

137. Inland waterways are usually operated and main-tained by civilian personnel, but special troops for the pur-pose 'may be organized if necessary. Use of commercialequipment taken over with the waterways or transferredfrom the zone of the interior is habitual.

138. Traffic via inland waterways between the communica-tions zone and the combat zone is controlled by the regulat-ing officer in the same manner and to the same extent asrail traffic.

139. Unit commanders make all arrangements for ship-ment of troops and supplies by inland waterways the sameas for rail or motor transportation.

140. Construction or extension of inland waterways israrely undertaken because of the time involved. Rehabili-tation of damaged waterways is performed by general engi-neer units of the communications zone, in accordance withplans drawn up by the chief engineer, theater of operations.

SECTION IV

AIR TRANSPORT141. Air transport is characterized by great speed, com-paratively low volume and tonnage capacity, unlimitedchoice of routes within its range, freedom from intermedi-ate terrain obstacles, restriction to suitable landing fields,and vulnerability to air attack and ground-based fire. It isadaptable to the movement of large units when heavy or

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bulky equipment is not essential or may be shipped by othermeans. It is an effective means for refueling and supplyingarmored elements or other detachments operating at agreat distance from supply bases. Its success is predicatedon air superiority or surprise, neutralization or avoidanceof antiaircraft fire, and the ability to seize or prepare land-ing fields and protect them.

142. Transportation by air of personnel, mat6riel, and mail(including the evacuation of the wounded) for all WarDepartment agencies, to, from, and between the theatersof operation, is the responsibility of the Army Air Forcesand is performed by the Air Transport Command. Troopcarrier or other air transport units assigned to theater com-manders perform air transport operations within thetheater. In emergencies, other air units may be utilized toprovide the required air transportation.

143. Troop carrier units have the mission within theatersof providing transportation of parachute and airborneunits by airplane and glider, and of transporting by airother personnel (including evacuation of wounded).Troop carrier units within a theater of operations are nor-mally assigned to the theater air force commander. Suchunits as are necessary may be attached to the air supportcommand. When troop carrier units are used to augmentexisting theater transportation facilities, they may be tem-porarily attached to the theater air service command.

144. The regulating officer designated for air traffic willexercise such control over air transport as may be directedby the theater commander.

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CHAPTER 4

SUPPLY AND MAINTENANCE INARMY

GENERAL

145. The army is the largest administrative unit in thecombat zone. Its commander is responsible for organiza-tion and operation of administrative arrangements to servecomponents of his command. He is responsible also fordefense of the army service area.

146. The administrative plan for an army is dependent onthe plan of operations. The army commander estimates

· requirements for projected operations and formulates hisadministrative plan.

147. Sources of supply for an army are the communications,zone and local resources in the army area.

148. Local resources are exploited in accordance with thefundamentals expressed in paragraph 65 and section V,chapter 10. Supplies from this source are distributed bymeans of installations to be described for other supplies.

149. Supplies from the communications zone are procuredby one or more of the following methods: requisition directon the communications zone (class II,supplies), requisi-tion on theater headquarters (class IV supplies), statement

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of requirements (daily telegram) to regulating officer (classI and III supplies), calls on the regulating officer againstcredits allocated to the army by theater headquarters (prin-cipally class V artd specified items of class IV supplies)(see sec. VI, ch. 2).

150. Supplies from the communications zone are deliveredby communications zone agencies to army installations.

151. Control of all supply and evacuation traffic betweenthe communications zone and army installations is vestedin the regulating officer, an agent of the theater com-mander. In order that supplies may be forwarded to thearmy in the priority desired by the army commander, cop-ies of all requests for supplies are sent to the regulatingofficer. Close liaison is essential between the army staffand that of the regulating officer, in order that the lattermay be informed continuously of needs of the army and ofdesired location of army supply points.

152. Allocations of credits are made by army to corps andto army troops. In all other matters of supply and mainte-nance the army deals directly with divisions concerningtheir requirements, and with corps concerning requirementsof corps troops. Division and corps keep the army in-formed as to their requirements by means of requisitions,reports of expenditures, daily telegrams, and special re-ports. The army keeps its subordinate echelons informedof location of supply points from which each unit is to beserved, and of types of supplies therein.

ORGANIZATION FOR SUPPLY

153. The army commander is the responsible head of ad-ministration, including supply and maintenance throughoutthe army.

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154. Handling supplies within the army area, includingtheir storage, if any, and delivery to components is accom-plished through installations located by the army com-mander.

155. An army depot is a supply point where supplies arereceived from the communications zone or from localsources, and are unloaded, classified and stocked in pilesor bins for issue to unit trains. When storage space is notavailable for supplies requiring cover, dunnage and tar-paulins are used.

156. The communications zone delivers class I and class IIsupplies to railheads in the combat zone or as close to troopunits as practicable. When railheads are within reach ofusing units, supplies are loaded on unit transportation byarmy service personnel. When railheads cannot be solocated, transportation available to the army is used toadvance these supplies to points accessible to unit transpor-tation. In rapidly moving situations, when expendituresare light or the mobility of a supply installation is essential,railheads may be utilized for other supplies such as forti-fications mat&riel.

157. When supplies in quantity are shipped by truck fromcommunications zone establishments to the army area, theunloading point is termed a truckhead or a depot, depend-ing upon degree of organization of the supply point. Sim-ilarly, the army may move supplies forward from its depotsor railheads by means of its own motor transport in orderto furnish closer support to its divisions and corps, thusestablishing either advance army depots or truckheads.

RESERVE SUPPLIES158. The ideal supply system would deliver all types ofsupplies from the communications zone directly to front line

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units at times and in quantities needed. Such a system ispossible only for those items which are consumed at a uni-form rate and when the lines of communication are able tofunction on a prearranged schedule. Demand for manyitems of supply fluctuates widely. Lines of communica-tion may be interrupted and shipping schedules delayed,not only by hostile interference but also by unforeseen in-cidents within our own transportation system. All of theseconditions require that a reserve of supplies be accumulatedcloser to the front than the advance depots of the communi-cations zone. The army establishes these reserves of essen-tial combat supplies in order promptly to meet the needs ofits combatant troops. This reservoir of supplies is designedto take up slack in time of delivery, to meet unexpecteddemands, and to meet the constant and often rapidly chang-ing military situation.

159. The need for certainty of supply indicates the desira-bility of accumulating large stocks in the army area. Onthe other hand, flexibility of the supply system, to enable itto meet rapidly moving situations and maintain safety ofthe supplies from capture or destruction by the enemy, dic-tates a minimum stock level. For each operation a con-tinuous estimate of the supply and transportation situationmade in conjunction with the tactical estimate will indicatethe quantity of supplies to be stocked.

160. In general, it is desirable to have on hand in armyestablishments sufficient supplies to enable subordinate unitsto replace therefrom each day's expenditures prior to com-mencement of the following day's operation. To accom-plish this result with certainty, supplies sufficient for aminimum of 2 days' operations normally should be stocked.When lines of communication from the communicationszone are liable to interruption by hostile air attack or

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ground raids, this level of stocks will have to be increasedin direct proportion to the prospective delay.

161. In a rapidly moving situation the army can best giveclose support to its divisions and corps by retaining its re-serve of supplies loaded either on trucks or on railroad cars.Usually the amount of transportation available will permitonly a portion of army's reserve supplies thus to be keptmobile. When cavalry, armored, or motorized forces aresent on distant missions into territory where the MilitaryRailway Service will be unable to commence operationpromptly, the army reinforces these units by truck trainsloaded with reserve supplies.

NUMBER AND LOCATION OF SUPPLY POINTS

162. When the bulk of supplies will be received by rail fromthe communications zone, army supply points are located inthe vicinity of railroad stations where sufficient siding ca-pacity already exists. In mobile situations iAsufficient timewill be available to construct new sidings.

In order to give close support to divisions and corps,army supply points will be established as close to the front asthe tactical situation permits. Sites are selected givingaccess to good roads leading to the front and within practi-cable hauling distance for unit trains.

For safety against air bombardment, supplies are dis-persed within supply points whenever possible. In addi-tion, several supply points containing the same class ofsupplies are established for the more important items, suchas ammunition. Such a dispersion of supply.points in theinterest of safety also adds flexibility to the supply systemand facilitates simultaneous loading of a greater number oftrucks without dangerous concentration of motor vehicles atany one supply establishment.

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163. The number of class V (ammunition) supply pointsestablished by the army is governed not only by location ofcombat troops, but also by road and railroad nets and typeof installation adopted (railhead or depot). In general,ammunition supply points should be outside of enemyartillery range; otherwise, they should be as close as pos-sible to the troops. In the interest of security from enemyaircraft, they must be relatively small, numerous, and dis-persed. They should be located so that when one supplypoint is lost, the ammunition supply to a major unit willnot be totally disrupted. Ammuntion constitutes by farthe greatest mass of supplies to be moved to combat troops,hence these supply points are given preference in selectionof locations in forward areas. Normally, not less than twoammunition supply points per division are established.

164. The army quartermaster establishes gasoline and oilsupply points at all railheads and depots or at convenientlocations, such, as civilian gasoline filling stations, on mainsupply routes leading thereto, thus enabling motor vehiclessent to the rear for any purpose to be filled with gasolineand oil on the same trip.

165. Engineer class IV supply points contain heavy stocksof fortification, demolition, bridge, road, and railroad mate-rials. At least one such supply point is established percorps and as far forward as the situation permits.

166. Medical depots are normally located with each groupof established evacuation hospitals, the largest consumers ofmedical supplies.

167. Army ordnance depots operated by ordnance depotcompanies are located in close proximity to army ordnancemaintenance units. Ordnance depots include motor vehi-

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cle replacement pools. Before issue to combat units,ordnance maintenance units inspect each vehicle to insurecompleteness of equipment and readiness for combat.

168. Remount depots are located within a day's march ofveterinary evacuation hospitals in order to receive rehabili-tated animals returned to duty.

169. Other class II and IV supply points are established atconvenient points in the army service area. The volume ofsupplies stocked therein is small, hence they may be locatedfarther to the rear than ammunition, engineer, and class Iand III supply points.

SERVICE AT ARMY SUPPLY POINTS

170. Each chief of an army supply service provides thecommander, staff, and technically trained personnel requiredfor operation of each supply point stocked with supplies ofhis service. Additional labor required is furnished by detailfrom the army quartermaster service organizations supple-mented at times by civilian labor, and transportation fromthe army motor transport pool. Army service personnel notonly stocks the several supply points, but also loads trucksdispatched for refilling from divisions and from army andcorps troops.

171. At class I railheads, army service personnel receives,stores and, when railheads are within reach of unit trans-portation, issues supplies direct to unit transportation. Thispersonnel sorts supplies into appropriate unit lots and loadstrucks sent to the railhead to draw supplies.

INFLUENCE OF TACTICAL OPERATIONS

172. In the concentration concurrent with incoming troopmovements, the army commander is responsible for supply

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and evacuation of troops both during concentration periodand during preparation for contemplated operations.

Provided capacity of the railway net permits, daily auto-matic supply for class I and III supplies is used. When thismethod cannot be used, all incoming units bring with themsufficient_ supplies to last until automatic supply can beinitiated. Another alternative is to establish and stock thesesupplies in depots or at railheads prior to the concentration.

Supply depots for class II, IV, and V supplies, except med-ical supplies, are not established unless their locations will besuitable to meet demands of the troops for the next opera-tion, or unless the troops are to remain in the concentrationarea for some time. If depots are established and stocked,supplies are brought in before concentration begins, ortime is allotted in the railway schedule to bring in supplytrains during the concentration. The simplest method toadopt for meeting supply demands of the troops during con-centration is delivery of all classes of supplies to railheadson the daily train.

Need of medical supplies for men and for animals beginswith arrival of troops in the concentration area and con-tinues throughout the period. A medical depot carryingminimum stocks for replacement of expenditures and short-ages is established about the time the evacuation hospital isopened.

173. During an advance by night marches, delivery of classI and III supplies is accomplished by establishing rail-heads or truckheads each night well forward in the areas towhich the units have marched during the preceding night.During daylight marches railheads are located close in therear of the new bivouac areas.

Prior to contact between hostile main force and mainbody of the advancing army, principal expenditure of am-munition is by the covering forces, by antiaircraft artillery,

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and by aircraft. This ammunition is replaced eitherthrough class I railheads of the expending units or by es-tablishing an ammunition railhead to serve these units.Tentative plans are made for increased ammunition sup-ply, but during the first phases of contact ammunition isshipped into the army area only in amounts sufficient toreplace expenditures. This precaution avoids completestocking and subsequent movement of ammunition in theevent that any or all locations selected prove unsuitablefor later operations of the army.

In the advance by the army, particularly through hostileterritory or territory .recently occupied by hostile forces,considerable road and railroad reconstruction and repair isusually required. This condition necessitates establish-ment of supply points of engineer construction materialalong the route of advance, as dependence on depots inrear of the army area would impose an inordinate burdenon the organic transportation of the army.

Sections of the medical supply depot are advanced asthe occasion demands.

Unless the army is advancing over a great distance, sup-ply points for class II and IV supplies (excluding en-gineer construction material and medical supplies) shouldnot be established along the route of advance. Tenta-tive locations are selected for these supply points and plansmade for establishing and maintaining stocks thereat withthe same limitations imposed as in the case of ammunition.

174. In attack, supply.points for essential combat suppliesare located within reach of transportation of regimentsand smaller units. These essential supplies are food, gaso-line, oil, ammunition, medical, and in most situations, en-gineer. Other supply points likewise may be located rela-tively close to the combat area if their previous locationsare so far to the rear that distribution by motor is not prac-

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ticable or if their stocks have been exhausted. However,if they are within practicable motor distribution distance,necessity for close support is not so great as to make it ad-visable to move them.

175. In defense, the initiative has been relinquished to theenemy, at least temporarily. Although initial dispositionsof the defending force are known, final dispositions for theconduct of the defense will depend upon actions of theenemy. While need for close support of troops by supplyservices is as desirable as in attack, a compromise is neces-sary. All depots are located farther to the rear than inattack in order that a maneuver of the hostile attackingforce will not immediately threaten them. Stocks in thesedepots are held to the minimum consistent with railwayfacilities and time required to bring supplies from the com-munications zone. By placing supply points well to therear and by holding stocks to the minimum, time is assuredfor moving installations farther to the rear or for changinglines of communication if these changes are made neces-sary by the outcome of defensive battle. The disadvan-tage resulting from this increased distance from supplypoints to troops is offset by placing on defensive positionsnecessary quantities of essential battle supplies (chiefly am-munition and engineer supplies), and by use of unit reserves.

176. In retrograde movements, the following fundamentalconsiderations are to be observed: Movement of suppliesand services is not allowed to interfere with movements ofcombat units; forward movement of supplies is reduced tothe minimum consistent with adequate supply of essen-tial materials to the troops; supplies moved to the rear; aug-mented by any additional essential supplies required tobe brought forward from the rear, are dumped at succes-sive positions in quantities adequate to serve the troops

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on each position. Supplies which have to be adandonedare destroyed.

MOVEMENT OF SUPPLY POINTS

177. Initial army supply points selected for an advance ora retirement usually will prove unsatisfactory during laterphases of the operation. New depots and railheads must beopened which are more accessible to the units served.Movement of a stocked depot to a new location frequentlyrequires great expenditure of time, labor, and transpor-tation.

178. In an advance, plans provide for shift of depots whenstocks are depleted, or arrangements are made for the com-munications zone to take over rearward depots and permitthe army to open new depots in more advanced locations.

179. In a retirement it is important to anticipate the re-quired move in order to keep depot stocks at a minimum,thus avoiding transfer of large stocks to a new depot, ortheir destruction in the event that their removal cannot beaccomplished.

180. A shift in location of a stocked depot system is usuallybeyond capabilities of the army motor transport.

MAINTENANCE

181. Maintenance personnel, equipment, and spare partsappropriate in size and capacity to the units they serve areorganic components of all units.

182. The army receives from its components all unservice-able equipment, including captured mat6riel, which cannotbe repaired within the lower units. In addition, all equip-

69

ment, including equipment captured from or abandonedby the enemy and that collected through salvage operationsin the army area, is sorted, and such of it as can be repairedeconomically is turned over to army repair agencies.

183. Equipment requiring extensive repairs or repair be-yond capacity of army repair units is evacuated to the com-munications zone.

184. Each army supply service includes maintenance unitsequipped and trained to repair equipment furnished by theservice, and similar equipment captured from the enemy orabandoned by him. These units establish and operateshops for repairs made within the army.

185. Whenever possible, army repair shops are located sothat they can utilize existing civilian utilities and shop facili-ties. These facilities usually will be found only in largertowns.

186. For convenience in administration and facility of sup-ply, each army repair shop is located close to a supply pointstocked with materials required by that shop.

187. Army repair shops once established should remain inoperation in the same locality as long as practicable.

188. Repaired equipment is either returned to the unitfrom which it was received or placed in army supply pointsfor reissue. In the latter case other equipment is issuedin replacement.

RECOVERY OF CAPTURED MATERIELAND SUPPLIES

189. Planning for the recovery and utilization of capturedmat6rial is a command function. Commanders of all units

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take every opportunity to employ captured or abandonedmat6riel against the enemy for the moral as well as the ma-terial effect of such use.

190. In the event troops do not know how to use capturedmat&riel or cannot use it, it is processed back through ap-propriate maintenance or supply channels for repair orsupply to troops who can use it.

191. Captured ammunition is assembled and reported tothe nearest ordnance officer for addition to ammunitionstocks and supply to units equipped with enemy mat6riel.

192. Other captured supplies are either utilized locally orreported to the appropriate supply agency for disposition.

193. Battlefield recovery must be begun during the battleand continued without interruption until completed, inorder that the salvage of usable mat6riel may not be pre-vented by deterioration or enemy action.

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CHAPTER 5

SUPPLY AND MAINTENANCE INCORPS AND DIVISION

ParagraphsSECTION I. Corps ______________________________ 194-200

II. Division _________-- ______---_____--- 201-220III. Cavalry division ___________ -_________ 221-226IV. Armored division ___-_-____-______-___ 227-232

SECTION I

CORPSCORPS WITHIN THE ARMY

194. When the corps is part of an army, it has few adminis-trative functions other than those pertaining to corps troops.The corps has no reserve supplies for its component unitsand is not a link in the chain of supply and maintenance,except in the cases noted below.

195. The corps allocates and acts on requisitions for am-munition. It coordinates supply and maintenance per-formed by army maintenance units which are designated tosupplement the organic maintenance of its divisions and thecorps units.

196. Status reports from the divisions and from corpstroops are transmitted through corps headquarters to the

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army because the status of essential combat supplies hasconsiderable bearing on tactical missions assigned.

197. When deemed desirable, the corps commander mayrecommend to the army the location or changes in locationof supply points installed for support of his divisions andcorps troops.

198. In order to gauge combat efficiency of his divisions,the corps commander must know the status of supply andmaintenance therein. This knowledge is obtained by suchinspection as he may make, or order his staff to make, andby such reports as he may require from the divisions.

199. Supply and maintenance of corps troops are effectedby the same methods as are employed in the division, thecorps commander performing functions analogous to thoseprescribed for a division commander.

DETACHED CORPS

200. When a corps is detached from an army for bothoperations and administration, it becomes in effect a smallarmy. In this status it is responsible for its own supply andevacuation. It must operate installations similar in char-acter to those prescribed for an army and must be rein-forced by attachment of necessary service units.

SECTION II

DIVISIONGENERAL

201. The principles outlined in paragraph 4o are applicable.to supply of the division. Regiments and smaller separateunits, using their unit transportation, are capable ordinarily

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of reaching army supply points 20 to 30 miles in the rear.Less distant supply points are preferable, if practicable; onthe other hand, much more distant supply points can bereached if necessary and if road conditions are favorable.Transportation provided by the division quartermasterservice is intended for reserve supplies and equipment, forvehicle replacement, and for troop movement. It shouldbe used for supply only in emergency.

202. Normally supplies are not transferred from truck totruck nor placed on the ground from the time they are re-ceived from the army supply points until they are deliveredto using troops.

203. Reserves of supplies carried by regiments or smallerseparate units in their trains are usually those prescribed byTables of Basic Allowances. In preparation for and duringcombat these reserves are augmented by supplies in unitsupply points. Reserve supplies under division control con-sist of those carried in the trains of the division services,those at division supply points, and the remaining portionof credits allocated to the division at army supply points.

POOLING OF TRANSPORTATION

204. While certain trucks within the division are assignedprescribed loads, it does not follow that their use is limitedto transporting stch loads. Except for motor vehiclesissued as an aid to movement of active weapons such asprime movers or weapons carriers, all trucks of any unit areconsidered as a pool of transportation to be used as re-quired. By this means maximum flexibility and capacityare obtained.

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CLASS I SUPPLY

205. The following rations are prescribed for field serviceand consist of such items as may be specified by the WarDepartment or the commander of the field forces:

a. Field ration A corresponds in general to the peacetimegarrison ration and is generally perishable. Being perish-able, it-is not suitable as a reserve ration.

b. Field ration B is the same as field ration A except thatnonperishable substitutes replace perishable items. Thisration is suitable for reserve purposes.

c. Field ration C is a cooked balanced ration in cans.Each ration consists of three cans of prepared meats andvegetables and three cans of crackers, sugar, and solublecoffee. As this ration is not perishable, it is suitable for useas a unit reserve or as an individual reserve.

d. Field ration D consists of three 4-ounce chocolate barsper ration. It is a nonperisable ration and is suitable foruse as an individual reserve.

e. Field ration K consists of three units, each containingone meal, packed in a rectangular container. This rationmay be used to replace the C ration for special purposes.

f. Additional type rations may be prescribed after adop-tion by the War Department. The A ration will be issueddaily from class I railheads to all divisions and other unitsnot actively engaged with the enemy. In battle, one ofthe nonperishable rations or combinations thereof will beissued daily to the units engaged.

206. Quantity and type of rations to be carried by individ-uals and on unit and divisional trains as a prescribed loadwill be announced from time to time by the division orhigher commander. Factors influencing this decision areprobability of combat, distance to railheads, amount oftransportation available, character and condition of road

555811*--436 O75

net, and relative urgency of class I supplies versus othersupplies.

207. The army quartermaster service sorts rations at ornear supply points into lots for regiments and smaller sep-arate units. Supply vehicles arrive at the supply points ac-cording to a time schedule established by the division, orcorps in the case of corps troops, in accordance with armyinstructions. The trucks are loaded at supply points byarmy service personnel. They are unloaded at the unit andsorted into kitchen lots by unit personnel.

208. The basis of procurement for rations is the dailystrength report (daily telegram) of the division to the armyquartermaster. This daily telegram includes the actualstrength in men and animals of the divisions as of a specificdate and hour and the type of field ration desired. A copyis furnished the railhead officer of the class I supply railheadserving the division for his information and future planning.

209. In combat, regimental (or battalion) S-4's may estab-lish a rear echelon where all kitchens are assembled. Fromthis point trucks are dispatched with cooked meals to loca-tions from which the food can be carried to the troops.

CLASS II AND IV SUPPLIES

210. Items of class II and IV supplies are obtained bydivisions or separate units from army supply points, usuallyby requisition. When a credit for any item has beenallocated, an informal request for the items desired, signedby the unit supply officer, should be forwarded to the G-4of the division or other headquarters controlling the credit.The special staff supply officer concerned, at the directionof the G-4, will then make the necessary arrangements withthe army to provide the items requested (see par. 82).

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CLASS III SUPPLY

211. The amount of class III supplies consumed in the dailyoperation of the division varies within wide limits. Theamount is dependent on distance division moves, distanceto army supply points, and quantity of supplies to be hauled.The status of gasoline and oil within the division is re-ported to army in the daily telegram.

212. A reserve of gasoline and oil in containers is carriedin each unit. As far as practicable, initial distribution ofthis reserve is made to each motor vehicle.

213. Each motor vehicle operating between army supplypoints and unit areas replenishes its supply of gasoline andoil at the most convenient class III supply point establishedby the army. Vehicles operating in forward areas areresupplied with gasoline and oil by exchanging empty con-tainers for full ones brought forward from army supplypoints either by regimental or divisional transportation.

CLASS V SUPPLY

214. Since prescribed loads of some unit trains do not in-clude sufficient ammunition for a severe engagement, it isoften necessary to stock ammunition in the combat area.The basis of resupply of ammunition of all types is battery,battalion, or regimental supply points, which are stockedinitially from ammunition trains as soon as troops arrivein assembly areas or on a position. Ammunition trainsthen commence hauling between army supply points andunit supply points until the desired supply is accumulated.If ammunition trains have insufficient capacity to accom-plish desired results, they are reinforced either by othertrucks from the unit or by attached quartermaster trucks.

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215. The ideal situation is to have at all times within easyaccess to machine-gun, mortar, and gun positions anamount of ammunition equal to expenditures to be madefrom those positions, in addition to the prescribed loadsof the unit vehicles. Part of this ammunition may bedumped at the positions of individual pieces. This pro-vides maximum supply with the weapons when they dis-place, and at the same time does not require abandonmentof ammunition in a rearward movement or rehandlingammunition in a forward movement. The practical solu-tion is to approach the ideal situation as closely as avail-able transportation and ability to predict expenditures willpermit.

216. In the absence of a specific directive, the quantity ofammunition to be dumped in regimental or battalion areasis the responsibility of the regimental or battalion com-mander based on his estimate of the situation, includingsuch factors as ammunition allocations, probable time,type, location, and duration of combat, distance to am-munition supply points, and transportation available.

217. Ammunition is usually made available to the divisionby allocation from the corps commander of credits at a desig-nated army supply point(s). The division commander, inturn, makes allocations to subordinate units.

218. The division ordnance officer keeps the record of allallocations and of drafts made therefrom. He also carriesout such other administrative details with respect to ammu-nition supply as may be required. He may establish a divi-sion ammunition office for this purpose.

WATER SUPPLY219. Each kitchen carries as a part of its normal load alimited supply of water for drinking and cooking. Resupply

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is effected either locally or by sending empty containers inregimental or divisional transportation to water distributingpoints established by the division engineers. If local re-sources are insufficient, army engineers establish water sup-ply points for the division, using either tank trucks or rail-road tank cars. Drinking and cooking water obtained fromsources not approved by the division surgeon is chlorinatedprior to use.

RECOVERY OF CAPTURED MATERIELAND SUPPLIES

220. The division operates as part of the army in effectingrecovery and use of captured mat6riel and supplies. Cap-tured mat6riel which cannot be repaired or employed bydivision agencies is turned over to the next higher echelonof maintenance for that type of materiel. Captured ma-t6riel which appears to be of new design or to contain newmaterials is turned over to the special staff officer of theappropriate supply branch, who will in turn expedite itsdelivery directly to the theater of operations special staffofficer for technical analysis.

SECTION III

CAVALRY DIVISION221. Methods of supply and the supply installations usedby the cavalry division are, in general, similar to those usedby the infantry division. However, some variations arenecessary because the cavalry division often operates over abroad front at a considerable distance from a railhead,because of the large number of animals in the cavalry divi-sion and because of its greater mobility.

79

222. Where the distance to a railhead is such that supplyby organic division transportation is impracticable, it is nec-essary for the army to establish advance supply points withinreach of the division transportation. Alternatively, addi-tional trucks may be attached to the division to carry essen-tial supplies required by the division during the time thatthe organic transportation is out of practicable operatingdistance from a supply point.

223. At times, conditions under which cavalry operatesnecessitate intermittent supply at 2- or 3-day intervals ratherthan daily. Kitchens are not always bivouacked in a regi-mental rear echelon but frequently are located with theirtroops. Mounted units of the cavalry division are equippedwith kitchen and ration packs in addition to kitchen trucksto provide cooking facilities under conditions where truckscannot operate.

224. In the rapidly moving situations characteristic ofcavalry action, reserves of ammunition are kept on wheels'or in pack ready for immediate movement rather than indumps on the ground. Pack animals with a cavalry divi-sion afford an additional means for transporting small-arms ammunition. They are used as a link in the chain ofammunition supply between motorized trains and dis-mounted carrying parties, and are capable of transportingammunition over practically all types of terrain.

225. If local resources in hay and water are not readilyavailable to the regiments, the amount of transportation tobring up these supplies from the rear is a large factor indetermining quantity of reinforcing transportation that mustbe made available, both to the regiments and to the divisionas a whole.

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226. When cavalry units operate over terrain unsuited formotor transport, it will often be necessary to supply themby air transport and pack transportation.

SECTION IV

ARMORED DIVISION227. Supply of an armored division is based on the samegeneral methods of supply which are applicable to the in-fantry and cavalry divisions, but variations occur becausethe combat elements of the armored division are completelyequipped with vehicles. Conditions under which armoredforces operate at times may require intermittent supply at2- or 3-day intervals instead of daily.

228. When the armored division operates beyond prac-ticable hauling distance from a railhead, it is necessary forthe army to establish supply points within reach of the or-ganic division transportation. Alternatively, the army mayreinforce the division with trucks carrying sufficient gasolineand oil, ammunition, rations, and other essential suppliesfor its use during the .period the division is out of haulingdistance of a supply point.

229. Where extreme distance from the base or the presenceof hostile troops precludes the use of motor transport, itmay be necessary to utilize air transport to move essentialsupplies to armored forces.

230. Supply of gasoline and oil and maintenance of combatvehicles are vital to operations of the armored division.Hence, some supply and maintenance vehicles must accom-pany combat elements to provide for essential supply andmaintenance activities for the armored regiments. Other

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supply and maintenance vehicles not immediately essentialin preparation for and during combat are normally keptwell to the rear and are brought forward as required.

231. Just prior to combat, a service park is established foreach armored regiment and armored division.' These parksform the forward base for supply, evacuation, and mainte-nance activities for the armored regiments and armoreddivision in preparation for and during combat.

Service parks are so located that combat elements arepromptly served and reasonable protection is provided. Alocation is sought which provides cover from air and groundobservation, protection from effective artillery fire, andterrain features favoring all around defense. A townproperly situated is a desirable location for a service park.

232. Because of its missions, the armored division maycarry more ammunition than the infantry division. To re-plenish ammunition expenditures, trucks of the artilleryammunition trains and unit trains transport ammunitionbetween ammunition supply points established by the higherechelons and combat elements. Loads are transferred to.combat vehicles of combat elements in their respective areas.Reserves of ammunition normally will be kept mobile.

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CHAPTER 6

AIR FORCE UNITS

(Under revision. Contents of this chapter, paragraphs233 to 282 inclusive, will be published as a numbered changewhen available.)

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CHAPTER 7

EVACUATION, HOSPITALIZATIONAND SANITATION

Paragraphs

SECTION I. General _____---_--- _---------------- 283-295II. Within infantry regiment __________---- 296-307

III. Within division _______--------------- 308-321IV. Within corps _______----------------- 322-324V. Within army _________________------- 325-336

VI. Within communications zone______------ 337-350VII. Medical service with cavalry, motorized,

armored, and air force units__--------- 351-379VIII. Sanitation in theater of operations___---_- 380-390

SECTION I

GENERALMISSION AND ORGANIZATION

283. Evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation are func-tions of the medical service, whose primary missions aremaintenance of the greatest possible number of humanand animal effectives for duty in all units and prompt as-sumption of care of noneffectives.

284. Medical personnel are attached to regiments and cor-responding units of the arms and other services. Principalduties of such attached personnel are sanitation, treatmentof sick and injured not requiring hospitalization, first aid,

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and collection of wounded in aid stations for evacuationby medical units of higher echelons.

285. Medical regiments, battalions, and squadrons are com-posed entirely of medical troops. Some of these are assignedto and are integral parts of armies, corps, and divisions.Their principal duties are collecting, sorting, clearing, andevacuating casualties to mobile hospitals.

286. Evacuation, surgical, and convalescent hospitals aremobile hospitals established in the combat zone to givetemporary hospitalization to casualties received from divi-sions, corps, and army troops.

287. Field hospitals are mobile, fixed bed hospitals designedto give definite treatment in the field where it is impracticalto place fixed hospitals. General and station hospitals arefixed hospitals located in the communications zone. Gen-eral hospitals give definitive treatment to all classes of caseswithin the theater of operations. Station hospitals serveonly the troops in the limited area in which they are located.

OPERATION

288. Efficient operation of the medical service is a functionof command. Medical units are assigned or attached tounits of other arms and services to enable commanders tocarry out this responsibility.

289. The general plan for evacuation, hospitalization, andsanitation within the theater of operations is prepared bythe chief surgeon of the theater in accordance with generalpolicies prescribed by the theater commander. The theatercommander retains supervision, but operation is decentral-ized to his various subordinates. Fixed hospitals (stationhospitals, general hospitals, and hospital centers) located in

8s

the communications zone are under the commander of thecommunications zone; evacuation and mobile hospitals inarmy areas are under army commanders; evacuation by railfrom the combat zone to the communications zone is underthe regulating officer. Sanitary measures are decentralizedto unit commanders, supervision being exercised throughtechnical inspection.

290. Plans and orders for evacuation and hospitalization aremade in conformity with and in amplification of combatplans and orders. Efficient execution requires that themedical service of any unit be informed of plans and ordersin ample time to enable it to make necessary arrangements.

291. Medical installations are set up only as required forthe situation as it exists, or to meet contingencies of theimmediate future. Means not required for these purposesare held in reserve to meet emergencies and movements.After receiving patients, ability of a medical unit to moveis dependent on evacuation of patients by a higher medicalechelon or on leaving patients to be picked up later by sup-porting medical troops.

292. Sorting of patients occurs at every medical installationin the chain of evacuation and hospitalization. Thosephysically fit are returned to duty. No patient is sentfarther to the rear than his physical condition or the mili-tary situation requires.

293. Impulse of medical action is from the rear. Rear unitsevacuate forward units, relieving them promptly of careof patients; ambulances are substituted for litters at theforward limit of traffic; hospital trains are substituted forambulances at the forward limit of rail traffic; mobile hos-pitals are pushed forward within easy reach of division

86

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clearing stations; and medical supplies are delivered at thestations of advanced units.

294. The process of evacuation of human casualties in thetheater is shown in figure 9. Movement of casualties is

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accomplished as follows: to aid stations, by walking or bylitters of attached medical troops; from aid stations, bywalking where practicable, otherwise by litters and ambu-

88

lances of the division medical service; from aid stations ofcorps troops (not shown in fig. 9), by the corps medicalregiment; from collecting stations, by ambulances of thedivision medical service; from clearing stations, by am-bulances of army medical troops; from evacuation hospitals,usually by hospital train, alternatively by ambulance orairplane, all furnished by the theater headquarters.

295. The process of evacuation of animal casualties isshown in figure 10.

SECTION II

WITHIN INFANTRY REGIMENTIN COMBAT

296. Medical personnel attached to a regiment is an inte-gral part of the regiment. For purposes of command,administration, and training, it is initially grouped in onedetachment. The detachment is organized into a head-quarters section and a section for each battalion. Whena battalion section is attached to a battalion it becomes anintegral part of the battalion and its efficient operation isthe responsibility of the battalion commander.

297. The medical detachment camps in conformity withthe disposition of the unit of which it is a part. Battalionor regimental dispensaries are established upon arrival incamp where sick and injured are examined and treated.Those requiring evacuation are held until collected by anambulance assigned to the regiment or provided by themedical service of the division.

89

298. The medical detachment on the march is disposed inthe column(s) as directed by the regimental and battalioncommanders to assure early treatment of casualties and tofacilitate deployment. Normally, battalion medical sec-tions usually march with their battalions, company aidmen with their companies, and the headquarters sectionat the tail of the regiment. Advance, flank, and rearguards are accompanied by an appropriate portion of themedical section of the unit furnishing the guard. Ambu-lances from the division medical service may be assignedor attached to regiments and similar units for service dur-ing the march.

299. Regimental and battalion surgeons march with theirunit headquarters, the assistant surgeon with the medicalsection in rear of the unit. This officer examines men au-thorized to fall out and await his passage. According tocircumstances, he gives each a permit admitting him to theambulance or authorizes him to place arms and equip-ment on the ambulance or other transportation providedfor that purpose; or, after treatment, directs him to reportto the guard at the tail of the unit.

300. When march collecting posts are established by thedivision medical service along route of march, unit sur-geons are relieved of their casualties at those points. Ifnone is provided, the casualties are transported on the am-bulance to the bivouac or assembly area of the,unit.

IN COMBAT

301. Prior to combat, a portion of each battalion sectionattached to each company or similar unit accompanies itinto action, and maintains close contact with it. Duties ofmen of this subsection (company aid men) are to apply

90

first aid to all casualties, direct to the rear those able towalk, mark points where casualties are assembled, and, sofar as practicable, place them along the axis of advanceunder shelter from fire. It is frequently necessary for acasualty to apply the first-aid packet or have it applied bya comrade.

302. Each battalion medical section establishes a battalionaid station at a point as near as practicable to the combatechelon. At this station the battalion medical section as-sembles walking casualties and: those gathered by litterbearers, gives them temporary care, and prepares them fortransportation to the rear. The aid station is relieved of itscasualties by collecting elements of the division medical unit.

303. There are no prescribed distances from the front forsites for battalion aid stations. They are placed as nearthe troops served as is compatible with their proper opera-tion. The ideal site for the station is: from 300 to 800 yardsfrom the front line, behind localities where bulk ofwounded will be found and on the natural line of drift ofwounded. It should have shelter from enemy fire andground observation, protection from the elements, andaccess to covered routes of movement to the front and rear.

304. In the attack, the aid. station moves forward as thebattalion advances, keeping in. close contact with and cov-ering the zone of action of the battalion. On the defense,the aid station is usually located in the rear part of thebattalion area. In retrograde: movements every effort ismade to prevent wounded. from falling into hands of theenemy. When this cannot be avoided; a minimum numberof medical attendants and necessary medical supplies are:left for their care.

555i811'-43- 7 91

305. The medical section with regimental headquartersnormally establishes a regimental aid station in generalvicinity of regimental headquarters. This station, usuallythe first established and the least frequently moved, is theheadquarters from which contact is maintained with bat-talion medical sections and from which they are reinforced.Casualties occurring in units not operating in the zone ofone of the battalions are assembled here and given tem-porary care. The station is not normally a link in thechain of evacuation between battalion aid stations and col-lecting stations. No combatant, unless duly authorized,'ispermitted to accompany wounded to the rear, and none ofthe medical personnel goes farther to the rear than the aidstation. The collecting company of the division medicalservice has the responsibility of maintaining contact withall aid stations, but battalion and regimental surgeons takesteps to insure that such contact is made and maintained.

306. The veterinary personnel attached to regiments andsimilar units containing animals apply first aid to disabledanimals, conduct those able to walk to the rear, placingthem under shelter from fire, and, as soon as practicable,assemble them at the veterinary aid station.

307. The veterinary aid station, normally one per regiment,separate battalion, or similar unit, is established at or nearthe point where unit animals are assembled. Animals fitfor duty after treatment are returned to the unit to whichthey pertain. Those requiring evacuation are taken overby the veterinary company or troop, if such is a part of thedivision medical service, or by an evacuation platoon of anarmy veterinary company if no division veterinary serviceis provided.

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SECTION III

WITHIN DIVISION

GENERAL

308. The division utilizes various elements of its medicalbattalion (regiment) to relieve the regimental and battal-ion medical sections of their sick and wounded and to givethem temporary care pending their evacuation by higherechelon.

309. In bivouac or camp, the medical battalion (regiment)camps as a unit, the ambulance units collecting the sick andwounded from unit dispensaries and transporting them tothe clearing station or to a hospital if such has been estab-lished.

310. On the march, collecting company detachments con-sisting of collecting and ambulance elements are attachedto each march grouping for march collection. The marchgroup commander may use a detachment of these elementsto follow the advance guard in the interval between it andhead of main body in order to insure early evacuation ofadvance guard aid stations. The medical battalion (regi-ment), less units attached to specific march groupings,marches with the motor group to which it is assigned by themarch order.

311. When forced marches are undertaken or when manycasualties are expected, march collection may be augmentedby march collecting posts set up at intervals along routesof march. A portion of a collecting platoon is transportedby ambulances in the interval between the advance guard

93

and the main body and leaves a detachment at each collect-ing post as it passes. Ambulances pick up the casualties andthe march collecting post personnel, transporting casualtiesto clearing stations and medical personnel to the newbivouac.

312. Continuous care of march casualties is provided bykeeping a portion of the clearing station in the old bivouacarea open until a new clearing station has been establishedin the new bivouac area. When march conditions cease, allelements of the medical battalion (regiment) revert to con-trol of the division surgeon.

313. In combat, the division employs the various elementsof the medical battalion (regiment) to establish collectingstations and a clearing station(s) for collection and tempo-rary care of casualties pending their evacuation by higherechelon. When the situation warrants, the division medicalservice is augmented by attachment to it of reinforcementsfrom the army medical service.

314. Collecting stations established by collecting companiesare points at which casualties are collected from aid stationsand given necessary emergency treatment prior to furtherevacuation. A collecting station normally is established foreach combat team in action and is located to give prefer-ential support to the main effort of the combat team.

A site for a collecting station preferably should be on linesof drift of wounded from the front, defiladed from hostileground observation and small-arms fire, far enough in rearto avoid involvement in minor fluctuations of the line, inclose support of units likely to receive heaviest casualties,accessible by road to ambulances from rear and front, closeenough to' front to reduce litter carry, near water, and withcover. These conditions usually will place the collecting

station from about 1,500 to 3,000 yards from the front linein attack. It maintains contact in movements by bounds.

315. Ambulance stations are points established for admin-istration and control of ambulaince units and regulation ofmovement of ambulances from front to rear, and vice versa.

316. The clearing station established by clearing companiesor clearing platoons is the rearmost echelon in the divisionmedical service. Here casualties are received from thecollecting stations, sorted, and given temporary care andemergency treatment. Operation of the station is based onthe fundamental that casualties are evacuated to rear asrapidly and as safely as possible. A desirable site for aclearing station is near good roads to front and rear; withinreasonable distance from collecting stations but out of rangeof enemy light artillery; in an area sufficient for completeestablishment; and, whenever practicable, where buildingswater, sewerage, and lighting facilities exist. These factorsusually will locate the clearing station from 8 to 12 milesfrom the front line, depending upon the tactical situationand the facilities available.

317. In attack, a collecting station is normally located be-hind each regiment engaged. Contact agents report to in-fantry battalion medical detachments prior to action, ac-company them, and establish contact with the collectingstation. Collecting stations may not be completely estab-lished at the time attack begins, but may be held in readinessto move in close support of the advancing infantry, so thatwhen enemy resistance causes a marked decrease in rate ofadvance, the collecting station may be established to giveclose support to units suffering heavy casualties. It must beprepared to displace forward and support at all times theprincipal effort of the combat team. This forward move-

ment normally is regulated by the division surgeon, but inemergencies the collecting unit commander may advancehis station to meet the conditions confronting him. Whenthe station is changed all concerned are informed of thenew location.

Ambulance units establish an ambulance station as closein rear of the collecting stations as the combat situation willpermit.

In attack situations where no great distance separatesmain and secondary attacks, one clearing station usually issufficient.. In this case all other factors being equal, itshould be so located as to favor the flank on which thegreater number of casualties is to be expected. Clearingstations are displaced forward when the ambulance haulbecomes excessive. In an envelopment in which there is awide separation of combat teams, one clearing station shouldbe established behind the main attack and another behindthe secondary attack.

318. In pursuit, medical installations continue to operateuntil cleared from positions occupied at time of decision topursue. All stations are cleared as rapidly as possible andprepared for movement forward in support of forces exert-ing direct pressure. Ambulances and reserve litter bearersare used to clear aid stations and battlefield of casualtiesleft by rapidly advancing troops.

Ambulance, collecting, and clearing elements taken fromreserve or from active units are attached to the encirclingforce in proportion to its size and composition.

319. In defense, units of the medical battalion (regiment)are initially employed in rough proportion to the combatunits committed to defense of the position. The remain-der are held in reserve to support the general reserve inthe counterattack, extension of flanks, or in the counter-

96

offensive. Collecting stations are located in rear of theregimental reserve line and at sites which have defiladefrom enemy artillery fire. The ambulances may frequentlyoperate ahead of the collecting station during lulls in en-emy artillery fire and at night. The clearing station islocated out of range of hostile medium artillery fire andaway from the flank most likely to be enveloped.

320. In retrograde movements, all available means are uti-

lized by the division medical service to accomplish a seriesof successive concentrations of casualties in medical installa-tion echeloned to rear. Control of operation and move-ments of units of the medical battalion (regiment) is de-centralized. The division surgeon designates initial sites,routes of withdrawal, and sites for medical installationsbehind final positions. Collecting and ambulance unitsremain in close support of withdrawing units. Litter bear-ers from collecting platoons may be sent to reinforce unitmedical detachments, and ambulances are pushed as farahead of collecting stations as the' situation will permit.Litter bearers and ambulances remain in support of cover-ing forces and withdraw with them. The clearing stationremains open in the old position to receive casualties untila new clearing station in a rearward position has been es-tablished. Timely evacuation of the clearing station byhigher echelon is indispensable to its mobility. Medicalpersonnel and supplies will be left with wounded at medi-cal installations from which casualties have not been evac-uated. The decision to abandon wounded is a commanddecision.

ANIMALS

321. Should the number of animals in an infantry divisionwarrant attachment of a veterinary company to the divisionmedical service, the company establishes and operates a

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veterinary clearing station for the purpose of relievingveterinary aid stations of animal casualties. It is centrallylocated 4 to 7 miles from the front line. Evacuation fromthe veterinary clearing station to veterinary evacuationhospitals is made by army veterinary companies. In theabsence of a veterinary clearing station in the division area,evacuation by army veterinary companies is direct from unitaid stations to veterinary evacuation hospitals.

In a retrograde movement, special effort is made toevacuate or otherwise dispose of disabled animals; whennecessary, they are destroyed. Neither the veterinary per-sonnel nor the animal patients are neutralized under theGeneva Convention, and the latter, if captured and capa-ble of early restoration to serviceability, become a militaryasset to the enemy.

SECTION IV

WITHIN CORPS322. The corps utilizes its medical service to furnish neces-sary medical assistance to corps troops and to superviseoperation of division medical personnel. It is not normallya link in the chain of evacuation from division to army in-stallations unless acting independently, in which case itsmedical service functions in the same manner as that of anarmy. When acting independently, the medical service of acorps is augmented from the next higher echelon, particu-larly ambulance companies and surgical and evacuationhospitals. The corps may be directed by the army tosupervise operation of surgical hospitals within the corpszone of action.

323. Ambulance units of the corps transport noneffectivesof corps units not serving in division zones of action to corps

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clearing stations established by the corps clearing company.They may also be used to reinforce the division collectingservice and, in emergencies, may assist the army in evacua-tion of division clearing stations.

324. Clearing companies establish corps clearing stationsfor the temporary care of the sick and wounded of corpstroops. They may be utilized to reinforce the division med-ical service or, in emergencies, to relieve the division clearingstations of their casualties in order to permit advance ofthose stations.

SECTION V

WITHIN ARMYGENERAL

325. The army medical service consists of a headquarters,medical regiments, evacuation hospitals, surgical hospitalsor motorized evacuation hospitals, a convalescent hospital,a veterinary company, a medical laboratory, and a medicalsupply depot. These units furnish evacuation and hos-pitalization system throughout the army area by givingnecessary medical attendance to army troops, reinforcingthe medical service of corps and divisions, and evacuatingcasualties from division and corps clearing stations to theevacuation hospitals where they are hospitalized pendingtheir recovery or removal to general hospitals of the com-munications zone or to army convalescent hospitals.

326. Need for evacuation, hospitalization, and medical sup-plies for men and animals begins with arrival of troops in theconcentration area and continues throughout the period.

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At least one evacuation hospital and one veterinary evacua-tion hospital should be in operation before the bulk of thetroops has arrived in the concentration area. The otherevacuation hospitals are held in reserve. A medical depot,carrying stocks for replacement of expenditures and short-ages in the army, opens at the time the evacuation hospitalis opened. The medical laboratory is utilized to assist insanitary survey of the area. In the advance, the evacuationhospital set up in the concentration area is utilized as longas facility of evacuation permits and thereafter other evac-uation hospitals are advanced well forward. Evacuationhospitals not needed are held at some central point in rear,loaded on trains if necessary rolling stock is available inorder to be moved forward quickly to those areas wherethey may be required.

HUMAN CASUALTIES

327. The army ambulance and collecting battalions, as-sisted in emergency by trucks or other available transporta-tion, evacuate army and corps clearing stations, surgicalhospitals, and clearing stations of all divisions to evacuationhospitals; transport patients from evacuation hospitals tothe convalescent hospital, if established, and assist in load-ing of hospital trains.

328. Portable surgical hospitals provide definitive surgicalcare in areas where wheeled transportation is extremelydifficult or impossible. They have their primary useful-ness in jungle warfare where they are established within afew hundred yards of the combat lines.

Semimobile evacuation hospitals are sent forward andestablished in the vicinity of division clearing stations, fromwhich they receive nontransportable or other serious cases,and provide early facilities for immediate surgical aid of a

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suitable character to the seriously wounded who cannotwithstand transportation farther to the rear. These hospi-tals are units of the army, but in operation may functionunder corps supervision.

329. Evacuation hospitals constitute the neck of the funnelthrough which all casualities (less those evacuated by air-plane) must pass in their transit from the combat zone tofixed hospitals in the communications zone. They are nor-mally established 12 to 30 miles or more from the battlefront, near landing fields, on railroads, or on navigablewaterways leading to the rear. Good roads to the frontare essential. When combat is imminent, evacuation hos-pitals in sufficient numbers only to meet expected initialneeds are established; others are held in reserve, preferablyloaded in readiness on trains. Grouping two or moreevacuation hospitals at one site facilitates evacuation of pa-tients to general hospitals and insures bed space for incom-ing casualties. Although classed as mobile, evacuationhospitals are relatively immobile, and when once estab-lished during combat they are not moved until the troopshave advanced so far that it is more advantageous to movethe unit to the patient than the patient to the unit. Afterhaving been cleared of patients, evacuation hospitals aremoved by rail or by army trucks. The army surgeon initi-ates arrangements for their movement. These units areestablished under tentage only in absence of adequate andsuitably located buildings.

330. Evacuation of patients from evacuation hospitals togeneral hospitals in the communications zone is effected bymeans of hospital trains, more rarely by motor transporta-tion, or by hospital boats, by arrangement with the regulat-ing officer.

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331'. The convalescent hospital, located well to rear of andcentral to the army area, receives from evacuation hospitalsconvalescent and other cases offering prospect of early resto-ration to combat fitness. It plays an important role in con-servation of troop strength in the combat zone.

332. The army medical laboratory is utilized in conduct ofepidemiological investigations, sanitary surveys, the moretechnical laboratory' examinations, and studies within thearmy area.

333. The army medical supply depot must have rail orwater connection with the regulating station and must beaccessible to motor vehicles from army establishments. Theunit may be divided into sections which are frequently estab-lished near groups of evacuation hospitals. Supplies areissued to army troops and establishments, and to divi-sions and corps through their medical battalions and regi-ments. Units drawing supplies from the depots use theirown transportation.

ANIMAL CASUALTIES

334. Army veterinary companies establish special clearingstations as required to meet needs of troops not otherwiseprovided for and conduct animal casualties requiring evac-uation from aid stations and clearing stations to veterinaryevacuation hospitals and from the latter to the veterinaryconvalescent hospital.

335. Veterinary evacuation hospitals receive casualties fromaid stations. and clearing stations and perform like functionsto those of evacuation hospitals of the medical service. Con-valescent animals are not returned direct to units, but areevacuated to convalescent hospitals when the latter are estab-lished. More serious cases requiring prolonged treatment

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but giving promise of complete recovery are sent to veter-inary general hospitals in the communications zone by meansof stock trains or special trains devised for transport of dis-abled animals. It is advantageous to locate evacuation hos-pitals near army or corps remount depots, and about 1 day'smarch for animals (15 to 20 miles) from the front, on a sitenear water.

336. The veterinary convalescent hospital receives convales-cent animals from veterinary evacuation hospitals, recondi-tions them, and issues them to the army. It is usually locatedwithin 1 day's march of veterinary evacuation hospitals.

SECTION VI

WITHIN COMMUNICATIONS ZONEGENERAL

337. The communications zone provides hospitalizationfor all cases originating therein or received from the combatzone. Number and type of medical units in the communi-cations zone depend upon location of the zone in relation tothe zone of the interior, extent of the zone, number of troopsinvolved, character of hostile resistance, and policy ofevacuation.

338. General policies regarding evacuation and hospitaliza-zation within the theater of operations are formulated bytheater headquarters. When the policy provides'that allcases probably able to return to duty within a reasonablelength of time are to be held in the theater, the number oftreatment beds required may approximate 15 percent of thestrength of the forces in the theater. Some of the unitsdestined to establish fixed hospitalization in the communi-

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cations zone usually will be able to utilize existing shelter inpermanent buildings. Accommodations for the rest mustbe provided by new construction.

339. Hospitalization requirements are anticipated and con-struction is begun months in advance of the time beds are tobe occupied. Only hospitals of the fixed type, except fieldhospitals, which are mobile fixed bed hospitals, are utilizedin the communications zone.

340. Field hospitals are mobile, fixed bed hospitals designedto give definite treatment in the field where it is impractica-ble to establish fixed bed hospitals. The unit is completelymotorized and is organized into three identical platoons,each of which is capable of independent action if required.

ORGANIZATION

341. Station hospitals serve only the limited area to whichassigned and usually do not receive patients from the com-bat zone. They are placed at locations in the communica-tions zone where there is a sufficient concentration ofmilitary personnel to require local hospitalization.

342. General hospitals are fixed units (x,ooo-bed capacity)designed for definitive treatment of all cases arising withinthe theater of operations. Normally, the majority of theircases come from the combat zone. They are located a suffi-cient distance from the combat zone so that military reverseswill not disturb their operation, and at points affording goodrail or water communication with regulating stations andwith the zone of the interior. They are dependent uponutilities such as water and sewerage systems, electricity, andgas. Suitable railroad sidings must be provided, andavailability of nearby landing fields for. airplane ambu-lances is desirable.

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343. General hospitals are grouped whenever practicableinto hospital centers of two or more general hospitals.Each hospital center contains a convalescent camp whichnormally has a bed capacity of 20 percent of the center.In these camps patients are prepared for return to duty.

MISCELLANEOUS UNITS

344. Aviation medical examining units conduct physicalexaminations of flying personnel. The number of theseunits depends upon size of air force in the theater.

Medical supply depots usually operate as a section ofgeneral supply depots. The amount of supplies carried inthose depots depends upon number of troops in the thea-ter, distance of the communications zone from the zone ofthe interior, and ease of replenishment.

345. Veterinary general hospitals and veterinary stationhospitals function for care of animal casualties in a man-ner closely paralleling that prescribed for personnel, exceptthat final disposition is made within the communicationszone. Evacuation of animal casualties to the zone of theinterior is not contemplated.

346. Auxiliary surgical groups are composed of small ad-ministrative units plus a number of various types of teams,such as surgical, orthopedic, shock, gas maxillo-facial, neuro-surgical, thoracic surgical, dental prosthetic, and miscel-laneous teams. These teams will be used to reinforce othermedical units.

347. Medical sanitary companies provide personnel toaugment normally assigned Medical Department person-nel in the maintenance of sanitation in large Medical De-partment units. These companies may also be employed

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on malaria control projects in conjunction with the workof the malaria control units.

348. A Medical Department concentration center is a thea-ter installation directly under control of the chief surgeon,but operated by the communications zone surgeon. It isa training center for new medical units and personnel ar-riving in the theater, a refitting center for medical unitswithdrawn for reconstitution, and the station for medicalunits in theater reserve, such as auxiliary surgical groups,surgical and evacuation hospitals.

349. The medical service of the combat zone and that ofthe communications zone are linked principally by the hos-pital train service operating under direct control of regu-lating stations. Hospital trains *and stock trains for eva-cuating animal patients are assigned to regulating stationsby theater headquarters on recommendation of the chiefsuregon. The senior medical officer on the staff of theregulating officer is the "medical regulator." This officer,under the regulating officer, handles all evacuation fromthe army served by his regulating station. The medicalregulator is furnished daily, or as often as necessary, reportsfrom army as to number and types of patients in evacuationhospitals requiring evacuation, and reports from 'the sur-geon, communications zone, as to the number and locationof beds available in fixed hospitals to which patients can beevacuated. From the information contained in these reportsthe medical regulator prepares train schedules in coordi-nation with other staff officers at the regulating station andadvises evacuation hospitals and army G-4 of time of arrivalof trains. A bed credit in a specific hospital is of little useto a regulating officer unless it amounts to at least 300 bedsenough to accommodate one trainload of patients.

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350. The extent to which airplane ambulances are usedwill be governed by number available in the theater, pres-ence or absence of suitable landing fields within a short dis-tance of point or points where casualties are collected, andcharacter of the country and of the warfare. Wheneverpracticable, it is desirable to transport seriously woundedfrom the division area direct to general hospitals.

SECTION VII

MEDICAL SERVICE WITH CAVALRY,MOTORIZED, ARMORED, AND AIRFORCE UNITS

HORSE CAVALRY

351. Medical service in the cavalry division, horse, operatessimilarly to that in the infantry division. Medical units withcavalry are as mobile as the units they serve.

352. Tendency to disperse medical personnel by undue at-tachments to'detached cavalry elements should be avoided.

353. Casualties in all' echelons are concentrated at collect-ing points on the axis of advance where they can be takenover by supporting medical units in the rear. Measures fortemporary care of casualties pending their evacuation areimprovised by the medical units. Cavalry units require closesupport of medical units operating from rear, in order thatthe command, may not be burdened' with casualties for careof which, but little means exist.

354. For tactical employment the medical detachment ofthe cavalry regiment is' divided into a headquarters' section,a squadron section for each squadron, and a veterinary sec-

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tion. Operation of these sections is similar to that in theinfantry regiment except that all aid stations established areof the most temporary character. A considerable portionof the casualties having received first aid from the troopaid men may be sent to the aid station on their own mounts.Casualties unable to proceed to the rear on their mounts arecollected in groups in sheltered places (collecting points) tobe evacuated by the collecting troop or ambulances from themedical squadron.

355. In a mounted attack the squadron medical sectiontakes a central position in rear of the squadron and changesits disposition to conform to action of units engaged. Themost advantageous time for collection of casualties will beimmediately following attack and while the troops are beingreorganized and maneuvered to meet counterattack or topursue.

356. Aid stations are not fully established during periodsof continued and rapid movement of troops. They arepartly or fully established when contact with the enemy hasproduced a'grouping of casualties and a temporary cessa-tion of movement. When established, they are operated ina manner that will facilitate their prompt displacement.

357. The regimental aid station may be established to re-lieve squadron aid stations of their casualties. If not estab-lished, its personnel is used as a reserve or as supportingunits for the squadron sections. An accumulation of cas-ualties on the field, at collecting points, or at aid stations,must not prevent the medical personnel attached to cavalryfrom maintaining contact with the units they serve. Thesecasualties are collected by supporting collecting platoons orambulances from the medical squadron.

358. When the cavalry regiment is employed in combinedmounted and dismounted action, the headquarters medical

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section normally establishes an aid station in rear of thecenter of the pivot of maneuver. Squadron medical sec-tions operate as described in the previous paragraph.- Allcollecting points are cleared by the headquarters medicalsections or by supporting ambulance and collecting troopsfrom the division medical service.

359. The veterinary section is organized to establish twosquadron aid stations or one regimental aid station. Thesection functions in a manner similar to the medical sections.In combined mounted and dismounted action, one veteri-nary aid station may be employed behind the pivot, whilethe other follows the maneuvering mass in readiness toestablish when indicated.

360. In camp, on the march, and in combat, the medicalsquadron provides medical service to the cavalry divisionsimilar to that given the infantry division by its medicalservice. In attack, elements of the medical squadron estab-lish collecting, ambulance, and clearing stations in echelonbehind the pivot of maneuver and along the main axis fromfront to rear. However, many situations will place themaneuvering force at such great distance from the pivot asto require a collecting, ambulance, and clearing station foreach of those two elements.

361. The collecting troop is organized to provide two col-lecting station units. Since the exact location of the collect-ing station for the maneuvering force cannot be foreseen, itis held in readiness in the assembly area until the situationpermits its establishment. When established, its locationis made known immediately to the medical squadron com-mander and all troops of the maneuvering force.

362. Ambulance service between the collecting station andthe clearing station is performed in a manner similar to thatin the infantry division.

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363. The clearing troop is organized to provide two smallclearing stations. Usually only one station is established.Its normal position is in rear of the pivot. When the situa-tion is such that the ambulance haul from the collectingstation serving the maneuvering force to the clearing stationbehind the pivot is unduly long, a small clearing station maybe established behind the maneuvering force. This pro-cedure, however, tends to immobilize both clearing stations.When practicable, the division clearing stations are evacu-ated by army ambulance units.

364. The veterinary troop establishes a veterinary clearingstation based on the pivot of maneuver. The station isso located as to cover the bulk of animal casualties, usually4 to 7 miles from the front line. The collecting platoonsof the veterinary troop make contact with' the veterinaryaid stations and conduct animal casualties requiring evac-uation to the clearing station. Evacuation from the divi-sion clearing station is made by veterinary companies of thearmy., .

MOTORIZED UNITS

365. The' system of evacuation with units completely mo-torized closely parallels that for all other units. Functionsand method of employment of the unit medical service(medical detachments or sections) and the division medicalservice (medical battalion or regiment) are essentially thesame as for the infantry division.

366. Responsibility for evacuating these units rests withthe army (corps), and no change.in procedure is requiredexcept when speed of movement of these units causes themto be separated at such great distances from supportingmedical units that evacuation of patients in clearing sta-tions by army ambulances to evacuation hospitals is im-practical or undesirable.

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367. In such instances, the patients may be removed toemergency evacuation stations. These stations are estab-lished by the army medical service on railways in advanceof evacuation hospitals for the purpose of receiving andloading patients directly on railway trains or boats forevacuation to evacuation or other hospitals. Seriouslywounded are evacuated by airplane ambulances when suchare available.

ARMORED UNITS

368. Attached medical personnel' of a regiment of an ar-mored division is organized into a headquarters section anda section for each battalion. Such personnel attached to aseparate battalion (engineer, field artillery, reconnaissance,etc.) of an armored division is not divided into sections.

369. The battalion section accompanies its battalion at alltimes. In bivouac and on the march it operates in a man-ner similar to that for an infantry regiment. When thearmored force is located in a park or assembly position, themedical section operates an aid station in the park or as-sembly position. When the battalion receives orders foran attack, the aid station is cleared immediately and ac-companies maintenance vehicles of the battalion to theirsuccessive approach and attack positions when it estab-lishes temporary aid stations to care for injuries which mayhave occurred during approach to these positions.

370. The armored division utilizes the various elements ofthe medical battalion (armored) to establish collectingpoints, ambulance stations, and clearing station for collec-tion and temporary care of casualties. In bivouac and onthe march the medical battalion (armored) functions ina manner similar to that of the medical squadron of ;thecavalry division.

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371. After the attack has been launched the battalion med-ical section moves with the maintenance vehicles and estab-lishes aid stations when and where needed, to care for thecasualties arriving in the combat vehicles. When the com-bat situation is such that it is practicable for maintenancetrucks to reach immobilized tanks, litter bearers accompanythe mechanical crews and remove the wounded of the tankcrew. These are brought to the aid station on a mainte-nance truck or an aid station truck.

372. During combat the cross-country,ambulances carryingcollecting personnel move forward along the axis of advanceof the combat elements and' collect the wounded from orleft by the aid station. These casualties are moved to col-lecting points on good roads parallel to the axis of advancewhere they are given emergency treatment and transportedby ambulances or other vehicles to the clearing station,which usually is established in the vicinity of the servicepark of the division.

373. Evacuation of aid stations of armored force units is aresponsibility of the medical battalion (armored).

374. It is the responsibility of the corps or the army com-mander to make such timely evacuations of the clearing sta-tion as to permit it to move in close support of the brigadeor division. This may be accomplished by means of armyambulances, special busses, emergency evacuation station,and airplane ambulances.

375. In cases where the division is operating at great dis-tances from the main force and prompt evacuation by higherechelon is not acomplished, decision as to disposition to bemade of casualties rests with the separate force commander.

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AIR FORCE UNITS

376. Medical detachments of air force squadrons establishdispensaries or aid stations on their airdromes for temporarycare of sick and injured.

377. The surgeon on the staff of the air force service com-mander makes provisions for evacuation and hospitaliza-tion of airdrome aid stations operating in his base area.Depending upon location of the various squadrons, thesearrangements include hospitalization in existing hospital sta-tions, evacuation hospitals, station, or general hospitals.Evacuation to these hospitals of minor cases is ordinarilyaccomplished by means of ambulances assigned to air-dromes. When practicable, serious cases are evacuated byairplane ambulances to the nearest evacuation or generalhospital.

378. Station hospitals are established at large air basesremote frbmp, existing hospital facilities.

379. To air bases concerned with training or conditioningflyers, an aviation rmedical laboratory is assigned for the pur-pose of pefforming the special physical examinations re-quired for flyirig duty.

SECTION VIII

SANITATION IN THEATER OFOPERATIONS

GENERAL

380. Military sanitation includes all measures directedtoward preservation of physical fitness of military personnel.The surgeon should study causes of both battle and nonbattle

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injuries and should advise the commander on means toreduce them.

381. Administrative control of sanitation is exercised byorganization commanders of all grades who are responsiblefor sanitation within their commands. Sanitary measuresare executed by personnel of the organization concerned orby special troops. Except in medical department organiza-tions, medical troops do not execute sanitary measuresother than those involving professional activities, such asphysical examinations, immunizations, operation of labora-tories, and inspections. The medical service is responsibleto the commander for investigating, reporting upon, andmaking recommendations pertaining to all phases of militarysanitation.

FACTORS IN SANITATION

382. During the mobilization and training period in thezone of the interior, control of infectious diseases introducedby carriers entering the army from civil life is of paramountimportance. A newly mobilized military force possesses arelatively high degree of group susceptibility to infectiousdiseases. Effective environmental sanitation'as a means ofcontrolling spread of these diseases can be maintained moreeasily in the zone of the interior than in the theater ofoperations.

383. In the theater of operations introduction of infectioninto a military force from outside sources can be minimizedby prohibiting extensive or numerous contacts between thetroops and the civil population.

384. Resistance of the group to all diseases is augmentedby proper physical training and by elimination of physical

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defectives. The more primitive the environment in atheater of operation the more difficult it becomes to protectthe troops from environmental sources of infection, or tocontrol or remove those environmental factors which serveto spread diseases. Consequently, environmental sanita-tion must be supervised closely by commanders of allgrades in the theater of operation.

PLANS AND ORDERS

385. The plan for military operations in a given theaterof operation should include a definite sanitation planwhich provides for all sanitary measures of a generalnature as well as for those special disease control proce-dures, need for which can be anticipated. The plan ofsanitation is based on studies of health conditions existingin all sections of the theater which exert a favorable or un-favorable influence on the troops which are to operate inthe theater. These studies are known as sanitary surveys.

386. A general sanitary survey of a theater of operationincludes consideration and study of environmental andsocial factors, economic conditions, and prevalence ofdisease. Environmental factors of importance are topo-graphical and meteorological conditions; water supply andfacilities for purification; methods of waste disposal; hous-ing conditions; food supplies; and kinds of disease-bearinginsects present and control methods employed. Social fac-tors of importance include living conditions, health agen-cies, laws and regulations, and laws relating to prostitution.The epidemic and endemic prevalence of communicablediseases, sources of infection, control measures and facilitiesfor hospitalization, segregation, and isolation are of par-ticular importance. A limited sanitary survey is made asindicated by existing health situation for the purpose of

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controlling or preventing occurrence of some particulardisease or diseases.

Local sanitary surveys are made of all towns and citiesaccessible to troops and of all camp or bivouac sites to beoccupied by troops.

387. Military sanitation is accomplished by administrativeaction by the proper military authority, which is in turnbased on technical advice and recommendation of thesurgeon of the command concerned. The recommenda-tions are based on the results of sanitary surveys, studies,and inspections.

388. In the higher echelons, such as the communicationszone or an army, action with regard to sanitation is nor-mally controlled by means of circulars, bulletins, letters, ormemoranda of instructions to the lower units of the com-manqc concerned. In a division or a fixed installation,routine sanitation matters are usually provided for in ageneral order, as an annex to an administrative order, or asa series of memoranda or instructions. Paragraph head-ings applicable in most situations include responsibility ofunit commander, responsibilities of unit surgeon, duties ofmedical inspector, water supply, food and messes, wastedisposal, quarters (barracks, tents, or billets), insect control,personal hygiene, location of dispensaries, venereal prophy-laxis, physical inspections, and special measures for con-trol of communicable diseases.

389. A complete sanitary order can remain effective in allits provisions and meet all requirements only for a com-paratively short period of time; Changes in the environ-mental conditions or modifications in the military missionwill necessitate frequent revisions of an existing order orpublication of new orders.

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390. Sanitary orders issued by the commanders of a largeunit such as a division are general in character and pro-vide a basis for more detailed orders to be issued by sub-ordinate commanders.

1II

CHAPTER 8

PERSONNEL

ParagraphsSECTION I. Morale________________________________ 391-417

II. Replacements __________________________ 418-437III. Military police _________________________ 438-441IV. Prisoners of war_________________________ 442-461V. Adjustments-__________________________ 462-465

VI. Leaves of absence and furloughs___________ 466-470VII. Civilians in theater of operations__________ 471-490

SECTION I

MORALE

GENERAL

391. Morale is a mental and emotional state dependentupon, or influenced by, confidence, spirit, loyalty, hope,and determination. Military morale is evidenced by thedegree of willingness to respond to the call of duty.

392. The creation and maintenance of high morale are pri-marily functions and responsibilities of command.

393. The War Department establishes policies pertaining tothe morale of troops in the zone of the interior. (MR 1-

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10, 5 March 1943.) These policies are followed in thetheater of operations so far as practicable.

394. Major factors affecting morale include: Correct classi-fication and assignment, training, discipline, recognition ofmerit and accomplishment, and opportunity for advance-ment; religious services and ministrations, physical care anddevelopment; recreation, leaves, furloughs, and relief fromboredom; mental factors, involving a sense of mission andof the justice and necessity of a cause, furthered by in-formation concerning the progress and success of opera-tions; organizational solidarity, which reaches its ultimatestrength as the result of success in combat operations.

395. Administrative factors which are the responsibility ofthe commander include provision for pay, food, shelter,clothing, insurance and family allowances, medical atten-tion, sanitation, promotions and decorations, postal service,prompt and reasonable censorship, supervision of policesurveillance, and return of personnel to original units afterhospitalization or other absence. Almost every adminis-trative duty has a direct bearing upon morale. The com-mander provides for the welfare and comfort of his men tothe fullest extent consistent with situation and mission.

396. Deficiencies in shelter, supplies, medical attention, andother administrative elements can be minimized or pre-vented by careful planning and efficient operation on thepart of the services, and by attention to detail, resourceful-ness, and ingenuity in the commander.

DISCIPLINE

397. High morale and good discipline go hand in hand.Lack of discipline and unnecessarily harsh discipline arecauses of lowered morale.

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398. The ultimate aim of discipline is success in combat.Disciplinary training provides for automatic response toorders and commands, under the most adverse circum-stances. Such response during training is prompted by theindividual's belief in the fairness, justice, and competenceof the commander, and produces good morale.

399. Disciplinary measures in the theater of operations mustbe reasonably adjusted to conditions, and sufficiently rigor-ous to accomplish their purpose without causing unduehardship. Punishments which remove the offender fromthe hazards and hardships of operations should be avoided.Stragglers are returned to their units promptly and malin-gerers are returned to duty.

RECOGNITION OF MERIT

400. Recognition and reward of merit stimulate confidence,determination, loyalty, and sacrifice, and elevate morale.Rewards must be made with discernment, justice, andpromptness. No individual should be overlooked.

401. Important forms of recognition of merit are commen-dation, decoration, and promotion.

402. It is more effective to reward merit than to punishmisconduct and inefficiency. Commendation during com-bat is especially valuable. If conditions permit, the com-mander should express approval to individuals immediately,before their comrades, and later reduce the commendationto writing for official record when warranted.

403. Award of authorized decorations is covered in regu-lations (AR 600-55). The theater commander establishesuniform practices in this matter to insure just awards tounits and individuals. To avoid delay, a supply of decora-

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tions is maintained at all headquarters authorized to awardthem.

404. Prompt promotion in recognition of leadership andother soldierly qualities, especially in combat, promotesmorale and increases efficiency. A commander not author-ized to make a deserved promotion recommends it promptlyto higher authority. Promotion should not be denied be-cause of wounds or other disability incurred in line of duty.

RECREATION

405. Recreation is a factor in the development of morale.Adequate provision for recreation, suited to individual pref-erences so far as practicable, is a command function in allechelons.

406. Special Service (par. 37) is represented by an officeron the special staff of all headquarters down to and includ-ing regiments and comparable units of the air forces, andpermanent or semipermanent installations. In smallerunits an officer other than a chaplain may be designatedas special service officer in addition to other duties.

407. Recreational activities in the theater of operations in-clude such of the following as are practicable and appro-priate: athletics, publications, theatrical and motion pic-ture entertainment, radio, music, library service, serviceclubs, organizational clubs, and facilities in leave areas formessing and lodging.

OTHER SERVICES

408. Other services affecting morale include welfare activi-ties, orientation and information, canteen and exchange,and correspondence or group study.

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409. Provision for the furnishing of such services is made bythe War Department (MR 1-10), and is furthered, so faras possible, by commanders, theaters of operations.

410. Welfare services in theaters of operations parallel thosein the zone of the interior, and include emergency relief,insurance and allotments, legal aid, and American RedCross information and home service.

411. Orientation, information, and off-duty education aremade available by the War Department, Special ServiceDivision, and are normally made the responsibility of spe-cial service officers by their commanding officers. The im-portance of Fuch informational and educational activitiesshould be recognized, and the activities furthered as a pri-mary morale factor.

412. Special Service companies (par. 37) may be attachedto task forces to perform recreational and informationalservices in the communications .zone.

413. Welfare and recreational services of the American RedCross (AR 850-75) and other authorized civilian welfareagencies may be used by theater commanders to supplementthe activities of the Special Service Division, War Depart-ment, in accordance with current regulations and directivesof the War Department.

STATUS OF MORALE

414. Provision should be made for determining the status ofmorale at regular intervals, and especially prior to combat.Lacking such information, a commander is acting withoutconsideration of a fundamental factor in the estimate ofcombat effectiveness.

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415. Such information may be obtained and correlated bythe staff Special Service officer from the formal and infor-mal reports of subordinate commanders, intelligence of-ficers, provost marshal, inspectors of the command, sur-geons, chaplains, and personnel officers.

416. Fluctuations in morale may be gauged from recurrentregular reports of AWOL and desertion, sick and venerealrates, courts martial, civil arrests of military personnel,company punishments, and equipment losses.

417. In action, direct observation of morale trends is pos-sible through a check of straggling, desertion, malingering,abandoning of arms and equipment, aimless expenditureof ammunition, close grouping under fire, seeking coverwithout authority, deliberate sabotage of equipment, self-inflicted wounds, failure to dispose of casualties, and exces-sive fatigue without due cause.

SECTION II

REPLACEMENTS

GENERAL

418. The replacement system for officer and enlisted per-sonnel is designed to assure dependable and timely arrivalof properly qualified replacements at troop units as re-quired. Before joining their units replacements are trained,clothed, and equipped appropriately. Officer replace-ments are supplied, as far as practicable in the grades re-quired, by arm and service, and by MOS (Military Occu-pational Specialty). Enlisted replacements are suppliedby primary MOS, as trained in the replacement trainingcenters and schools of the various arms and services. They

.NEN121°-43 9 P23

are usually, though not always, in the fifth, sixth, andseventh grades.

419. Preparation of the replacement plan, including num-bers to be trained, the proper distribution between armsa;nd services, and types of specialists is a function of thezone of the interior. The commander of the theater makesrepresentations as to the needs of the theater, which mustbe coordinated by the War Department with the needs ofother theaters to determine the allotments of such replace-ments to each theater in accordance with their needs, theavailability of such replacements, and shipping facilities.

420. Replacements, like supplies, are echeloned in depth.The flow of replacements is shown diagrammatically infigure 1.

REPLACEMENT ORGANIZATIONS

421. Primary sources of replacements for oversea theatersare replacement depots in the, zone of the interior.

422. In the theater, replacements are handled by replace-ment depots and separate replacement battalions locatedin the communications zone and the combat zone.

423. Replacement depots and battalions are designatednumerically like other tactical and service units.

424. Replacements are forwarded by the most suitabletransportation, or by marching directly to the requisition-ing unit. A copy of the troop movement order is for-warded to the headquarters concerned and to intermediateheadquarters, if any. Every effort is made to forward re-placements in large groups, preferably trainloads or largetruck convoys. Replacements should normally be sent toa unit when it is in a rest area or in reserve. They should

124

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not be sent to units engaged in combat when this can beavoided.

425. A depot is organized as a headquarters with one ormore (usually five) battalions. A battalion consists of

125

three or four (usually four) companies capable of hous-ing, feeding, and administering 300 men each.

426. Training personnel is attached to the depot by thetheater commander, as required, to carry on the trainingprogram which has been directed.

427. Replacement depots and separate replacement bat-talions are located on lines of communication accessible tounits served and to the source of replacements from therear. Experience indicates the desirability of pushing re-placement organizations well forward in close support ofthe units which they serve in order to insure a promptsupply of replacements. Figure 12 illustrates a trmic.altheater installation.

REQUISITIONS

428. Requisitions from the theater are normally made inbulk by arm and service, and are filled from the zone of theinterior according to requirement rate tables for eachtheater. Requisitions from units in the theater are submit-ted as required to the next higher administrative unitwhich consolidates them and forwards them in turn.Theater headquarters establishes a system of priorities forthe guidance of replacement organizations in filling. Whenthe necessary replacements to fill a requisition are not avail-able in the replacement organizations from which suchreplacements are normally supplied, the requisition or theunfilled portion of it may be forwarded to the next higherheadquarters for necessary action. In such cases the higherheadquarters may order it filled from another replacementorganization directly to the requisitioning unit. Figure 12shows the flow of requisitions diagrammatically.

429. Unit and consolidated requisitions show number andkind of specialists by MOS required to fill vacancies.

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Requisitions from units will be numbered serially and willnot be cumulative. Sample forms for Unit Personnel Re-placement Requisition and Consolidated Personnel Replace-ment Requisition are shown below.

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UNIT PERSONNEL REPLACEMENT REQUISITION

Requisitioning Unit(Designation and principal weapon)

Requisition No.*Railhead*Station Date

T/O No. __ This requisition is for *White*Colored

Page 1 of pages

To(Designation andstation of approving authority)

Previously requisitioned; not For the Commanding Officer:

yet received

Previous Req. No.(Name and grade)

Date Unit personnel officer

Officers, WAC officers, Army nurses, and warrant officers

Specifi- um-Grade Arm or service cation Military occupa- ber re-

serial tional title quiredNo.

*Strike out word not applicable.

INSTRUCTIONS1. Separate requisitions will be submitted for white and

colored replacements. Separate requisitions will also be sub-mitted for WAC replacements.

2. This unit requisition will be prepared in sufficient numberof copies to permit retention of one at the requisitioning unit,one at intermediate headquarters (if desired), and two (originaland duplicate) to the approving authority.

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Enlisted men

Specifi- NumberArm or service 6cation Military occupational N bere-

serial title quiredNo.

W. D., A. G. O. Form No. 211.

INSTRUCTIONS-Continued

3. The principal arm or weapon of the requisitioning unitwill be indicated on the same line with the title, for example,"138th FA, 75-mm HD."

4. Replacements for attached troops are a responsibility ofthe headquarters to which attached.

5. Additional requisition sheets will be used as required, eachto be numbered and identified.as a part of the requisition towhich they pertain.

6. Unit requisitions will not be forwarded by approvingauthority to army or similar headquarters. They will be con-solidated at division, corps (for corps troops only), or similarheadquarters, and retained as a basis for distribution of replace-ments when received from the replacement depot.

7. Where delivery of replacements is desired outside the areaof the division or similar unit, notation to that effect will bemade on the forwarding consolidated requisition form and onecopy of the unit requisition attached thereto as an inclosure.

8. When any part of a requisition previously submitted re-mains unfilled, that fact, together with requisition number anddate, will be indicated in the space provided.

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CONSOLIDATED PERSONNEL REPLACEMENTREQUISITI ON

Page 1 of pages.

Headquarters Station(Requisitioning unit)

Consolidated requisition No. Date Thisrequisition is for *white

*coloredto

(Designation and station of army or similar approving authority)

Special requirements:Authentication of requisition- Action of army or similar

ing unit: For the commanding headquartersgeneral: To

(Designation of communications zone

(Name and grade) Adjutant General replacement depot)1. Approved. Priority

2. Ship on to ar-rive at

(Destination)By command'of

(Name and grade) Adjutant General

Officers, WAC Officers, Army nurses, and warrant officers

Specifi- Num-cation Military oc- her

Grade Arm or service serial cupational title re-No. quired

·Strike o0lt word not applicable.

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Enlisted men

Speci- NumberArnm or service fication Military occupational re-

serial title quiredNo.

W. D., A. G. O. Form No. 212.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Separate requisitions will be submitted for white and coloredreplacements. Separate requisitions will also be submitted forWAC replacements.

2. Consolidated requisitions will be prepared by army (forarmy troops only), by corps (for corps troops only), and bydivisions or similar units for units assigned or attached thereto.

3. Replacements for attached troops are a responsibility of theheadquarters to which attached.'

4. Consolidated requisitions will be forwarded by commandsindicated above to the headquarters of the army or similar com-mand concerned. Unit requisitions will not be forwarded toarmy or similar command as a basis for the consolidated requisi-tion, except when delivery of replacements is desired outside thearea of the division or similar unit. In this case, notation to thateffect will be made in the space "Special requirements" and onecopy of the unit requisition attached as an inclosure.

5. Army or similar headquarters will audit and approve con-solidated requisitions in the space provided, indicate priority,arrival date, and destination. and forward to the appropriatereplacement depot. When special instructions are necessary theywill be transmitted by covering indorsement.

6. Additional sheets will be used as required, each being num-bered and identified as a part of the consolidated requisition towhich they pertain.

7. Shortages which cannot be filled by intelligent substitutionwill be reported to theater or similar headquarters by the replace-ment depot as soon as determined.

8. Unit requisitions for officers, WAC officers, Army nurses,and warrant officers will be filled at replacement depots if a poolof such personnel is provided for that purpose. Otherwise,requisition for such personnel will be extracted from consolidatedrequisitions at army or similar headquarters and forwarded todesignated replacement sources.

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REPLACEMENT POOLS

430. Commanders responsible for maintenance of replace-ment pools in replacement depots at the proper levelsanticipate losses in accordance with the tactical plan andrequisition replacements accordingly. These should berequisitioned in bulk by arm and service, in which case theyare filled according to the requirement rates for the theater.

FORWARDING

431. Replacements are forwarded in casual detachments,properly organized and in charge of a suitable number ofofficers and noncommissioned officers to maintain properdiscipline and perform administrative duties en route.Arrangements for travel and for rationing en route aremade by the forwarding organization. Individual recordsof replacements are placed in the charge of the officer incommand of the movement to be turned over to the re-ceiving organization. The receiving organization is noti-fied by the most expeditious means available of their de-parture and of their expected time of arrival.

432. Replacements are forwarded by the most suitabletransportation or by marching directly to the requisitioningunit. A copy of the troop movement order is forwardedto the headquarters concerned and to intermediate head-quarters, if any. Every effort is made to forward replace-ments in large groups, preferably trainloads or large truckconvoys. Replacements should normally be sent to a unitwhen it is in a rest area or in reserve. They should not besent to units engaged in combat when this can be avoided.

433. It is desirable to coordinate the flow of-personnel re-placements of vehicular crews for armored units withvehicular replacements. Unless circumstances peculiar to

132

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the theater dictate otherwise, this coordination is accom-plished by moving personnel to vehicles from the com-munications zone replacement depot to the vehicular pool,division service park, or an intermediate point in unusualcases. (See fig. 13 for normal flow of replacement to ar-mored units.) Any of these installations receiving person-nel should be provided with a personnel replacementsection for the purpose of coordinating the flow of per-sonnel with the flow of replacement combat vehicles.

434. Headquarters receiving replacements for distributionto troop units make advance arrangements for their recep-tion and orderly distribution to avoid delay. Distributionconforms to classification for which replacements aretrained. Replacements may be supplied with individualidentification of the MOS under which they are classifiedto assure proper assignment, in case they are temporarilyseparated from their records.

SOURCES WITHIN THEATER

435. Personnel returned to duty from hospitals are an im-portant source of replacements. The full effect of thissource will be manifested only after several months of com-bat operations.

436. Those discharged from medical installations directlyserving divisions are returned to their units through arrange-ments made by division headquarters. A similar system isfollowed for individuals assigned to corps and army troopswhom it has not been necessary to send farther to therear than the hospitals directly serving those units. Person-nel from field hospitals, general hospitals, evacuation hos-pitals, etc., in the communications zone are returned to theirunits whenever practicable through normal replacementchannels.

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437. Stragglers, individuals returning from schools, andother officers and enlisted men who have become separatedfrom their units for any reason are usually forwardedthrough the replacement system.

SECTION III

MILITARY POLICE

438. Military police units, composed of military policetroops, are organized, equipped, and trained to perform cer-tain functions. These functions include the control oftraffic; crime prevention and investigation; enforcement oflaws and regulations; supervision of movements of individ-uals; protection of property; and handling of prisoners ofwar and restrained enemy aliens.

439. Military police battalions, companies, and platoons areassigned to and are integral parts of armies, corps, and divi-sions, respectively. The principal duties of such militarypolice units are to control traffic, including the execution ofthe traffic circulation plan and the furnishing of road infor-mation; to handle stragglers and prisoners of war; and toenforce laws and regulations and supervise the movementsof all individuals.

Plans and orders for traffic control and the evacuationof prisoners and civilians under military control are madein conformity with and in amplification of combat plansand orders. Efficient operation requires that the militarypolice of any unit be informed of plans and orders in suf-ficient time to make necessary arrangements for carryingthem into execution.

The straggler line is established generally in rear of thecombat teams, along well-defined terrain features, prefer-

135

ably a road. Stragglers are assembled at straggler collect-ing points and returned to their units as soon as practicable.Collection of stragglers may require the systematic searchof rear areas, military police being assisted, if necessary, byother troops. Straggler lines may be maintained by patrol.

440. Military police battalions and companies are assignedto the theater commander, and by him are assigned to thecommunications zone; when necessary, they are attachedto tactical units in the combat zone. They have been or-ganized and trained especially for the protection of ma-teriel, premises, and utilities important to the prosecutionof the war, including transportation and communicationfacilities.

441. Military police post, camp, and station units are as-signed to the theater commander and are used normally inthe communications zone. The principal duties of theseunits are the prevention and investigation of crime; theenforcement of laws and regulations among the troops;custody of offenders subject to military laws; control oftraffic, and the supervision of movements of all individuals.

Military police escort guard companies are assigned tothe theater commander for the collection, transportation,custody, and disposal of prisoners of war and dangerous orpotentially dangerous enemy aliens.

Prisoner of war processing companies are assigned to thetheater commander to receive, search, :and process prisonersof war, making permanent records and reports and furnish-ing the required information to the Prisoner of War In-formation Bureau.

The special staff of divisions, higher units, the com-munications zone, and the theater includes a provost mar-shal who, as a special staff officer, serves in a dual capacityas commanding officer of the military police and as an

136

adviser to the commanding general. As a staff officer hemakes recommendations for the operation of military, policeand for the establishment of new policies. If a civil affairsofficer commands a city or a political subdivision of terri-tory, he may designate an officer under his command asprovost marshal.

SECTION IV

PRISONERS OF WARGENERAL

442. The United States is a party to the two conventionssigned at Geneva, Switzerland, on 27 July 1929. One isrelative to the treatment of the wounded and sick ofarmies in the field (Red Cross Convention). The otherfixes the obligations of the captor power with respect tothe treatment of prisoners of war. War Department regu-lations governing prisoners of war are considered and ap-plied according to the spirit as well as the letter of theseconventions. FM 27-10 embodies most of the essentialprovisions of the above conventions.

443. Prisoners of war captured or interned in the theaterof operations remain in custody of the theater commanderuntil released on pairole, repatriated, or evacuated to thezone of the interior. FM 27-10 specifies the persons whomay be held as prisoners of war.

444. ,Rights, privileges, obligations, and treatment of pris-oners of war are covered in rules of land warfare. Seeparagraph 474 with reference to internment of enemyaliens.

445. Functions of military police in connection with pris--oners of war are covered in FM 29-5.

137

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COLLECTION, EVACUATION, AND EXAMINATION

446. The system of collecting and evacuating prisoners ofwar is shown diagrammatically in figure 14.

447. The individual or unit capturing prisoners disarmsthem at once and searches them. This immediate searchis especially important for officer prisoners. Prisoners arepermitted to retain clothing, insignia, decorations, identi-fication cards or tags, personal effects, and helmets and gasmasks. They will not be permitted to retain money andany article which may be used to facilitate escape. Moneyis taken from them only on the authority of an officer whogives them a receipt and arranges for crediting the amountto the prisoner's account. Pending examination, tem-porary possession may be taken of such personal effects asnecessary, including pictures, papers, and maps. Eachprisoner receives a signed receipt for personal items takenfrom him. Personal effects will be returned to the pris-oner at the first practical opportunity, any withheld effectswill accompany the prisoner during transfer.

Officer and warrant officer prisoners are segregated fromenemy enlisted personnel. They are sheltered and messedseparately from noncommissioned officers and privates.Further segregation is made according to nationality.Officer prisoners are treated with the respect due theirrank and age.

448. Guards in charge of prisoners prevent any conversa-tion between them unless otherwise instructed. Guardsinstruct prisoners to enable them to understand the sig-nificance of the word "Halt", and warn them that anyoneattempting to escape may be shot. Guards prevent prison-ers from destroying any papers, pictures, and equipmentwhich have not been taken away. Upon delivery of theprisoners and all personal effects to appropriate authorities,

5558il--43- 10 139

the commander of the escort when practical obtains areceipt.

449. Prisoners are evacuated from combat zones as rapidlyas practicable. The prisoners are then conducted to thecollecting point of the next higher unit. Prisoners of warenclosures are facilities established in combat and com-inunications zones by commanding generals of theaters ofoperations or by field armies and, in special instances, bycorps or divisions for the processing and temporary deten-tion of prisoners.

450. Unless acting independently, the corps is not normallya link in the chain of evacuation of prisoners of war fromdivisions to army enclosures. Normally, army militarypolice evacuate prisoners from division collecting points toarmy prisoner of war enclosures. The evacuation of thosedesired for intelligence examination by corps headquartersis usually accomplished by corps military police.

451. Wounded and sick prisoners are evacuated in the samemanner as friendly wounded and sick. The medical serv-ice reports incapacitated prisoners to the appropriate intel-ligence section and delivers personal effects taken fromthem. Incapacitated prisoners are assisted to the rear byother prisoners.

Normally, a prisoner will be processed upon arrival at anarmy enclosure. The commanding officer of the prisonerof war enclosure is responsible for the preparation of theBasic Personnel Record; W. D., P. M. G. Form No. 2,unless this record has been completed previously. Whenprocessed, serial numbers are assigned prisoners in accord-ance with regulations. Whenever outer garments are is-sued to prisoners they will be appropriately marked withthe letters "PW."

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As soon as practicable after capture, prisoners are givena physical examination, vaccinated against smallpox, andinoculated against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Prison-ers are furnished medical and dental treatment identicalwith that provided for United States troops.

452. The systematic and methodical examination of pris-oners offers one of the most fruitful sources of intelligence.The system of examination parallels that of evacuation andis incident thereto. Examination takes precedence overrapid evacuation, except in forward areas where promptremoval of prisoners is usually the paramount consideration.

453. Every prisoner is required to give his true name andrank, or else his serial number. In case he infringes thisrule, he will be liable to the curtailment of the privilegesaccorded to prisoners of his category. No coercion may beused on prisoners to obtain information concerning the stateof their army or country, nor may punishment be imposedor threatened for refusal to answer questions on. thosesubjects.

454. All personnel concerned with prisoners is required tocooperate fully with intelligence officers in the examinationof prisoners.

455. The intelligence examination of prisoners of war istreated in FM 30-15.

TREATMENT

456. Prisoners of war are in the power of the enemy coun-try, but not of the individuals or bodies of troops who cap-ture them. They are treated with humanity and are pro-tected against acts of violence, insults, and public curiosity.Measures of reprisal, handcuffing, or tying of prisoners are

141

prohibited. Prisoners have the right to have their personsand their honor respected. Women are treated with all theregard due their sex. Discrimination in treatment betweenprisoners is lawful only when they are based on militarygrade, state of physical health, professional qualifications, orsex.

457. The United States is bound to provide for the mainte-nance of prisoners, including food, clothing, footwear,and shelter. Normally, the food ration of prisoners isequal in quantity and quality to that of troops at basecamps. Approved items of clothing and equipage, generalsupplies, subsistence, and fuel are requisitioned from thequartermaster.

458. Prisoners are not to be exposed needlessly to dangerwhile awaiting evacuation. Only prisoners who, because ofwounds or sickness, would run greater risks by being evacu-ated than by remaining where they are may be temporarilykept in a danger zone.

MISCELLANEOUS

459. Prisoners other than officers are required to performlabor. Noncommissioned officer prisoners are required todo supervisory work only. Prisoners do not receive wagesfor labor which primarily benefits themselves. This includeslabor connected with the administration, management, andmaintenance of detention facilities. Prisoners receive wagesfor other types of labor.

460. Prisoners of war processing companies are organizedand trained for the purpose of processing prisoners of war.Basic personnel records are completed in triplicate withphotographs, fingerprints, and other infbrmation. Two

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copies of these records are sent to the Prisoner of War In-formation Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. The original ofthe basic personnel record accompanies the prisoner duringtransfer.

Prisoners are subject to the laws, regulations, and ordersin force in the Army of the United States, including theArticles of War.

Prisoners who die are honorably buried. The graves arcidentified with an appropriate marker, respected, and prop-erly maintained. A record of the location of each grave isforwarded to the Prisoner of War Information Bureau.

461. United States troops and other American personnelare informed that if captured by the enemy they shouldcommunicate with the American Red Cross, the Interna-tional Red Cross Committee, or the representative of theneutral nation which is acting as the protecting power inthe interests of American prisoners of war. They are in-structed also as to their rights under the Geneva Conventionand the rules of land warfare.

SECTION V

ADJUSTMENTS462. Control of appointment, assignment, transfer, promo-tion, demotion, and elimination by discharge or retirementof personnel in the theater of operations is delegated tothe theater commander in conformity with War Depart-ment policies. These adjustments are decentralized to theextent practicable.

463. Procedures relative to enlisted men conform in generalto those in effect in time of peace, in which final authorityis usually vested in regimental or separate unit command-ers. Officers are originally commissioned, promoted, and

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demoted by the President. Their discharge or retirementrequires approval by the War Department. Procedureswith respect to categories of personnel of the Army, otherthan officers and enlisted men, are specially prescribed.Assignments and transfers are governed primarily by mili-tary requirements and fitness of the individual for the duty.The individual's preference should not be ignored.

464. During the period of war, the peacetime system ofpromotion, except for promotions in the Regular Army inaccordance with law, is suspended. Promotions to tem-porary grades will be in accordance with instructions andregulations issued by the War Department.

465. A system of reclassification of officers may be estab-lished in the theater of operations, in conformity withinstructions from the War Department, whereby com-manders of armies and the communications zone adjustassignments and recommend demotion or elimination ofthose whose efficiency has changed or whose assignmentwas in error.

Adjustment of the status of personnel by 'reason of in-fractions of discipline is delegated to commanders from thecompany upward in ratio to the gravity of the offense, inconformity with the Articles of War and other laws andregulations.

SECTION VI

LEAVES OF ABSENCE ANDFURLOUGHS

466. Leaves of absence and furloughs afford relaxation,thereby increasing capabilities of the individual for service.Judicious application of a sound policy will minimize au-thorized absenteeism.

144

467. The theater commander prescribes the system of leavesof absence and furloughs. The system includes designa-tion of leave areas either in the communications zone or byspecial arrangement in the zone of the interior in whichpersonnel usually will be required to spend their leaves orfurloughs. Regularly scheduled transportation to andfrom leave ar6as is a part of the system. Regulations con-cerning circulation, subsistence, and conduct within leaveareas, as well as requirements prior to departure on leave,such as orders, equipment, and physical condition, are pre-scribed by the theater commander.

468. The amount of leave of absence or furlough granteddepends on the need for the. individual's service with hisorganization -nd the individual's need for rest. Except inemergencies requiring suspension of all leaves or furloughs,a 7 days' leave or furlough, exclusive of travel time, after4 months' service in the theater of operations, and a similarperiod each 4 months thereafter, meets the usual require-ments. Policies in the theater usually authorize grantingspecial leaves for furloughs not to exceed 3 days inexceptional cases, but prohibit accumulation of leavesor furloughs.

469. Regimental and separate unit commanders are author-ized to grant leaves of absence and furloughs. They ac-cord the privilege to individuals according to rosters whichare based on length of time since the last leave or furloughand length of service in the theater, and finally by lot, ifnecessary. Adjustments of rosters may be required toavoid the absence at one time of too many officers, non-commissioned officers, or other specially qualified personneLUsually not more than 10 percent of the enlisted men willbe absent on furlough at one time. In deviations from thefundamental of the roster, discrimination against any cate-

145

gory of personnel, particularly of individuals in key posi-tions, is to be avoided. Commanders are not to lose sightof' advantages in training and morale afforded by givingopportunities to understudies to assume full responsibilitiesof positions for which they are substituting.

470. Division and higher commanders have authority tosuspend granting leaves of absence or furloughs for mili-tary reasons. These commanders are responsible that thediscretionary powers granted subordinates with regard toleaves of absence and furloughs are used to the best ad-vantage; in particular, they will take measures to see thatthe percentage of personnel granted the privileges in eachorganization conforms in general to the average of organi-zations operating under similar conditions.

SECTION VII

CIVILIANS IN THEATER OFOPERATIONS

GENERAL

471. Relationships between the military forces and the localcivilian population are determined in a large measure bylocation of the theater of -operations. Movement of civil-ians into, within, and from such part of the theater ofoperations as may be under military control is governed byinstructions of the War Department and the theater com-mander. Where necessary, the provost marshal causes tobe issued to individuals credentials or passes prescribinglimits of circulation and nature of privileges. The policyon possession of arms by civilians is determined by thetheater commander.

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IN OUR OWN TERRITORY

472. Until the civil government has been deposed or over-thrown by the enemy or, by reason of hostile operations,has left the area, it continues to exercise its legal functions.Full cooperation between civil and military authoritiesshould be sought. Nevertheless the military commanderwill not permit either the civil government or the personsor property of individuals to impede tactical operations,and will take such preventive measures as may be actuallynecessary under the circumstances.

473. In case the civil government has been deposed or over-thrown by the enemy, or by reasons of hostile operations hasleft the area, a state of martial law exists under which themilitary forces must govern the local population until civilgovernment can be restored. Existence of martial rule isnot dependent upon a proclamation, but a proclamation bythe President or by the theater commander is usually desir-able as a means of informing all concerned of existence ofa state of martial rule, of boundaries of area affected, andof special regulations and restrictions that will be enforcedby the troops. With modern means of communicationavailable to the theater commander, he should ordinarilynot need to issue such a proclamation without the expressdirection of the President. Under martial rule, control isexercised by the theater commander under direction of thePresident as commander in chief of the Army and Navy.

474. Natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostilenations, of the age of 14 and upward, not naturalized and'resident in either the United States or territory under thejurisdiction of the United States, or territory under themilitary government of the United States, are liable to beapprehended, restrained, secured, or removed as enemy

147

aliens. If martial law is not in effect in the theater ofoperations, procedure with respect to arrest, detention,parole, and internment of enemy aliens conforms to pro-cedure in the zone of the interior. Civil agencies exercisefull control, except that military authorities provide facili-ties for internment. If martial law is in effect, the theatercommander exercises full control.

Enemy aliens are usually kept in prisoner of war en-closures. They are evacuated promptly to the zone of theinterior. They are not compelled to work except for theircomfort and maintenance of the establishment in whichdetained. They may, with their written consent, be au-thorized to work as provided for prisoners of war.

IN OCCUPIED ENEMY TERRITORY

475. Military government is established and maintained bya belligerent by force of arms over occupied territory andthe inhabitants of either an enemy nation or domesticterritory recovered from rebels treated as belligerents. Inoccupied hostile territory and domestic territory recoveredfrom rebels treated as belligerents the theater commanderbecomes responsible for the government and control of thecivil population and for the administration of the area.Military necessity may temporarily impose a similar re-sponsibility in the territory of a neutral; and either militarynecessity or treaty may temporarily impose a similar re-sponsibility in the territory of an ally which we have re-covered from the enemy, or in which the legitimate govern-ment, by reason of hostile operations, has ceased to exerciseits functions.

476. The commmander of the theater of operations usuallymakes known by proclamation the facts of military occupa-tion and the organization of military government, together

148

with procedures to be followed by the inhabitants. He isguided in formulation of regulations governing the statusof the civilian government and the population of the occu-pied area by the rules of land warfare.

477. All functions of the hostile government-legislativeiexecutive, or administrative-whether of a general, pxr-vincial or local character, cease under military occupationor continue only with the sanction of the commander ofthe occupying force. So far as practicable, however, civilaffairs personnel, under policies established by the theatercommander and subordinate commanders within theirzones of operation or areas of responsibility, administeroccupied territory through the agency of the existing civilservices and local provincial native officials.

478. The principal object of the occupying force is to pro-vide for its security, support, and the efficiency and successof its operations. In the process of restoring public orderand safety, the ordinary criminal laws of the occupied ter-ritory which do not conflict with that objective are con-tinued in force. These laws continue to be administeredby the local officials as far as practicable.

479. The occupying force can demand and enforce fromthe inhabitants such obedience as may be necessary for se-curity of the force, for maintenance of law and order, andproper administration of the country.

Services of the inhabitants of occupied territory may berequisitioned so long as the duties do not directly concernoperations of war against their own country. These serv-ices include the work of professional men and tradesmen,and officials and employees, of public utilities, transporta-tion services, and signal communication services. Labormay be requisitioned to collect the wounded, to bury the

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dead, and to restore general condition of public works ofthe country.

480. For treatment of enemy inhabitants and of public andprivate property, see FM 27-10. For exploitation of localresources in occupied territory, see section V, chapter 10.For a more detailed discussion of military government, seeFM 27-5.

ORGANIZATION FOR CIVIL AFFAIRS

481. The staff agency of the theater commander concernedwith the relations between the military forces and the civilgovernment and the resident civilian population is the civilaffairs section. This section may include such subsectionscorresponding to the several functions of civil government,and such subsections for coordination and administration

'as may be deemed advisable. The headquarters of thecommunications zone, of the other territorial subdivisionsof the theater, and of field armies and subordinate tacticalcommands, may include civil affairs sections. Within thecommunications zone, the civil affairs organizations under'martial law or military government include chiefs of civilaffairs groups, with necessary assistants, in command ofpolitical subdivisions of the civil government. The com-manding general, communications zone, may direct thechiefs of civil affairs groups assigned to the largest politicalsubdivisions, and that these, in turn, exercise commandover chiefs of civil 'affairs groups assigned to smaller politi-cal subdivisions. In the combat zone, control of civil af-fairs is ordinarily through the tactical chain of command.

MASS MOVEMENT

482. Compulsory movement of civilians within or from thetheater of operations is directed by the theater commander,

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usually after approval by the War Department. In emer-gencies, limited movements may be ordered by lower com-manders. Early and rapid evacuation of civilians fromprobable -areas of combat may favorably influence success-ful conduct of military operations.

483. Mass movements of civilians, whether compulsory orvoluntary, are closely controlled by the military police,assisted when necessary by other troops, welfare personnel,and resident civilians, so as to prevent traffic congestion,spread of disease, and wastage of local resources.

484. Refugee evacuation centers are temporary assemblypoints for evacuees. Evacuation areas are the ultimatedestinations. Operation of these centers and areas in thetheater of operations are delegated to local civilian author-ities under military supervision. Material requirementsfor refugees such as transportation, shelter, subsistence, andmedical attention are furnished from civilian sources, aidedby military forces.

485. Civilian repatriates are permitted to return to areasfrom which they have been previously evacuated when itwill not interfere with military operations. Their move-ments in mass are controlled in a manner similar to thoseof refugees.

ACCOMPANYING OR SERVING WITH ARMY

486. Persons accompanying or serving with the Army in thefield are subject to military law.

487. The theater commander is responsible that efficiencyof the troops is not diminished by employment of soldierson work which can be done equally well by availablecivilians.

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Civilians may be employed in the theater of operationsas officials or as skilled or unskilled labor. Recruitment,organization, and administration of civilian labor are func-tions usually delegated to an employee bureau in the com-munications zone. General administrative problems con-fronting the employee bureau include procurement,transportation, organization, and administration of laborcompanies and labor depots, contracts, accounts and rec-ords, women employees, and medical arrangements. In-dividual civilian employees or civilian labor units arereleased, when required, to armies corps, or divisions. Theunit to which they are attached assumes responsibilities forsupervision of work, administration, and preparation ofrequired reports and records. Under special conditionslarger tactical units may be authorized to employ civilianlabor recruited locally.

488. Welfare and recreational activities are the responsi-bility of the theater commander, who will direct the conductof such activities. He will deal only with such organizationsas are prescribed by the War Department orders anddirectives.

489. Representatives of agencies of public information areaccredited to the theater of operations by the War Depart-ment. This public relations personnel consists of presscorrespondents, photographers, and radio news commenta-tors. They wear the uniform and insignia prescribed inArmy Regulations.

490. Permits may be granted by the War Department topersons to visit the theater of operations. A bureau is main-tained by theater headquarters for accommodating and con-trolling visitors.

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CHAPTER 9

TRAFFIC CIRCULATION ANDCONTROL

GENERAL

491. Traffic circulation and control should be such as toobtain the best possible use of the road net within a theaterof operations to the end that mobility of the troops may bemaintained and supplies may always be available as andwhere needed. Situations will vary from one in whichdensity of troop concentration is low, road net is ample, anddanger of interruption is small, to the opposite extreme inwhich massing of troops and scarcity of good roads and dan-ger of their damage by hostile action make it difficult tomaintain supply and troop movements. In the first case,minimum control is required; in the latter, rigid control oftraffic may be required, particularly while extensive troopmovements are under way.

492. Degree of control exercised should be the minimumrequired to obtain desired results. The basic system of con-trol must be such as to obtain best results in a favorablesituation, yet such that more rigid control in the degree re-quired may be imposed as difficulty of the situation increases.

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FACTORS

493. In general, methods of controlling and assisting trafficdeveloped in civilian practice should be followed with onlythe modifications necessary to meet military requirements.

Essential differences between peacetime civilian trafficand military traffic in a theater of operations are that mili-tary traffic is subject to sudden interference, gives promi-nence to secret movement at night, and is more susceptibleto control than civilian traffic.

494. The fact that military traffic is subject to sudden inter-ference by hostile activities, such as airplane bombing orraids by motorized parties, requires that the plan of roadcirculation and traffic control be flexible so that damagedpoints may be bypassed at once and arrangements made forprompt repair of the damage.

495. Movement of traffic at night with secrecy requires de-velopment of means of marking roads and of lighting ve-hicles.so as to give maximum assistance to drivers and atthe same time avoid detection by airplane observers. Thisis a problem entirely foreign to civil practice.

496. The fact that all agencies concerned in military trafficare subject to centralized control makes possible adoption ofmeasures which are impossible in the case of civil traffic.

AGENCIES CONCERNED

497. Provision of a plan of circulation when required, deter-mination of control measures required, and supervision andcoordination of activities of the various other agencies in-volved in traffic circulation and control are functions ofthe G-4 section of the general staff of the headquarterswhich controls the area involved.

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498. Maintenance of existing roads and their improvementand ectension where feasible, provision of suitable roadmaps, and posting signs along the roads indicating routes,localities, and establishments as shown on the maps, andother signs to facilitate traffic are functions of the Corpsof Engineers.

499. Enforcement of regulations and orders for control oftraffic and assistance to traffic by giving information anddirections along the route are functions of the militarypolice.

500. Provision of means of communication by telephone,telegraph, or radio between traffic control posts of the mili-tary police or other agencies involved in traffic control is afunction of the Signal Corps.

501. Provision of suitable vehicle accessories, including ade-quate brakes and satisfactory lights, including those fordriving at night so as to avoid accidents and yet be in-visible to airplane observers, is a function of the Quarter-master Corps, Ordnance Department, or. other servicewhich provides the vehicle.

502. Training organizations and individual drivers inproper use of roads is one of the important responsibilitiesof organization commanders.

503. Coordination of traffic between the communicationszone and the combat zone is effected by the regulating of-ficer as a representative of the theater commander. Co-ordination of traffic between the army service area and thecorps rear area is effected by the army; between the corpsrear area and the division area, by the corps.

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PLANS

504. In formulating a plan of traffic circulation, GA shouldobtain and give careful consideration to the recommenda-tions of the unit engineer who, in order to carry out hisfunctions, must make a thorough reconnaissance of theroad net, including condition and capacity of all roads andbridges, location of critical points and means for quicklybypassing points most subject to traffic interruption.'

505. The plan of circulation adopted should be the sim-plest one that will fit the situation. When traffic is lightand an ample road net is available few restrictions will berequired. Vehicles will proceed by the most direct routesto their destinations. Main supply routes usually will bedesignated, primarily as an indication that they will receivepriority of maintenance and that along them will be postedtraffic police to regulate and assist traffic.

506. As density of traffic increases, the number of restric-tions required will become greater. Animal-drawn traffic,because its presence greatly hinders motor traffic, will haveto be prohibited from the main roads. One-way traffic isprovided on a road which carries particularly heavy traffic,provided a satisfactory return route is available. It maybe necessary to provide that on a certain stretch of roadwhere a separate return route is not available traffic pro-ceed in one direction during certain hours and in the op-posite direction at other hours.

507. The plan of circulation at night if secrecy is to be main-tained may differ from the plan in effect by day because ofincreased difficulty of maintaining traffic in both directions.It may be necessary to provide for traffic in only one direc-tion on all main roads. Maintenance of heavy traffic in

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both directions with secrecy on very dark nights will requiredevelopment of effective means of marking roads 'andlighting vehicles.

508. When heavy troop movements are under way it maybe necessary to provide that all movement on main routesbe by motor convoys dispatched and rigidly controlled froma central control agency. This is particularly true in thecase of a secret movement at night.

509. The plan of circulation in effect, including all restric-tions on use of roads, should be shown on circulation mapsor road sketches, which should be provided to all vehicledrivers, all traffic police, and all others concerned in use ofroads.

510. Final test of the circulation plan in a given situationis that it permits all vehicles involved in supply, evacuation,and troop movement to perform their proper functionswith minimum interference with or by other vehicles.

511. Maintenance, improvement, and extension of roadsare intimately connected with the plan of circulation andcontrol. A given road has a certain capacity to sustaintraffic. If subjected to heavier traffic, it will deterioraterapidly with consequent heavy maintenance and eventualbreak-down. A good but narrow road, capable of sustain-ing one lane of heavy traffic indefinitely, may break downin a short time if subjected to heavy traffic in both direc-tions, since vehicles must travel in part on the shouldersof the road. These matters covered in recommendationsof the unit engineer should receive careful consideration informulation of the circulation plan. On the other hand,improvement or extension of a short stretch of road maypermit adoption of a greatly improved plan.

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512. Movement of civilian traffic in the theater of opera-tions cannot be ignored. Any mass evacuation of thecivilian population from the combat zone, unless properlycontrolled, may result in a complete stoppage of all militarytraffic to the severe detriment of military operations. In-terference of refugee movements with military traffic canbe avoided or minimized by requiring that evacuation takeplace prior to or during a lull in military movements, byrequiring that refugees use roads or trails carrying little orno military traffic, by diverting refugee traffic away fromthe areas most important for military operations, by usingclosely controlled refugee convoys, and by forcing refugeetraffic to move to the roadsides or to designated areaspending completion of military movements.

CONTROL

513. There should be a military police traffic control postat each important road junction. To the extent feasiblethese posts should be connected by telephone or by voiceradio communication with a central control agency oper-ating under supervision of G-4 of the headquarters whichcontrols the area involved. For important movements,especially at night, the military police may be supple-mented at the less important road junctions by enlistedmen (markers) provided by the unit executing the move-ment.

Traffic control posts are supplemented by traffic patrolsconsisting of military police mounted on cars, motorcycles,bicycles, or horses, who patrol the roads.

Military police must be thoroughly acquainted with theroads in the area in which they operate, including theircondition and locations of establishments to which theylead. Their duties are to enforce traffic regulations, toassist traffic by giving information and directions, to pass

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traffic at intersections in accordance with established pri-orities, and to report promptly any damage to roads orbridges and any other obstruction of traffic. If traffic isinterrupted or becomes so congested as to cause undue de-lay on the sections of road for which they are responsible,they report at once to the central control agency whichgives directions for diverting traffic to some other routeuntil the obstruction or congestion is removed.

In the performance of their duties military police arerepresentatives of the headquarters which controls theirarea, and are not subject to orders from any lesserauthority.

EXPEDIENTS

514. Traffic in any area will be facilitated if, in accord withcivil practice, routes are numbered, route signs are posted,and road maps showing the various routes are provided toeach driver of a vehicle, to each traffic policeman, and toall others concerned in use of or regulation of traffic on theroads. It is also desirable that signs be posted to identifylocalities such as road junctions shown on the maps, as anaid in orientation. To facilitate movement at night withsecrecy, use should be made to the extent feasible of phos-phorescent or dimly lighted signs at road junctions and atbridge approaches and other points where warning may beneeded.

515. Suitable road maps may cover territory extending wellwithin the hostile lines. As the army advances route signsshould be posted to accord with the maps. Supplementalsketches or maps showing locations of establishments androutes thereto not shown on the printed maps may be re-produced locally by mimeograph or other available means.

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516. It is especially necessary that military vehicles beequipped with adequate brakes and with suitable lights. To·facilitate movement at night without accidents and withminimum danger of detection by airplane observers, eachvehicle should be equipped with a blue tail light, with lightswhich illuminate spots on the ground underneath the ve-hicle, or with other devices visible to the driver of the fol-lowing vehicle but not to an overhead observer. Headlightsor spotlights invisible to an overhead observer must bedeveloped and provided to supplement other means of out-lining to the driver the edge of the road ahead. Markersequipped with shielded flashlights may supplement othermeans of indicating proper direction at road junctions.

517. Thorough training of individual drivers and of organi-zations is essential if traffic is to move with the greatest pos-sible freedom. In addition to training individual drivers inoperation of their vehicles, in observance of the ordinaryrules of the road and of special traffic regulations, and. inthleir relation to traffic police, commanders must impressupon their organizations the fact that when on main roadsvehicles must be kept moving; that for halts vehicles or con-voys must enter side roads or pull off onto parking spaces orwide shoulders in order to leave the paved road free ofobstruction; and that stalled vehicles must be taken in towat once or pushed clear of the road if towing is impossible.Actual practice must be had in driving, both by individualvehicle and in convoy, on strange roads, with particular-stress on driving at night while maintaining secrecy. Suchpractice should include driving over inadequately markedroads, following a log of the route based on speedometerreadings.

518. Establishments such as clearing stations, dumps, dis-tributing, or collecting points, while having ready access to

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the main roads, should be actually located on side roads sothat congestion due to waiting vehicles will not affect trafficon main roads.

519. In general, traffic is facilitated if vehicles engaged insupply and evacuation move individually rather than inconvoy. This requires well-marked roads and intelligentdrivers provided with suitable maps. This system has theadvantages of permitting maximum speed by each vehicle,keeping traffic spread out on the road in order to avoidpresenting a remunerative target to airplane attack, attract-ing hostile attention in minimum degree, and enablingvehicles to proceed with minimum delay at route intersec-tions, thus obtaining maximum service from each vehicle.

520. Motor troop movement by individual vehicles dis-patched at irregular intervals has the same advantages enu-merated above. It has the disadvantages of decreasingdegree of control of the commander over his unit while themovement is under way, and of requiring a greater lapse oftime from inception to completion of the movement, exceptwhen distance to be covered is sufficient for the greaterspeed to compensate for the increased time length of thecolumn.

521. At night while maintaining secrecy, movement by con-voy may be necessary if routes are not adequately markedor if extensive troop movements by convoy are under way.

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CHAPTER 10

MISCELLANEOUS

Palgr:lphs

SECTION I. Burials …---- ------_________________ 522-528II, Salvage____________________________ 529-533

III. Army Postal Service _--______________ 534-537IV. Censorship _------------------______ 538-544V. Exploitation of local resources_________ 545-551

VI. Quartering -__________________-_____ 552-562VII. Property accountability_______________ 563-565

SECTION I

BURIALS522. Mortuary matters in the theater of operations are con-ducted and supervised by the Graves Registration Serviceof the Quartermaster Corps. In the absence of this service,chaplains usually perform its functions. The primary du-ties of this service are proper interment of the dead, includ-ing enemy dead, and establishment beyond doubt of theiridentity.

523. Important considerations are recording of informa-tion, including decedent's name, serial number, grade, andorganization; place, cause, and date of death, date ofburial, and location of grave; sanitary protection in battlearea; and morale of organization and home population.

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524. When necessary, units of the Graves Registration Serv-ice are reinforced by labor troops or by civilian or prisonerlabor.

525. Locations for cemeteries are designated by division andhigher commanders. Isolated interments should be avoided.

526. In event that the Graves Registration Service is capableof providing only general supervision in an area, the com-mander thereof makes necessary arrangements for burialsthrough the chaplain and a detailed burial detachment.

527. Burials in-emergencies in which usual supervision can-not be provided conform to prescribed procedure as far aspracticable. Delay in burial of the dead is a depressant tomorale of combat troops. The commander of the burialdetail submits a report through channels to the area com-mander, who causes proper records to be made and notifiesdeceased's organization commander.

528. Final and careful searches of battlefields are made toinsure burials and registration of graves. Reports are ren-dered on burial of enemy dead in conformity with the rulesof land warfare. Documents found on enemy dead will be,examined by the proper intelligence section before finaldisposition.

SECTION II

SALVAGE529. The prompt salvage of equipment which has beenabandoned on the battlefield and in bivouac areas, exploita-tion of captured supplies, and utilization of waste materialsare important measures for conservation of military re-

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sources. FM 30-15 prescribes procedure to be followed inexamination of captured mat6riel.

530. In divisions and higher units salvage operations aresupervised by a salvage officer who functions under theunit quartermaster.

531. The salvage service of the theater of operations con-sists of units engaged wholly or in part in collection, evacu-ation, classification, reclamation, and disposition of wastematerials, abandoned property, and unserviceable supplies.Installations of the salvage service comprise collectingpoints, clothing and bath units, laundries, and other recla-mation plants and shops. In emergencies combat troopsare detailed to assist in collection.

532. Salvage collecting points in locations favorable fortransportation by empty vehicles moving to the rear aredesignated in administrative orders of divisions and largerunits. Arms and equipment of the sick and wounded arecollected at medical establishments.

533. Salvaged property is sorted at collecting points. Arti-cles which may be utilized for further service are sent tosupply points for distribution. Salvaged property not re-tained for distribution is evacuated, usually through rail-heads, to depots in the communications zone for reclama-tion or other disposition. Specimens of new enemy equip-ment are turned over to development'agencies in rear ofthe combat zone. Other enemy equipment which is serv-iceable is turned over to the appropriate supply agency forissue. Reparable equipment is repaired and issued.

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SECTION III

ARMY POSTAL SERVICE

534. Postal service for troops in the theater of operations isfurnished by the Army Postal Service, operated by theAdjutant 'General's Department.

a. Mail originating in the zone of the interior for troopsin the theater of operations is sorted at postal concentra-tion centers which are established by the Post Office De-partment near the rear boundary of the theater of opera-tions. Here the mail is sorted and tagged for units andorganizations in the theater of operations and is forwardedto base post offices established by the Army Postal Servicein the communications zone. At the base post offices mailis further sorted and forwarded to army post offices whichhandle mail for divisions, corps, armies, and territorialgroupings of troops or installations in the communicationszone (see fig. 15).

b. Mail sent from base post offices to the combat zone isrouted through the regulating station where the postal reg-ulating section of the station makes arrangements for itsdispatch to the proper Army post office. When no com-munications zone has been established, mail is forwardeddirectly to the regulating station from postal concentrationcenters in the zone of the interior.

c. Mail from the theater of operations for the zone ofthe interior is collected by army post offices and shipped topostal concentration centers by the reverse routing.

535. The Army Postal Service delivers mail to and collectsmail from regiments, separate battalions, and large units.-Distribution of mail within a unit is the responsibility ofthe commander concerned.

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Post Office Post Oifice J

Concntration R1 Center O0

CGHQ GHGQ-

Base A0 MNPos Office (2)

C.. ~~~T

0

I ,ul atin$Station |

*ooo/ oooo

Front Line.

FIGURE 15.-Flow of mail.

NOTES

(1) Army Postal Service furnishes liaison personnel to informPost Office Department officials of the location of troops in the

.theater of operations.(2) As many as are necessary to serve communications zone

troops and installations.(3) Postal regulating section. (5) For corps troops.(4) For army troops. (6) One per division.

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Personnel of the Army Postal Service is not ordinarilyassigned or attached to units smaller than a division.Commanders of regiments and similar units detail andtrain postal personnel, and commanders of companies andsimilar units detail and train mail orderlies to assist infurnishing postal services for their units.

536. When necessary,,a motor dispatch service is organizedand operated as part of the Army Postal Service to affordrapid and frequent communication between the head-quarters of divisions and larger units. An officer courierservice is organized and operated for important communi-cation between the War Department, theater, and otherprincipal field headquarters when available signal com-munication will not suffice.

537. The Army Postal Service will not dispatch, except tothe censor of the theater of operations, any correspondenceoriginating in the theater which has not been imprintedproperly with a censorship stamp and countersigned by anofficer.

SECTION IV

CENSORSHIP538. Censorship is the official inspection and control of allprivate communications, photographs, motion pictures, pressdispatches, publications, and radio broadcasts. It is im-posed in order to prevent information of military or eco-nomic value from reaching the enemy, to insure that onlyapproved accounts of military activities are published orbroadcast, and to maintain friendly relations with alliedand neutral nations.

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539. The theater commander issues regulations coveringcensorship of all communications originating within his com-mand, including those of civilians accredited to the fieldforces. Where military government or martial law is ineffect, all civilian communications and publications are alsosubject to censorship regulations published by the theatercommander. In any portion of the theater not under con-trol of military authorities, exercise of such censorship meas-ures as may be covered by law is carried out by civilian offi-cials. In such case close cooperation is essential between thelatter and military intelligence officials.

540. Military censorship regulations govern-a. Official messages transmitted in the clear via electrical

means and personal communications, films, photographs,press dispatches, newspapers, journals, magazines, books,pamphlets, parcels, recordings and transcriptions, radiobroadcasts, telegrams, telephone messages, cables, radio-grams, and all other personal communications, no matterhow transmitted.

b. Private use of channels of communication.c. Private ownership of radio-sending apparatus.d. Pictures, still or motion, taken by other than military

personnel.e. Newspapers published within the theater.

541. In the exercise of censorship, objectionable matter maybe suppressed, excised, deleted, returned to senders, con-demned, or delayed, as may be appropriate.

542. Prompt seizure by the leading troops of all civilianmeans of signal communication in the combat zone pend-ing establishment of normal censorship methods is of greatimportance. This should be accomplished in such a man-ner as to prevent destruction by the enemy, and to enablethe immediate employment of such means for our own pur-

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poses by signal and communication officers of our ownforces.

543. Military censorship is a function of command. Eachcompany, unit, or detachment commander, either person-ally or by delegation of authority to a subordinate com-missioned officer, is responsible that all personal mailoriginating in his command be censored in accordance withexisting instructions. The envelope or cover will be signedby the unit censor, the impression of a numbered UnitedStates Army examiner stamp placed thereon, and the com-munication released to the Army Postal Service. TheArmy Postal Service will turn over to the chief base censorany or all mail requested by him as directed by higher au-thority for the purpose of censorship. After base censor-ship examination the Army Postal Service will forwardmail to the addressee through authorized channels.

544. The theater censor makes recommendations to thetheater commander as to the publication of censorshipregulations. His office is responsible for general supervisionover the theater censorship and for censoring of press' dis-patches, radio broadcasts, articles and pictures for publica-tion, and all outgoing mail not stamped by a regimentalcensor.

SECTION V

EXPLOITATION OF LOCALRESOURCES

545. Local resources in a theater of operations are fullyutilized, particularly when the theater of operations is over-seas or in a location deficient in routes of communication.

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In using local resources due consideration is given to needsof the local population.

Local resources particularly to be exploited are shelter,utilities, transportation, means of signal communication,supplies, and services. Supplies most desirable for localprocurement are those involving much tonnage, such as food,forage, fuel, gasoline, lubricants, and engineer constructionmaterial.

546. Material resources may be exploited by purchase,requisition, contributions, billeting, or confiscation. Requi-sitions are demands made on the inhabitants which differfrom purchases in that the buyer fixes the price and theowner has no option in the transaction. Contributions aredemands for money. Billeting may include furnishing sub-sistence as well as quarters.

547. Procedure for utilization of local resources in thetheater of operations is prescribed by the theater com-mander, in conformity with law, rules of land warfare, andregulations of higher authority. Unauthorized seizure ofproperty is punished as looting.

548. W.hen the theater of operations is in our own orfriendly territory, supplies are obtained by purchase unlesslegal authority for requisitioning or billeting is established.CWhen the theater of operations is in hostile territory, sup-plies are usually obtained by purchase or requisition.

549. Under the rules of land warfare practically everythingmay be requisitioned. Requisitions are in proportion tothe resources of the country, but of such nature as not toinvolve the inhabitants in the obligation of taking part inmilitary operations against their own country. Propertyrequisitioned is either paid for in cash or restored with suit-

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able indemnification. Better results are obtained by pay-ment at time of delivery. If this is not done, receipts aregiven subject to later redemption.

550. Requisitioning of supplies is either direct from indi-viduals by specially detailed foraging parties or by system-atic collection. Foraging is usually resorted to only forsupply of advanced troops or small parties. Best results areusually obtained through requisitions on local civil officialsby supply services of large units.

551. Under some conditions it may be advisable to organizea central purchasing agency under the communicationszone commander to supervise and coordinate purchase andrequisition of supplies in the theater of operations. Actualpurchases are made by purchasing officers of the severalservices rather than by this agency. However, the centralpurchasing agency is delegated authority to issue policiesand regulations governing purchases by the supply services.

SECTION VI

QUARTERINGGENERAL

552. Quartering is the provision and administration ofshelter for personnel headquarters, establishments, andsupplies.

553. The theater or chief base censor makes recommenda-tions to the theater commander as to the publication ofcensorship regulations and the coordination of all censor-ship activities within the theater or separate base.

555811--43 12 171

554. When troops rest on the ground with no overheadcover or under shelter tents or improvised shelter, they arein bivouac. Although bivouacking facilitates tactical con-trol and readiness for action, it is undesirable for reasonsof comfort, rest, and protection from the weather.

555. When troops are sheltered by heavy tentage they arein camp. When quartered in temporary structures espe-cially constructed for military purposes they are in canton-ment. Camps and cantonments are more suitable for usein the communications zone than in the combat zone.Portability of tentage makes tent camps advantageous fortemporary shelter. Cantonments are more. economical forprolonged occupancy.

556. Troops are in billets when they occupy private or pub-lic buildings. In the United States and its oversea terri-tories billeting in private dwellings is limited by the ThirdAmendment to the Constitution. In hostile territory billet-ing is resorted to when desirable. In the territory of anally, local laws and customs govern billeting.

Billets afford protection against inclement weather andscreen troops from air observation. Moreover, they pro-vide immediately available shelter and facilitate propercare of men, animals, and equipment.

557. Type of shelter provided and locations of quarteringareas are governed as far as the tactical situation permits byconsiderations of security, administration, sanitation, exist-ence of facilities, and comfort of the troops. For tacticalconsiderations see FM 100-5.

Requisites of favorable quartering areas include adequateroutes of communication to and within the area; protectionagainst the elements; availability of an adequate supply ofwater, wood, and forage; good natural drainage; firm anddry soil; and freedom from sources of disease.

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558. New construction for quartering purposes in a theaterof operations is usually confined to the communicationszone.

PROCEDURE

559. When a command moves into an organized quarteringor training area of the communications zone, or, exception-ally, of the combat zone, quartering arrangements are madethrough the commander having territorial jurisdiction overthe area. If the area into which a military force moves isin the combat zone and under sole jurisdiction of the com-mander of this military force, quartering arrangements aremade direct with the inhabitants.

560. Advance preparations for quartering a command areusually made by a detailed quartering party which may- con-sist of a staff officer who is the chief quartering officer, amedical officer, necessary assistants, and representatives ofsubordinate units. This party makes necessary arrange-ments subject to approval of the commander and of theproper authority in the area. It selects the area unless thishas already been done, apportions areas and allots availablefacilities to the several major units, and reserves facilitiesfor administration of the whole command such as head-quarters, medical installations, and supply establishments.

561. Initial allotment of quartering areas having beenmade, the senior commander of the -area assumes responsi-bility for reallotment of his area to subordinate units, itslocal security, counterespionage measures, control of the in-habitants, its sanitation, further allocation and use of thevarious local resources and utilities, establishment of signalcommunication within the area, and other arrangementsnecessary for prompt quartering of the troops, their safety,and their administration.

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562. When areas in rear of the zone of active operations aresuccessively occupied by different units, a permanent or-ganization for administration of the several areas usually isestablished. Permanent area and subarea commanders areappointed and are furnished with necessary assistants. Theyprepare standing orders governing administration of theirareas under direction of the commander of the communi-cations zone. Commanders of units occupying the areasare subject to the standing orders of the areas.

SECTION VII

PROPERTY ACCOUNTABILITY563. Unless otherwise authorized by the War Department,when an organization assigned to a theater of operationsreaches its first quartering area in the theater, each respon-sible officer will take a physical inventory of the propertywhich has been charged to him on memorandum receipt andwill adjust such differences as may be discovered with theproper accountable officer. Each officer of the organizationwho is accountable for property will then submit his stockrecord account and supporting vouchers to an officer desig-nated by the theater commander for final audit. The Sec-retary of War may, however, waive the requirement ofmaking the final inventory and property audit. While theorganization remains in the theater of operations, propertywill be accounted for in accordance with such general in-structions as have been or may be prescribed by the Secre-tary of War. An organization passing permanently out ofthe theater of operations is required to reestablish a prop-erty accounting record of property in its possession. This

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new account will be based on the certified inventory of adisinterested officer.

NOTE.-The term "theater of operations" or "theater" as usedin paragraphs 564 and 565 will be construed as also meaning thearea of operations of a department, defense command, task force,or similar command not included in an area otherwise designatedby the War Department as a theater of operations..

564. Based on the general instructions announced by theSecretary of War, the theater commander establishes asystem for the accounting of property issued by supply estab-lishments of the communications zone, or which is trans-ferred from one service to another within the communica-tions zone. The system of accountability will be as simpleas is consistent with keeping a record of stocks on hand,prompt delivery of supplies, and reasonable provision forprotection against loss or theft.

565. In the combat zone no formal accounting for suppliesis required. When supplies are issued to troops or are trans-ferred from one service to another the receiving officerreceipts for the supplies with a notation showing the organ-ization or the work for which the supplies are required. Nofurther formal accounting for supplies is necessary from thereceiving officer. The same care is taken of all equipment,supplies, and material, and the same economy in their use isobserved as in cases where a formal accounting is required.All commanders are charged with insuring that neither mennor organizations of their commands waste or misuse sup-plies, material, and equipment furnished to them, or accumu-late an unauthorized surplus thereof. Organizations orindividuals demanding much in excess of the averageamounts required by other like units under similar conditionsare investigated and appropriate action taken.

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INDEX

Paragraph PageAccountability of property - ---_______________ 563-565 174Adjustments,, personnel - --_____________________ 462-465 143Adjutant General's Department, administrative

functions -------_________________________ 20 15

Air Force Units- --------------- 233-282 83f 376-379 113

Air transport …_________ . -___________________ 141-144 57Armored division. --_______________________ 227-232 81Armored units, medical service ______________ 368-375 111Army .?

Evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation__ 325-336 99Supply and maintenance_________________ - -145-193 59

Army Air Forces, administrative functions---__ 21 15Army Postal Service --________________________ 534-537 165

Burials -________________________________ 6522-528 162

Cavalry division -__ ____ __________________ 221-226 79Cavalry, horse - --____________________________ 351-364 107Censorship ---_______________________________ 538-544 167Chaplains, Corps of--------__________________ 22 16Chemical Warfare Service_ __.--_____________ _ 23 16Chief of service _-____________________________ 14-18 13Civilians, theater of operations-_______________ 471-490 141Communications zotle:

Evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation__ 337-350 103Theater of operations --__________________ 50-64 28

Communication, signal________________________ 124 53Construction and reconstruction of railroads__ _ 121-123 52Corps:

Evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation__ 322-324 98Supply and maintenance_ _____-__________ 194-200 72

Corps of Chaplains -------------- _____________ 22 16Corps of Engineers--------------__--_-- -_ 24 16

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Paragraph PageCorps of Military Police _____-- ______________ 36 22Credits ___ __---- _ -___________________________ 75-77 34

Defense _____________________--________________ 56, 57 30Definitions ……____________ _____..____________ _ 1 1Depots ------__----------------------_-------- 58-64 30Discipline ---- __________________----_ - - _.---- 397-399 119Division:

Evacuation, hospitalization, alnd sanitatioll__ 308-321 93Supply and maintenanlce lll ______________. 201-220 73

Evacuation, hospitalization, and sanitation '____.'283-390 84

Field force commander--_______________________ 9-10 12Finance Department _____-___________________ 25 17Furloughs ----..__-___ ____--__--______________ 466-470 144

Horse cavalry __________-_____________--______ 351-364 107Hospitalization ____________________________-__ 283-390 84

Infantry regiment,' evacuation, hospitalizationand sanitation __--- _______-- ___--- _ ________ 296-307 89

Inland waterways -_______-__._--___-_________ 134-140 5tiInspector General's Department --_____________ 26 18

Judge Advocate General's Department__--_____ 27 18

Leaves of absence and furloughs ----__-______ 466-470 144

Mail -- 5______________________________________ 634-537 172Maintenance, Army -______________________.___ 181-188 69Maintenance and operation of railroads__--____- 116-120 50Medical Department --___________________________ 28 18Medical service --_______________________________ 351-379 107Military Police, Corps of ……__ -____________ ___ - 36 22Military Police, personnel_ __-- ________…___- __ 438-441 135Miscellaneous .___________________________ ___ 522-565 162Morale, personnel - --___________________________ 391-417 118Motor transport ----_- -_______________________ 125-133 53Motorized units, medical service---_____________ 365-267 110

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Paragraph PageOrdnance Department --______________________ 29 19Organization:

Railroads_______________________________ -109-115 49Supply of Army___________________________ 153-157 60

2-8 7Theater of operations_ ._________________ .38,39 23

53-55 28Personnel:

Adjustments ______________________________ 462-465 143Civilians in T/O--_______-_--_____________ 471-490 146Leaves of absence and furloughs___________ 466-470 144Military police____________________________ 438-441 135Morale __-8_______________________________ 391-417 118Prisoners of war_ ______________________-- 442-461 137Replacements_____________________________ 418-437 123

Prisoners of war, personnel____________________ 442-461 137Procurement__-__________________-____________ 65-69 32Property accountability _______________________ 563-565 174

Quartering ___________________________________ 552-562 171Quartermaster Corps -_________________________ 30 20

Rail movements _______--______________________ 85-102 39Railroads_______________________________ -- 104-124 47Recognition of merit__________________________ - -400-404 120Recreation ______________________________ -- 405-407 121Regulating officer and staff_____________________ - -90-96 41Regulating stations____________________________ - -85-103 39Replacements, personnel --______________________ 418-437 123Requisitions:

Personnel --________________________-----__ 428-429 126Supply __----__-- ____ ____________________- 70-74 33

Reserve supplies …_____________ ________-- _.___ 158-161 61

Salvage .. --__________-____ ___________________ 529-534 163Sanitation ______________________________ -- 283-390 84Services and arms, service functions___________ - - 19-37 15Shipments, regulating stations_________________ 85-103 39Signal communication --_____________________ 124 53

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Paragraph PageSignal Corps _____-- __----_----------------__ 35 22Special Services-- -------------------------- 37 23

Supply (ies):Points:

Number and location___________---- - - 162-169 63Movement ---------- …----------------- 177-180 69Supply ------------------------------- 170, 171 65

40-49 24Theater of Operations- .- .. .......... _ 65-84 32

Supply and maintenance:Army____________________________________ -145-1.93 59Corps ________________-_____ _ I _-___ 194-200 72Divisions …___________________________-____ 201-282

Theater commander ______ ________..-- _ ____ 11-13 73Theater of operations:

Chief of service -_________________________ 14-18 13Civilians _________________________________ 471-490 146Communication zones_--______________- __-- 50-64 28Exploitation of local resources __________-- 545-551 169Field force commander ________----------- 9-10 12Fundamental considerations ------------ …38-49 23

Organization ---------------- 38 392-8 2…… 38, 39 23

Procurement and distribution of supplies____ 65-84 32Regulating officer and staff _ ._------------- 90-96 41Regulating stations--_--------------------- 85-103 39Sanitation ___-- __..---------------------- 380-390, 113Services and arms with service functions_-- 19-37 15

49-49. 24Supply(ies) -------- ------------- --- 65-84 32Theater commander -___________---_-- - __- 11-13 12

Traffic circulation and control ______-___------- 491-521 153(104-144 47

Transportation- --___________________ - _----_ -- 204 74

Transportation Corps ________------ -------------- 33 21Troop movements___ -------_-_____________ 491-521 153

Water supply - -______________- ___________- 219 78

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