Flying ace

The "first ace", Frenchman Adolphe Pégoud beingawarded the Croix de guerre.

Flying aceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Flying Ace)

For other uses, see Flying Ace (disambiguation)

A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator creditedwith shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerialcombat. The actual number of aerial victories required toofficially qualify as an "ace" has varied, but is usuallyconsidered to be five or more. The few aces amongcombat aviators have historically accounted for themajority of air-to-air victories in military history.[1]

Contents

1 History1.1 World War I1.2 Between the world wars1.3 World War II1.4 Post World War II aces

1.4.1 The Korean War1.4.2 Indo-Pakistani Wars1.4.3 The Vietnam War1.4.4 The Middle East conflicts1.4.5 Iran-Iraq war1.4.6 Afghanistan invasion (2001–present)

2 Accuracy3 Non-pilot aces4 Ace in a day5 See also6 References7 External links

History

World War I

See also: List of World War I flying aces, Aerial victory standards of World War I, and Balloon buster

World War I introduced the systematic use of true single-seat fighter aircraft, with enough speed and agilityto catch and maintain contact with targets in the air, coupled with armament sufficiently powerful to destroythe targets. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the Fokker Scourge, in the last half of 1915. Thiswas also the beginning of a long standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately fivepercent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories.[1]

Use of the term “ace” to describe these pilots began in World War I, when French newspapers described

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Manfred von Richthofen,better known as the "RedBaron". He scored the mostkills in World War I and isarguably the most famousflying ace of all time.

The American literaryscholar FrancisPeabody Magounclaimed to beCanadian in order tojoin the RAF, inwhich service heachieved ace status.

Adolphe Pégoud, as l'As (French for "Ace") after he became the first pilot todown five German aircraft. The British initially used the term “star-turns” (ashow business term), while the Germans described their elite fighter pilots asÜberkanonen (which roughly translates to “top gun”).

The successes of such German ace pilots as Max Immelmann and OswaldBoelcke were much publicised for the benefit of civilian morale, and thePour le Mérite, Prussia’s highest award for gallantry, became part of theuniform of a leading German ace. In the Luftstreitkräfte the Pour le Méritewas nicknamed Der blaue Max/The Blue Max, after Max Immelmann, whowas the first fighter pilot to receive this award. Initially, German aviators hadto destroy eight Allied aircraft to receive this medal.[2] As the warprogressed, the qualifications for Pour le Mérite were raised,[2] butsuccessful German fighter pilots continued to be hailed as national heroes forthe remainder of the war,

As the German fighter squadrons usually fought well within German lines, itwas practicable to establish and maintain very strict guidelines for theofficial recognition of victory claims by German pilots. “Shared” victorieswere either credited to one of the pilots concerned, or to the unit as a whole –the destruction of the aircraft had to be physically confirmed by locating its

wreckage, or an independent witness to the destruction had to be found. Victories were also counted foraircraft “forced down” within German lines, as this usually resulted in the death or capture of the enemyaircrew.

British and Commonwealth fighter pilots fought mostly in German held airspace[3][4] and were often not ina position to confirm that an apparently destroyed enemy aircraft had in fact crashed, so these victories werefrequently claimed as "driven down", "forced to land", or "out of control" (called "probables" in later wars).These victories were usually included in a pilot's totals and in citations for decorations.[5]

The British high command considered praise of fighter pilots to be detrimental toequally brave bomber and reconnaissance aircrew – so that the British air servicesdid not publish official statistics on the successes of individuals. Nonetheless somepilots did become famous through press coverage,[2] making the British system forthe recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhatinconsistent. One pilot, Arthur Gould Lee, described his own score in a letter to hiswife as "Eleven, five by me solo — the rest shared", adding that he was "milesfrom being an ace".[6] This shows that his No. 46 Squadron RAF counted sharedkills, but separately from "solo" ones—one of a number of factors that seems tohave varied from unit to unit. Also evident is that a considerably higher figure thanfive kills was considered as the requisite total for "ace" status, at least in 46Squadron.[citation needed] Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two enemyaircraft destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of sevenvictories.[7]

Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between thevery strict German approach and the relatively casual British one. They usuallydemanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, makingconfirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult.[8] The Belgiancrediting system sometimes included "out of control" to be counted as a victory.[9]

The United States Army Air Service adopted French standards for evaluating victories, with two exceptions

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Albert Ball, Britain's firstfamous flying ace. He waskilled in 1917, aged 20.

German Erich Hartmann isthe top ace of all time with352 kills.

– during the summer of 1918, while flying under operational control of theBritish, the 17th Aero Squadron and the 148th Aero Squadron used Britishstandards.[8] American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers,decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace.[10]

While "ace" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber andreconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft,typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example ofan non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accreditedaerial victories.[11]

Between the world wars

Main articles: List of Spanish Civil War flying aces and Flying Tigers

There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the twoworld wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-JapaneseWar.

Part of the outside intervention in the Spanish Civil War was the supply of "volunteer" foreign pilots to bothsides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germansand Italians.

The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as 2 December1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces.[12] The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa toaid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did notbegin flying combat missions until 20 December 1941.

World War II

See also: List of World War II flying aces

In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of creditingfractional shares of aerial victories, resulting in fractions or decimal scores,such as 11½ or 26.83. Some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyedon the ground as equal to aerial victories. The Soviets distinguished betweensolo and group kills, as did the Japanese, though the Imperial Japanese Navystopped crediting individual victories (in favor of squadron tallies) in 1943.

The Soviet Air Forces claimed the only female aces of the war: LydiaLitvyak scored 12 victories and Yekaterina Budanova achieved 11.[13]

Fighting on different sides, the French pilot Pierre Le Gloan had the unusualdistinction of shooting down four German, seven Italian and seven Britishplanes, the latter while he was flying for Vichy France in Syria.

The Luftwaffe continued the tradition of "one pilot, one kill", and nowreferred to top scorers as Experten.[14] During the war, and for some yearsafter, the very high victory totals of some experten were considered to be

coloured by grandiose Nazi propaganda.

A number of factors probably contributed to the very high totals of the top German aces. For a limitedperiod (especially during Operation Barbarossa), many Axis kills were over obsolescent aircraft and eitherpoorly trained or inexperienced Allied pilots.[15] In addition, Luftwaffe pilots generally flew many more

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Russian Lydia Litvyak of theSoviet Air Force, one of onlytwo female flying aces inhistory.

On one occasion 87-killJapanese naval aceHiroyoshi Nishizawa flewloops over an enemyairfield as a stunt.

individual sorties (sometimes well over 1000)than their Allied counterparts. Moreover, theyoften returned to the cockpit until they werecaptured, incapacitated or killed, whilesuccessful Allied pilots were usually eitherpromoted to positions involving less combatflying or routinely rotated back to trainingbases to pass their valuable combat knowledgeto younger pilots.

Similarly, in the Pacific theater, one factorleading to the superiority of Japanese acessuch as the legendary Hiroyoshi Nishizawa(about 87 kills) could be the early technicaldominance of the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"fighter.

Post World War II aces

Main article: Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses

The Korean War

Main article: List of Korean War flying aces

The Korean War of 1950–53 marked the transition from piston-engined propeller driven aircraft to moremodern jet aircraft. As such, it saw the world's first jet-vs-jet aces.

Indo-Pakistani Wars

Main articles: Aces in a day and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts

Squadron Leader Muhammad Mahmood Alam of the Pakistan Air Force emerged from 1965 War asPakistan's top scoring fighter Ace. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Muhammad Mahmood Alam wascredited with nine aerial victories and two probable victories.[16]

The Vietnam War

Main article: List of Vietnam War flying aces

The North Vietnamese air force was the world’s sixth largest air force at the height of its power in 1974 butarmed with mostly obsolete aircraft. This allowed many North Vietnamese pilots to claim "ace" status.American air-to-air combat during the Vietnam War generally matched intruding United States fighter-bombers against the radar-directed integrated North Vietnamese air defense systems. American F-4, F-8, andF-105 fighter crews usually had to contend with both surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery andmachine gun fire before opposing fighters attacked them.

The long-running conflict produced 22 aces: 17 North Vietnamese pilots, two American pilots, threeAmerican Weapons Systems Officers or WSOs.[17]

The Middle East conflicts

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Air Commodore MuhammadMahmood Alam "LittleDragon". Ace in a Day of thePakistan Air Force

Colonel Giora "Hawkeye"Epstein, Israeli Air Force(IAF) fighter ace creditedwith 17 kills, "ace of aces"of modern, supersonicfighter jets.

Main article: List of flying aces in Arab–Israeli wars

The series of wars and conflicts between Israel and its neighbors began withIsraeli independence in 1948 and continued for over three decades. Of the 50known aces during these battles, one was Egyptian, three Syrian, and the restIsraeli.[citation needed]

Iran-Iraq war

Brig. General Jalil Zandi (1951–2001) was an ace fighter pilot in theIslamic Republic of Iran Air Force, serving for the full duration of theIran-Iraq War. His record of 8 confirmed and 3 probable victories againstIraqi combat airplanes qualifies him as an ace and the most successful pilotof that conflict[19][20] and the most successful F-14 pilot worldwide.

Brig. General Shahram Rostami was another Iranian ace. He was an F-14pilot. He had 6 confirmed kills. His victories include: 1 MiG-21, 2 MiG-25sand 3 Mirage F1s.[21]

Afghanistan invasion (2001–present)

There are no known aces (in terms of air-air combat fight with at least fivedowned foe planes/airships) of the Afghanistan war and the ongoing 21stcentury conflicts. It is actually more likely that flying aces won't occur due totechnological changes. This is due to the fact that the traditional fighter-versus-fighter dogfight is extremely rare in contemporary warfare, asunmanned aircraft and other computerized technology, including anti-aircraftmissiles, have taken a prominent seat in contemporary aviation warfare.

Accuracy

See also: Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories duringWorld War II

Realistic assessment of enemy casualties is important for intelligencepurposes,[22] so most air forces expend considerable effort to ensureaccuracy in victory claims. In World War II, the aircraft gun camera cameinto general usage, partly in hope of alleviating inaccurate victory claims.

And yet, to quote an extreme example, in the Korean War, both the U.S. andCommunist air arms claimed a 10 to 1 victory-loss ratio.[23][24] Withoutdelving too deeply into these claims, they are obviously mutually incompatible. Arguably, few recognizedaces actually shot down as many aircraft as credited to them.[25] The primary reason for inaccurate victoryclaims is the inherent confusion of three-dimensional, high speed combat between large numbers of aircraft,but competitiveness and the desire for recognition (not to mention optimistic enthusiasm) also figure incertain inflated, especially when the attainment of a specific total is required for a particular decoration orpromotion.[26]

The most accurate figures usually belong to the air arm fighting over its own territory, where many wreckscan be located, and even identified, and where shot down enemy are either killed or captured. It is for thisreason that at least 76 of the 80 planes credited to Manfred von Richthofen can be tied to known British

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Brig. General Jalil Zandi, anace fighter pilot in theIranian Air Force. The mostsuccessful F-14 Tomcat pilotever with 8 confirmed and 3probable kills during theIran-Iraq war[18]

Charles B. DeBellevue, the firstUSAF Weapon Systems Officer tobecome a flying ace.

losses[27] — the German Jagdstaffeln flew defensively, on their own side ofthe lines, in part due to General Hugh Trenchard's policy of offensive patrol.

On the other hand, losses (especially in aircraft as opposed to personnel) aresometimes recorded inaccurately, for various reasons. Nearly 50% of RAFvictories in the Battle of Britain, for instance, do not tally statistically withrecorded German losses — but some at least of this apparent over-claimingcan be tallied with known wrecks, and aircrew known to have been in BritishPoW camps.[28] There are a number of reasons why reported losses may beunderstated – including poor reporting procedures and loss of records due toenemy action or wartime confusion.

Non-pilot aces

While aces are generally thought of exclusively as fighter pilots, some haveaccorded this status to gunners on bombers or reconnaissance aircraft, andobservers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the Bristol F.2b. Becausepilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunnermight have been an ace while his pilot was not, or vice versa. Observer acesconstitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, whotallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in WorldWar I.[29]

In World War 2, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunnerS/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17victories.[30][31] Royal Air Force Flight Sergeant F. J. Barker scored13 victories while flying as a gunner in a Boulton Paul Defiant turretfighter, piloted by Flight Sergeant E. R. Thorne.[32]

With the advent of more advanced technology, a third category of aceappeared. Charles B. DeBellevue became not only the first U.S. AirForce Weapon Systems Officer (WSO) to become an ace but also thetop American ace of the Vietnam War, with six victories.[33] Closebehind with five were fellow WSO Jeffrey Feinstein[34] and RadarIntercept Officer William P. Driscoll.[35]

Ace in a day

Main article: Aviators who became ace in a day

The first military aviators to score five or more victories on the same date, thus each becoming an "ace in aday", were pilot Julius Arigi and observer/gunner Johann Lasi of the Austro-Hungarian air force, on 22August 1916, when they downed five Italian planes.[36] The feat was repeated five more times during WorldWar I.[37][38][39]

Becoming an ace in a day became relatively common during World War II; for instance, 68 U.S. pilots—43Army Air Forces, 18 Navy, and seven Marine Corps—were credited with the feat.[citation needed]

In the Soviet offensive of 1944 in the Karelian Isthmus, Finnish pilot Hans Wind shot down 30 enemyairplanes in 12 days and in doing so obtained "ace in a day" status three times.[40]

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On 6 September 1965, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Muhammad Mahmood Alam of the PakistanAir Force shot down five Indian Air Force Hawker Hunter Mk.56 fighters in less than a minute, four of themwithin 30 seconds. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat ("The star of courage") and bar for his actions.[41][42]

See also

List of World War I flying acesList of World War II flying acesList of World War II aces by countryList of German World War II jet acesList of Spanish Civil War flying acesList of Korean War flying acesList of Vietnam War flying acesList of flying aces in Arab–Israeli warsList of Egyptian flying acesList of Israeli flying acesList of Syrian flying acesList of aces of acesIranian aerial victories during the Iran-Iraq warIraqi aerial victories during the Iran-Iraq war

References

Notes

^ a b Dunnigan, How to Make War, p. 149.1.^ a b c Payne, Dr David (21 May 2008). "Major'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British FlyingAce in the Great War"(http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html). Western Front Association.

2.

^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of theFighter Aces and Units of the British Empire AirForces 1915–1920. p. 6.

3.

^ Pusher Aces of World War 1. p. 39.4.^ Shores, Franks & Guest, Above The Trenches,1990, p. 8.

5.

^ Lee, Arthur Gould, No Parachute (London:Jarrolds, 1968), p. 208

6.

^ Shores et al. 1990, pp. 236–237.7.^ a b Over the Front: A Complete Record of theFighter Aces and Units of the United States andFrench Air Services, 1914–1918. p. 6.

8.

^ Above Flanders' Fields: A Complete Record ofthe Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units Duringthe Great War, 1914–1918. pp. 34–85.

9.

^ Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life. p. 55.10.^ Franks et al. 1997, pp. 18–19.11.^ "Retrieved 28 July 2011" (http://wio.ru/spain/china-a.htm). Wio.ru. Retrieved 2013-06-16.

12.

^ Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa - The AirBattle: July–December 1941. Classic Publications.p. 83. ISBN 1-85780-270-5.

13.

^ For the award of decorations, the Germansinitiated a points system to equal up achievementsbetween the aces flying on the Eastern front withthose on other, more demanding, fronts: one for afighter, two for a twin-engine bomber, three for afour-engine bomber; night victories counted double;Mosquitoes counted double, due to the difficulty ofbringing them down. See Johnson, J. E. "Johnnie",Group Captain, RAF. Wing Leader (Ballantine,1967), p.264.

14.

^ Shores, Christopher (1983). Air Aces. BisonBooks Corp. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-86124-104-5.

15.

^ "PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website"(http://www.paf.gov.pk/mmalam.html). Paf.gov.pk.Retrieved 2011-11-16.

16.

^ "USA" (http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/usa-v1.html), Aces, Safari Kovi, retrieved 10March 2012

17.

^ "Jalil Zandi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalil_Zandi).En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-06-16.

18.

^ "Imperial Iranian Air Force: Samurai in the skies"(http://www.iiaf.net/iiafmisc/announcements/announcements.html). Iiaf.net. 1980-09-22.Retrieved 2013-06-16.

19.

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^ "Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles ofAutumn 1982, by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop,Sept. 9, 2003" (http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml). Acig.org. Retrieved2013-06-16.

20.

^ http://www.cieldegloire.com/as_45_00_victoires.php#zandi

21.

^ The classic instance of this is the catastrophicfailure of German intelligence to accurately assessRAF losses during the Battle of Britain – due (inlarge part anyway) to wild over-claiming byGerman fighter pilots (Galland, 1956: p. 279)

22.

^ "Korean Air War" (http://wio.ru/korea/korea-a.htm). RU: Wio. Retrieved 2011-11-15.

23.

^ Shores pp. 161–67.24.^ Shores, Christopher (2007), "Japanese and Alliedair forces in the Far East"(http://forum.12oclockhigh.net/showthread.php?t=8833&page=4) (forum), 12O’clock high, p. 4

25.

^ Hermann Göring — quoted by Galland, 1956: p.279. Goering actually goes much further, andclaims that scores were deliberately falsified for thepurpose of fabricating grounds for decorations – butthis seems unlikely to be the case, nor Goering'sreal opinion.

26.

^ Robinson 1958, pp. 150–15527.^ Lake P 12228.^ Above the Fronts, p. 18.29.^ "Hall of Valor: Michael Arooth"(http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=22831). Military Times.Retrieved June 26, 2012.

30.

^ Wayne Phaneuf (May 29, 2011). "Springfield's375th: City monuments honor those who answeredthe call of duty" (http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/springfields_375th_city_monuments_honor_those_who_answered_the_call.html). The Republican.

31.

^ Thomas, Andrew (2012). Defiant, Blenheim andHavoc Aces. Osprey Publishing. p. 55.ISBN 1849086664.

32.

^ "Col. Charles DeBellevue" (http://archive.is/ic9S). U.S. Air Force official web site. Archivedfrom the original (http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006474) onJuly 18, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

33.

^ "USAF Southeast Asia War Aces"(http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=18114). National Museum ofthe United States Air Force. March 30, 2011.Retrieved June 29, 2012.

34.

^ "USS Constellation (CV 64)"(http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=69). United States Navy.Retrieved June 29, 2012.

35.

^ Air Aces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1914 -1918, pp. 190-191, 272, 324.

36.

^ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units ofthe German Air Service, Naval Air Service andFlanders Marine Corps, 1914-1918, p. 70.

37.

^ Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of theFighter Aces and Units of the British Empire AirForces 1915-1920, pp. 368, 390.

38.

^ Over the Front: A Complete Record of the FighterAces and Units of the United States and French AirServices, 1914-1918, p. 161.

39.

^ http://www.elknet.pl/acestory/windb/windb.htm40.^ Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail. "Alam’s Speed-shooting Classic" (http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/alam.htm). Defencejournal.com.Retrieved 2011-11-15.

41.

^ Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: the air war of1965 (http://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ). "before we hadcompleted more than of about 270 degree of theturn, at around 12 degree per second, all fourhunters had been shot down."

42.

Bibliography

Dunnigan, James F. How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in theTwenty-first Century. HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0-06-009012-X, 9780060090128.Farr, Finis. Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life. Houghton Mifflin, 1979. ISBN 0-395-27102-9,ISBN 978-0-395-27102-5.Norman Franks, Russell Guest, Gregory Alegi. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater BomberPilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian,Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWISeries: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 1-898697-56-6, ISBN978-1-898697-56-5.Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. I Allan, 1979. ISBN 0-7110-0929-5, ISBN978-0-7110-0929-5.Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-115-6.Galland, Adolf The First and the Last London, Methuen, 1955 (Die Ersten und die Letzten Germany,

Flying ace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Ace

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Franz Schneekluth, 1953)Johnson, J. E. "Johnnie", Group Captain, RAF. Wing Leader (Ballantine, 1967)Lake, John The Battle of Britain London, Amber Books 2000 ISBN 1-85605-535-3Robinson, Bruce (ed.) von Richthofen and the Flying Circus. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1958.Shores,Christopher Air Aces. Greenwich CT., Bison Books 1983 ISBN 0-86124-104-5Christopher F. Shores, Norman Franks, Russell Guest. Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of theFighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Grub Street, 1990. ISBN0-948817-19-4, ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.Stenman, Kari and Keskinen, Kalevi. Finnish Aces of World War 2, Osprey Aircraft of the Aces,number 23. London: Osprey Publishing. 1998. ISBN 952-5186-24-5.Toliver & Constable. Horrido!: Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe (Aero 1968)Toperczer, Istvan. MIG-17 and MIG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. Osprey Combat Aircraft, number25. (2001).Toperczer, Istvan MIG-21 Units of the Vietnam War. Osprey Combat Aircraft, number 29. (2001).

External links

Air Aces Homepage (A.Magnus) (http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/airaces1.htm)Air Aces Website (Jan Šafařík) (http://aces.safarikovi.org/)Air Combat Information Group Website (http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/)All aces of Korean air war (http://wio.ru/korea/korea-a.htm)

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