Fluid Sampling and Analysis

Fluid Sampling and Analysis-DBR slide 1

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Schlumberger Private

Introduction to Fluid Sampling & Analysis

Graeme DavidsonFluid Sampling and Analysis InstructorWCP Europe Learning Centre


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Course ObjectivesyIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and AnalysisyFluid & Phase Behaviour ySampling FundamentalsySampling TechnologyyIntroduction to Wellsite Fluid Analysis


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Course OutlineMorning:

yCourse IntroductionyIntroduction to Fluid Sampling and AnalysisyCased Hole Sampling techniquesyOpen Hole sampling techniquesyLunch 12.15 13.45


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Course OutlineAfternoon:

yLook at sampling equipment in the workshopyLaboratory PVT AnalysisyWellsite PVT AnalysisyOther wellsite AnalysisyLook at PVT Express in workshop


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Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA)

The Reservoir Fluid Sampling & Analysis Specialists of Schlumberger


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Our Vision - From Reservoir to Results

To be recognised as the market leader in reservoir fluid sampling and analysis by offering outstanding service

and differentiating technology

To combine our phase behaviour and sampling skills to provide our clients with solutions where others offer data


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What Does Fluid Sampling and Analysis Do?

yReservoir Fluid SamplingyWellsite Fluid AnalysisyPVT Laboratory AnalysisyAdvanced Fluid ResearchyPVT SoftwareySampling and PVT Equipment manufactureySample Management


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Schlumberger Private19931990 1998 1999

Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling

Wellsite Analysis

PVT Laboratory Aberdeen

Hg FreePVT Lab

1997 20004 14 30 160 195

Co-operationAgreement

AcquisitionAgreement

2001 2002228195

SOOA

ISO 9001

PVT Laboratory Global

Corpro

SCAR - A

Fluid Sampling and Analysis (FSA) Timeline

DBR Acquisition

WCP Restructure

2003

Geomarket Integration

PVT-ExpressTraining

School

1989 1996

Cased Hole Bottomhole Sampling

Surface Sampling

Support Services

Core Analysis


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DBR and Fluid AnalysisThe company was formed by Dr Donald B. Robinson in 1980. It is well respected in the fluid community. Known for;yPeng-Robinson Equation:

yLaboratory PVT and advanced fluids /solids studiesyManufacture HT/HP Mercury free PVT equipmentyPVT software

Acquired in 2002 to support our drive to be the best in the Fluid Sampling and Analysis business.

b)V(Vb)V(Va

bVRTp T ++=


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Fluid Sampling and Analysis Locations

Edmonton, Canada

Houston, USA

Belle Chasse, USA

Villahermosa, Mexico

Quito, Ecuador

El Tigre, Venezuela

Macae, Brazil

Aberdeen, UK

Stavanger, Norway

Baku, Azerbaijan

Aktobe, Kazakhstan

Moscow, Russia

Hassi-Messaoud, Algeria

Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Port Gentil, Gabon

Luanda, Angola

Dubai, UAE

Doha, Qatar

Kuwait

Tehran, Iran

Tripoli, Libya

Mumbai, India

Perth, Australia

Jakarta, Indonesia

Labuan, Malaysia

Tanguu, China

Vung Tau, Vietnam


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Before Fluid Sampling and Analysis....yBottomhole & surface samples were collected by the Well Test crew in addition to running the well test

yLimited training in sampling equipment and techniques

yLittle or no analysis was performed in the field

ySamples were shipped to the lab for analysis

yToo late to rectify mistakes or re-sample as the well had been shut in & the rig moved.


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Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialist/Engineer

Fluid Sampling and Analysis Field Specialists / Engineers are now experts in :yOpen Hole Bottomhole SamplingyCased Hole Bottomhole SamplingySurface and Wellhead SamplingyDangerous Goods

Xpert Fluid Sampling

yPVT ExpressyReservoir Fluid Phase BehaviouryPVT Lab and Compositional Analysis

Specialised Courses


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Why Do We Sample?Fluid property data is needed to:

yHelp describe the reservoir

yPredict reservoir fluid behavior

yAssist in development planning

yAssess the environmental impact

yEvaluate economic potential


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The Big Picture

yObtaining accurate PVT and fluid property data an important component of well testing campaign

yData must be representative of the reservoir fluid

yQuality of the data is highly dependent on the quality of the samples


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Sample QualitySample Quality is dependent on:

yThe reservoiryWell conditioningySampling methods, equipment & operating proceduresyHuman factors


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What Type of Sample Do We Need ?

A reservoir fluid sample that is representative of zone of interest or as close as possible

This means:

A pressurized fluid Oil with all the gas in solution Gas with heavy ends in the vapor phase


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When Do We Need to Sample ?

As early in the life of the reservoir as possible

Before depletion below saturation pressure has occurred

Why?yFor oil gas breaks outyFor gas liquid drops outyThe GOR and compositions are not representative of the true reservoir fluid


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Where Should We Sample From ?

Downhole, as close to the formation as possible, wherever reservoir and well conditions permit


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Completion/production Engineer Completion design Material specification Artificial lift calculations Production log interpretation Production facilities design Production forecasts

Geologist Reservoir

correlation Geochemical

studies Hydrocarbon

source studies

Facilities/flow assurance engineer Flow assurance Separation Treatment Metering Transport

Reservoir Engineer Reserve estimation Material-balance calculation Natural drive mechanism Reservoir simulation Well test interpretation

Reservoir Fluid

Properties

Reservoir Fluid

Properties

Environmental Engineers & Scientists

Chemical / Process Engineers

Economists / Accountants

Everyone is Relying on Fluid Information


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Introduction to PVT and Fluid Behaviour


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Phase BehaviourWhat is a phase?ySolidyLiquid yVapour or GasChange of phase depends on Pressure & Temperature.eg.

Ice +Heat Water +Heat Steam


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What Is PVT Analysis?yThe study of reservoir fluid samples under varying conditions ofPressure, Volume and Temperature

yTemperature is normally held constant @ reservoir temp.

yPressure and Volume are varied

Measurement of :- physical properties- composition


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PVT Analysis Is NeededAt the initial exploration stage

Before reservoir depletion

During production when up-dated information may be required

If further development, appraisal or new recovery techniques are to be introduced


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PVT Experiment


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Terms and Definitionsused in this sectiony Bubble Point Pressure (pb): at a given temperature, the pressure

at which appears the first bubble of gas from a single phase liquid.y Dew Point Pressure (pd): at a given temperature, the pressure at

which appears the first drop of liquid from a single gas phase system.y Cricondenbar: the maximum pressure at which two phases can

exist.y Cricondentherm: the maximum temperature at which two phases

can exist.


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General Phase Diagram Definitions

Temperature

P

r

e

s

s

u

r

e

cricondentherm

cricondenbar

Dew point locus

Bubble point locus

Gas condensateOil Dry gas

Critical point

80%

40%

20%

10%

5%

Production path

example


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Classification Definition

Natural hydrocarbon reservoirs are classified arbitrarily according to observed properties during production such as:yGas-oil ratioyGas gravity (air=1)yOil API gravityyColor


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Dry gas

yRemains single phase in reservoir during pressure depletion.yNo liquid produced at surface.yMainly methane


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Dry Gas Phase Diagram


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Wet Gas

yRemains single phase in reservoir during pressure depletion.ySmall quantity of liquid produced at surface.yLight colorless liquid.


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Wet Gas Phase Diagram


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Retrograde Gas Condensate

ySome liquid is deposited in the reservoir during pressure depletion.ySignificant amount of condensate is produced at

surface.yYellowish liquid.


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Retrograde Gas Phase DiagramGas Condensate


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High Shrinkage or Volatile Oil

yExhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.yHigh GOR and formation volume factor.yRelatively low oil density.yLow oil viscosity.


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Black Oil

yExhibit a bubble point in the reservoir.yLow GOR and formation volume factor.yMedium to high oil density.yWide range of oil viscosity.


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Oil Phase Diagram


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Reservoir Fluid ClassificationFrom Reservoir and Production Fundamentals (Schlumberger 1980)

0.900.030.020.020.020.01100Bitumen

0.750.030.020.020.030.2020 - 25< 100Heavy Oil

0.430.020.030.040.040.4430 - 40100 - 2500Black Oil

0.150.030.040.050.080.6540 - 503000Volatile Oil

0.010.02.0.30.040.080.7550 - 705 - 100000Gas Condensate

0.010.010.010.030.050.9050 - 70> 100000Wet Gas

0.010.010.010.030.050.9050 - 70No liquidDry Gas

C6+C5C4C3C2C1

Typical CompositionAPI gravityGOR (scf/sbbl)


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Reservoir Fluid ClassificationFrom McCain

> 2< 2Oil FVF at Pb

< 0.7< 4< 12.520 12.5> 20C7+ mol %

No phase change

No phase change

Dew pointBubble point

Bubble point

Phase Change in Reservoir

No liquidWater white

Lightly colored

ColoredDarkStock Tank Liquid Color

No liquidUp to 70> 40< 40< 25Initial Stock Tank Liquid Gravity(API)

> 100000> 150003200 - 150001750 - 3200< 1750Initial Producing GOR (scf/sbbl)

Dry GasWet GasRetrograde Gas

Volatile OilBlack Oil


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Fluid Categories

Type GOR Oil Gravity Colour

Dry Gas No Liquids

Wet Gas 100,000 scf/bbl >50 API White

Gas Condensate(Retrograde Gas)

3000-70,000 scf/bbl


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P-T Diagram of a Low Shrinkage Oil


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Sampling Theory


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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?

1. Bottomhole

2. Wellhead

3. Separator Recombination

4. Dead oil

5. Water


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Factors Affecting Technique ChoiceyType of analysis to be conductedyVolume required for analysisyQuality of results requiredyType of fluid to be sampledyDegrees of depletionySurface facilities & well completionyEnvironmental Concerns


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What Type of Samples Do We Collect? Bottomhole Samples

Always first choice where reservoir and well conditions permit

Uncontaminated fresh reservoir fluid collected close to the perforations

Samples maintained above reservoir pressure


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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?

Wellhead Samples

yPossible when conditions allow:

Psat < WHP at WHT

yCollected Upstream of the choke manifold


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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?Surface Recombination Samples

Matched sets of equilibrated separator gas and liquid- Captured at the same time- Usually taken as back-up PVT samples- Can be used as the main PVT samples

Quality dependant on:Separator stability GOR accuracy Sampling technique


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What Type of Samples Do We Collect?Dead Oil and Water

Collected at Stock Tank or atmospheric conditions

Oil Samples captured from Gauge Tank or Oil line

Water samples captured from separator water line

Collected when large volumes are required

Fluid Sampling and Analysis

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Transcript of Fluid Sampling and Analysis