Fluid shifts occur when the body's fluids move between the fluid compartments. Physiologically, this occurs by a combination of hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients. Water will move from one chamber into the next passively across a semi permeable membrane until the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients balance each other. Many medical conditions can cause fluid shifts. When fluid moves out of the intravascular space (the blood vessels), blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels, endangering critical organs such as the brain, heart and kidneys. When fluid shifts out of the cells (the intracellular space), cellular processes slow down or cease from intracellular dehydration. Fluid shifts into the brain cells can cause increased cranial pressure. Fluid shifts may be compensated by fluid replacement or diuretics.

Intracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid is found inside the two-layered plasma membrane of the body's cells, and is the matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended, and chemical reactions take place.[2] In humans, the intracellular compartment contains on average about 28 litres of fluid, and under ordinary circumstances remains in osmotic equilibrium. It contains moderate quantities of magnesium and sulphate ions.

Extracellular fluid

Interstitial compartment

The interstitial compartment (also called extravascular compartment or tissue space) is the space that surrounds the cells of a given tissue. It is filled with interstitial fluid. Interstitial refers to a "small opening or space between objects". Together with the vascular space, the interstitial space comprises the extracellular space.[3] When excessive fluid accumulates in the interstitial space, edema develops.[4] Interstitial fluid provides the immediate microenvironment that allows for movement of ions, proteins and nutrients across the cell barrier. This fluid is not static, but is continually being refreshed and recollected by lymphatic channels. In the average male (70 kg) human body, the interstitial space has approximately 10.5 litres of fluid.

In the lungs there is an interstitial space between capillaries (tiny blood vessels) and the alveoli (the microscopic air-filled sacs in the lungs responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere). For gas exchange to occur, carbon dioxide must diffuse across the endothelium of the capillaries across the interstitial space, and across the alveolar epithelium; oxygen must diffuse the other direction, into the blood in the capillaries.

Intravascular compartment

The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood, a complex fluid with elements of a suspension (blood cells), colloid (globulins) and solutes (glucose and ions). The average volume of plasma in the average (70 kg) male is approximately 3.5 liters. The volume of the intravascular lumen is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients, and by reabsorption by the kidneys.

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