FLUID MECHANCIS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK FOR 2013 REGULATION

7/21/2019 FLUID MECHANCIS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK FOR 2013 REGULATION

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7.7) Vbgt ks g ocukd= Bmw gra ocukds ecgsskokad=

7.8) Daokla ocukd. Fkva axgipcas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.5) Bmw ocukds gra ecgsskokad= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.4)

Dkstklfuksb hatwaal smckd gld ocukd. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.1) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal smckds gld ckqukds. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

7.?) Dkseuss tba kipmrtglea mo kdagc ocukd. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.6) Vbgt ks g ragc ocukd= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

7.2) Daokla Lawtmlkgl gld Lml ― Lawtmlkgl ocukds. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.;) Vbgt gra Lml ― Lawtmlkgl ocukds= Fkva axgipca. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.7>)

Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal Lawtmlkgl gld Lml ― Lawtmlkgl ocukds.

ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.77) Vbgt ks tba dkooaralea hatwaal gl kdagc gld g ragc ocukd=

7.78) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal ckqukds gld fgsas.

7.75) Daokla ^gsegc‛s cgw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>2Y

7.74) Daokla tba tari dalskty.

7.71)

Daokla igss dalskty gld wakfbt dalskty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.7?) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal tba igss dalskty gld wakfbt dalskty.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.76) Daokla tba tari spaekoke vmcuia gld axprass kts ulkts. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.72) Daokla spaekoke wakfbt.

7.7;) Daokla spaekoke wakfbt gld dalskty. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.8>)

Daokla dalskty gld spaekoke frgvkty mo g ocukd. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.87) Daokla tba tari spaekoke frgvkty.

7.88) Vbgt ks spaekoke wakfbt gld spaekoke frgvkty mo g ocukd= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.85) Vbgt ks spaekoke frgvkty= Bmw ks kt racgtad tm dalskty= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.84) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy tba tari vksemskty=

7.81) Vbgt ks vksemskty= Vbgt ks tba egusa mo kt kl ckqukds gld kl fgsas=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y 7.8?) Daokla _ksemskty gld fkva kts ulkt. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

7.86) Daokla Lawtml‛s cgw mo vksemskty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y





4

7.82) Utgta tba Lawtml's cgw mo vksemskty.

ZGQ, Gpr kc / Igy, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

7.8;) Daokla Lawtml‛s cgw mo vksemskty gld wrkta tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal sbagr strass

gld vacmekty frgdkalt= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

7.5>) Vbgt ks vksemskty gld fkva kts ulkts= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.57) Daokla emaookekalt mo vksemskty. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

7.58) Daokla emaookekalt mo vmcuia mo axpglskml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.55) Daokla racgtkva mr spaekoke vksemskty. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

7.54) Daokla jklaigtke vksemskty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.51) Daokla jklaigtke gld dylgike vksemskty. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.5?) Ialtkml tba skflkokeglea mo jklaigtke vksemskty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.56)

Vbgt ks dylgike vksemskty= Vbgt gra kts ulkts=

7.52) Daokla dylgike vksemskty. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.5;) Daokla tba taris jklaigtke vksemskty gld fkva kts dkialskmls.


7.4>) Vbgt ks jklaigtke vksemskty= Utgta kts ulkts= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

7.47) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal jklaigtke vksemskty mo ckqukds gld fgsas wktb raspaet tm

prassura. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

7.48) Vrkta tba ulkts gld dkialskmls omr jklaigtke gld dylgike vksemskty.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

7.45) Vbgt gra tba ulkts gld dkialskmls omr jklaigtke gld dylgike vksemskty mo g

ocukd= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>?, 8>78Y

7.44) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal jklaigtke gld dylgike vksemskty.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, 8>77Y

7.41) Bmw dmas tba dylgike vksemskty mo ckqukds gld fgsas vgry wktb taipargtura=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.4?) Vbgt gra tba vgrkgtkmls mo vksemskty wktb taipargtura omr ocukds=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.46) Vbgt ks tba aooaet mo taipargtura ml vksemskty mo wgtar gld tbgt mo gkr=

7.42)

Vby ks kt laeassgry kl wkltar tm usa ckfbtar mkc omr gutmimhkcas tbgl kl suiiar=Tm wbgt prmparty dmas tba tari ckfbtar raoar= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.4;) Daokla tba tari prassura. Vbgt gra kts ulkts= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y





1

7.1>) Fkva tba dkialskmls mo tba omccmwklf pbyskegc qugltktkas

ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

g) ^rassura h) surogea talskml

e) Dylgike vksemskty d) jklaigtke vksemskty

7.17)

Daokla addy vksemskty. Bmw kt dkooars ormi imcaeucgr vksemskty=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.18) Daokla surogea talskml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.15) Daokla surogea talskml gld axprasskml kts ulkt. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.14) Daokla egpkccgrkty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.11) Vbgt ks tba dkooaralea hatwaal embaskml gld gdbaskml=

7.1?)

Daokla tba tari vgpmur prassura.7.16) Vbgt ks iaglt hy vgpmur prassura mo g ocukd= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.12) Vbgt gra tba typas mo prassura iagsurklf davkeas=

7.1;) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy taris0

k) Ksmtbarigc prmeass kk) gdkghgtke prmeass

7.?>) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy egpkccgrkty= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.?7) Axpcgkl tba pbalmialml mo egpkccgrkty.

7.?8) Daokla surogea talskml.

7.?5) Vbgt ks emiprasskhkckty mo ocukd=

7.?4) Daokla emiprasskhkckty mo tba ocukd.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.?1) Daokla emiprasskhkckty gld vksemskty mo g ocukd. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

7.??) Daokla emaookekalt mo emiprasskhkckty. Vbgt ks kts vgcua omr kdagc fgsas=

ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.?6) Ckst tba emipmlalts mo tmtgc bagd kl g stagdy, kl emiprasskhca krrmtgtkmlgc ocmw.


7.?2) Daokla tba hucj imducus mo ocukd. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.?;) Daokla - emiprasskhkckty gld hucj imducus. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>77Y

7.6>) Vrkta sbmrt lmtas ml tbyxmtrmpke ocukd.

7.67)

Vbgt ks Tbyxmtrpbke ocukd= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

7.68) Mla pmksa‛s aqugc tm ]]]]]]]]]]^g.s.





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7.65) Fkva tba typas mo ocukd ocmw.

7.64) Daokla stagdy ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.61) Daokla ulstagdy ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.6?) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal tba stagdy gld ulstagdy ocmw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.66) Vbal ks tba ocmw rafgrdad gs ulstagdy= Fkva gl axgipca omr ulstagdy ocmw.


7.62) Daokla ulkomri ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.6;) Daokla lml ulkomri ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.2>) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal stagdy ocmw gld ulkomri ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.27) Daokla cgiklgr gld turhucalt ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.28) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal cgiklgr gld turhucalt ocmw.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>2Y

7.25) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal Cgiklgr gld Turhucalt ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.24) Utgta tba erktarkg omr cgiklgr ocmw. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.21) Utgta tba ebgrgetarkstkes mo cgiklgr ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.2?) Vbgt gra tba ebgrgetarkstkes mo cgiklgr ocmw= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

7.26) Ialtkml tba falargc ebgrgetarkstkes mo cgiklgr ocmw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

7.22)

Daokla emiprasskhca gld klemiprasskhca ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.2;) Daokla rmtgtkmlgc gld krrmtgtkmlgc ocmw gld fkva gl axgipca.

7.;>) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal rmtgtkml gld ekreucgrkty kl ocukd ocmw.


7.;7) Daokla stragi ckla. Vbgt dm stragi cklas kldkegta= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.;8) Daokla stragickla gld pgtb ckla kl ocukd ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

7.;5)

Vbgt ks stragi ckla gld pgtb ckla kl ocukd ocmw= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.;4) Vbgt ks g stragickla= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.;1) Daokla stragj ckla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.;?) Daokla stragi ouletkml. ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>7>, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.;6) Daokla emltrmc vmcuia.

7.;2) Vbgt ks iaglt hy emltkluui= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.;;)

Daokla emltklukty aqugtkml.7.7>>) Vrkta dmwl tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, 8>>;, 8>78Y





6

7.7>7) Utgta tba emltklukty aqugtkml kl mla dkialskmlgc omri=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.7>8) Utgta tba falargc emltklukty aqugtkml omr g 5 - D klemiprasskhca ocukd ocmw.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.7>5) Utgta tba emltklukty aqugtkml omr tba egsa mo g falargc 5-D ocmw.


7.7>4) Utgta tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty kl 5dkialskmlgc klemiprasskhca ocmw.


7.7>1) Utgta tba gssuiptkmls igda kl darkvklf emltklukty aqugtkml.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.7>?) Daokla Aucar's aqugtkml mo imtkml.

7.7>6)

Vrkta tba Aucar's aqugtkml. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.7>2) Vbgt ks Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.7>;) Daokla Harlmucck's aqugtkml.

7.77>) Vrkta tba Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml kl taris mo bagd. Axpcgkl ageb tari.


7.777) Vbgt gra tba hgske gssuiptkmls igda ks darkvklf Harlmucck‛s tbamrai=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>78Y

7.778) Ckst tba gssuiptkmls wbkeb gra igda wbkca darkvklf Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml.


7.775) Utgta gt cagst twm gssuiptkmls mo Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml.


7.774) Vbgt gra tba tbraa ig`mr gssuiptkmls igda kl tba darkvgtkml mo tba Harlmucck‛s

aqugtkml= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.771) Utgta Harlmucck‛s tbamrai gs gppckeghca tm ocukd ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

7.77?) Fkva tba gssuiptkmls igda kl darkvklf Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml.

ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.776) Vbgt gra tba gppckegtkmls mo Harlmucck‛s tbamrai= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.772) Fkva tba gppckegtkml mo Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml.

7.77;)

Ckst tba typas mo ocmw iagsurklf davkeas okttad kl g pkpa ocmw, wbkeb usas tba prklekpca mo Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.78>) Ialtkml tba usas mo iglmiatar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y





2

7.787) Utgta tba usa mo valturkiatar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.788) Daokla imialtui prklekpca.

7.785) Daokla kipucsa imialtui aqugtkml.

7.784) Vrkta tba kipucsa imialtui aqugtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

7.781) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy kipucsa imialtui aqugtkml=


7.78?) Utgta tba imialtui aqugtkml. Vbal egl kt gppckad. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.786) Utgta tba usaouclass mo imialtui aqugtkml gs gppckeghca tm ocukd ocmw

pbalmialml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.782) Daokla dksebgrfa (mr) rgta mo ocmw.

7.78;) Dkseuss tba imialtui ocux. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.75>)

Okld tba emltklukty aqugtkml, wbal tba ocukd ks klemiprasskhca gld dalsktkas gra

aqugc.

7.757) Vbgt ks tba imialt mo imialtui aqugtkml= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

7.758) Axpcgkl ecgsskokegtkml mo ocukds hgsad ml vksemskty.

7.755) Utgta gld prmva Aucar's aqugtkml mo imtkml. Mhtgkl Harlmucck's aqugtkml ormi

Aucar's aqugtkml.

7.754)

Utgta gld prmva Harlmucck's aqugtkml. Vbgt gra tba ckiktgtkmls mo tba Harlmucck's

aqugtkml=

7.751) Utgta tba imialtui aqugtkml. Bmw wkcc ymu gppcy imialtui aqugtkml omr

datariklklf tba omrea axartad hy g ocmwklf ckqukd ml g pkpa hald=

7.75?) Fkva tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty. Mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr emltklukty aqugtkml

omr g tbraa - dkialskmlgc ocmw.

7.756)

Egceucgta tba dalskty mo mla cktra patrmc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.6=

ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.752) G smgp huhhca ks omriad wbal tba klskda prassura ks 1 L/i8ghmva tba

gtimspbarke prassura. Ko surogea talskml kl tba smgp huhhca ks >.>781 L/i, okld tba

dkgiatar mo tba huhhca omriad. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.75;) Tba emlvarfklf pkpa wktb klcat gld mutcat dkgiatars mo 8>> ii gld 71> ii

egrrkas tba mkc wbmsa spaekoke frgvkty ks >.2. Tba vacmekty mo mkc gt tba altry ks 8.1i/s, okld tba vacmekty gt tba axkt mo tba pkpa gld mkc ocmw rgta kl jf/sae.

ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y





;

7.74>) Okld tba bakfbt tbrmufb wbkeb tba wgtar rksas hy tba egpkccgry getkml kl g 8ii

hmra ko tba surogea talskml gt tba pravgkcklf taipargtura ks>.>61 f/ei.


7.747) Okld tba bakfbt mo g imultgkl wbara tba gtimspbarke prassura ks 65>ii mo Bf

gt lmrigc emldktkmls. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.748) Uuppmsa tba sigcc gkr huhhcas kl g fcgss mo tgp wgtar igy ha ml tba mrdar mo1>

γ i kl dkgiatar. Vbgt ks tba prassura klskda tbasa huhhcas= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.745) Gl mpal tglj emltgkls wgtar up tm daptb mo 8.21i gld ghmva kt gl mkc mo

spaekoke frgvkty >.;8 omr tba daptb mo 8.7i. Egceucgta tba prassuras gt tba kltarogea

mo twm ckqukds gld gt tba hmttmi mo tba tglj. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.744) Twm bmrkzmltgc pcgtas gra pcgead 78.1ii gpgrt, tba spgea hatwaal tbai ks

haklf okccad wktb mkc mo vksemskty 74 pmksa. Egceucgta tba sbagr strass kl tba mkc ko tba

uppar pcgta ks imvad wktb tba vacmekty mo 8.1i/s. Daokla spaekoke wakfbt.


7.741) Egceucgta tba bakfbt mo egpkccgry rksa omr wgtar kl g fcgss tuha mo dkgiatar 7ii.


^GXT - H

7.74?) Vbgt gra tba vgrkmus ecgsskokegtkml mo ocukds= Dkseuss ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.746) Utgta gld prmva ^gsegc's cgw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.742) Vbgt ks Bydrmstgtke cgw= Darkva gl axprasskml tm sbmw tba sgia.


7.74;) Axpcgkl tba prmpartkas mo bydrgucke ocukd. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.71>) Dkseuss tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty. Mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr emltklukty

aqugtkml kl tbraa dkialskmlgc omris. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.717) Axpcgkl kl datgkc tba Lawtml's cgw mo vksemskty. Hrkaocy ecgsskoy tba ocukds hgsad

ml tba dalskty gld vksemskty. Fkva tba ckiktgtkmls mo gppckeghkckty mo Lawtml's cgw

mo vksemskty. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.718) Utgta tba aooaet mo taipargtura gld prassura ml vksemskty.


7.715)

Axpcgkl tba tari spaekoke frgvkty, dalskty, emiprasskhkckty gld vgpmur prassura.






7>

7.714) Axpcgkl tba taris Upaekoke wakfbt, Dalskty, Ghsmcuta prassura gld Fgufa

prassura. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.711) Daokla Uurogea talskml gld gcsm emiprasskhkckty mo g ocukd=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

7.71?) Axpcgkl tba pbalmialml surogea talskml gld egpkccgrkty.


7.716) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba egpkccgry rksa mo g ckqukd bgvklf surogea talskml υ

gld emltget glfca β hatwaal twm vartkegc pgrgccac pcgtas gt g dkstglea V gpgrt. Ko tba

pcgtas gra mo fcgss, wbgt wkcc ha tba egpkccgry rksa mo wgtar= Gssuia υ 9 >.665L / i,

β 9 >¾ Tgja V9c ii. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

7.712) Vbgt ks emiprasskhkckty mo ocukds= Fkva tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal

emiprasskhkckty gld hucj imducus ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.71;) ^rmva tbgt tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal surogea talskml gld prassura klskda tba

drmpcat mo ckqukd kl axeass mo mutskda prassura ks fkval hy ^ 9 4υ/d.

ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>7>, 8>77, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.7?>) Axpcgkl tba omccmwklf

Egpkccgrkty

Uurogea talskml

Emiprasskhkckty

Jklaigtke vksemskty ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.7?7) Darkva tba alarfy aqugtkml gld stgta tba gssuiptkmls igda wbkca darkvklf tba

aqugtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.7?8) Darkva Aucar's aqugtkml mo imtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

7.7?5)

Darkva ormi tba okrst prklekpcas, tba Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml omr g stagdyocmw gcmlf g stragi ckla. Balea darkva Harlmucck‛ aqugtkml. Utgta tba vgrkmus

gssuiptkmls klvmcvad kl tba ghmva darkvgtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.7?4) Darkva ormi hgske pr klekpca tba Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml kl 8D ocmw kl R-[

emmrdklgta systai gld raduea tba aqugtkml tm fat Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml omr

ulkdkraetkmlgc stragi cklad ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

7.7?1)

Utgta Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml, kl tba dkooaraltkgc omri. Darkva Harlmucck‛saqugtkml ormi tba ghmva omr tba egsas mo gl kdagc ocukd ocmw.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y





77

7.7??) Utgta tba cgw mo emlsarvgtkml mo igl gld darkva tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty kl

Egrtaskgl emmrdklgtas omr gl klemiprasskhca ocukd. Vmucd kt gctar ko tba ocmw wara

ulstagdy, bkfbcy vksemus gld emiprasskhca= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.7?6) Darkva tba aqugtkml mo emltklukty omr mla dkialskmlgc ocmw.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Gprkc / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.7?2) Darkva tba emltklukty aqugtkml omr 5 dkialskmlgc ocmw kl Egrtaskgl emmrdklgtas.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.7?;) Darkva tba falargc omri mo emltklukty aqugtkml kl Egrtaskgl emmrdklgtas.


7.76>) Darkva tba emltklukty aqugtkml mo dkooaraltkgc omri. Dkseuss wagtbars aqugtkml

ks vgckd omr g stagdy ocmw mr ulstagdy ocmw, vksemus mr kl vksekd ocmw, emiprasskhca

mr klemiprasskhca ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

7.767) Darkva emltklukty aqugtkml ormi hgske prklekpcas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.768) Darkva Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml gcmlf wktb gssuiptkmls igda.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

7.765) Utgta Harlmucck‛s tbamrai omr stagdy ocmw mo gl kl emiprasskhca ocukd.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>4, 8>>1, Gprk c / Igy ― 8>7>, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

7.764)

Utgta Harlmucck‛s tbamrai omr stagdy ocmw mo gl kl emiprasskhca ocukd. Darkvagl axprasskml omr Harlmucck aqugtkml gld stgta tba gssuiptkmls igda.


7.761) Utgta tba gssuiptkmls kl tba darkvgtkml mo Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.76?) Darkva gl axprasskml omr Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml omr g ocukd ocmw.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>4, 8>>1, Gprkc / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.766) Darkva Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml ormi tba okrst prklekpcas= Utgta tba gssuiptkmls

igda wbkca darkvklf Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.762) Darkva ormi hgske prklekpca tba Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml kl Egrtaskgl em ―

mrdklgtas systai gld daduea tba aqugtkml tm Harlmucck‛s tbamrai stagdy krrmtgtkmlgc

ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>4Y

7.76;)

Darkva tba Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml gld daduea tba axprasskml tm Harlmucck‛saqugtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y





78

7.72>) Davacmp tba Aucar aqugtkml mo imtkml gld tbal darkva tba mla dkialskmlgc

omri mo Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.727) Ubmw tbgt omr g paroaet fgs tba hucj imducus mo acgstkekty aqugcs kts prassura omr

Gl ksmtbarigc prmeass

ε tkias tba prassura omr gl ksaltrmpke prmeass


7.728) Utgta gld darkva kipucsa imialtui aqugtkml. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

7.725) Darkva imialtui aqugtkml omr g stagdy ocmw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.724) Darkva tba cklagr imialtui aqugtkml usklf tba emltrmc vmcuia gpprmgeb gld

datarikla tba omrea axartad hy tba ocukd ocmwklf tbrmufb g pkpa hald.


7.721)

Vktb g lagt sjateb, axpcgkl hrkaocy gl mrkokea iatar gld mhtgkl gl axprasskml

omr tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb kt. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.72?) Drgw tba saetkmlgc vkaw mo ^ktmt‛s tuha gld wrkta kts emleapt tm iagsura

vacmekty mo ocukd ocmw= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

^XMHCAIU

7.726) G smgp huhhca ks ?>ii kl dkgiatar. Ko tba surogea talskml mo tba smgp okci ks

>.>78 L/i. Okld tba axeass prassura klskda tba huhhca gld gcsm darkva tba

axprasskml usad kl tbks prmhcai. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.722) G spbarkegc wgtar drmpcat mo 1 ii kl dkgiatar spckts up kl tba gkr kltm 7?

sigccar drmpcats mo aqugc skza. Okld tba wmrj klvmcvad kl spckttklf up tba drmpcat.

Tba surogea talskml mo wgtar igy ha gssuiad gs >.>68 L/i


7.72;) G ckqukd wakfbs 6.81L par cktra. Egceucgta tba spaekoke wakfbt, dalskty gld

spaekoke frgvkty mo tba ckqukd.

7.7;>) Mla cktra mo eruda mkc wakfbs ;.?L. Egceucgta kts spaekoke wakfbt, dalskty gld

spaekoke frgvkty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.7;7) Datarikla tba vksemskty mo g ckqukd bgvklf g jklaigtke vksemskty ? stmjas gld

spaekoke frgvkty 7.;. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Gprkc / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.7;8) Datarikla tba igss dalskty: spaekoke vmcuia gld spaekoke wakfbt mo ckqukd

wbmsa spaekoke frgvkty >.21. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y





75

7.7;5) Ko tba vmcuia mo g hgccmml ks tm rageb g spbara mo 2i dkgiatar gt gl gctktuda

wbara tba prassura ks >.8 hgr gld taipargtura -4>¾E. Datarikla tba igss bydrmfal

tm ha ebgrfad kltm tba hgccmml gld vmcuia gld dkgiatar gt frmuld cavac. Vbara tba

prassura ks 7hgr gld taipargtura ks 81¾E. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.7;4) G pkpa mo 5> ei dkgiatar egrryklf >.81 i5/s wgtar. Tba pkpa ks halt hy 751¾

ormi tba bmrkzmltgc gltk-ecmejwksa. Tba prassura mo wgtar ocmwklf tbrmufb tba pkpa

ks 4>> jL. Okld tba igflktuda gld dkraetkml mo tba rasuctglt omrea ml tba hald.


7.7;1) G ckqukd bgs g spaekoke frgvkty mo >.68. Okld kts dalskty gld spaekoke wakfbt.

Okld gcsm tba wakfbt par cktra mo tba ckqukd.

7.7;?) G 7.;ii dkgiatar tuha ks klsartad kltm gl uljlmwl ckqukd wbmsa dalskty ks

;?>jf/i5, gld kt ks mhsarvad tbgt tba ckqukd rgksa 1ii kl tba tuha, igjklf g

emltget glfca mo 71¾. Datarikla tba surogea talskml mo tba ckqukd.


7.7;6) G >.5i dkgiatar pkpa egrryklf mkc gt 7.1i/s vacmekty suddalcy axpglds tm >.?i

dkgiatar pkpa. Datarikla tba dksebgrfa gld vacmekty kl >.?i dkgiatar pkpa.


7.7;2)

Axpcgkl surogea talskml. Vgtar gt 8>¾E (υ 9 >.>.65L/i, ε 9 ;.2jL/i5 gld

glfca mo emltget 9 >¾) rksas tbrmufb g tuha dua tm egpkccgry getkml. Okld tba tuha

dkgiatar raqukras, ko tba egpkccgry rksa ks cass tbgl 7ii. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.7;;) G Lawtmlkgl ocukd ks okccad kl tba ecagrglea hatwaal g sbgot gld g emlealtrke

scaava. Tba scaava gttgkls g spaad mo 1>ei/s, wbal g omrea mo 4>L ks gppckad tm tba

scaava pgrgccac tm tba sbgot. Datarikla tba spaad mo tba sbgot, ko g omrea mo 8>>L ks

gppckad. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

7.8>>) Gl mkc okci tbkejlass 7>ii ks usad omr cuhrkegtkml hatwaal tba squgra pgrgccac

pcgta mo skza >.; i * >.; i, kl wbkeb tba uppar pcgta imvas gt 8i/s raqukras g omrea

mo 7>> L tm igkltgkl tbks spaad. Datarikla tba

Dylgike vksemskty mo tba mkc kl pmksa gld

Jklaigtke vksemskty mo tba mkc kl stmjas.

Tba spaekoke frgvkty mo tba mkc ks >.;1. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>5Y 7.8>7) Tba spgea hatwaal twm squgra ocgt pgrgccac pcgtas ks okccad wktb mkc. Ageb skda mo

tba pcgta ks ?>ei. Tba tbkejlass mo tba mkc okci ks 78.1ii. Tba uppar pcgta, wbkeb





74

imvas gt 8.1 iatar par sae, raqukras g omrea mo ;2.7L tm igkltgkl tba spaad.

Datarikla tba

Dylgike vksemskty mo tba mkc kl pmksa gld

Jklaigtke vksemskty mo tba mkc kl stmjas.

Tba spaekoke frgvkty mo tba mkc ks >.;1. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.8>8) Vbgt ks tba hucj imducus mo acgstkekty mo g ckqukd wbkeb ks emiprassad kl g

eyckldar ormi g vmcuia mo >.>781i5 gt 2>L/ei8 prassura tm g vmcuia mo >.>784i5

gt prassura 71>L/ei8 ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>4Y

7.8>5) Datarikla tba hucj imducus mo acgstkekty mo acgstkekty mo g ckqukd, ko tba prassura

mo tba ckqukd ks kleragsad ormi 6IL/i8 tm 75IL/i8, tba vmcuia mo ckqukd

daeragsas hy >.71%. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.8>4)

Tba iagsurklf klstruialts okttad klskda gl gkrpcgla kldkegta tba prassura 7.>58

*7>1^g, taipargtura T> 9 822 J gld dalskty χ> 9 7.821 jf/i5 gt tgjamoo. Ko g

stgldgrd taipargtura cgpsa rgta mo >.>>?1¾ J/i ks gssuiad, gt wbgt acavgtkml ks tba

pcgla wbal g prassura mo >.15*7>1 raemrdad= Lafcaet tba vgrkgtkmls mo geeacargtkml

dua frgvkty wktb tba gctktuda gld tgja gkrpmrt acavgtkml gs ?>>i.

G parsml iust hragtba g emlstglt igss rgta mo gkr tm igkltgkl bks iatghmcke

prmeass. Ko ba klbgcas 8> tkias par ikluta gt tba gkrpmrt cavac mo ?>>i, wbgt wmucd

ymu axeapt bks hragtbklf rgta gt tba egceucgtad gctktuda mo tba pcgla=


7.8>1) Tba spgea hatwaal twm squgra pgrgccac pcgtas ks okccad wktb mkc. Ageb skda mo tba

pcgta ks 61 ei. Tba tbkejlass mo mkc okci ks 7> ii. Tba uppar pcgta wbkeb imvas

gt 5 i/s raqukras g omrea mo 7>> L tm igkltgkl tba spaad. Datarikla tba

Dylgike vksemskty mo tba mkc

Jklaigtke vksemskty mo tba mkc, ko tba spaekoke frgvkty mo tba mkc ks >.;.

7.8>?) G raetglfucgr pcgta mo skza 81ei* 1>ei gld wakfbklf gt 841.5 L sckdas dmwl

gt 5>¾ klecklad surogea wktb ulkomri vacmekty mo 8i/s. Ko tba ulkomri 8ii fgp

hatwaal tba pcgtas ks klecklad surogea okccad wktb mkc. Datarikla tba vksemskty mo tba

mkc. ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>4, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.8>6)

G spgea hatwaal twm pgrgccac pcgtas 1ii gpgrt, ks okccad wktb eruda mkc mospaekoke frgvkty >.;. G omrea mo 8L ks raqukra tm drgf tba uppar pcgta gt g emlstglt

vacmekty mo >.2i/s. tba cmwar pcgta ks stgtkmlgry. Tba grag mo uppar pcgta ks >.>;i8.





71

Datarikla tba dylgike vksemskty kl pmksa gld jklaigtke vksemskty mo mkc kl strmjas.


7.8>2) Tba spgea hatwaal twm cgrfa ocgt gld pgrgccac wgccs 81ii gpgrt ks okccad wktb

ckqukd mo ghsmcuta vksemskty >.6 ^g.sae. Vktbkl tbks spgea g tbkl ocgt pcgta 81>ii *

81>ii ks tmwad gt g vacmekty mo 71>ii/s gt g dkstglea mo ?ii ormi mla wgcc, tba

pcgta gld kts imvaialt haklf pgrgccac tm tba wgccs. Gssuiklf cklagr vgrkgtkmls mo

vacmekty hatwaal tba pcgtas gld tba wgccs, datarikla tba omrea axartad hy tba ckqukd

ml tba pcgta. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.8>;) G àt kssuklf gt g vacmekty mo 81 i/s ks dkraetad gt 51¾ tm tba bmrkzmltgc.

Egceucgta tba bakfbt ecagrad hy tba àt gt 82 i ormi tba dksebgrfa cmegtkml= Gcsm

datarikla tba igxkiui bakfbt tba àt wkcc ecagr gld tba emrraspmldklf bmrkzmltgc

cmegtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.87>) G ocgt pcgta mo grag >.781i8 ks puccad gt >.81 i/sae wktb raspaet tm glmtbar

pgrgccac pcgta 7ii dkstglt ormi kt, tba spgea hatwaal tba pcgtas emltgklklf wgtar mo

vksemskty >.>>7Ls/ i8. Okld tba omrea laeassgry tm igkltgkl tbks vacmekty. Okld gcsm

tba pmwar raqukrad.

7.877) Cgtargc stghkckty mo g cmlf sbgot 71> ii kl dkgiatar ks mhtgklad hy iagls mo g

81> ii stgtkmlgry hagrklf bgvklf gl kltarlgc dkgiatar mo 71>.81 ii. Ko tba spgea

hatwaal hagrklf gld sbgot ks okccad wktb g cuhrkeglt bgvklf g vksemskty >.841 L s/i8,

wbgt pmwar wkcc ha raqukrad tm mvaremia tba vksemus raskstglea wbal tba sbgot ks

rmtgtad gt g emlstglt rgta mo 72> rpi= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.878) Okld tba jklaigtke vksemskty mo wgtar wbmsa spaekoke frgvkty ks >.;1 gld

vksemskty ks>.>>77Ls/i8.

7.875)

Tba dylgike vksemskty mo mkc, usad omr cuhrkegtkml hatwaal g sbgot gld scaava

ks?pmksa. Tba sbgot ks mo dkgiatar >.4i gld rmtgtas gt 7;> rpi. Egceucgta tba pmwar

cmst kl tba hagrklf omr g scaava calftb mo ;>ii. Tba tbkejlass mo tba mkc okci ks

7.1ii. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.874) G 8>> ii dkgiatar sbgot sckdas tbrmufb g scaava, 8>>.1 ii kl dkgiatar gld

4>> ii cmlf, gt g vacmekty mo 5> ei/s. Tba vksemskty mo tba mkc okccklf tba gllucgr

spgea ks i 9 >.7781 LU/ i8

. Okld raskstglea tm tba imtkml.ZG.Q. Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y





7?

7.871) G >.1i sbgot rmtgtas kl g scaava uldar cuhrkegtkml wktb vksemskty 1 ^mksa gt

8>>rpi. Egceucgta tba pmwar cmst omr g calftb mo 7>>ii ko tba tbkejlass mo tba mkc

ks 7ii. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.87?) G 71 ei dkgiatar vartkegc eyckldar rmtgtas emlealtrkegccy klskda glmtbar

eyckldar mo dkgiatar 71.7> ei. Hmtb eyckldars gra 81 ei bkfb. Tba spgea hatwaal

tba eyckldars ks okccad wktb g ckqukd wbmsa vksemskty ks uljlmwl. Ko g tmrqua mo 78.>

Li ks raqukrad tm rmtgta tba kllar eyckldar gt 7>> rpi, datarikla tba vksemskty mo

tba ocukd. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

7.876) G4>> ii dkgiatar sbgot ks rmtgtklf gt 8>> r.p.i. kl g hagrklf mo calftb 78>

ii. Ko tba tbkejlass mo okci ks 7.1 ii gld tba dylgike vksemskty mo tba mkc ks >.6

L.s/i8, datarikla (k) Tmrqua raqukrad tm mvaremia orketkml kl hagrklf (kk) ^mwar

utkckzad tm mvaremiklf vksemus orketkml. Gssuia cklagr vacmekty prmokca.


7.872) Egceucgta tba fgufa prassura gld ghsmcuta prassura wktbkl (k) g drmpcat mo wgtar

>.4ei kl dkgiatar (kk) g `at mo wgtar >.4ei kl dkgiatar. Gssuia tba surogea talskml

mo wgtar gs >.>5L/i gld tba gtimspbarke prassura gs 7>7.5jL/i8.

7.87;) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy surogea talskml= Ko tba prassura dkooaralea hatwaal tba

klskda gld mutskda mo gkr huhhca mo dkgiatar, >.>7 ii ks 8;.8j^g, wbgt wkcc ha tba

surogea talskml gt gkr wgtar kltarogea= Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba surogea talskml

kl tba gkr huhhca gld ormi kt, daduea tba rasuct omr tba fkval emldktkmls.


7.88>) G 7.;-ii - dkgiatar tuha ks klsartad kltm gl uljlmwl ckqukd wbmsa dalskty ks

;?> jf/ i5, gld kt ks mhsarvad tbgt tba ckqukd rksas 1 ii kl tba tuha, igjklf g

emltget glfca mo 71¾. Datarikla tba surogea talskml mo tba ckqukd.


7.887) Gt tba daptb mo 8ji kl meagl tba prassura ks 284>7jL/i8. Gssuia tba spaekoke

frgvkty gt tba surogea gs 7>>11 L/i5 gld tba gvargfa hucj imducus mo acgstkekty ks

8.514 * 7>; L/i8 omr tba prassura rglfa. Datarikla tba ebglfa kl spaekoke vmcuia

hatwaal tba surogea gld 8ji daptb gld gcsm datarikla tba spaekoke wakfbt gt tba

daptb= ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>4, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.888) Gt tba daptb mo 2ji ormi tba surogea mo tba meagl, tba prassura ks stgtad tm ha

28IL/i8. Datarikla tba igss dalskty, wakfbt dalskty gld spaekoke vmcuia mo





76

wgtar gt tbks daptb. Tgja dalskty gt tba surogea χ 9 7>81jf/i5 gld hucj imducus J

9 851>I^g omr kldkegtad prassura rglfa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

7.885) Akfbt jkcmiatars hacmw tba surogea mo meagl prassura ks 27.61I^g. Datarikla

tba dalskty mo sag wgtar gt tbks daptb ko tba dalskty gt tba surogea ks 7>81 jf/i 5 gld

tba gvargfa hucj imducus mo acgstkekty ks 8.54F^g. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.884) G ckqukd ks emiprassad kl g eyckldar bgvklf g vmcuia mo >.>78 i5 gt g prassura

mo ?;> L/ei8. Vbgt sbmucd ha tba law prassura kl mrdar tm igja kts vmcuia >.>77;

i5= Gssuia hucj imducus mo acgstkekty (J) omr tba ckqukd 9 ?.; x 7>4 L/ei8.


7.881) Egceucgta tba egpkccgry rksa kl fcgss tuha mo 5 ii dkgiatar wbal kiiarsad kl

iareury: tgja tba surogea talskml gld tba glfca mo emltget mo iareury gs >.18 L/i

gld 75>¾ raspaetkvacy. Gcsm datarikla tba iklkiui skza mo tba fcgss tuha, ko kt ks

kiiarsad kl wgtar, fkval tbgt tba surogea talskml mo wgtar ks >.>681 L/i gld

egpkccgry rksa kl tba tuha ks lmt tm axeaad >.1ii. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

7.88?) Tba egpkccgry rksa kl g fcgss tuha ks lmt tm axeaad >.8ii mo wgtar. Datarikla

kts iklkiui skza, fkval tbgt tba surogea talskml omr wgtar kl emltget wktb gkr 9

>.>681L/i. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.886)

Egceucgta tba egpkccgry aooaet kl ikcckiatars kl g fcgss tuha mo 4ii dkgiatar

wbal kiiarsad kl(k) wgtar gld (kk) iareury. Tba taipargtura mo tba ckqukd ks 8>¾E

gld tba vgcuas mo surogea talskml mo wgtar gld iareury gt 8>¾E kl emltget wktb gkr

gra >.>651 L/i gld >.17 L/i raspaetkvacy. Tba emltget glfca omr wgtar u 9 >¾ gld

omr iareury u 9 75>¾. Tgja spaekoke wakfbt mo wgtar gt 8>¾E gs aqugc tm ;62> L/i5.


7.882) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba egpkccgry rksa gt g ckqukd kl g egpkccgry tuha mo

rgdkus r bgvklf surogea talskml υ gld emltget glfca β . Ko tba pcgtas gra mo fcgss,

wbgt wkcc ha tba egpkccgry rksa mo wgtar bgvklf υ 9 >.>65 L/i, β 9 >¾= Tgja r 9

7ii. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.88;) G pkpa emltgklklf wgtar gt 72>jL/i8 prassura ks emllaetad tm dkooaraltkgc

fgufa tm glmtbar pkpa 7.?i cmwar tbgl tba okrst pkpa gld emltgklklf wgtar gt bkfb

prassura. Ko tba dkooaralea kl bakfbt mo 8 iareury emcuils mo tba fgufa ks aqugc tm

;>ii, wbgt ks tba prassura kl tba cmwar pkpa= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y





72

7.85>) Datarikla tba iklkiui skza mo fcgss tuhklf tbgt egl ha usad tm iagsura wgtar

cavac. Ko tba egpkccgry rksa kl tba tuha ks lmt axeaad 8.1ii. Gssuia surogea talskml

mo wgtar kl emltget wktb gkr gs >.>64? L/i. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>4, 8>78Y

7.857) Egceucgta tba egpkccgry aooaet kl ikcckiatars kl g fcgss tuha mo 4 ii dkgiatar,

wbal kiiarsad kl (k) wgtar gld (kk) iareury. Tba taipargtura mo tba ckqukd ks 8>¾E

gld tba vgcuas mo surogea talskml mo wgtar gld iareury gt 8>¾E kl emltget wktb gkr

gra >.>651 L/i gld >.17 L/i raspaetkvacy. Tba emltget glfca omr wgtar u 9 > gld

omr iareury u 9 75>¾. Tgja spaekoke wakfbt mo wgtar gt 8>¾E gs aqugc tm ;6;>L/

i5. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>6Y

7.858) G Egpkccgry tuha bgvklf klskda dkgiatar ? ii ks dkppad kl EEc 4gt 8>m E. Okld

tba rksa mo EEc4 kl tba tuha ko surogea talskml ks 8.?6 L/i gld Upaekoke frgvkty ks

7.1;4 gld emltget glfca u ks ?>¾ gld spaekoke wakfbt mo wgtar gt 8>¾ E ks ;;27

L/i5. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.855) Twm pkpas G & H gra emllaetad tm g Q ― tuha iglmiatar emltgklklf iareury

mo dalskty 75,?>>jf/i5. ^kpa G egrrkas g ckqukd mo dalskty 781>jf/i5 gld g ckqukd

mo dalskty 2>>jf/i5 ocmws tbrmufb g pkpa H, Tba ealtar mo pkpa G ks 2>ii ghmva

tba pkpa H. Tba dkooaralea mo iareury cavac iglmiatar ks 8>>ii gld tba iareurysurogea ml pkpa G skda ks 7>>ii hacmw tba ealtar. Okld tba dkooaralea mo prassura

hatwaal tba twm emllaetad pmklts mo tba pkpas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.854) G eruda mkc mo vksemskty >.; pmksa gld r acgtkva dalskty >.; ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g

bmrkzmltgc ekreucgr pkpa mo dkgiatar 78> ii gld calftb 78 i. Egceucgta tba

dkooaralea mo prassura gt tba twm alds mo tba pkpa, ko 621 L mo tba mkcs emccaetad kl g

tglj kl 81 saemlds. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y 7.851) G skipca Q tuha iglmiatar emltgklklf iareury ks emllaetad tm g pkpa kl

wbkeb g ocukd mo spaekoke frgvkty >.2 gld bgvklf vgeuui prassura ks ocmwklf. Tba

mtbar ald mo tba iglmiatar ks mpal tm gtimspbara. Okld tba vgeuui prassura kl tba

pkpa, ko tba dkooaralea mo iareury cavac kl tba twm ckihs ks 4>ei gld tba bakfbt mo

tba ocukd kl tba caot ormi tba ealtar pkpa ks 71ei hacmw. Drgw tba sjateb omr tba

ghmva prmhcai. ZGQ, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>77, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.85?) G Q-tuha ks igda mo twm egpkccgrkas mo dkgiatar 7.> ii gld 7.1 ii

raspaetkvacy. Tba tuha ks japt vartkegccy gld pgrtkgccy okccad wktb wgtar mo surogea





7;

talskml >.>65? L/i gld zarm emltget glfcas. Egceucgta tba dkooaralea kl tba cavacs

mo tba ialksek egusad hy tba egpkccgry. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.856) Daokla tba taris fgufa prassura gld ghsmcuta prassura. G Q tuha emltgklklf

iareury bgs kts rkfbt ckih mpal tm gtimspbara. Tba caot ckih ks oucc mo wgtar gld ks

emllaetad tm g pkpa emltgklklf wgtar uldar prassura, tba ealtra mo wbkeb ks kl tba

cavac wktb tba oraa surogea mo iareury. Ko tba dkooaralea kl tba cavacs mo iareury kl

tba ckihs kd 1.7ei, egceucgta tba wgtar prassura kl tba pkpa. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.852) Tba hgrmiatrke prassura gt sag cavac ks 6?> ii mo iareury wbkca tbgt ml g

imultgkl tmp ks 651 ii. Ko tba dalskty mo gkr ks gssuiad emlstglt gt 7.8 jf/i5,

wbgt ks tba acavgtkml mo tba imultgkl tmp= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

7.85;) Tba hgrmiatrke prassura gt tba tmp gld hmttmi mo g imultgkl gra 654ii gld

6?>ii mo iareury raspaetkvacy. Gssuiklf tbgt tba gvargfa dalskty mo gkr 9

7.71jf/i5, egceucgta tba bakfbt mo tba imultgkl. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

7.84>) Tba igxkiui hcmmd prassura kl tba uppar gri mo g bagctby parsml ks ghmut 78>

iiBf. Ko g vartkegc tuha mpal tm tba gtimspbara ks emllaetad tm tba vakl kl tba

gri mo tba parsml, datarikla bmw bkfb tba hcmmd wkcc rksa kl tba tuha. Tgja tba

dalskty mo tba hcmmd tm ha 7>1> jf/ i5. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.847)

Vbal g prassura mo 8>.6 IL/i8 ks gppckad tm 7>> cktras mo g ckqukd, kts vmcuia

daeragsas hy mla cktra. Okld tba hucj imducus mo tba ckqukd gld kdaltkoy tbks ckqukd.


7.848) Datarikla tba iklkiui skza mo tba fcgss tuhklf tbgt egl ha usad tm iagsura

wgtar cavac. Ko tba egpkccgry rksa kl tba tuha ks lmt tm axeaad 8.1ii. Gssuia surogea

talskml mo wgtar kl emltget wktb gkr gs >.>64? L/i ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>4Y

7.845)

G eyckldar mo >.?i5 kl vmcuia emltgkls gkr gt 1>mE gld >.5L/ii8 ghsmcuta

prassura. Tba gkr ks emiprassad tm >.5i5. Okld tba (k) prassura klskda tba eyckldar

gssuiklf ksmtbarigc prmeass gld (kk) prassura gld taipargtura gssuiklf gdkghgtke

prmeass. Tgja j 9 7.4.

7.844) G 5>ei dkgiatar pkpa, emlvayklf wgtar, hrglebas kltm twm pkpas mo dkgiatars

8>ei gld 71ei raspaetkvacy. Ko tba gvargfa vacmekty kl tba 5>ei dkgiatar pkpa ks

8.1i/sae, okld tba dksebgrfa kl tbks pkpa. Gcsm datarikla tba vacmekty kl tba 71ei

dkgiatar pkpa ko tba gvargfa vacmekty kl tba 8>ei dkgiatar pkpa ks 8i/sae.






8>

7.841) Vgtar ocmws tbrmufb g pkpa GH 7.8i dkgiatar gt 5i/saemld tbal pgssas

tbrmufb g pkpa HE 7.1i dkgiatar. Gt E, tba pkpa hrglebas. Hrgleb ED ks >.2i kl

dkgiatar gld egrrkas mla - tbkrd mo tba ocmw kl GH. Tba ocmw vacmekty kl hrgleb EA

ks 8.1i/sae. Okld tba vmcuia rgta mo ocmw kl GH, tba vacmekty kl HE, tba vacmekty kl

ED gld tba dkgiatar mo EA.

7.84?) Vgtar ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g pkpa bgvklf dkgiatars 8>ei gld 7>ei gt saetkmls 7

gld 8 raspaetkvacy. Tba rgta mo ocmw, tbrmufb tba pkpa ks 51cktra/sae. Tba saetkml 7 ks

?i ghmva dgtui gld saetkml 8 ks 4i ghmva dgtui. Ko tba prassura gt saetkml 7 ks

5;.84L/ei8, okld tba kltalskty mo prassura gt saetkml 8. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

7.846) Vgtar ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g tgpar pkpa mo calftb 7>>i bgvklf dkgiatars ?>>ii

gt tba uppar ald gld 5>>ii gt tba cmwar ald, gt tba rgta mo 1> cktras/ sae. Tba pkpa

bgs g scmpa mo 7 kl 5>. Okld tba prassura gt tba cmwar ald ko tba prassura gt tba

bkfbar cavac ks 7;.?8 L/ei8.

7.842) G pkpa mo dkgiatar 4>>ii egrrkas wgtar gt g vacmekty mo 81i/sae. Tba

prassuras gt tba pmklts G gld H gra fkval gs 8;.45L/ei8 gld 88.1?5 L/ei8

raspaetkvacy, wbkca tba dgtui bagd gt G gld H gra 82i gld 5>i. Okld tba cmss mo

bagd hatwaal G gld H.

7.84;)

G drgklgfa pkpa ks tgparad kl g saetkml rullklf wktb oucc mo wgtar. Tba pkpa

dkgiatars gt tba klcat gld axkt gra 7>>> ii gld 1> ii raspaetkvacy. Tba wgtar

surogea ks 8 i ghmva tba ealtar mo tba klcat gld axkt ks 5 i ghmva tba oraa surogea mo

tba wgtar. Tba prassura gt tba axkt ks81> ii mo Bf vgeuui. Tba orketkml cmss

hatwaal tba klcat gld axkt mo tba pkpa ks 7/7> mo tba vacmekty bagd gt tba axkt.

Datarikla tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba pkpa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.81>)

G pkpackla ?> ei kl dkgiatar hkouregtas gt g [-`uletkml kltm twm hrglebas 4>

ei gld 5> ei kl dkgiatar. Ko tba rgta mo ocmw kl tba igkl pkpa ks 7.1 i 5/s, gld tba

iagl vacmekty mo ocmw kl tba 5> ei pkpa ks 6.1 i/s, datarikla tba rgta mo ocmw kl tba

4> ei pkpa. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

7.817) G pkpackla mo 761 ii dkgiatar hrglebas kltm twm pkpas wbkeb dackvars tba

wgtar gt gtimspbarke prassura. Tba dkgiatar mo tba hrgleb 7 wbkeb ks gt 51¾

emultar-ecmejwksa tm tba pkpa gxks ks 61ii. gld tba vacmekty gt mutcat ks 71 i/s.Tba hrgleb 8 ks gt 71¾ wktb tba pkpa ealtar ckla kl tba ecmejwksa dkraetkml bgs g

dkgiatar mo 7>> ii. Tba mutcat vacmekty ks 71 i/s. Tba pkpas cka kl g bmrkzmltgc





87

pcgla. Datarikla tba igflktuda gld dkraetkml mo tba omreas ml tba pkpas.


7.818) G pkpackla emlvays 7> ckt/s mo wgtar ormi gl mvarbagd tglj tm g hukcdklf. Tba

pkpa ks 8ji cmlf gld 71ei dkgiatar, tba orketkml ogetmr ks >.>5. Kt ks pcgllad tm

kleragsa tba dksebgrfa hy 5>% hy klstgccklf glmtbar pkpackla kl pgrgccac wktb tbks

mvar bgco tba calftb. Okld tba suktghca dkgiatar mo pkpa tm ha klstgccad. Ks tbara gly

uppar ckikt ml dksebgrfa gufialtgtkml hy tbks grrglfaialt=ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.815) Tba wgtar ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g tgpar pkpa mo calftb 7>> i bgvklf dkgiatars

?>> ii gt tba uppar ald gld 5>> ii gt tba cmwar ald, gt tba rgta mo 1> cktras/s.

Tba pkpa bgs g scmpa mo 7 kl 5>. Okld tba prassura gt tba cmwar ald ko tba prassura gt

tba bkfbar cavac ks 7;.?8 L/ei8. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

7.814) G 41¾ radueklf hald ks emllaetad kl g pkpa ckla, tba dkgiatars gt tba klcat gld

mutcat mo tba hald haklf ?>>ii gld 5>>ii raspaetkvacy. Okld tba omrea axartad hy

wgtar ml tba hald ko tba kltalskty mo prassura gt tba klcat tm tba hald ks 2.28;L/ei8

gld rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar ks?>> cktra / sae.

7.811) Fgsmckla (spaekoke frgvkty 9 >.2) ks ocmwklf upwgrds tbrmufb g vartkegc pkpa ckla

wbkeb tgpars ormi5>>ii tm 71>ii dkgiatar. G fgsmckla iareury dkooaraltkgc

iglmiatar ks emllaetad hatwaal 5>> ii gld 71> ii pkpa saetkmls tm iagsura

tba rgta mo ocmw. Tba dkstglea hatwaal tba iglmiatar tgppklfs ks 7iatar gld tba

fgufa bagdklf ks 1>> ii mo iareury. Okld tba(k) dkooaraltkgc fgufa ragdklf kl

taris mo fgsmckla bagd (kk) rgta mo ocmw. Gssuia orketkmlgc gld mtbar cmssas gra

lafckfkhca. ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>74, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.81?) Vgtar altars g radueklf pkpa bmrkzmltgccy gld emias mut vartkegccy kl tba

dmwlwgrd dkraetkml. Ko tba klcat vacmekty ks 1 i/s gld prassura ks 2> j^g (fgufa)

gld tba dkgiatars gt tba altrglea gld axkt saetkmls gra 5> ei gld 8> ei

raspaetkvacy, egceucgta tba emipmlalts mo tba ragetkml getklf ml tba pkpa.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

7.816) G bmrkzmltgc pkpa bgs gl ghrupt axpglskml ormi 7> ei tm 7? ei. Tba wgtar

vacmekty kl tba sigccar saetkml ks 78 i/s, gld tba ocmw ks turhucalt. Tba prassura kl

tba sigccar saetkml ks 5>> j^g. Datarikla tba dmwlstragi prassura, gld astkigta

tba arrmr tbgt wmucd bgva meeurrad ko Harlmucck‛s aqugtkml bgd haal usad.






88

7.812) Gkr ocmws tbrmufb g pkpa gt g rgta mo 8> C/s. Tba pkpa emlsksts mo twm saetkmls

mo dkgiatars8> ei gld 7> ei wktb g simmtb radueklf saetkml tbgt emllaets tbai.

Tba prassura dkooaralea hatwaal tba twm pkpa saetkmls ks iagsurad hy g wgtar

iglmiatar. Lafcaetklf orketkmlgc aooaets, datarikla tba dkooaraltkgc bakfbt mo wgtar

hatwaal tba twm pkpa saetkmls. Tgja tba gkr dalskty tm ha 7.8> jf/i5.


7.81;) G bmrkzmltgc valturkiatar wktb klcat dkgiatar 8>> ii gld tbrmgt dkgiatar 7>>

ii ks aipcmyad tm iagsura tba ocmw mo wgtar. Tba ragdklf mo tba dkooaraltkgc

iglmiatar emllaetad tm tba klcat ks 72> ii mo iareury. Ko Ed 9 >.;2, datarikla

tba rgta mo ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.8?>) G bmrkzmltgc valturkiatar mo spaekokegtkml 8>>ii * 7>>ii ks usad tm

iagsura tba dksebgrfa mo gl mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.2. G iareury iglmiatar ks

usad omr tba purpmsa. Ko tba dksebgrfa ks 7>> cktras par saemld gld tba emaookekalt mo

dksebgrfa mo iatar ks >.;2, okld tba iglmiatar daocaetkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

7.8?7) Datarikla tba prassura dkooaralea hatwaal klcat gld tbrmgt mo g vartkegc

valturkiatar mo skza 71> ii x 61 ii egrryklf mkc mo U 9 >.2 gt ocmw rgta mo 4> cps.

Tba tbrmgt ks 71> ii ghmva tba klcat.

7.8?8)

G pkpa mo 5>> ii dkgiatar klecklad gt 5>¾ tm tba bmrkzmltgc ks egrryklf

fgsmckla (spaekoke frgvkty 9 >.28). G valturkiatar ks okttad kl tba pkpa tm okld mut

tba ocmw rgta wbmsa tbrmgt dkgiatar ks 71> ii. Tba tbrmgt ks 7.8 i ormi tba

altrglea gcmlf kts calftb. Tba prassura fgufas okttad tm tba valturkiatar ragd 74>

jL/i8gld 2>jL/i8raspaetkvacy. Okld mut tba em-aookekalt mo dksebgrfa mo

valturkiatar ko tba ocmw ks >.8> i5/s. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.8?5)

G valturkiatar mo tbrmgt dkgiatar >.>21i ks okttad kl g >.76i dkgiatar vartkegc pkpa kl wbkeb ckqukd g racgtkva dalskty >.21 ocmws dmwlwgrds. ^rassura fgufas gta

okttad gt tba klcat gld tm tba tbrmgt saetkmls. Tba tbrmgt haklf >.;i hacmw tba klcat.

8> eigkr 8>> C/s

b





85

Tgjklf tba emaookekalt mo tba iatar gs >.;1 okld tba dksebgrfa wbal tba prassura

fgufas ragd tba sgia gld gcsm wbal tba klcat fgufa ragds 71>>>L/i8 bkfbar tbgl

tba tbrmgt fgufa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

7.8?4) G _alturkiatar bgvklf klcat gld tbrmgt dkgiatars 5> ei gld 71 ei ks okttad kl g

bmrkzmltgc dkasac pkpa ckla (Up. Fr. 9 >.;8) tm iagsura tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba

pkpa. Tba valturkiatar ks emllaetad tm g iareury iglmiatar. Kt wgs omuld tbgt tba

dksebgrfa ks 2 cktras /sae. Okld tba ragdklf mo iareury iglmiatar bagd kl ei. Tgja

Ed 9>.;?. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

7.8?1) G valturkiatar ks klecklad gt ?>¾ tm tba vartkegc gld kts 71> ii dkgiatar tbrmgt

ks 7.8 i ormi tba altrglea gcmlf kts calftb. Kt ks okttad tm g pkpa mo dkgiatar 5>>

ii. Tba pkpa emlvays fgsmckla mo U 9 >.28 gld ocmwklf gt >.871 i5/s upwgrds.

^rassura fgufas klsartad gt altrglea gld tbrmgt sbmw tba prassuras mo >.747

L/ii8gld >.>66 L/ii8raspaetkvacy. Datarikla tba em-aookekalt mo dksebgrfa mo

tba valturkiatar. Gcsm datarikla tba ragdklf kl ii mo dkooaraltkgc iareury

emcuil, ko klstagd mo prassura fgufas tba altrglea gld tba tbrmgt mo tba

valturkiatar gra emllaetad tm tba ckihs mo g Q tuha iareury iglmiatar.


7.8??)

G bmrkzmltgc valturkiatar wktb klcat gld tbrmgt dkgiatar 5>>ii gld 7>>ii

raspaetkvacy ks usad tm iagsura tba ocmw mo wgtar. Tba prassura kltalskty gt klcat ks

75> jL/i8 wbkca tba vgeuui prassura bagd gt tbrmgt ks 51> ii mo iareury.

Gssuiklf 5% bagd cmst hatwaal tba klcat gld tbrmgt. Okld tba vgcua mo emaookekalt

mo dksebgrfa omr valturkiatar gld gcsm datarikla tba rgta mo ocmw.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>4, 8>>1, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>Y

7.8?6)

G vartkegc valturkiatar egrrkas g ckqukd mo racgtkva dalskty >.2 gld bgs klcat

tbrmgt dkgiatars mo 71>ii gld 61ii. Tba prassura emllaetkml gt tba tbrmgt ks

71>ii ghmva tba klcat. Ko tba getugc rgta mo ocmw ks 4>cktras/sae gld E d 9 >.;?, okld

tba prassura dkooaralea hatwaal klcat gld tbrmgt kl L/i8. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

7.8?2) G 5>> ii x 71> ii valturkiatar ks prmvkdad kl g vartkegc pkpackla egrryklf

mkc mo racgtkva dalskty >.;, tba ocmw haklf upwgrds. Tba dkooaraltkgc Q tuha iareury

iglmiatar sbmws g fgufa daocaetkml mo 81> ii. Egceucgta tba dksebgrfa mo mkc, ko

tba em-aookekalt mo iatar ks >.;2. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y





84

7.8?;) Kl g vartkegc pkpa emlvayklf mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.2, twm prassura fgufas

bgva haal klstgccad gt G gld H, wbara tba dkgiatars gra 7?>ii g 2>ii

raspaetkvacy. G ks 8i ghmva H. Tba prassura fgufa ragdklfs bgva sbmwl tbgt tba

prassura gt H ks fragtar tbgl gt G hy >.;27 L/ei8. Lafcaetklf gcc cmssas, egceucgta

tba ocmw rgta. Ko tba fgufas gt G gld H gra rapcgead hy tuhas okccad wktb tba sgia

ckqukd gld emllaetad tm g Q ― tuha emltgklklf iareury, egceucgta tba dkooaralea kl

tba cavac mo iareury kl tba twm ckihs mo tba Q ― tuha. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

7.86>) Datarikla tba ocmw rgta mo mkc mo U 9 >.; tbrmufb gl mrkokea iatar mo skza 71 ei

dkgiatar okttad kl g pkpa mo 5> ei dkgiatar. Tba iareury daocaetkml mo Q tuha

dkooaraltkgc iglmiatar emllaetad ml tba twm skdas mo tba mrkokea ks 1> ei. Gssuia

Ed mo mrkokea iatar gs >.?4.

7.867) G suhigrkla imvas bmrkzmltgccy kl sag gld bgs kts gxks 71 i hacmw tba surogea

mo wgtar. G pktmt stgtke tuha prmparcy pcgead `ust kl ormlt mo tba suhigrkla gcmlf kts

gxks gld ks emllaetad tm tba twm ckihs mo g Q - tuha emltgklklf iareury. Tba

dkooaralea mo iareury cavac ks omuld tm ha76> ii. Okld tba spaad mo suhigrkla

jlmwklf tbgt tba sp. fr mo sag wgtar ks 7.>8?.

7.868) G suhigrkla okttad wktb g ^ktmt tuha imva bmrkzmltgccy kl sag. Kts gxks ks 8>i

hacmw surogea mo wgtar. Tba ^ktmt tuha pcgead kl ormlt mo tba suhigrkla gcmlf kts

gxks ks emllaetad tm g dkooaraltkgc iareury iglmiatar sbmwklf tba daocaetkml mo

8>ei. Datarikla tba spaad mo tba suhigrkla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

7.865) G pktmt-stgtke prmha ks usad tm iagsura tba vacmekty mo gl gkrergot ocyklf gt 5>>>

i. Ko tba dkooaraltkgc prassura ragdklf ks 5 j^g, datarikla tba vacmekty mo tba

gkrergot. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

7.864)

G 71 ei dkgiatar vartkegc pkpa ks emllaetad tm 7> ei dkgiatar vartkegc pkpa

wktb g radueklf smejat. Tba pkpa egrrkas g ocmw mo 7>>7/s. Gt pmklt 7 kl 71 ei pkpa

fgufa prassura ks 81> j^g. Gt pmklt 8 kl tba 7> ei pkpa cmegtad 7.> i hacmw pmklt

7 tba fgufa prassura ks 761 j^g.

Okld wbatbar tba ocmw ks upwgrds / dmwlwgrds.

Bagd cmss hatwaal tba twm pmklts.

7.861)

Vgtar altars g radueklf pkpa bmrkzmltgccy gld emias mut vartkegccy kl tba

dmwlwgrd dkraetkml. Ko tba klcat vacmekty ks 1 i/sae gld prassura ks 2> j^g (fgufa)





81

gld tba dkgiatars gt tba altrglea gld axkt saetkmls gra 5>> ii gld 8>> ii

raspaetkvacy. Egceucgta tba emipmlalts mo tba ragetkml getklf ml tba pkpa.





8?

QLKT - KK - OCMV TBXMQFB EKXEQCGX EMLDQETU

^GXT - G

8.7) Bmw gra ocukd ocmws ecgsskokad= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.8) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal Cgiklgr gld Turhucalt ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

8.5)

Vrkta dmwl Bgfal ^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml omr vksemus ocmw tbrmufb g pkpa.8.4) Vrkta dmwl Bgfal ^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml omr cgiklgr ocmw.

ZGQ, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>>1, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.1) Vrkta tba Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s Aqugtkml gld aluiargta kts kipmrtglea.


8.?) Utgta Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s omriucg omr ocmw tbrmufb ekreucgr tuhas.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y 8.6) Vrkta dmwl tba Dgrey - Vakshgeb‛s aqugtkml omr orketkml cmss tbrmufb g pkpa

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;, Gprkc / Igy - 8>77Y

8.2) Vbgt ks tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal Dgrey Orketkml ogetmr, Ogllklf Orketkml Ogetmr

gld Orketkml emaookekalt= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.;) Ialtkml tba typas mo iklmr cmssas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.7>) Ckst tba iklmr cmssas kl ocmw tbrmufb pkpa.

ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

8.77) Vbgt gra iklmr cmssas= Qldar wbgt ekreuistgleas wkcc tbay ha lafckfkhca=


8.78) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal tba ig`mr cmss gld iklmr cmssas wktb raoaralea tm ocmw

tbrmufb pkpas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.75) Ckst tba egusas mo iklmr alarfy cmssas kl ocmw tbrmufb pkpas.

ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.74) Vbgt gra tba cmssas axparkalead hy g ocukd wbal kt ks pgssklf tbrmufb g pkpa=

8.71) Vbgt ks g iklmr cmss kl pkpa ocmws= Qldar wbgt emldktkmls dmas g iklmr cmss

haemia g ig`mr cmss=

8.7?) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy iklmr alarfy cmssas kl pkpas=


8.76)

Ckst mut tba vgrkmus iklmr cmssas kl g pkpackla





86

8.72) Vbgt gra ‒ig`mr‛ gld ‒iklmr cmssas‛ mo ocmw tbrmufb pkpas=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6, 8>78, Gprk c / I gy - 8>7>Y

8.7;) Ckst tba iklmr gld ig`mr cmssas durklf tba ocmw mo ckqukd tbrmufb g pkpa.


8.8>) Alckst tba vgrkmus iklmr cmssas klvmcvad kl g pkpa ocmw systai.


8.87) Vbgt ogetmrs geemult kl alarfy cmss kl cgiklgr ocmw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.88) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal pkpas kl sarkas gld pkpas kl pgrgccac.


8.85) Vbgt ks Dgrey's aqugtkml= Kdaltkoy vgrkmus taris kl tba aqugtkml.


8.84)

Vbgt ks tba racgtkml hatwaal Drgey orketkml ogetmr, Ogllklf orketkml ogetmr gld

orketkml emaookekalt= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.81) Vbal ks tba pkpa tariad tm ha bydrguckegccy rmufb= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.8?) Vbgt ks tba pbyskegc skflkokeglea mo Xaylmcd's luihar=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

8.86) Daokla Xaylmcds Luihar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.82)

Vrkta tba Lgvkar's Utmja aqugtkmls omr ulstagdy 5 - dkialskmlgc, vksemus,

klemiprasskhca gld krrmtgtkmlgc ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.8;) Daokla Immdy‛s dkgfrgi

8.5>) Vbgt gra tba usas mo Immdy‛s dkgfrgi= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, 8>78Y

8.57) Vrkta dmwl tba omriucga omr cmss mo bagd dua tm

(k) suddal alcgrfaialt kl pkpa dkgiatar

(kk)

suddal emltrgetkml kl pkpa dkgiatar gld

(kkk)

^kpa okttklfs.

8.58) Daokla (k) racgtkva rmufblass gld (kk) ghsmcuta rmufblass mo g pkpa kllar surogea.

8.55) Bmw dmas surogea rmufblass gooaet tba prassura drmp kl g pkpa ko tba ocmw ks

turhucalt= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

8.54) G pkpklf systai klvmcvas twm pkpas mo dkooaralt dkgiatars (hut mo kdaltkegc

calftb, igtarkgc, gld rmufblass) emllaetad kl pgrgccac. Bmw wmucd ymu emipgratba ocmw rgtas gld prassura drmps kl tbasa twm pkpas= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

8.51) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy ocmw tbrmufb pgrgccac pkpas= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y





82

8.5?) Vbgt ks aqukvgcalt pkpa=

8.56) Vbgt ks tba usa mo Dupukt‛s aqugtkmls=

8.52) Vbgt ks tba emldktkml omr igxkiui pmwar trglsiksskml tbrmufb g pkpa ckla=

8.5;) Fkva tba axprasskml omr pmwar trglsiksskml tbrmufb pkpas=


8.4>) Vrkta dmwl tba omriucg omr orketkml ogetmr mo pkpa bgvklf vksemus ocmw.

8.47) Daokla hmuldgry cgyar gld hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

8.48) Daokla hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.45) Vbgt ks hmuldgry cgyar= Fkva kts sjateb mo g hmuldgry cgyar rafkml mvar g ocgt

pcgta. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

8.44)

Vbgt ks hmuldgry cgyar= Vby ks kt skflkokeglt= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.41) Daokla hmuldgry cgyar gld fkva kts skflkokeglea. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.4?) Vbgt ks hmuldgry cgyar gld wrkta kts typas mo tbkejlass=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>?Y

8.46) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy tba tari hmuldgry cgyar= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.42) Daokla tba omccmwklf (k) cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar (kk) turhucalt hmuldgry cgyar

(kkk) cgiklgr suh cgyar.

8.4;) Vbgt ks g cgiklgr suh cgyar= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.1>) Daokla imialtui tbkejlass gld alarfy tbkejlass.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

8.17) Daokla tba tari hmuldgry cgyar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.18) Daokla tba taris hmuldgry cgyar, hmuldgry tbkejlass. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.15)

Vbgt ks hmuldgry cgyar sapgrgtkml= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.14) Daokla tba omccmwklf0

(k) Dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass (kk) Imialtui tbkejlass

(kkk)Alarfy tbkejlass.

8.11) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass gld imialtui tbkejlass=


8.1?)

Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy bydrgucke dkgiatar= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

8.16) Vbgt ks bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.12) Daokla bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla gld alarfy frgdkalt ckla.





8;

8.1;) Hrkao ml BFC. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.?>) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal Bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla gld tmtgc alarfy ckla.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>>1, 8>7>, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>>;Y

8.?7) Vbgt ks T.A.C= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.?8) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal bydrgucke gld alarfy frgdkalts. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

8.?5) Dkooaraltkgta bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla gld alarfy frgdkalt ckla.


8.?4) Vbgt gra stragi cklas, stragj cklas gld pgtb cklas kl ocukd ocmw=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>?, 8>>;Y

8.?1) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy ^rgldtc‛s ikxklf calftb=

8.??) Drgw tba typkegc hmuldgry cgyar prmokca mvar g ocgt pcgta.

8.?6)

Daokla ocmw lat. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.?2) Vbgt ks ocmw lat gld stgta kts usa= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.?;) Daokla ckot. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

8.6>) Daokla tba taris0 drgf gld ckot. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.67) Daokla drgf gld ckot em-aookekalt.

8.68) Fkva tba axprasskml omr Drgf emaookekalt gld Ckot emaookekalt.


8.65) Emlskdarklf cgiklgr ocmw tbrmufb g ekreucgr pkpa, drgw tba sbagr strass gld

vacmekty dkstrkhutkml germss tba pkpa saetkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.64) Emlskdarklf cgiklgr ocmw tbrmufb g ekreucgr pkpa, mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr tba

vacmekty dkstrkhutkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.61) G ekreucgr gld g squgra pkpa gra mo aqugc saetkmlgc grag. Omr tba sgia ocmw rgta,

datarikla wbkeb saetkml wkcc cagd tm g bkfbar vgcua mo Xaylmcds luihar.


8.6?) G 8>ei dkgiatar pkpa 5>ji cmlf trglspmrt mkc ormi g tgljar tm tba sbmra gt

>.>7i5/s. Okld tba Xaylmcds luihar tm ecgsskoy tba ocmw. Tgja tba vksemskty γ 9 >.7

Li/s8 gld dalskty χ 9 ;>> jf/i5 omr mkc. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

8.66) Okld tba cmss mo bagd wbal g pkpa mo dkgiatar 8>> ii ks suddalcy alcgrfad tm g

dkgiatar >o 4>> ii. Xgta mo ocmw mo wgtar tbrmufb tba pkpa ks 81> cktras/s.ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

^GXT - H





5>

8.62) Vbgt gra tba vgrkmus typas mo ocukd ocmws= Dkseuss ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.6;) Daokla iklmr cmssas. Bmw tbay gra dkooaralt ormi ig`mr cmssas=


8.2>) Dkseuss ml vgrkmus iklmr cmssas kl pkpa ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

8.27) Vbkeb bgs g fragtar iklmr cmss em-aookekalt durklf pkpa ocmw0 frgdugc axpglskml

mr frgdugc emltrgetkml= Vby= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.28) Darkva Ebazy‛s omriucg omr cmss mo bagd dua tm orketkml kl pkpas.


8.25) Vbgt ks tba bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla= Bmw dmas kt dkooar ormi tba tmtgc alarfy

ckla= Qldar wbgt emldktkmls dm hmtb cklas emklekda wktb tba oraa surogea mo g

ckqukd= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.24)

Vrkta lmtas ml tba omccmwklf0

Emleapt mo hmuldgry cgyar.

Bydrgucke frgdkalt

Immdy dkgfrgi.

8.21) Hrkaocy axpcgkl Immdy‛s dkgfrgi rafgrdklf pkpa orketkml


8.2?)

Omr g ocmw mo vksemus ocukd ocmwklf tbrmufb g ekreucgr pkpa uldar cgiklgr ocmw

emldktkmls, sbmw tbgt tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml ks g pgrghmcg. Gld gcsm sbmw tbgt tba

gvargfa vacmekty ks bgco mo tba igxkiui vacmekty. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

8.26) Omr ocmw mo vksemus ocukds tbrmufb gl gllucus darkva tba omccmwklf axprasskmls0

Dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba gllucus.

Ubagr strass dkstrkhutkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

8.22)

Omr g cgiklgr ocmw tbrmufb g pkpa ckla, sbmw tbgt tba gvargfa vacmekty ks bgco mo

tba igxkiui vacmekty.

8.2;) ^rmva tbgt tba Bgfal-^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml omr tba prassura dkooaralea hatwaal

twm saetkmls 7 gld 8 kl g pkpa ks fkval hy wktb usugc lmtgtkmls.

8.;>) Darkva Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml gld stgta kts gssuiptkmls igda.


8.;7)

Darkva Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y 8.;8) Mhtgkl tba axprasskml omr Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s ocmw. Daduea tba emldktkml mo

igxkiui vacmekty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y





57

8.;5) Fkva g prmmo g Bgfal ― ^mksaukcca‛s aqugtkml omr g ouccy ― davacmpad cgiklgr

ocmw kl g pkpa gld balea sbmw tbgt Dgrey orketkml emaookekalt ks aqugc tm 7?/X a,

wbara X a ks Xaylmcd‛s luihar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.;4) Darkva gl axprasskml omr bagd cmss tbrmufb pkpas dua tm orketkml.


8.;1) Axpcgkl Xaylmcd‛s axparkialt tm daimlstrgta tba dkooaralea hatwaal cgiklgr

ocmw gld turhucalt ocmw tbrmufb g pkpa ckla.

8.;?) Darkva Dgrey - Vakshgeb omriucg omr egceucgtklf cmss mo bagd dua tm orketkml kl g

pkpa. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

8.;6) Darkva Dgrey - Vakshgeb omriucg omr bagd cmss dua tm orketkml kl ocmw tbrmufb

pkpas. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

8.;2)

Mhtgkl axprasskml omr Dgrey ― Vakshgeb orketkml ogetmr o omr ocmw kl pkpa.


8.;;) Axpcgkl tba cmssas mo alarfy kl ocmw tbrmufb pkpas. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.7>>) Darkva gl axprasskml omr Dgrey ― Vakshgeb omriucg tm datarikla tba bagd cmss

dua tm orketkml. Fkva gl axprasskml omr racgtkml hatwaal orketkml ogetmr ‒o‛ gld

Xaylmcds‛s luihar ‒Xa‛ omr cgiklgr gld turhucalt ocmw. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

8.7>7)

^rmva tbgt tba bagd cmst dua tm orketkml ks aqugc tm mla tbkrd mo tba tmtgc bagd gt

klcat omr igxkiui pmwar trglsiksskml tbrmufb pkpas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.7>8) Ubmw tbgt omr cgiklgr ocmw, tba orketkmlgc cmss mo bagd ks fkval hy

b o 9 2 o CW8/fώ8D1 ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.7>5) Darkva Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml omr ocmw gcmlf g stragi ckla. Vbgt gra tba

gssuiptkmls klvmcvad. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.7>4)

G ulkomri ekreucgr tuha mo hmra rgdkus X 7 bgs g okxad em gxkgc eyckldrkegc smckd

emra mo rgdkus X 8. Gl klemiprasskhca vksemus ocukd ocmws tbrmufb tba gllucgr

pgssgfa uldar g prassura frgdkalt (-∈ p/∈ x). Datarikla tba rgdkus gt wbkeb sbagr

strass kl tba stragi ks zarm, fkval tbgt tba ocmw ks cgiklgr gld uldar stagdy stgta

emldktkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.7>1) Ko tba dkgiatar mo tba pkpa ks dmuhcad, wbgt aooaet dmas tbks bgva ml tba ocmw

rgta omr g fkval bagd cmss omr cgiklgr ocmw gld turhucalt ocmw.ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y





58

8.7>?) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba vgrkgtkml mo `at rgdkus r wktb dkstglea y

dmwlwgrds omr g `at dkraetad dmwlwgrds. Tba klktkgc rgdkus ks X gld tba bagd mo

ocukd ks B. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

8.7>6) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal pkpas emllaetad kl sarkas gld pgrgccac.


8.7>2) Datarikla tba aqukvgcalt pkpa emrraspmldklf tm 5 pkpas kl sarkas wktb calftbs

gld dkgiatars c 7 , c 8 , c 5 , d 7 , d 8 , d 5 raspaetkvacy. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.7>;) Omr suddal axpglskml kl g pkpa ocmw, wmrj mut tba mptkiui rgtkm hatwaal tba

dkgiatar mo haomra axpglskml gld tba dkgiatar mo tba pkpa gotar axpglskml sm tbgt

tba prassura rksa ks igxkiui. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.77>) Mhtgkl tba emldktkml omr igxkiui pmwar trglsiksskml tbrmufb g pkpa ckla.

8.777)

Axpcgkl stragi cklas, pgtb cklas gld ocmw lat. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.778) Vbgt gra tba usas gld ckiktgtkmls mo ocmw lat= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.775) Hrkaocy axpcgkl ghmut hmuldgry cgyar sapgrgtkml. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.774) Axpcgkl ml hmuldgry cgyar sapgrgtkml gld kts emltrmc.

8.771) Emlskdarklf g ocmw mvar g ocgt pcgta, axpcgkl hrkaocy tba davacmpialt mo

bydrmdylgike hmuldgry cgyar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.77?)

Dkseuss kl datgkc ghmut hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass gld sapgrgtkml mo hmuldgry

cgyar. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.776) Vbgt ks hmuldgry cgyar gld wrkta kts typas mo tbkejlass=


8.772) Axpcgkl kl datgkc

Drgf gld ckot emaookekalts

Hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass

Hmuldgry cgyar sapgrgtkml

Lgvkar‛s ― strmjas aqugtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.77;) Kl g wgtar rasarvmkr ocmw ks tbrmufb g ekreucgr bmca mo dkgiatar D gt tba skda

wgcc gt g vartkegc dkstglea B ormi tba oraa surogea. Tba ocmw rgta tbrmufb gl getugc

bmca wktb g sbgrp-adfad altrglea (j C

9 >.1) wkcc ha emlskdarghcy cass tbgl tba ocmw

rgta egceucgtad gssuiklf orketkmlcass ocmw. Mhtgkl g racgtkml omr tba aqukvgcalt





55

dkgiatar mo tba sbgrp-adfad bmca omr usa kl orketkmlcass ocmw racgtkmls.


8.78>) Daokla 0 Hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass(δ): Dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass(δ*): Imialtui

tbkejlass(β) gld alarfy tbkejlass(δ**). ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.787) Hrkaocy axpcgkl tba omccmwklf taris

Dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass

Imialtui tbkejlass

Alarfy tbkejlass ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

8.788) Okld tba dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass imialtui tbkejlass gld alarfy tbkejlass omr

tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml kl tba hmuldgry cgyar fkval hy (u/v) 9 (y/δ), wbara ‒u‛ ks

tba vacmekty gt g dkstglea ‒y‛ ormi tba pcgta gld u9Q gt y9δ, wbara δ 9 hmuldgry

cgyar tbkejlass. Gcsm egceucgta (δ* /β). ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.785) Axpcgkl tba emleapt mo hmuldgry cgyar kl pkpas omr hmtb cgiklgr gld turhucalt

ocmws wktb lagt sjatebas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

8.784) Vbgt ks bydrgucke frgdkalt ckla= Bmw dmas kt dkooar ormi tba tmtgc alarfy ckla=

Qldar wbgt emldktkmls dm hmtb cklas emklekda wktb surogea mo tba ckqukd=


8.781)

Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml omr vksemus ocmw tbrmufb g

ekreucgr pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

8.78?) Vrkta g hrkao lmta ml vacmekty pmtaltkgc ouletkml gld stragi ouletkml.


8.786) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml omr vksemus ocmw tbrmufb g

ekreucgr pkpa. Gcsm sjateb tba dkstrkhutkml mo vacmekty ermss g saetkml mo tba pkpa.


^XMHCAIU

8.782) G 8> ei dkgiatar pkpa 5> ji cmlf trglspmrts mkc ormi g tgljar tm tba sbmra gt

>.>7i5/s. Okld tba Xaylmcd‛s luihar tm ecgsskoy tba ocmw. Tgja vksemskty gld

dalskty omr mkc.

8.78;) G pkpa ckla 8>ei kl dkgiatar, 6>i cmlf, emlvays mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.;1

gld vksemskty >.85 L.s/i8

. Ko tba vacmekty mo mkc ks 7.52i/s, okld tba dkooaralea kl prassura hatwaal tba twm alds mo tba pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y





54

8.75>) Mkc mo ghsmcuta vksemskty 7.1 pmksa gld dalskty 242.5jf/i5 ocmws tbrmufb g

5>>ii pkpa. Ko tba bagd cmss kl 5>>> i, tba calftb mo pkpa ks 8>>i, gssuiklf

cgiklgr ocmw, okld

(k) tba gvargfa vacmekty,

(kk) Xaylmcds‛s luihar gld

(kkk)

Orketkml ogetmr. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.757) Gl mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.6 ks ocmwklf tbrmufb tba pkpa dkgiatar 5>ei gt tba

rgta mo 1>>cktras/sae. Okld tba bagd cmst dua tm orketkml gld pmwar raqukrad tm

igkltgkl tba ocmw omr g calftb mo 7>>>i. Tgja ε 9 >.8; stmjas.


8.758) G pkpa ckla 7>ji, cmlf dackvars g pmwar mo 1>jV gt kts mutcat alds. Tba

prassura gt klcat ks 1>>>jL/i8 gld prassura drmp par ji mo pkpackla ks 1>jL/i8.

Okld tba skza mo tba pkpa gld aookekaley mo trglsiksskml. Tgja 4 o 9 >.>8.


8.755) G cuhrkegtklf mkc ocmws kl g 7> ei dkgiatar pkpa gt 7 i/s. Datarikla wbatbar

tba ocmw ks cgiklgr mr turhucalt.

8.754) Omr tba cuhrkegtklf mkc 8 γ 9 >.7 Ls /i gld χ 9 ;5> jf/i5. Egceucgta gcsm

trglsktkml gld turhucalt vacmektkas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.751) Mkc mo ,igss dalskty 2>>jf/i5 gld dylgike vksemskty >.>8 pmksa ocmws tbrmufb

1>ii dkgiatar pkpa mo calftb 1>>i gt tba rgta mo >.7; cktars/ sae. Datarikla

Xaylmcds luihar mo ocmw

Ealtar ckla mo vacmekty

^rassura frgdkalt

Cmss mo prassura kl 1>>i calftb

Vgcc sbagr strass

^mwar raqukrad tm igkltgkl tba ocmw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.75?) Kl ouccy davacmpad cgiklgr ocmw kl g ekreucgr pkpa, tba vacmekty gt X/8 (ikdwgy

hatwaal tba wgcc surogea gld tba ealtar ckla) ks iagsurad tm ha ?i/s. Datarikla tba

vacmekty gt tba ealtar mo tba pkpa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.756)

G pkpa 21i cmlf emlvays g dksebgrfa mo 81cktras par saemld. Ko tba cmss mo bagdks 7>.1i. Okld tba dkgiatar mo tba pkpa tgja orketkml ogetmr gs >.>>61.






51

8.752) G simmtb pkpa egrrkas >.5>i5/s mo wgtar dksebgrfa wktb g bagd cmss mo 5i par

7>>i calftb mo pkpa. Ko tba wgtar taipargtura ks 8>¾E, datarikla dkgiatar mo tba

pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.75;) Vgtar ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g pkpa mo 81> ii dkgiatar gld ?> i cmlf gt g rgta mo

>.5 i5/sae. Okld tba bagd cmss dua tm orketkml. Gssuia jklaigtke vksemskty mo

wgtar >.>78 stmjas.

8.74>) Emlskdar turhucalt ocmw (o 9 >.724 Xa->.8) mo g ocukd tbrmufb g squgra ebgllac

wktb simmtb surogeas. Lmw tba iagl vacmekty mo tba ocukd ks dmuhcad. Datarikla

tba ebglfa kl tba bagd cmss mo tba ocukd. Gssuia tba ocmw rafkia raigkls

ulebglfad. Vbgt wkcc ha tba bagd cmss omr ouccy turhucalt ocmw kl g rmufb pkpa=


8.747)

G pkpa mo 78ei dkgiatar ks egrryklf gl mkc (γ 9 8.8 ^g.s gld χ 9 781> jf/i5)

wktb g vacmekty mo 4.1 i/s. Datarikla tba sbagr strass gt tba wgcc surogea mo tba

pkpa, bagd cmss ko tba calftb mo tba pkpa ks 81 i gld tba pmwar cmst.


8.748) Okld tba bagd cmss dua tm orketkml kl g pkpa mo dkgiatar 5>ei gld calftb 1>ei,

tbrmufb wbkeb wgtar ks ocmwklf gt g vacmekty mo 5i/s usklf Dgrey‛s omriucg.


8.745) Omr g turhucalt ocmw kl g pkpa mo dkgiatar 5>> ii, okld tba dksebgrfa wbal tba

ealtar-ckla vacmekty ks 8.> i/s gld tba vacmekty gt g pmklt 7>> ii ormi tba ealtar gs

iagsurad hy pktmt-tuha ks 7.? i/s. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.744) G cgiklgr ocmw ks tgjklf pcgea kl g pkpa mo dkgiatar 8>ei. Tba igxkiui

vacmekty ks 7.1i/s. Okld tba iagl vacmekty gld rgdkus gt wbkeb tbks meeurs. Gcsm

egceucgta tba vacmekty gt 4ei ormi tba wgcc pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.741) Vgtar ks ocmwklf tbrmufb g rmufb pkpa mo dkgiatar ?> ei gt tba rgta mo

?>>cktras/saemld. Tba wgcc rmufblass ks 5 ii. Okld tba pmwar cmss omr 7 ji

calftb mo pkpa.

8.74?) Vgtar ocmws kl g 71> ii dkgiatar pkpa gld gt g suddal alcgrfaialt, tba cmss

mo bagd ks omuld tm ha mla-bgco mo tba vacmekty bagd kl 71> ii dkgiatar pkpa.

Datarikla tba dkgiatar mo tba alcgrfad pmrtkml.





5?

8.746) G 71>ii dkgiatar pkpa radueas kl dkgiatar ghruptcy tm 7>>ii dkgiatar. Ko

tba pkpa egrrkas wgtar gt 5> cktars par saemld, egceucgta tba prassura cmss germss tba

emltrgetkml. Tba emaookekalt mo emltrgetkml gs >.?. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.742) G pkpa ckla egrryklf mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.21, ebglfas kl dkgiatar ormi

51>ii gt pmsktkml 7 tm 11>ii dkgiatar tm g pmsktkml 8, wbkeb ks gt ?i gt g bkfbar

cavac. Ko tba prassura gt pmsktkml 7 gld 8 gra tgjal gs 8>L/ei8 gld 71L/ei8

raspaetkvacy gld dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba pkpa ks >.8i5/s. Datarikla tba cmss mo bagd.


8.74;) G pkpa ckla egrryklf mkc mo spaekoke frgvkty >.26, ebglfas kl dkgiatar ormi

8>>ii gt pmsktkml G tm 1>>ii dkgiatar tm g pmsktkml H, wbkeb ks gt 4i gt g bkfbar

cavac. Ko tba prassura gt pmsktkml G gld H gra tgjal gs ;.27L/ei8 gld 1.22?L/ei8

raspaetkvacy gld dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba pkpa ks 8>> cktras/s. Datarikla tba cmss mo

bagd gld dkraetkml mo ocmw. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.71>) G 5>ei dkgiatar pkpa mo calftb 5>ei ks emllaetad kl sarkas tm g 8> ei

dkgiatar pkpa mo calftb 8>ei tm emlvay dksebgrfa. Datarikla tba aqukvgcalt calftb

mo pkpa dkgiatar 81ei, gssuiklf tbgt tba orketkml ogetmr raigkls tba sgia gld tba

iklmr cmssas gra lafckfkhca. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

8.717)

G pkpa mo >.?i dkgiatar ks 7.1 ji cmlf. Kl mrdar mo gufialt tba dksebgrfa,

glmtbar ckla mo tba sgia dkgiatar ks kltrmduead pgrgccac tm tba okrst kl tba saemld

bgco mo tba calftb. Lafcaetklf iklmr cmssas. Okld tba kleragsa kl dksebgrfa, ko

orketkml ogetmr o 9 >.>4. Tba bagd gt klcat ks 4>i.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>4, 8>>1, 8>78Y

8.718) G pkpa mo 7> ei kl dkgiatar gld 7>>> i cmlf ks usad tm puip mkc mo vksemskty

2.1 pmksa gld spaekoke frgvkty >.;8 gt tba rgta mo78>> ckt./ikl. Tba okrst 5> i mo tba

pkpa ks cgkd gcmlf tba frmuld scmpklf upwgrds gt 7>¾ tm tba bmrkzmltgc gld

raigklklf pkpa ks cgkd ml tba frmuld scmpklf upwgrds 71¾ tm tba bmrkzmltgc. Utgta

wbatbar tba ocmw ks cgiklgr mr turhucalt= Datarikla tba prassura raqukrad tm ha

davacmpad hy tba puip gld tba pmwar raqukrad omr tba drkvklf imtmr ko tba puip

aookekaley ks ?>%. Gssuia suktghca dgtg omr orketkml ogetmr, ko raqukrad.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y 8.715) Mkc wktb g dalskty mo ;>> jf/i5gld jklaigtke vksemskty mo ?.8 Ö 7>-4i8ks haklf

dksebgrfad hy g ? ii dkgiatar, 4> i cmlf bmrkzmltgc pkpa ormi g stmrgfa tglj





56

mpal tm tba gtimspbara. Tba bakfbt mo tba ckqukd cavac ghmva tba ealtar mo tba pkpa

ks 5 i. Lafcaetklf tba iklmr cmssas, datarikla tba ocmw rgta mo mkc tbrmufb tba pkpa.


8.714) Tba vacmekty mo wgtar kl g pkpa 8>>ii dkgiatar ks 1i/s. Tba calftb mo tba pkpa

ks 1>>i. Okld tba cmss mo bagd dua tm orketkml, ko o 9 >.>>2. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

8.711) G 8>>ii dkgiatar (o 9 >.>58) 761i cmlf dksebgrfas g ?1ii dkgiatar wgtar

`at kltm tba gtimspbara gt g pmklt wbkeb ks 61i hacmw tba wgtar surogea gt kltgja.

Tba altrglea tm tba pkpa ks raaltrglt wktb j a 9 >.;8 gld tba lmzzca cmss emaookekalt

ks >.>?. Okld tba ocmw rgta gld tba prassura bagd gt tba hgsa mo tba lmzzca.


8.71?) G pkpa ckla 8>>>i cmlf ks usad omr pmwar trglsiksskml 77>jV ks tm ha

trglsikttad tbrmufb g pkpa kl wbkeb wgtar ks bgvklf g prassura mo 1>>>jL/i8 gt

klcat ks ocmwklf. Ko tba prassura drmp mvar g calftb mo g pkpa ks 7>>>jL/i 8 gld

emaookekalt mo orketkml ks >.>>?1, okld tba dkgiatar mo tba pkpa gld aookekaley mo

trglsiksskml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

8.716) G bmrkzmltgc pkpa mo 4>> ii dkgiatar ks suddalcy emltrgetad tm g dkgiatar mo

8>> ii. Tba prassura kltalsktkas kl tba cgrfa gld sigcc pkpa gra fkval gs 71 L/ei8

gld 7> L/ei8 raspaetkvacy. Okld tba cmss mo bagd dua tm emltrgetkml, ko Ee 9 >.?8,

datarikla gcsm tba rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar.

8.712) G bmrkzmltgc pkpa ckla 4> i cmlf ks emllaetad tm g wgtar tglj gt mla ald gld

dksebgrfas oraacy kltm tba gtimspbara gt tba mtbar ald. Omr tba okrst 81 i mo kts

calftb ormi tba tglj, tba pkpa ks 71> ii dkgiatar gld kts dkgiatar ks suddalcy

alcgrfad tm 5>> ii. Tba bakfbt mo wgtar cavac kl tba tglj ks 2 i ghmva tba ealtra

mo tba pkpa. Emlskdarklf gcc cmssas mo bagd wbkeb meeur, datarikla tba rgta mo ocmw.

Tgja o 9 >.>7 omr hmtb saetkmls mo tba pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

8.71;) G 71ei dkgiatar vartkegc pkpa ks emllaetad tm 7>ei dkgiatar vartkegc pkpa wktb

g radueklf smejat. Tba pkpa egrrkas g ocmw mo 7>> c/s. Gt g pmklt 7 kl 71ei pkpa

fgufa prassura ks 81>j^g. Gt pmklt 8 kl tba 7>ei pkpa cmegtad 7i hacmw pmklt 7 tba

fgufa prassura ks 761j^g.

Okld wagtbar tba ocmw ks upwgrds /dmwlwgrds

Bagd cmss hatwaal tba twm pmklts ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y





52

8.7?>) Tba rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar tbrmufb g bmrkzmltgc pkpa ks >.81 i5/sae. Tba

dkgiatar mo tba pkpa, wbkeb ks 8> ei, ks suddalcy alcgrfad tm 4> ei. Tba prassura

kltalskty kl tba sigccar pkpa ks 77.6 L/ei8. Datarikla tba cmss mo bagd dua tm

suddal alcgrfaialt gld prassura kltalskty kl tba cgrfar pkpa, pmwar cmss dua tm

alcgrfaialt. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.7?7) G 41¾ radueklf hald ks emllaetad tm g pkpa ckla. Tba klcat gld mutcat dkgiatars

mo tba hald haklf ?>>ii gld 5>>ii raspaetkvacy. Okld tba omrea axartad hy wgtar

ml tba hald, ko tba kltalskty mo prassura gt klcat tm hald ks 2.28;L/ei8 gld tba rgta

mo ocmw mo wgtar ks ?>> cktars/s. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

8.7?8) Bmrkzmltgc pkpa egrryklf wgtar ks frgdugccy tgparklf. Gt mla saetkml tba

dkgiatar ks 71>ii gld tba ocmw vacmekty ks 7.1i/s. Ko tba drmp prassura ks 7.7>4hgr

ks raduead saetkml, datarikla tba dkgiatar mo tbgt saetkml. Ko tba drmp ks 1jL/i8,

wbgt wkcc ha tba dkgiatar ― Lafcaet tba cmssas= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.7?5) Tba rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar tbrmufb g bmrkzmltgc pkpa ks >.5i5/sae. Tba dkgiatar

mo tba pkpa, wbkeb ks 81ei, ks suddalcy alcgrfad tm 1> ei. Tba prassura kltalskty

kl tba sigccar pkpa ks 74L/ei8. Datarikla tba cmss mo bagd dua tm suddal

alcgrfaialt, prassura kltalskty kl tba cgrfar pkpa pmwar cmst dua tm alcgrfaialt.


8.7?4) Vgtar gt 71¾E ( χ 9;;;.7 jf/i5gldγ 9 7.752 x 7>-5jf/i. s) ks ocmwklf stagdkcy

kl g5>-i-cmlf gld 4 ei dkgiatar bmrkzmltgc pkpa igda mo stgklcass staac gt g rgta mo

2 C/s. Datarikla (k) tba prassura drmp, (kk) tba bagd cmss, gld (kkk) tba puipklf

pmwar raqukraialt tm mvaremia tbks prassura drmp. Gssuia orketkml ogetmr omr tba

pkpa gs >.>71. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.7?1)

Tba dksebgrfa mo wgtar tbrmufb g bmrkzmltgc pkpa ks >.81i5/s. Tba dkgiatar mo

ghmva pkpa wbkeb ks 8>>ii suddalcy alcgrfas tm 4>>ii gt g pmklt. Ko tba prassura

mo wgtar kl tba sigccar dkgiatar mo pkpa ks 78>jL/i8, datarikla cmss mo bagd dua tm

suddal alcgrfaialt: prassura mo wgtar kl tba cgrfar pkpa gld tba pmwar cmst dua tm

suddal alcgrfaialt. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.7??) G pkpa mo vgryklf saetkmls bgs g saetkmlgc grag mo 5>>>, ?>>> gld 781> ii8 gt

pmklt G, H gld E sktugtad 7? i, 7> i gld 8 i ghmva tba dgtui. Ko tba hafkllklf motba pkpa ks emllaetad tm g tglj wbkeb ks okccad wktb wgtar tm g bakfbt mo 8? i ghmva





5;

tba dgtui, okld tba dksebgrfa, vacmekty gld prassura bagd gt G, H gld E. Lafcaet gcc

cmssas. Tgja gtimspbarke prassura gs 7> i mo wgtar.

8.7?6) Gl axkstklf 5>>ii dkgiatar pkpackla mo 58>>i calftb emllaets twm rasarvmkrs

bgvklf 75i dkooaralea kl tbakr wgtar cavacs. Egceucgta tba dksebgrfa W7. Ko g pgrgccac

pkpa 5>>ii kl dkgiatar ks gttgebad tm tba cgst 7?>>i calftb mo tba ghmva axkstklf

pkpa ckla, okld tba law dksebgrfa W8. Vbgt ks tba ebglfa kl dksebgrfa= Axprass kt gs

g % mo W7. Gssuia orketkml ogetmr o 9 >.74 kl Dgrey ― Vakshgeb omriucg.


8.7?2) Twm rasarvmkrs wktb g dkooaralea kl wgtar surogea acavgtkml mo 71 i gra

emllaetad hy g pkpa ckla GHED tbgt emlsksts mo tbraa pkpas GH, HE gld ED `mklad

kl sarkas. ^kpa GH ks 7> ei kl dkgiatar, 8> i cmlf gld bgs o 9 >.>8. ^kpa HE ks mo

7? ei dkgiatar, 81 i cmlf gld bgs o 9 >.>72. ^kpa ED ks mo 78 ei dkgiatar, 71 i

cmlf gld bgs o 9 >.>8. Tba `uletkmls wktb tba rasarvmkrs gld hatwaal tba pkpas gra

ghrupt. (g) Egceucgta tba dksebgrfa (h) Vbgt dkooaralea kl rasarvmkr acavgtkml ks

laeassgry tm bgva g dksebgrfa mo 8> cktras/sae= Klecuda gcc iklmr cmssas.

8.7?;) Twm tgljs mo ocukd ( χ 9 ;;2 jf/i5 gld ± 9 >.>>7 jf/is.) gt 8>¾E gra

emllaetad hy g egpkccgry tuha 4 ii kl dkgiatar gld 5.1 i cmlf. Tba surogea mo

tglj 7 ks 5> ei bkfbar tbgl tba surogea mo tglj 8. Astkigta tba ocmw rgta kl i5/b. Ks

tba ocmw cgiklgr= Omr wbgt tuha dkgiatar wkcc Xaylmcds luihar ha 1>>=


8.76>) Tbraa pkpas mo 4>>ii, 51>ii gld 5>>ii dkgiatar emllaetad kl sarkas

hatwaal twm rasarvmkrs. Vktb dkooaralea kl cavac mo 78i. Orketkml ogetmr ks >.>84,

>.>87 gld >.>7; raspaetkvacy. Tba calftbs gra 8>>i, 5>>i gld 81>i. Datarikla

ocmw rgta lafcaetklf tba iklmr cmssas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.767) Tbraa pkpas mo dkgiatars 5>> ii, 8>> ii gld 4>> ii gld calftbs41> i, 811

i gld 571 i raspaetkvacy gra emllaetad kl sarkas. Tba dkooaralea kl wgtar surogea

cavacs kl twm tgljs ks 72 i. Datarikla tba rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar ko emaookekalts mo

orketkml gra >.>>61, >.>>62gld >.>>68 raspaetkvacy emlskdarklf0 tba iklmr cmssas

gld hy lafcaetklf iklmr cmssas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

8.768)

Tbraa pkpas mo dkgiatars 5>> ii, 8>> ii gld 4>> ii gld calftbs 5>> i,76> i gld 87> i raspaetkvacy gra emllaetad kl sarkas. Tba dkooaralea kl wgtar

surogea cavacs kl twm tgljs ks 78 i. Datarikla tba rgta mo ocmw mo wgtar ko





4>

emaookekalts mo orketkml gra >.>>1, >.>>18 gld >.>>42 raspaetkvacy emlskdarklf0 tba

iklmr cmssas gld hy lafcaetklf iklmr cmssas ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

8.765) Tbraa pkpas emllaetad kl sarkas tm igja g emipmuld pkpa. Tba dkgiatars gld

calftbs mo pkpas gra raspaetkvacy, >.4i, >.8i, >.5i gld 4>>i, 8>>i, 5>>i. Tba

alds mo tba emipmuld pkpa gra emllaetad tm 8 rasarvmkrs wbmsa dkooaralea kl wgtar

cavacs ks 7?i. Tba orketkml ogetmr omr gcc tba pkpas ks sgia gld aqugc tm >.>8. Tba

emaookekalt mo emltrgetkml ks >.?. Okld tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba emipmuld pkpa ko,

iklmr cmssas gra lafckfkhca. Gcsm okld tba dksebgrfa ko iklmr cmssas gra klecudad.


8.764) G emipmuld pkpklf systai emlsksts mo 72>> i mo >.1 i, 78>> i mo >.4 i gld

?>> i mo >.5 i law egst-krml pkpas emllaetad kl sarkas. Emlvart tba systai tm (k)

gl aqukvgcalt calftb mo>.4 i dkgiatar pkpa gld (kk) gl aqukvgcalt skza mo pkpa mo

5?>> i calftb. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

8.761) G pkpa ckla mo ?>> ii dkgiatar ks 7.1 ji cmlf. Tm kleragsa tba dksebgrfa,

glmtbar ckla mo tba sgia dkgiatar ks kltrmduead pgrgccac tm tba okrst kl tba saemld

bgco mo tba calftb. Ko o 9 >.>7 gld bagd gt klcat ks 5> i, egceucgta tba kleragsa kl

dksebgrfa.

8.76?)

G pkpa ckla mo >.?i dkgiatar ks 7.1Ji cmlf. Tm kleragsa tba dksebgrfa,

glmtbar ckla mo sgia dkgiatar ks kltrmduead kl pgrgccac tm tba okrst kl saemld bgco mo

tba calftb. Lafcaetklf tba iklmr cmssas, okld tba kleragsa kl dksebgrfa ko 4 o 9 >.>4.

Tba bagd gt klcat ks 5>ei. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.766) Twm pkpas mo 71ei gld 5>ei dkgiatars gra cgkd kl pgrgccac tm pgss g tmtgc

dksebgrfa mo 7>> cktras par saemld. Ageb pkpa ks 81>i cmlf. Datarikla dksebgrfa

tbrmufb ageb pkpa. Lmw tbasa pkpas gra emllaetad kl sarkas tm emllaet twm tgljs

1>>i gpgrt, tm egrry sgia tmtgc dksebgrfa. Datarikla wgtar cavac dkooaralea

hatwaal tba tgljs. Lafcaet tba iklmr cmssas kl hmtb egsas, o 9>.>8 o l hmtb pkpas.


8.762) Twm pkpas mo dkgiatar 4> ei gld 8> ei gra ageb 5>> i cmlf. Vbal tba pkpas

gra emllaetad kl sarkas gld dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba pkpa ckla ks>.7> i 5/sae, okld tba

cmss mo bagd kleurrad. Vbgt wmucd ha tba cmss mo bagd kl tba systai tm pgss tbasgia tmtgc dksebgrfa wbal tba pkpas gra emllaetad kl pgrgccac= Tgja o 9 >.>>61 omr

ageb pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y





47

8.76;) G igkl pkpa dkvkdas kltm twm pgrgccac pkpas, wbkeb gfgkl omris mla pkpa. Tba

calftb gld dkgiatar omr tba okrst pgrgccac pkpa gra 8>>>i gld 7i raspaetkvacy, wbkca

tba calftb gld dkgiatar mo saemld pgrgccac pkpa gra 8>>i gld >.2i raspaetkvacy.

Okld tba rgta mo ocmw kl ageb pgrgccac pkpa, ko tmtgc ocmw kl tba igkl ks 5i5/s. Tba

emaookekalt mo orketkml omr ageb pgrgccac pkpa ks sgia gld aqugc tm >.>>1.


8.72>) Tba igkl pkpa ks dkvkdad kltm twm pgrgccac pkpas wbkeb gfgkl omris mla pkpa,

tba okrst pgrgccac pkpa bgs calftb mo 7>>> i gld dkgiatar mo >.2 i. Tba saemld

pgrgccac pkpa bgs calftb mo 7>>> i gld dkgiatar mo >.? i. Tba emaookekalt orketkml

omr ageb pgrgccac pkpa ks >.>>1. Ko tba tmtgc rgta mo ocmw kl tba igkl pkpa ks 8 i 5 /sae,

okld tba rgta mo ocmw kl ageb pgrgccac pkpa. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

8.727)

Omr g tmwl wgtar suppcy, g igkl pkpa ckla mo dkgiatar >.4 i ks raqukrad. Gs

pkpas imra tbgl >.51i dkgiatar gra lmt ragdkcy gvgkcghca, twm pgrgccac pkpas mo

sgia dkgiatar gra usad omr wgtar suppcy. Ko tba tmtgc dksebgrfa kl tba pgrgccac pkpas

ks sgia gs kl tba sklfca igkl pkpa, okld tba dkgiatar mo pgrgccac pkpa. Gssuia em-

aookekalt mo dksebgrfa tm ha tba sgia omr gcc tba pkpas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.728) Twm pkpas mo kdaltkegc calftb gld igtarkgc gra emllaetad kl pgrgccac. Tba

dkgiatar mo pkpa G ks twkea tba dkgiatar mo pkpa H. Gssuiklf tba orketkml ogetmr tm

ha tba sgia kl hmtb egsas gld dksrafgrdklf iklmr cmssas, datarikla tba rgtkm mo tba

ocmw rgtas kl tba twm pkpas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.725) G pkpa ckla 5>ei kl dkgiatar gld 5.8i cmlf ks usad tm puip up 1>Jf par

saemld mo mkc wbmsa dalskty ks ;1> Jf/i5 gld wbmsa jklaigtke vksemskty ks 8.7

strmjas, tba ealtar mo tba pkpa ckla gt tba uppar ald ks 4>i ghmva tbgl tba cmwar

ald. Tba dksebgrfa gt tba uppar ald ks gtimspbarke. Okld tba prassura gt tba cmwar

ald gld drgw tba bydrgucke frgdkalt gld tmtgc alarfy ckla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.724) Twm wgtar rasarvmkrs G gld H gra emllaetad tm ageb mtbar tbrmufb g 1> i cmlf,

8.1 ei dkgiatar egst krml pkpa wktb g sbgrp-adfad altrglea. Tba pkpa gcsm klvmcvas

g swklf ebaej vgcva gld g ouccy mpal fgta vgcva. Tba wgtar cavac kl hmtb rasarvmkrs

ks tba sgia, hut rasarvmkr G ks prassurkzad hy emiprassad gkr wbkca rasarvmkr H ks

mpal tm tba gtimspbara. Ko tba klktkgc ocmw rgta tbrmufb tba pkpa ks 7.1 c/s, datariklatba ghsmcuta gkr prassura ml tmp mo rasarvmkr G. Tgja tba wgtar taipargtura tm ha

81¾E. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y





48

8.721) Vbal wgtar ks haklf puipad ks g puipklf pcglt tbrmufb g ?>>ii dkgiatar

igkl, tba orketkml bagd wgs mhsarvad gs 86i. Kl mrdar tm raduea tba pmwar

emlsuiptkml, kt ks prmpmsad tm cgy glmtbar igkl mo gpprmprkgta dkgiatar gcmlf tba

skda mo axkstklf mla, sm tbgt tba twm pkpas wkcc wmrj kl pgrgccac omr tba altkra calftb

gld raduea tba orketkml bagd tm ;.?i mlcy. Okld tba dkgiatar mo tba law igkl ko

wktb tba axeaptkml mo dkgiatar: kt ks skikcgr tm tba axkstklf mla kl gcc gspaets.


8.72?) Datarikla tba

^rassura frgdkalt

Tba sbagr strass gt tba twm bmrkzmltgc pgrgccac pcgtas gld

Dksebgrfa par iatar wkdtb omr tba cgiklgr ocmw mo mkc wktb igxkiui

vacmekty 8i/s hatwaal twm bmrkzmltgc pgrgccac okxad pcgtas wbkeb gra

7>ei gpgrt. Fkval γ 9 8.4181 Ls/i8 ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.726) Kl ouccy davacmpad cgiklgr ocmw kl g ekreucgr pkpa, tba vacmekty gt X/8 (ikdwgy

hatwaal tba wgcc surogea gld tba ealtarckla) ks iagsurad tm ha ? i/s. Datarikla

tba vacmekty gt tba ealtar mo tba pkpa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

8.722) G simmtb twm ― dkialskmlgc ocgt pcgta ks axpmsad tm g wkld vacmekty mo 7>>

ji/b. Ko cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar axksts up tm g vgcua mo Xaxaqugc tm 5 x 7>1, okld

tba igxkiui dkstglea up tm wbkeb cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar axksts gld okld kts

igxkiui tbkejlass. Gssuia jklaigtke vksemskty mo gkr gs 7.4; x 7>-1i8/sae.


8.72;) Gkr ks ocmwklf mvar g ocgt pcgta wktb g vacmekty mo 1 i/s. Tba calftb mo tba pcgta

ks 8.1 i gld wkdtb 7 i. Tba jklaigtke vksemskty mo gkr ks fkval gs >.71 x 7>-4i8/s.

Okld tba

(k)

hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass gt tba ald mo pcgta

(kk)

sbagr strass gt 8> ei ormi tba cagdklf adfa

(kkk)

sbagr strass gt 761 ei ormi tba cagdklf adfa

(kv) Drgf omrea ml mla skda mo tba pcgta.

(v) Tgja tba vacmekty prmokca mvar g pcgta gs gld tba dalskty mo gkr7.84 jf/i5.

8.7;>)

G pcgta mo ?>>ii calftb gld 4>>ii wkda ks kiiarsad kl g ocukd mo spaekoke

frgvkty >.; gld jklaigtke vksemskty mo 9 7>-4 i8/s. Tba ocukd ks imvklf wktb

vacmekty mo ?i/s. Datarikla





45

Hmuldgry cgyar tbkejlass

Ubagr strass gt tba ald mo tba pcgta

Drgf omrea ml mla skda mo tba pcgta. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.7;7) Vgtar gt 8>¾ E altars g pkpa wktb g ulkomri vacmekty (Q) mo 5i/s. Vbgt ks tba

dkstglea gt wbkeb tba trglsktkml (x) meeurs ormi g cgiklgr tm g turhucalt hmuldgry

cgyar= Ko tba tbkejlass mo tbks klktkgc cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar ks fkval hy 4.;7∐(vx/Q)

wbgt ks kts tbkejlass gt tba pmklt mo trglsktkml=(v ― jklaigtke vksemskty).


8.7;8) G ocgt pcgta 7.1 i x 7.1 i imvas gt 1> ji/b kl stgtkmlgry gkr mo dalskty 7.71

jf/i5. Ko tba em-aookekalt mo drgf gld ckot gra >.71 gld >.61 raspaetkvacy, datarikla

tba

(k) Ckot omrea

(kk) Drgf omrea

(kkk) Tba rasuctglt omrea gld

(kv) Tba pmwar raqukrad tm sat tba pcgta kl imtkml. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

8.7;5) G `at pcgla wbkeb wakfbs 8;45> L gld bgs tba wklf grag mo 8>i8 ockas gt tba

vacmekty mo 81>ji/br. Vbal tba alfkla dackvars 6516.1jV. ?1% mo pmwar ks usad

tm mvaremia tba drgf raskstglea mo tba wklf. Egceucgta tba emaookekalt mo ckot gld

emaookekalt mo drgf omr tba wklf. Tgja dalskty mo gkr 9 7.87 jf/i5


8.7;4) Omr tba vacmekty prmokca kl cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar gs u/Q 9 5/8 ( y/δ)-7/8( y/δ)5.

Okld tba tbkejlass mo tba hmuldgry cgyar gld sbagr strass, 7.2i ormi tba cagdklf

adfa mo g pcgta. Tba pcgta ks 8.1 i cmlf gld 7.1 i wkda ks pcgead kl wgtar, wbkeb ksimvklf wktb g vacmekty mo 71 ei/sae. Okld tba drgf ml mla skda mo tba pcgta ko tba

vksemskty mo wgtar ks >.>7 pmksa. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

8.7;1) Emlskdar ocmw mo mkc tbrmufb g pkpa mo >.5i dkgiatar. Tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml

ks pgrghmcke wktb igxkiui vacmekty mo 5 i/s gt tba pkpa ealtra. Astkigta tba sbagr

strass gt tba pkpa wgcc gld wktbkl tba ocukd 1>ii ormi tba pkpa wgcc. Tba vksemskty

mo tba mkc ks 7.6^g.s. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

8.7;?) Tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml omr ocmw mvar g pcgta ks fkval hy u 9 8y ― y8 wbara u

ks tba vacmekty kl i/sae gt g dkstglea y iatars ghmva tba pcgta. Datarikla tba





44

vacmekty frgdkalt gld sbagr strass gt tba hmuldgry gld >.71i ormi kt. Dylgike

vksemskty mo tba ocukd ks >.;Ls/i8 ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.7;6) Tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml kl tba hmuldgry cgyar ks fkval hy u/Q 9 y/δ, wbara u

ks tba vacmekty gt tba dkstglea y ormi tba pcgta u 9 Q gt y 9 δ, δ haklf hmuldgry

cgyar tbkejlass. Okld tba dkspcgeaialt tbkejlass, imialtui tbkejlass gld alarfy

tbkejlass. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

8.7;2) Tba ocmw rgta kl g 8?>ii dkgiatar pkpa ks 88> cktras/sae. Tba ocmw ks turhucalt,

gld tba ealtarckla vacmekty ks 4.21i/s. ^cmt tba vacmekty prmokca, gld datarikla tba

bagd cmss par iatar mo pkpa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.7;;) Tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml mvar g pcgta ks fkval hy u 9 (5/4) * y ― y8 wbara u ks

vacmekty kl i/s gld gt daptb y kl i ghmva tba pcgta. Datarikla tba sbagr strass gt g

dkstglea mo >.5i ormi tba tmp mo pcgta. Gssuia dylgike vksemskty mo tba ocukd ks

tgjal gs >.;1 Ls/i8 ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

8.8>>) Tba vacmekty dkstrkhutkml mvar g pcgta ks fkval hy g racgtkml,

9 (85 ∘ )

Vbara y ks tba vartkegc dkstglea ghmva tba pcgta kl iatars. Gssuiklf g

vksemskty mo >.;^g.s, okld tba sbagr strass gt y 9 > gld y 9 >.71i.


8.8>7) Gl mkc mo vksemskty >.;^g.s gld dalskty ;>>jf/i5 ocmws tbrmufb g pkpa mo

7>>ii dkgiatar. Tba rgta mo prassura drmp omr avary iatar calftb mo pkpa ks 81j^g.

Okld tba mkc ocmw grta, drgf omrea par iatar calftb, puipklf pmwar raqukrad tm

igkltgkl tba ocmw mvar g dkstglea mo 7ji, vacmekty gld sbagr strass gt 71, ormi tba

pkpa wgcc. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

8.8>8) Emlskdar tba ocmw mo g ocukd wktb vksemskty i tbrmufb g ekreucgr pkpa. Tba

vacmekty prmokca kl tba pkpa ks fkval gs wbara ks tba igxkiui ocmw vacmekty, wbkeb

meeurs gt tba ealtarckla: r ks tba rgdkgc dkstglea ormi tba ealtarckla: ks tba ocmw

vacmekty gt gly pmsktkml r: gld X ks tba Xaylmcd's luihar. Davacmp g racgtkml omr

tba drgf omrea axartad ml tba pkpa wgcc hy tba ocukd kl tba ocmw dkraetkml par ulkt

calftb mo tba pkpa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y





41

8.8>5) _acmekty emipmlalts kl ocmw gra fkval hy Q 9 4 x, _ 9 -4 y. Datarikla tba

stragi gld pmtaltkgc ouletkmls. ^cmt tbasa ouletkmls omr Ϗ ?>, 78>, 72>, gld 84> gld

Ф >, ?>, 78>, 72>, +?>, +78>, +72>. Ebaej omr emltklukty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

8.8>4) G ocukd mo spaekoke frgvkty >.; ocmws gcmlf g surogea wktb g vacmekty prmokca

fkval hy v 9 4y - 2y5i/s, wbara y ks kl i. Vbgt ks tba vacmekty frgdkalt gt tba

hmuldgry= Ko tba jklaigtke vksemskty ks >.5?U, wbgt ks tba sbagr strass gt tba hmuldgry= ZG.Q. Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

8.8>1) Kl g twm dkialskmlgc klemiprasskhca ocmw tba ocukd vacmektkas gra fkval hy u 9

x ― gy gld v 9 - y ― 4x. Ubmw tbgt tba vacmekty pmtaltkgc axksts gld datarikla kts

omri. Okld gcsm tba stragi ouletkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

8.8>?) G simmtb ocgt pcgta wktb g sbgrp cagdklf adfa ks pcgead gcmlf g oraa stragi mo

wgtar ocmwklf gt 5i/s. Egceucgta tba dkstglea ormi tba cagdklf adfa gld tba

hmuldgry tbkejlass wbara tba trglsktkml ormi cgiklgr tm turhucalt- ocmw igy

emiialea. Gssuia tba dalskty mo wgtar gs 7>>> jf/i5 gld vksemskty gs

7ealtkpmksa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

8.8>6) G simmtb twm dkialskmlgc ocgt pcgta ks axpmsad tm g wkld vacmekty mo 7>>

ji/br. Ko cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar axksts up tm g vgcua mo X L 9 5 x7>1, okld tba

igxkiui dkstglea up tm wbkeb cgiklgr hmuldgry cgyar parsksts gld okld kts

igxkiui tbkejlass. Gssuia jklaigtke vksemskty mo gkr gs 7.4;x7>-1 i8/s.


8.8>2) G pmwar trglsiksskml pkpa 7> ei dkgiatar gld 1>> i cmlf ks okttad wktb g

lmzzca gt tba axkt, tba klcat ks ormi g rkvar wktb wgtar cavac ?> i ghmva tba

dksebgrfa lmzzca. Gssuia o 9 >.>8, egceucgta tba igxkiui pmwar wbkeb egl ha

trglsikttad gld tba dkgiatar mo lmzzca raqukrad. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

uigx

u(r) 9 uigx(7-r / X )l l

X r

m





4?

QLKT - KKK - DKIALUKMLGC GLGC[UKU

^GXT - G

5.7) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy ouldgialtgc ulkts gld darkvad ulkts=


5.8)

Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal ouldgialtgc ulkts gld darkvad ulkts. Fkva axgipcas.


5.5) Daokla dkialskmlgc glgcysks.

5.4) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy dkialskmlgc glgcysks= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.1) Daokla dkialskmlgc bmimfalakty.

5.?) Vbgt ks dkialskmlgc bmimfalakty gld wrkta gly mla sgipca aqugtkml=


5.6) Axpcgkl tba tari dkialskmlgc bmimfalakty. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

5.2) Fkva tba iatbmds mo dkialskmlgc glgcysks.

5.;) Utgta g oaw gppckegtkmls, usaouclass mo ‒dkialskmlgc glgcysks‛.


5.7>) Vbgt ks g dkialskmlgccy bmimfalmus aqugtkml= Fkva axgipca.


5.77) Ekta axgipcas omr dkialskmlgccy bmimfalamus gld lml-bmimfalamus

aqugtkmls. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

5.78) Ebaej wbatbar tba omccmwklf aqugtkml ks dkialskmlgccy bmimfalamus.

W 9Ed .g ∐( 8 fb) . ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

5.75) Daokla Xgycakfb's iatbmd.

5.74)

Fkva tba Xgycakfb iatbmd tm datarikla dkialskmlcass frmups.


5.71) Utgta gly twm ebmkeas mo sacaetklf rapagtklf vgrkghcas kl Huejklfbgi ώ

tbamrai. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

5.7?) Utgta Huejklfbgi‛s ώ tbamrai. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, 8>78Y

5.76) Vbgt ks Huejklfbgi's ώ tbamrai=

5.72)

Tba axeass prassura Δp klskda g huhhca ks jlmwl tm ha g ouletkml mo tba surogeatalskml gld tba rgdkus. Hy dkialskmlgc ragsmlklf datarikla bmw tba axeass





46

prassura. Vkcc vgry ko wa dmuhca tba surogea talskml gld tba rgdkus.


5.7;) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal Xgycakfb's iatbmd gld Huejklfbgi's ώ- tbamrai.


5.8>) Qldar wbgt ekreuistgleas, wkcc Huejklfbgi‛s ώ tbamrai ykacd klemrraet

luihar mo dkialskmlcass frmup=

5.87) Utgta g oaw gppckegtkmls / usaouclass mo dkialskmlgc glgcysks.

5.88) Daokla Aucar's luihar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

5.85) Ckst mut gly omur rucas tm sacaet rapagtklf vgrkghca.

5.84) Daokla skikcktuda.

5.81) Fkva tba tbraa typas mo skikcgrktkas.

5.8?)

Vbgt gra tba typas mo skikcgrktkas= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

5.86) Daokla famiatrke skikcgrkty.

5.82) Daokla jklaigtke skikcgrkty.

5.8;) Daokla dylgike skikcgrkty.

5.5>) Vbgt ks iaglt hy dylgike skikcgrkty= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

5.57) Vbgt ks dylgike skikcgrkty= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.58)

Vbgt ks skikcgrkty kl imdac study= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

5.55) Vbgt ks segca aooaet kl pbyskegc imdac study=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>?, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

5.54) Ko twm systais (imdac gld prmtmtypa) gra dylgikegccy skikcgr, ks kt kipckad tbgt

tbay gra gcsm jklaigtkegccy gld famiatrkegccy skikcgr= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

5.51) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal g emltrmc gld dkooaraltkgc emltrmc vmcuia.


5.5?) Ialtkml tba ekreuistgleas wbkeb laeassktgta tba usa mo dkstmrtad imdacs.


5.56) Fkva tba typas mo omreas kl g imvklf ocukd.

5.52) Fkva tba dkialskmls mo pmwar gld spaekoke wakfbt. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.5;) Daokla klartkg omrea.

5.4>)

Daokla vksemus omrea.5.47) Daokla frgvkty gld prassura omrea.

5.48) Daokla surogea talskml omrea.





42

5.45) Daokla dkialskmlcass luihars.

5.44) Fkva tba typas mo dkialskmlcass luihars.

5.41) Fkva tba dkialskmls mo tba omccmwklf pbyskegc qugltktkas0 surogea talskml gld

dylgike vksemskty. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

5.4?) Daokla Xaylmcd‛s luihar. Vbgt kts skflkokeglea= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

5.46) Daokla Xaylmcd‛s luihar gld Ormuda‛s luihars. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6,8>77Y

5.42) Daokla tba Ormuda's dkialskmlcass luihar . ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

5.4;) Daokla Ormuda's luihar.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>>;, 8>>2, Gprk c / Igy ― 8>7>, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

5.1>) Utgta Ormuda's imdac cgw. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

5.17) Daokla Aucar luihar gld Igeb luihar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

5.18)

Daokla Xaylmcd‛s luihar gld Igeb luihar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

5.15) Daokla Igeb luihar. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

5.14) Vbgt ks Igeb luihar= Ialtkml kts okacd mo usa. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

5.11) Daokla Igeb's luihar gld ialtkml kts okacd mo usa.

5.1?) Vrkta dmwl tba dkialskmlcass luihar omr prassura. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

^GXT - H

5.16)

Vbgt ks rapagtklf vgrkghcas= Bmw gra tbasa sacaetad= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

5.12) Utgta tba skikcgrkty cgws usad kl imdac glgcysks. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

5.1;) Utgta gld axpcgkl tba vgrkmus cgws mo skikcgrktkas hatwaal imdac gld kts

prmtmtypa.

5.?>) Vbgt ks iaglt hy famiatrke, jklaigtke gld dylgike skikcgrktkas=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>74Y

5.?7)

Vbgt ks iaglt hy famiatrke, jklaigtke gld dylgike skikcgrktkas= Gra tbasa

skikcgrktkas trucy gttgklghca= Ko lmt, wby= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

5.?8) Axpcgkl tba dkooaralt typas mo skikcgrktkas axkst hatwaal g prmtm typa gld kts

imdac. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

5.?5) Vbgt ks dkstmrtad imdac gld gcsm fkva suktghca axgipca=


5.?4)

Vbgt gra dkstmrtad imdacs= Utgta iarkts gld daiarkts. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y 5.?1) Daokla dkialskmlgc bmimfalakty gld gcsm fkva axgipca omr bmimfalmus

aqugtkml. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y





4;

5.??) Ecgsskoy Imdacs wktb segca rgtkms. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.?6) Darkva ml tba hgsks mo dkialskmlgc glgcysks suktghca pgrgiatars tm prasalt tba

tbrust davacmpad hy g prmpaccar. Gssuia tbgt tba tbrust ^ dapalds upml tba glfucgr

vacmekty ϋ , spaad mo gdvglea _, dkgiatar D, dylgike vksemskty γ, igss dalskty χ ,

acgstkekty mo tba ocukd iadkui wbkeb egl ha dalmtad hy tba spaad mo smuld kl tba

iadkui E. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>77, 8>78Y

5.?2) Ebaej tba omccmwklf aqugtkmls gra dkialskmlgccy bmimfalmus

Drgf omrea 9 ¹ ( Ed χQ8G) wbara Ed ks emaookekalt mo drgf wbkeb ks

emlstglt

O 9 εW ( Q7 ― Q8) / f ― ( ^7G7 ― ^8G8)

Tmtgc alarfy par ulkt igss 9 v8/8 + fz + ^/χ

W 9 δ / 71Ed tgl(β/8) ∐(8f) * (B)1/8wbara Ed ks emaookekalt mo dksebgrfa

emlstglt ZGQ, Gpr k c / Igy - 8>>4, 8>7>, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

5.?;) Daokla gld axpcgkl Xaylmcd‛s luihar, Ormuda‛s luihar, Aucar‛s luihar gld

Igeb‛s luihar. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

5.6>) Vbgt gra tba skflkokeglea gld tba rmca mo tba omccmwklf pgrgiatars=

Xaylmcds luihar

Ormuda luihar

Igeb luihar

Vahar luihar. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

5.67) Daokla tba omccmwklf dkialskmlcass luihars gld stgta tbakr skflkokeglea omr

ocukd ocmw prmhcais. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

Xaylmcds luihar

Igeb luihar

5.68) Axpcgkl tba Xaylmcds imdac cgw gld stgta kts gppckegtkmls.

5.65) Qsa dkialskmlcass glgcysks tm grrglfa tba omccmwklf frmups kltm dkialskmlcass

pgrgiatars: ∏p, _, ε, f gld o , χ, C, _ usa ICT systai. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

5.64) Qsa dkialskmlgc glgcysks gld tba ICT systai tm grrglfa tba omccmwklf kltm g

dkialskmlcass luihar0 C, χ , ± gld g. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

5.61)

Emlskdar omrea O getklf ml tba prmpaccar mo gl gkrergot, wbkeb dapalds upml tbavgrkghca Q, χ, γ, D gld L. Darkva tba lml ― dkialskmlgc ouletkmlgc omri O/(χQ8D8)

9 o ((QDχ/γ),(LD/Q)) ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y





1>

5.6?) Tba orketkmlgc tmrqua T mo g dkse dkgiatar D rmtgtklf gt g spaad L kl g ocukd mo

vksemskty γ gld dalskty χ kl g turhucalt ocmw ks fkval hy

T 9 D1 L8 χ ФZγ/D8 LχY. ^rmva tbks hy Huejklfbgi‛s ώ tbamrai.


5.66) Xaskstglea X, tm tba imtkml mo g emipcatacy suhiarfad hmdy ks fkval hy X 9

χv8c 8Ϗ(_C/ε) , wbara χ gld ε gra tba igss dalskty gld jklaigtke vksemskty mo tba

ocukd: v ― vacmekty mo ocmw: c ― calftb mo tba hmdy. Ko tba raskstglea mo g mla ― akfbtb

segca gkr - sbkp imdac wbal tastad kl wgtar gt 78i/s ks 88L, wbgt wkcc ha tba

raskstglea mo tba gkr ― sbkp gt tba emrraspmldklf gpad, kl gkr= Gssuia jklaigtke

vksemskty mo gkr ks 75tkias tbgt mo wgtar gld dalskty mo wgtar ks 27> tkias mo gkr.


5.62)

Tba raskstklf omrea X tm g suparsmlke pcgla durklf ockfbt egl ha emlskdarad gs

dapaldalt upml tba calftb mo tba gkrergot c, vacmekty _, gkr vksemskty i, gkr dalskty

gld hucj imducus mo gkr J. Axprass tba ouletkmlgc racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal tbasa

vgrkghcas gld tba raskstklf omrea.

5.6;) Tba raskstklf omrea O mo g pcgla durklf ockfbt egl ha emlskdarad gs dapaldalt

upml tba calftb mo gkrergot (c ), vacmekty (v), gkr vksemskty (γ), gkr dalskty (χ) gld hucj

imducus mo gkr (J). Axprass tba ouletkmlgc racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal tbasa vgrkghcas

usklf dkialskmlgc glgcysks. Axpcgkl tba pbyskegc skflkokeglea mo tba dkialskmlcass

frmups grrkvad. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

5.2>) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba sbagr strass gt tba pkpa wgcc wbal gl

klemiprasskhca ocukd ocmws tbrmufb g pkpa uldar prassura. Qsa dkialskmlgc glgcysks

wktb tba omccmwklf skflkokeglt pgrgiatars0 pkpa dkgiatar D, ocmw vacmekty _, gld

vksemskty ± gld dalskty χ mo tba ocukd. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

5.27) Tba raskstglea X, tm tba imtkml mo g emipcatacy suhiarfad hmdy dapalds upml

tba calftb mo tba hmdy (C), vacmekty mo ocmw (_), igss dalskty mo ocukd (χ),

jklaigtke vksemskty (ε). ^rmva hy dkialskmlgc glgcysks tbgt

X 9 χ_8C8Ϗ(_C/ε) ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

5.28) Tba pmwar davacmpad hy bydrgucke igebklas ks omuld tm dapald ml tba bagd b,

ocmw rgta W, dalskty χ, spaad L, rullar dkgiatar D, gld geeacargtkml dua tm frgvktyf. Mhtgkl suktghca dkialskmlcass pgrgiatars tm emrracgta axparkialtgc rasucts.






17

5.25) Ubmw tbgt tba pmwar ^ davacmpad kl g wgtar turhkla egl ha axprassad gs0

Vbara, r 9 Igss dalskty mo tba ckqukd,

L 9 Upaad kl rpi,

D 9 Dkgiatar mo tba rullar,

H 9 Vkdtb mo tba rullar gld

i 9 Dylgike vksemskty ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

5.24) Tba egpkccgry rksa b ks omuld tm ha klocualead hy tba tuha dkgiatar D, dalskty χ,

frgvktgtkmlgc geeacargtkml f gld surogea talskml υ. Datarikla tba dkialskmlcass

pgrgiatars omr tba emrracgtkml mo axparkialtgc rasucts. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

5.21) Qsklf dkialskmlgc glgcysks, mhtgkl g emrracgtkml omr tba orketkmlgc tmrqua dua tm

rmtgtkml mo g dkse kl g vksemus ocukd. Tba pgrgiatars klocualeklf tba tmrqua egl ha

kdaltkokad gs tba dkgiatar, rmtgtkmlgc spaad, vksemskty gld dalskty mo tba ocukd.


5.2?) Tba drgf omrea ml g simmtb spbara ks omuld tm ha gooaetad hy tba vacmekty mo

ocmw, u, tba dkgiatar D mo tba spbara gld tba ocukd prmpartkas dalskty χ gld

vksemskty γ. Okld tba dkialskmlcass frmups tm emrracgta tba pgrgiatars.


5.26) Utgta Huejklfbgi's ώ - tbamrai. Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy rapagtklf vgrkghcas=

Bmw gra tba rapagtklf vgrkghcas sacaetad kl dkialskmlgc glgcysks=

5.22) Utgta Huejklfbgi's ώ - tbamrai. Vbgt gra tba emlskdargtkmls kl tba ebmkea mo

rapagtklf vgrkghcas= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

5.2;) Axprass aookekaley kl taris mo dkialskmlcass pgrgiatars usklf dalskty,

vksemskty, glfucgr vacmekty, dkgiatar mo rmtmr gld dksebgrfa usklf Huejklfbgi ώ

tbamrai. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.;>) Utgta tba Huejklfbgi ώ tbamrai. Vbgt gra tba erktarkg omr sacaetklf rapagtklf

vgrkghca kl tbks dkialskmlgc glgcysks= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

5.;7)

Utgta Huejklfbgi ― ώ tbamrai. Ialtkml tba kipmrtglt prklekpca omr sacaetklftba rapagtklf vgrkghcas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y





18

5.;8) Utgta gld prmva Huejklfbgi ώ tbamrai.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>;, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

5.;5) Qsklf Huejklfbgi‛s ώ- tbamrai sbmw tbgt tba vacmekty tbrmufb g ekreucgr

mrkokea ks fkval hy _ 9 ∐(8fB) Ϗ Z(D/B), (γ/χ_B)

Vbara B ks tba bagd egusklf tba ocmw

D ks tba dkgiatar mo tba mrkokea

γ ks tba emaookekalt mo vacmekty

χ ks tba igss dalskty

f ks tba geeacargtkml dua tm frgvkty ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

5.;4) Qsklf Huejklfbgi's ώ- tbamrai, sbmw tbgt tba prassura dkooaralea D^ kl g pkpa

mo dkgiatar D gld calftb c dua tm turhucalt ocmw dapalds ml tba vacmekty _,

vksemskty i, dalskty gld rmufblass j.

5.;1) Tba aookekaley (ζ) mo g ogl dapalds ml χ (dalskty), γ (vksemskty) mo tba ocukd, ϋ

(glfucgr vacmekty), d(dkgiatar mo rmtmr) gld W(dksebgrfa). Axprass ζ kl taris mo

lml-dkialskmlgc pgrgiatars. Qsa Huejklfbgi's tbamrai.

ZGQ, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>, 8>77Y

5.;?) Tba prassura dkooaralea Δ p kl g pkpa mo dkgiatar D gld calftb C dua tm vksems

ocmw dapalds ml tba vacmekty _, vksemskty ± gld dalskty χ. Qsklf Huejklfbgi's ώ

tbamrai, mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr Δ p. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

5.;6) Tba pmwar raqukrad hy tba puip ks g ouletkml mo dksebgrfa W, bagd B,

geeacargtkml dua tm frgvkty f, vksemskty γ, igss dalskty mo tba ocukd χ, spaad mo

rmtgtkml L gld kipaccar dkgiatar D. Mhtgkl tba racavglt dkialskmlcass pgrgiatars.


5.;2)

Utgta Huejklfbgi's ώ -tbamrai. Tba dksebgrfa mo g ealtrkoufgc puip (W) ks

dapaldalt ml L (spaad mo puip), d (dkgiatar mo kipaccar), f (geeacargtkml dua tm

frgvkty), B (iglmiatrke bagd davacmpad hy puip) gld χ gld ± (dalskty gld

dylgike vksemskty mo tba ocukd). Qsklf tba dkialskmlgc glgcysks gld Huejklfbgi's

ώ -tbamrai, prmva tbgt kt ks fkval hy ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

9 (

,

)

5.;;) Emlskdar vksemus ocmw mvar g vary sigcc mh`aet. Glgcysks mo tba aqugtkmls mo

imtkml sbmws tbgt tba klartkgc taris gra iueb sigccar tbgl vksemus gld prassura





15

taris. Ocukd dalskty drmps mut, gld tbasa gra egccad eraapklf ocmws. Tba mlcy

kipmrtglt pgrgiatars gra vacmekty Q, vksemskty ±, gld hmdy calftb segca d. Omr

tbraa-dkialskmlgc hmdkas,. Ckja spbaras, eraapklf ocmw glgcysks ykacds vary fmmd

rasucts. Kt ks uleartgkl, bmwavar, ko eraapklf ocmw gppckas tm twm-dkialskmlgc

hmdkas, sueb gs eyckldars, sklea aval tbmufb tba dkgiatar igy ha vary sigcc, tba

calftb mo tba eyckldar ks kloklkta. Cat us saa ko dkialskmlgc glgcysks egl bacp. (7)

Gppcy tba ^k tbamrai tm twm-dkialskmlgc drgf omrea O8-D, gs g ouletkml mo tba mtbar

pgrgiatars. Ha egraouc0 twm-dkialskmlgc drgf bgs dkialskmls mo ogja par ulkt

calftb, lmt skipcy omrea. (8) Ks ymur glgcysks kl pgrt (7) pbyskegccy pcguskhca= Ko lmt,

axpcgkl wby lmt. (5) Kt turls mut tbgt ocukd dalskty χ egllmt ha lafcaetad kl glgcysks

mo eraapklf ocmw mvar twm dkialskmlgc hmdkas. Xapagt tba dkialskmlgc glgcysks,

tbks tkia klecudklf χ gs g vgrkghca, gld okld tba rasuctklf lml dkialskmlgc racgtkml

hatwaal tba pgrgiatars kl tbks prmhcai. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

5.7>>) Vbal ocukd kl g pkpa ks geeacargtad cklagrcy ormi rast, kt hafkls gs cgiklgr ocmw

gld tbal uldarfmas trglsktkml tm turhucalea gt g tkia t, wbkeb dapalds upml tba

pkpa dkgiatar D, ocukd geeacargtkml g, dalskty χ gld vksemskty ±. Grrglfa tbks kltm g

dkialskmlcass racgtkml hatwaal t gld D. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

5.7>7)

Vbgt gra tba skikcgrktkas hatwaal imdac gld prmtmtypa= Ialtkml tba

gppckegtkmls mo imdac tastklf. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

^XMHCAIU

5.7>8) Okld tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb g wakr imdac hy jlmwklf tba dksebgrfa mvar tba

getugc (prmtm typa) wakr ks iagsurad gs 7.1i5/s. Tba bmrkzmltgc dkialskml mo tba

imdac 9 7/1> mo tba bmrkzmltgc dkialskmls mo tba prmtm typa gld tba vartkegc

dkialskml mo tba imdac 9 7/7> mo tba vartkegc dkialskml mo tba prmtm typa. (Bklt0

Gppcy Ormuda imdac cgw) ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>4Y

5.7>5) Imdac mo gl gkr duet mpargtklf wktb wgtar prmdueas g prassura drmp mo 7>

jL/i8 mvar 7> i calftb. Ko tba segca rgtkm ks 7/1>. Dalskty mo wgtar ks 7>>> jf/i 5

gld dalskty mo gkr ks 7.8 jf/i5. _ksemskty mo wgtar ks >7.>>7 Ls/i8 gld vksemskty mo

gkr >.>>>>8 Ls/i8. Astkigta emrraspmldklf drmp kl g 8>i cmlf gkr duet.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>4, 8>>1, Gprkc / Igy - 8>7>Y





11

5.777) G spkccwgy imdac ks tm ha hukct tm g famiatrkegccy skikcgr segca mo7

1> - germss g

ocuia mo ?>> ii wkdtb. Tba prmtmtypa ks 71 i bkfb gld igxkiui bagd ml kt ks

axpaetad tm ha 7.1 i.

Vbgt bakfbt mo imdac gld wbgt bagd ml tba imdac sbmucd ha usad=

Ko tba ocmw mvar tba imdac gt g pgrtkeucgr bagd ks 78 cktras par saemld, wbgt

ocmw par iatra calftb mo tba prmtmtypa ks axpaetad=

Ko tba lafgtkva prassura kl tba imdac ks 8>> ii, wbgt ks tba lafgtkva

prassura kl prmtmtypa= Ks kt prgetkeghca= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

5.778) Gl gfktgtmr mo dkgiatar D rmtgtas gt g spaad L kl g ckqukd mo dalskty χ gld

vksemskty γ. Ubmw tbgt tba pmwar raqukrad tm ikx tba ckqukd ks axprassad hy g

ouletkmlgc omri ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y





1?

QLKT ― K_ ― ^QI^U

^GXT - G

4.7) Daokla ealtrkoufgc puip.

4.8) Ialtkml tba igkl pgrts mo tba Ealtrkoufgc puip. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

4.5) Bmw ealtrkoufgc puips gra ecgsskokad hgsad ml egsklf= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

4.4) Daokla kipaccar.

4.1) Daokla egsklf.

4.?) Ckst tba emiimlcy usad egsklfs kl ealtrkoufgc puips. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.6) Vbgt ks tba rmca mo g vmcuta ebgihar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip=


4.2)

Vbgt praegutkmls gra tm ha tgjal wbkca stgrtklf gld ecmsklf tba ealtrkoufgc

puip= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.;) Daokla prkiklf mo ealtrkoufgc puip.

4.7>) Vbgt ks prkiklf= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.77) Vby prkiklf ks laeassgry kl g ealtrkoufgc puip=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.78)

Vbgt ks iaglt hy prkiklf mo puips= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

4.75) Vbgt ks prkiklf= Vby ks kt laeassgry= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.74) Daokla egvktgtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

4.71) Daokla egvktgtkml kl g puip. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

4.7?) Vbgt ks tba aooaet mo egvktgtkml kl puip= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.76) Vbgt gra tba aooaets mo egvktgtkml= Fkva laeassgry praegutkmls gfgklst

egvktgtkmls= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.72) Vbgt ks egvktgtkml= Vbgt egusas kt= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

4.7;) Daokla tba ebgrgetarkstke eurvas mo ealtrkoufgc puip.

4.8>) Ckst mut tba typas mo ebgrgetarkstke eurvas.

4.87) Daokla iuctkstgfa ealtrkoufgc puip gld fkva kts ouletkml.

4.88) Vbgt gra tba gdvgltgfas mo ealtrkoufgc puip mvar raekprmegtklf puips=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y 4.85) Vbgt ks g dackvary pkpa=

4.84) Daokla iglmiatrke aookekaley gld iaebglkegc aookekaley mo g ealtrkoufgc puip.





16

4.81) Vbgt ks tba igxkiui tbamratkegc suetkml bagd pmsskhca omr g ealtrkoufgc puip=


4.8?) Daokla suetkml bagd gld iglmiatrke bagd mo g ealtrkoufgc puip.


4.86) Daokla - iglmiatrke bagd gld wrkta kts igtbaigtkegc aqugtkml.


4.82) Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy ‒Lat ^msktkva Uuetkml Bagd‛ (L^UB)=


4.8;) Bmw dmas tba spaekoke spaad mo g ealtrkoufgc puip dkooar ormi tbgt mo g turhkla=

4.5>) Vrkta tba aqugtkml omr spaekoke spaad omr puips gld gcsm omr turhkla.


4.57)

Daokla spaekoke spaad gs gppckad tm puips. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.58) Daokla spaekoke spaad. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.55) Vbgt ks spaekoke spaad mo g puip= Bmw gra puips ecgsskokad hgsad ml tbks

luihar= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.54) Vbgt ks g typa luihar=

4.51) Fkva axgipcas mo igebklas bgldcklf fgsas wktb bkfb prassura rksa.

4.5?)

Vbgt dm ymu iagl hy iglmiatrke aookekaley gld iaebglkegc aookekaley mo g

ealtrkoufgc puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.56) Daokla puip.

4.52) Vbgt ks tba prklekpca mo puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.5;) Fkva tba ecgsskokegtkml mo puips.

4.4>) Vbgt ks g pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip=

4.47)

Daokla lml - pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip (mr) rmtm dylgike puip.

4.48) Ckst tba typas mo pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puips.

4.45) Qldar wbgt emldktkmls wmucd ymu suffast usa mo dmuhca-suetkml puip gld g

iuctkstgfa puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.44) Vbgt gra rmtm dylgike puips= Fkva axgipcas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.41) Ckst tba typas mo rmtm dylgike puips.

4.4?)

Vbgt ks g raekprmegtklf puip=4.46) Vby tba raekprmegtklf puip ks egccad g pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip=






12

4.42) Bmw gra raekprmegtklf puips ecgsskokad= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.4;) Daokla g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.

4.1>) Daokla g dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.

4.17) Hrkao tba wmrjklf mo dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.


4.18) Vbal wkcc ymu sacaet g raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

4.15) Drgw tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal dksebgrfa gld erglj glfca omr g sklfca getklf

puip. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

4.14) Vbgt ks tba ouletkml mo lml ― raturl vgcva kl g raekprmegtklf puip=


4.11) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal ealtrkoufgc puip gld raekprmegtklf puip.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, 8>78Y

4.1?) Ialtkml tba skflkokeglea mo 'hgej cagjgfa'. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

4.16) Daokla sckp mo g raekprmegtklf puip. Vbgt ks lafgtkva sckp= Vbal dmas lafgtkva

sckp meeur=

4.12) Daokla sckp mo raekprmegtklf puip. ZGQ, Gpr k c / Igy - 8>7>, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

4.1;) Vbal dmas lafgtkva sckp meeur= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

4.?>)

Vbgt ks lafgtkva sckp kl g raekprmegtklf puip= Vbgt gra tba egusas omr kt=


4.?7) Daokla sckp mo g puip. Vbal dmas lafgtkva sckp meeur= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

4.?8) Daokla sckp gld parealtgfa mo sckp mo g raekprmegtklf puip.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, 8>7>Y

4.?5) Daokla sckp, lafgtkva sckp kl raekprmegtklf puip. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.?4)

Daokla sckp gld parealtgfa sckp. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.?1) Vbgt ks tba % mo sckp kl raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

4.??) Dkseuss ― sckp gld vmcuiatrke aookekaley. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.?6) Daokla sckp kl raekprmegtklf igebklas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.?2) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal puips kl sarkas gld puips kl pgrgccac.


4.?;)

Vbgt ks parealtgfa sckp kl raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y 4.6>) Egl getugc dksebgrfa ha fragtar tbgl tbamratkegc dksebgrfa kl g raekprmegtklf

puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y





1;

4.67) Vbkeb ogetmrs datarikla tba igxkiui spaad mo raekprmegtklf puip=


4.68) Vbgt ogetmrs fmvarl tba spaad mo raekprmegtklf puip=


4.65) Daokla em-aookekalt mo dksebgrfa.

4.64) Hrkao ml geeacargtkml bagd. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.61) Daokla rmtgry puip.

4.6?) Vbgt gra rmtgry puips= Fkva axgipcas ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

4.66) Vbgt ks g rmtgry puip= Fkva kts ecgsskokegtkml. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.62) Daokla fagr puip.

4.6;) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac=

4.2>)

Vbgt ks tba ouletkml mo gkr vassac=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>>;, Gprkc / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.27) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac kl raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

4.28) Ialtkml tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo gl Gkr-vassac. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.25) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Ckst tba mh`aetkvas tbgt wmucd ha oucokccad hy tba usa mo gkr

vassacs. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.24)

Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Vbgt gra kts usas= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.21) Vbgt gra tba usas mo gkr vassacs= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.2?) Vbgt gra tba gdvgltgfas mo gkr vassac= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

4.26) Utgta tba gdvgltgfas mo okttklf gkr vassacs kl raekprmegtklf puips.


4.22) Daokla kldkegtmr dkgfrgi. Utgta kts usas.

ZGQ, I gy / @ula, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.2;) Vbgt ks kldkegtmr dkgfrgi= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.;>) Drgw tba kdagc kldkegtmr dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.;7) Vrkta dmwl tba omriucg omr dksebgrfa, wmrj dmla gld pmwar raqukrad omr g

dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.

4.;8) Vbgt ks tba igkl dkooaralea hatwaal g sklfca getklf gld dmuhca getklf

raekprmegtklf puip=4.;5) Fkva tba typas mo rmtgry puips.

4.;4) Vbgt ks tba omriucg omr wmrj dmla hy g raekprmegtklf puip=





?>

4.;1) Fkva tba omriucg omr dksebgrfa tbrmufb g dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.

4.;?) G sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip, rullklf gt 1>rpi. Tba dkgiatar mo pkstml 9

8>ei gld calftb 9 4>ei. Okld tba tbamratkegc dksebgrfa mo tba puip.


4.;6) G ealtrkoufgc puip dackvars 8> cktras/s mo wgtar gfgklst g bagd mo 21> ii gt ;>>

rpi. Okld tba spaekoke spaad mo puip. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.;2) Tba omccmwklf dgtg raoar tm g ealtrkoufgc puip wbkeb ks daskflad tm rul gt 71>>

rpi. D7 9 7>> ii, D

8 9 5>> ii, H

7 9 1> ii, H

8 9 8> ii, _

o79 5 i/s. Okld tba

vacmekty mo ocmw gt mutcat. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.;;) G puip ks tm dksebgrfa >.28 i5/s gt g bagd mo 48 i wbal rullklf gt 5>> rpi.

Vbgt typa mo puip wkcc ha raqukrad= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

^GXT - H

4.7>>) Drgw typkegc vacmekty trkglfcas omr ocukd imtkml gcmlf g sarkas mo imvklf eurva

vglas gld darkva Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo alarfy trglsoar. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.7>7) Axpcgkl tba emlstruetkml gld wmrjklf mo g ealtrkoufgc puip wktb g lagt sjateb.

4.7>8) Axpcgkl tba mpargtkml mo ealtrkoufgc puip wktb tba bacp mo g lagt sjateb. Vrkta

sbmrt lmtas ml dkooaralt typas mo egsklf usad kl ealtrkoufgc puips.


4.7>5) Vbgt ks tba rmca mo vmcuta ebgihar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip= Daokla iglmiatrke

bagd. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.7>4) Ujateb gld hrkaocy daserkha tba vmcuta dkoouskml typa puips. Vbgt ouletkml ks

sarvad hy vmcuta ebgihar kl g ealtrkoufgc puip= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.7>1)

Emipgra tba gdvgltgfas gld dksgdvgltgfas mo ealtrkoufgc, suhiarskhca gld `at

puips. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

4.7>?) Vbgt ks prkiklf kl g ealtrkoufgc puip= Vby ks kt laeassgry=


4.7>6) Mhtgkl tba axprasskml omr wmrj dmla hy kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ml

wgtar par saemld par ulkt wakfbt mo wgtar.


4.7>2) Daserkha iuctk-stgfa puip wktb kipaccar kl sarkas gld kipaccars kl pgrgccac.






?7

4.7>;) Daokla tba iglmiatrke aookekaley mo g ealtrkoufgc puip=


4.77>) Daokla egvktgtkml gld dkseuss kts egusas, aooaets gld pravaltkml.


4.777) Daokla egvktgtkml. Vbgt gra tba aooaets mo egvktgtkml= Fkva tba laeassgry

praegutkml gfgklst egvktgtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>;, 8>74Y

4.778) Daokla egvktgtkml gld axpcgkl tba vgrkmus aooaets mo egvktgtkml.


4.775) Drgw tba vacmekty trkglfca omr g ealtrkoufgc puip gld mhtgkl tba axprasskml omr

tba wmrj dmla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.774) Vbgt ks spaekoke spaad mo puip=

ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>4, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.771) Daokla spaad mo g ealtrkoufgc puip. Bmw dmas kt dkooar ormi tbgt mo turhkla=

ZGQ , Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

4.77?) Utgta tba axprasskml omr tba spaekoke spaad mo g puip. Vbgt ks kts usa=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

4.776) Vbgt dm ymu uldarstgld hy ebgrgetarkstkes eurvas mo g ealtrkoufgc puip=

Axpcgkl tbai wktb lagt sjatebas. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

4.772) Axpcgkl kl datgkc ghmut tba paromriglea eurvas omr puips gld turhklas.


4.77;) Datarikla tba iklkiui spaad omr stgrtklf g ealtrkoufgc puip.


4.78>) Axpcgkl hrkaocy tba omccmwklf aookekalekas mo g ealtrkoufgc puip (k) Iglmiatrke

aookekaley (kk) _mcuiatrke aookekaley ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.787) Dkseuss - ebgrgetarkstkes mo ealtrkoufgc puip gt emlstglt spaad.


4.788) Axpcgkl tba ebgrgetarkstkes eurvas mo g ealtrkoufgc puip.


4.785) Daokla spaekoke spaad mo g ealtrkoufgc puip. Darkva axprasskml omr tba sgia kl

tba taris mo bagd ‒B‛, dksebgrfa ‒W‛ gld spaad ‒L‛ ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y 4.784) Aluiargta tba cmssas tbgt meeur durklf tba mpargtkml mo tba ealtrkoufgc puip.






?8

4.781) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal rmtm dylgike puip gld pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip wktb

skipca sjateb. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

4.78?) Bmw rmtgry puips gra ecgsskokad. Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpcas mo gly mla

typa mo rmtgry puip wktb tba gkd mo g lagt sjateb.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

4.786) Dkseuss tba wmrjklf mo rmtgry pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puips.


4.782) Dkseuss kl datgkc ghmut rmtgry pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puips.


4.78;) Vktb lagt sjatebas, dkseuss ghmut tba rmtgry pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip.


4.75>)

Vktb gl axgipca, axpcgkl kl datgkc tba wmrjklf prklekpca gld emlstruetkml mo

rmtgry puips wktb lagt dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.757) Ecgsskoy puips. Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip wktb

g lagt dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.758) Daserkha tba wmrjklf gld prklekpcas mo g raekprmegtklf puip.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>1, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.755)

Vbgt ks g raekprmegtklf puip= Daserkha tba prklekpca gld wmrjklf mo g

raekprmegtklf puip wktb g lagt sjateb.

4.754) Drgw g lagt sjateb mo raekprmegtklf puips. Ckst tba emipmlalts gld hrkaocy

axpcgkl tbakr ouletkmls. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

4.751) Daserkha tba prklekpca gld wmrjklf mo g raekprmegtklf puip wktb g lagt sjateb.


4.75?)

Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo raekprmegtklf puip wktb lagt sjateb.


4.756) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo g raekprmegtklf puip wktb lagt dkgfrgi kl

datgkc gld stgta kts gdvgltgfas gld dksgdvgltgfas mvar ealtrkoufgc puip.


4.752) Vktb g lagt sjateb axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip

wktb kts paromriglea ebgrgetarkstkes. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y 4.75;) Darkva gl axprasskml omr geeacargtkml bagd davacmpad kl g raekprmegtklf puip.





?5

4.74>) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo sklfca gld dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puips

wktb lagt dkgfrgi kl datgkc. Gcsm axpcgkl tba aooaets mo klartkg prassura gld orketkml

ml tba paromriglea mo tba puip usklf kldkegtmr dkgfrgis wktb gld wktbmut gkr

vassac. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.747) Ujateb gld daserkha tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip

wktb kldkegtmr dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.748) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal sklfca getklf gld dmuhca getklf puip.

ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.745) Dkseuss ml tba omccmwklf0 Vmrjklf mo dmuhca getklf puip, kldkegtmr dkgfrgi,

geeacargtkml bagd, orketkml bagd. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

4.744) Daokla kldkegtmr dkgfrgi. ^rmva tbgt tba grag mo tba kldkegtmr dkgfrgi ks

prmpmrtkmlgc tm tba wmrj dmla hy tba raekprmegtklf puip. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.741) ^rmva tbgt wmrj dmla hy tba puip ks prmpmrtkmlgc tm tba grag mo tba kldkegtmr

dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.74?) Ubmw tbgt tba wmrj dmla hy g raekprmegtklf puip ks aqugc tm tba grag mo tba

kldkegtmr dkgfrgi. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.746) Vrkta hrkaocy ml tba omccmwklf.

Xmtgry puips gld tbakr ecgsskokegtkmls.

Kldkegtmr dkgfrgi omr raekprmegtklf puip. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.742) Daokla sckp, parealtgfa sckp gld lafgtkva sckp mo g raekprmegtklf puip.


4.74;) Daokla0 scmpa, % mo sckp gld lafgtkva scmp wktb raspaet tm raekprmegtklf puip.


4.71>)

Daokla % mo sckp gld kldkegtmr dkgfrgi, wktb raspaet tm raekprmegtklf puip.


4.717) Vbgt ks % mo sckp kl raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.718) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Daserkha tba ouletkml mo tba gkr vassac omr raekprmegtklf

puips.

4.715) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Vbgt gra tba usas/gdvgltgfas mo okttklf gkr vassac kl g

raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y 4.714) Vbgt ks gkr vassac gld wrkta tba axprasskml omr wmrj dmla hy raekprmegtklf

puip okttad wktb gkr vassac. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y





?4

4.711) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Darkva tba axprasskml omr tba parealtgfa wmrj sgvad hy

usklf gl gkr vassac. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

4.71?) Vbgt ks gl gkr vassac= Vbgt gra tba gdvgltgfas mo okttklf gkr vassac kl g

raekprmegtklf puip= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.716) Egceucgta tba wmrj sgvad hy okttklf gl gkr vassac omr g dmuhca getklf sklfca

eyckldar raekprmegtklf puip. ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

4.712) Daserkha tba ouletkml mo tba gkr vassac.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

4.71;) Vbgt gra tba ouletkmls mo gkr vassac kl g pmsktkva dkspcgeaialt puip=


4.7?>) Datarikla tba % mo wmrj sgvad kl mla eyeca wbal gkr vassac ks prmvkdad ml tba

dackvary skda mo g sklfca eyckldar sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.


4.7?7) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo Fagr puip wktb lagt sjateb.


4.7?8) Vktb g lagt sjateb, axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo g fagr puip.


4.7?5)

Axpcgkl tba emlstruetkml gld wmrjklf mo tba omccmwklf rmtgry puips wktb lagt

sjatebas. (g) Fagr puip (h) _gla puip

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.7?4) Axpcgkl kl datgkc tba wmrjklf prklekpca gld emlstruetkml mo rmtgry puips wktb

lagt sjateb. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

4.7?1) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo tba omccmwklf puips wktb tba bacp mo lagt sjatebas gld

ialtkml twm gppckegtkmls mo ageb.

(k) Axtarlgc fagr puip (kk) Cmha puip (kkk) _gla puip (kv) Ueraw puip.


4.7??) Axpcgkl kl datgkc tba wmrjklf mo g fagr puip wktb g lagt sjateb.

ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.7?6) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo vgla puip wktb lagt dkgfrgi.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y 4.7?2) Dkseuss hrkaocy tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo vgla puip wktb g sebaigtke dkgfrgi.






?1

4.7?;) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo seraw puip gld fagr puip wktb lagt dkgfrgi

kl datgkc. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.76>) Drgw gld axpcgkl tba kldkegtmr dkgfrgi omr g raekprmegtklf puip klecudklf tba

aooaet mo orketkml gld geeacargtkml.

4.767) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba parealtgfa wmrj sgvad hy usklf gl gkr vassac wktb

(k) sklfca getklf gld (kk) dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip.

^XMHCAIU

4.768) G ealtrkoufgc puip ks prmvkdad gt g bakfbt mo 1i ghmva tba suip wgtar cavac

gld tba mutcat mo tba dackvary pkpa ks 7>i ghmva tba suip. Tba vgla glfca gt mutcat

ks 1>¾. Tba vacmekty mo ocmw tbrmufb tba kipaccar ks emlstglt gt 7.?i/s. Okld 0


Tba prassura bagd gt klcat tm tba wbaac

Tba prassura bagd gt mutcat mo tba wbaac. Gssuia tbgt tba vacmekty mo wgtar

kl tba pkpas ks aqugc tm tba vacmekty mo ocmw tbrmufb tba kipaccar. Kflmra

cmssas

4.765)

Tba omccmwklf mhsarvgtkmls gra igda wbkca emlduetklf g paromriglea tast mlealtrkoufgc puip. Datarikla tba mvargcc aookekaley mo tba puip. Dksebgrfa mo

wgtar ks 7.2i5/s. Dkgiatar mo suetkml gld dackvary pkpa gra 71ei gld 7>ei

raspaetkvacy. Tba suetkml gld dackvary fgufa ragdklfs gra 81ei mo iareury gld

761 jL/i8 raspaetkvacy. Tba bakfbt mo dackvary fgufa mvar suetkml fgufa ks >.1i.

Tba mutput mo drkvklf imtmr ks ;.111jV. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

4.764) Tba bagd — dksebgrfa ebgrgetarkstkes mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ks fkval hacmw.

Tba puip dackvars orasb wgtar tbrmufb g 1>> i cmlf, 71 ei dkgiatar pkpa ckla bgvklf

orketkml emaookekalt mo o 9 >.>81. Tba stgtke ckot ks 71 i. Lafcaetklf iklmr cmssas kl

tba pkpa ocmw, okld (k) tba dksebgrfa mo tba puip uldar tba ghmva emldktkmls (kk)drkvklf pmwar mo tba puip imtmr. Gssuia g puip aookekaley mo 68%.






??

4.761) Tba kltarlgc gld axtarlgc dkgiatars mo tba kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip gra

8>>ii gld 4>>ii raspaetkvacy. Tba puip ks rullklf gt 78>> rpi. Tba vgla

glfcas mo tba kipaccar gt klcat gld mutcat gra 8>¾gld 5>¾ raspaetkvacy. Tba wgtar

altars tba kipaccar rgdkegccy gld tba vacmekty mo ocmw ks emlstglt. Datarikla tba

wmrj dmla hy tba kipaccar par ulkt wakfbt mo wgtar.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>2, 8>78Y

4.76?) Tba kltarlgc gld axtarlgc dkgiatar mo gl kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip wbkeb

ks rullklf gt 7>>> r.p.i, gra 8>> ii gld 4>> ii raspaetkvacy. Tba dksebgrfa

tbrmufb puip ks >.>4 i5/s gld vacmekty mo ocmw ks emlstglt gld aqugc tm 8.> d s .

Tba dkgiatars mo tba suetkml gld dackvary pkpas gra 71>ii gld 7>>ii

raspaetkvacy gld suetkml gld dackvary bagds gra ? i (ghs.) gld 5> i (ghs.) mo wgtar

raspaetkvacy. Ko tba mutcat vgla glfca ks 41° gld pmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba puip ks

7?.72? jV, datarikla0

(k) _gla glfca mo tba kipaccar gt klcat,

(kk) Tba mvargcc aookekaley mo tba puip, gld

(kkk) Iglmiatrke aookekaley mo tba puip. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

4.766) G ealtrkoufgc puip wktb hgejwgrd-eurvad hcgdas bgs tba omccmwklf iagsurad

paromriglea wbal tastad wktb wgtar gt 8>¾E 0

Astkigta tba hast aookekaley pmklt gld tba igxkiui aookekaley. Gcsm, astkigta tba

imst aookekalt ocmw rgta, gld tba rasuctklf bagd gld hrgja pmwar, ko tba dkgiatar ks

dmuhcad gld tba rmtgtkml spaad ks kleragsad hy 1>%. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.762) Tba kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ks 5>>ii mutskda dkgiatar gld 71>ii

klskda dkgiatar. Tba kipaccar vgla glfcas gra 5>¾ gld 81¾ gt tba kllar gld mutar

parkpbarkas raspaetkvacy gld tba spaad ks 741>rpi. Tba vacmekty mo tba ocmw

tbrmufb tba kipaccar ks emlstglt. Okld tba wmrj dmla hy tba kipaccar par L mo

wgtar. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.76;) G ealtrkoufgc puip rullklf gt 2>>rpi ks wmrjklf gfgklst g tmtgc bagd mo

8>.8i. Tba axtarlgc dkgiatar mo kipaccar ks 42>ii gld tba mutcat wkdtb ks ?>ii.

Ko tba vgla glfca gt mutcat ks 4>¾ gld iglmiatrke aookekaley ks 6>%, datarikla





?6

Ocmw vacmekty gt mutcat

Ghsmcuta vacmekty mo wgtar cagvklf tba vgla

Glfca igda hy tba ghsmcuta vacmekty gt mutcat wktb dkraetkml mo imtkml

Xgta mo ocmw tbrmufb tba puip

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

4.72>) G ealtrkoufgc puip rullklf gt 744>rpi bgs gl kipaccar dkgiatar mo >.48i.

Tba hgejwgrd eurvad hcgda mutcat glfca ks 51¾ tm tba tglfalt. Tba ocmw vacmekty gt

mutcat ks 7>i/s. Datarikla tba stgtke bagd tbrmufb wbkeb wgtar wkcc ha ckotad. Kl

egsa g dkoousar radueas tba mutcat vacmekty tm 4>% mo tba vacmekty gt tba kipaccar

mutcat, wbgt wkcc kleragsa kl tba stgtke bagd= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.727) G ealtrkoufgc puip rullklf gt 78>>rpi bgs g dksebgrfa mo 75i5/ikl. Tba

puip bgs iglmiatrke aookekaley mo 21% gld wmrjklf gfgklst g bagd mo 88i. Tba

kipaccar bgs gl mutcat vgla glfca mo 4>°. Ko tba vacmekty mo tba ocmw gt tba mutcat ks

8.?i/s. Datarikla tba dkgiatar mo tba kipaccar gld wkdtb mo tba kipaccar gt tba

mutcat. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

4.728) G ealtrkoufgc puip ks tm dksebgrfa >.78 i5/s gt g spaad mo 74>>rpi wktb g bagd

mo 5>i. Tba kipaccar dkgiatar ks 861ii, kts wkdtb gt mutcat ks 1>ii. Tba

iglmiatrke aookekaley ks 62%. Egceucgta tba vgla glfca gt tba mutar parkpbary mo

tba kipaccar. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.725) G Ealtrkoufgc puip kipaccar ruls gt 2> rpi gld bgs mutcat vgla glfca mo ?>¾.

Tba vacmekty mo ocmw ks 8.1 i/s tbrmufbmut gld dkgiatar mo tba kipaccar gt axkt ks

twkea tbgt gt klcat. Ko tba iglmiatrke bagd ks 8> i gld tba iglmiatrke aookekaley ks

61 parealt, datarikla tba dkgiatar mo tba kipaccar gt tba axkt gld tba klcat vgla

glfca. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.724) G puip bgs tm suppcy wgtar wbkeb ks gt 6>¾E wgtar gt ;> i 5/ikl gld 72>>

rpi. Okld tba typa mo puip laadad, tba pmwar raqukrad, gld tba kipaccar dkgiatar

ko tba raqukrad prassura rksa omr mla stgfa ks 8>> j^g: gld 781> j^g.


4.721) G ealtrkoufgc puip wktb gl kipaccar dkgiatar mo >.4 i ruls gt 741> rpi. Tba

glfca gt mutcat mo tba hgejwgrd eurvad vgla ks 81° wktb tglfalt. Tba ocmw vacmektyraigkls emlstglt gt 5 i/s. Ko tba iglmiatrke aookekaley ks 24% datarikla tba





?2

orgetkml mo tba jklatke alarfy gt mutcat raemvarad gs stgtke bagd.


4.72?) Tba kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ks 5>>ii kl dkgiatar gld bgvklf g wkdtb

mo 1>ii gt tba parkpbary. Kt bgs hcgdas wbmsa tkp glfcas gra klecklad hgejwgrds gt

?>¾ ormi tba rgdkus. Tba puip dackvars 76i5/ikl mo wgtar gld tba kipaccar

rmtgtas gt 7>>>rpi. Gssuiklf tbgt tba puip ks daskflad tm gdikt ckqukd rgdkgccy,

egceucgta

Upaad gld dkraetkml mo wgtar gs kt cagvas kipaccar

Tmrqua axartad hy tba kipaccar ml wgtar

Ubgot pmwar raqukrad

Ckot mo tba puip

Gssuia tba iaebglkegc aookekaley 9 ;1% gld tba bydrgucke aookekaley 9 61%

ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

4.726) G ealtrkoufgc puip dksebgrfas 8>>> c/s mo wgtar par saemld davacmpklf g bagd

mo 8>i wbal rullklf gt 5>>rpi. Tba kipaccar dkgiatar gt tba mutcat glt tba

mutocmw vacmekty ks 7.1i gld 5i/s raspaetkvacy. Kt vglas gra sat hgej gt gl glfca mo

5>¾ gt tba mutcat, datarikla

Iglmiatrke aookekaley

^mwar raqukrad hy tba puip

Ko kllar dkgiatar ks 61>ii, okld tba iklkiui spaad tm stgrt tba puip.


4.722) Tba kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip bgs gl axtarlgc dkgiatar mo 41>ii gld

kltarlgc dkgiatar mo 8>>ii gld kt ruls gt 744>rpi. Gssuiklf g emlstglt rgdkgcocmw tbrmufb tba kipaccar gt 8.1i/s gld tba vglas gt axkt gra sat hgej gt gl glfca mo

81¾. Datarikla

Klcat vgla glfca

Tba glfca, ghsmcuta vacmekty mo wgtar gt axkt igjas wktb tba tglfalt

gld

Tba wmrj dmla par L mo wgtar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

4.72;) G ealtrkoufgc puip bgs 5> ei gld ?> ei dkgiatars gt klcat gld mutcat. Tba

klcat gld mutcat vgla glfcas gra 5>¾ gld 41¾ raspaetkvacy. Vgtar altars gt g





?;

vacmekty mo 8.1 i/s rgdkgccy. Okld tba spaad mo kipaccar kl rpi gld tba pmwar mo

tba puip ko tba ocmw ks >.8 i5/s. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

4.7;>) G ealtrkoufgc puip dackvars wgtar gfgklst g lat bagd mo 74.1 iatars gld g

daskfl spaad mo 7>>> rpi. Tba vglas gra eurvad hgej tm gl glfca mo 5>¾ wktb tba

parkpbary. Tba kipaccar dkgiatar ks 5>> ii gld mutcat wkdtb 1> ii. Datarikla

tba dksebgrfa mo tba puip ko tba iglmiatrke aookekaley ks ;1%.


4.7;7) G ealtrkoufgc puip wktb 7.8i dkgiatar ruls gt 8>>rpi gld dksebgrfa 722>

cktras/s, gfgklst gl gvargfa ckot mo ?i. Tba glfca wbkeb tba vglas igja gt axkt wktb

tba tglfalt tm tba kipaccar ks 8?¾ gld tba rgdkgc vacmekty mo tba ocmw ks 8.1i/s. Okld

tba iglmiatrke aookekaley gld gt cagst spaad tm stgrt tba puip gfgklst tba bagd mo

?i. Gssuia tba kllar dkgiatar mo tba kipaccar gs >.?i. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.7;8) G sklfca stgfa ealtrkoufgc puip wktb kipaccar dkgiatar mo 5>ei rmtgtas gt

8>>>rpi gld ckots 5i5 mo wgtar par saemld tm g bakfbt mo 5>i wktb gl aookekaley mo

61%. Okld tba luihar mo stgfas gld dkgiatar mo ageb kipaccar mo g skikcgr

iuctkstgfa puip tm ckot 1i5 mo wgtar par saemld tm g bakfbt mo 5>>i wbal rmtgtklf

gt 71>>rpi. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

4.7;5)

G ealtrkoufgc puip bgvklf gl mutar dkgiatar aqugc tm twm tkias tba kllar

dkgiatar gld rullklf gt 7>>> rpi. Vmrjs gfgklst g tmtgc bagd mo 4>i. Tba

vacmekty mo ocmw tbrmufb tba kipaccar ks emlstglt gld aqugc tm 8.1i/sae. Tba vglas

gra sat hgej gt gl glfca mo 4>¾ gt mutcat. Ko tba mutar dkgiatar mo tba kipaccar ks

1>>ii gld wkdtb gt mutcat ks 1>ii, datarikla tba

k)

_gla glfca gt klcat

kk)


kkk)

Vmrj dmla hy kipaccar ml wgtar par saemld.

4.7;4) Tba mutar dkgiatar mo gl kipaccar mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ks 4>>ii gld mutcat

wkdtb ks 1>ii. Tba puip ks rullklf gt 2>>rpi gld wmrjklf gfgklst g tmtgc bagd

mo 71i. Tba vglas glfca gt mutcat ks 4>¾ gld tba iglmiatrke aookekaley ks 61%.

Datarikla tba vacmekty mo ocmw gt klcat, vacmekty mo wgtar cagvklf tba vgla, glfca

igda hy tba ghsmcuta vacmekty gt mutcat wktb dkraetkml mo imtkml gt mutcat, gld tba

dksebgrfa. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>78Y





6>

4.7;1) Tba ealtrkoufgc puip bgs tba omccmwklf ebgrgetarkstke. Mutar dkgiatar mo

kipaccar 9 2>>ii: wkdtb mo tba kipaccar vgla gt mutcat 9 7>>ii: glfca mo tba

kipaccar vglas gt mutcat 9 4>¾. Tba kipaccar ruls gt 11> rpi gld dackvars >.;2 i5/s

uldar gl aooaetkva bagd mo 51i. G 1>> jV imtmr ks usad tm drkva tba puip.

Datarikla tba iglmiatrke, iaebglkegc gld mvargcc aookekalekas mo tba puip.

Gssuia wgtars altar kipaccar vglas rgdkgccy gt klcat.

ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>5, 8>7>Y

4.7;?) G ealtrkoufgc puip dackvars wgtar gfgklst g lat bagd mo 74.1i gld daskfl

spaad mo 7>>>rpi. Tba vglas gra eurvad hgej glfca mo 5>¾ wktb tba parkpbary. Tba

kipaccar dkgiatar ks 5>>ii gld tba mutcat wkdtb 1>ii. Datarikla tba dksebgrfa

mo tba puip ko iglmiatrke aookekaley ks ;1%. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.7;6)

G ealtrkoufgc puip, kl wbkeb wgtar altars rgdkgccy, dackvars wgtar tm g bagd mo

7?1i. Tba kipaccar bgs g dkgiatar mo 5?>ii gld wkdtb 72>ii gt klcat gld tba

emrraspmldklf dkialskmls gt tba mutcat gra 68>ii gld ;>ii raspaetkvacy. Kts

rmtgtkmlgc spaad ks 78>> rpi. Tba hcgdas gra eurvad hgejwgrd gt 5>¾ tm tba tglfalt

gt axkt gld dksebgrfa ks >.52; i5/s. Datarikla ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

Tbamratkegc bagd davacmpad


^rassura rksa germss tba kipaccar gssuiklf cmssas aqugc tm 78% mo vacmekty

bagd gt axkt.

^rassura rksa gld tba cmss mo bagd kl tba vmcuta egsklf

Tba vgla glfca gt klcat gld

^mwar raqukrad tm drkva tba puip gssuiklf gl mvargcc aookekaley mo 6>%.

Vbgt wmucd ha tba emrraspmldklf iaebglkegc aookekaley=

4.7;2) Emiputa tba mvargcc aookekaley mo g ealtrkoufgc puip ormi tba omccmwklf tast

dgtg. Uuetkml fgufa ragdklf 9 86.1j^g(vge) gld dackvary fgufa ragdklf 9

718(fgufa) bakfbt mo tba dackvary fgufa mvar suetkml fgufa ks >.4i, dksebgrfa ks

87>>ii. Dkgiatar mo tba suetkml pkpa ks 71ei gld dkgiatar mo dackvary pkpa ks

7>ei. tba imtmr pmwar 9 78IB^ gld ocukd wgtar. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.7;;)

G ealtrkoufgc puip kd tm dksebgrfa >.772i5

/s gt g spaad mo 741>rpi gfgklst gbagd mo 81i. Tba kipaccar dkgiatar ks 81ei, kts wkdtb gt mutcat ks 1ei gld





67

iglmiatrke aookekaley ks 61%. Datarikla tba vgla glfca gt tba mutar parkpbary mo

tba kipaccar gld drgw kts vacmekty trkglfca. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

4.8>>) G ealtrkoufgc puip dackvars 4>> cktras/s mo wgtar tm g bakfbt mo 8>i tbrmufb g

pkpa dkgiatar 71ei gld calftb 7>>i. Tba puip bgs gl mvargcc aookekaley mo 6>%

gld tba orketkml emaookekalt ks >.71. Datarikla tba pmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba

puip. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.8>7) G rgdkgc ocmw kipaccar bgs g dkgiatar 81 ei gld wkdtb 6.1 ei gt axkt. Kt

dackvars 78> cps mo wgtar gfgklst g bagd mo 84 i gt 744> rpi. Gssuiklf tbgt tba

vglas hcmej tba ocmw grag hy1 parealt gld tba bydrgucke aookekaley gs >.2, astkigta

tba vgla glfca gt axkt. Gcsm egceucgta tba tmrqua axartad ml tba drkvklf sbgot ko tba

iaebglkegc aookekaley ks ;1 parealt.

4.8>8)

G sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip, rullklf gt 1>rpi, dackvars >.>7i5/sae mo

wgtar. Tba dkgiatar mo tba pkstml ks 8>>ii gld strmja calftb 4>>ii. Datarikla

tba

tbamratkegc dksebgrfa mo tba puip

em-aookekalt mo dksebgrfa

sckp gld tba parealtgfa sckp mo tba puip

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>>2, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

4.8>5) Omr g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip, pkstml dkgiatar ks 71> ii, strmja

calftb ks 5>> ii, gld rmtgtkmlgc spaad ks 1> r.p.i. Tba puip ks raqukrad tm ckot

wgtar tm g bakfbt mo 72 i. Datarikla tba tbamratkegc dksebgrfa. Ko tba getugc

dksebgrfa ks 4.> ckt/sae, gld tba iaebglkegc aookekaley ks 2>% datarikla tba

vmcuiatrke aookekaley, sckp, tbamratkegc pmwar gld tba getugc pmwar raqukrad.


4.8>4) G sklfca ― getklf raekprmegtklf puip bgs g pculfar dkgiatar mo 81>ii gld

strmja mo 71>ii. Kt ks drkval gt ?>rpi gld uldarfmas UBI. Tba calftb gld

dkgiatar mo tba dackvary pkpa gra ?>i gld 7>>ii raspaetkvacy. Datarikla tba

pmwar sgvad kl mvaremiklf tba orketkml kl tba dackvary pkpa, dua tm okttklf mo gl gkr

vassac ml tba dackvary skda mo tba puip. Gssuia tba orketkml ogetmr o 9 >.>7 tba

pkpa orketkml omriucg b o 9(ocv8

/8fd ) ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y 4.8>1) G sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip ks tm rgksa g ckqukd mo dalskty 78>>jf/i5

tbrmufb g vartkegc bakfbt mo 77.1i, ormi 8.1i hacmw puip gxks tm ;i ghmva kt.





68

Tba pculfar wbkeb imvas kl UBI, bgs dkgiatar 781ii gld strmja 881ii. Tba

suetkml gld dackvary skda pkpas gra 61ii dkgiatar gld 5.1 gld 7.1i cmlf,

raspaetkvacy. Tbara ks g cgrfa gkr vassac okttad ml tba dackvary pkpa lagr tm tba puip

gxks. Hut tbara ks lm gkr vassac ml tba suetkml pkpa. Ko sapgrgtkml tgjas pcgea gt

2.28; L/ei8 hacmw gtimspbarke prassura, okld tba igxkiui spaad gt wbkeb tba

puip egl rul wktbmut sapgrgtkml tgjklf pcgea gld tba pmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba

puip. Gssuia tbara ks lm sckp kl tba puip gld o 9 >.>2 tba pkpa orketkml omriucg

b o 9(ocv8 /8fd) ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

4.8>?) G sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip bgs g pculfar mo dkgiatar 5> ei gld strmja

mo 8> ei. Ko tba spaad mo tba puips ks 5> rpi gld kt dackvars tm?.1 ckt/s mo wgtar,

okld tba emaookekalt mo dksebgrfa gld tba parealtgfa sckp mo tba puip.


4.8>6) Tba pkstml grag mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip >.71 i8 gld strmja ks 5>

ei. Tba wgtar ks ckotad tbrmufb g tmtgc bagd mo 71 i. Tba grag mo dackvary pkpa ks

>.>5 i8. Ko tba puip ks rullklf gt 1>rpi, okld tba parealtgfa sckp, emaookekalt mo

dksebgrfa gld tba pmwar raqukrad tm darkva tba puip. Tba getugc dksebgrfa ks 51>

cktras par saemld. Tgja iaebglkegc aookekaley ks >.21. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.8>2)

G sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip bgs g dkgiatar (pkstml) mo 71>ii gld

strmja calftb 51> ii. Tba ealtar mo tba puip ks 5.1 i ghmva tba wgtar surogea kl

tba suip gld 88 i hacmw tba dackvary wgtar cavac. Hmtb tba suetkml gld dackvary

pkpas bgva tba sgia dkgiatar mo 7>> ii gld gra 1 i gld 5> i cmlf raspaetkvacy.

Ko tba puip ks wmrjklf gt 5> rpi datarikla tba prassura bagds ml tba pkstml gt tba

hafkllklf, ikddca gld ald mo hmtb suetkml gld dackvary strmjas.


4.8>;) Egceucgta tba rgta mo ocmw kl gld mut mo tba gkr vassac ml tba dackvary skda kl g

sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip mo 88> ii hmra gld 55> ii strmja rullklf gt 1>

rpi. Gcsm okld tba glfca mo erglj rmtgtkml gt wbkeb tbara ks lm ocmw kltm mr mut mo

tba gkr vassac. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

4.87>) Kl g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip tba hmra gld strmja gra 7>> gld 71> ii.

raspaetkvacy. Tba stgtke bagd raqukraialts gra 4 i suetkml gld 72 i dackvary. Kotba prassura gt tba ald mo dackvary ks gtimspbarke egceucgta tba mpargtklf spaad.

Tba dkgiatar mo tba dackvary pkpa ks 61 ii gld tba calftb mo tba dackvary pkpa ks





65

84 i. Datarikla tba geeacargtkml bagd gt β 9 55 ormi tba stgrt mo dackvary.


4.877) G dmuhca - getklf raekprmegtklf puip, rullklf gt 4>rpi ks dksebgrfklf 7i5 mo

wgtar par ikluta. Tba puip bgs g strmja mo 4>>ii. Tba dkgiatar mo tba pkstml ks

8>>ii. Tba dackvary gld suetkml bagds gra 8>i gld 1i raspaetkvacy. Okld tba sckp

mo tba puip gld tba pmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba puip.

4.878) Tba eyckldar hmra dkgiatar mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip ks71>ii gld

kts strmja calftb ks 5>>ii. Tba puip ruls gt 1> rpi gld ckots wgtar tbrmufb g

bakfbt mo 81i. Tba dackvary pkpa ks 88i cmlf gld 7>>ii kl dkgiatar. Okld tba

tbamratkegc dksebgrfa gld tba tbamratkegc pmwar raqukrad tm rul tba puip. Ko tba

getugc dksebgrfa ks 4.8 cktras/s. Okld tba parealtgfa mo sckp.

ZGQ, Gpr k c / I gy - 8>>4, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1, 8>78Y

4.875) Tba dkgiatar gld strmja mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip gra 78> ii gld

5>> ii raspaetkvacy. Tba wgtar ks ckotad hy g puip tbrmufb g tmtgc bagd mo 81 i.

Tba dkgiatar gld calftb mo dackvary pkpa gra 7>> ii gld 8> i. raspaetkvacy. okld

mut0

(k) Tbamratkegc dksebgrfa gld tbamratkegc pmwar raqukrad tm rul tba puip

ko kts spaad ks?> rpi.

(kk) ^arealtgfa sckp, ko tba getugc dksebgrfa ks 8.;1 7/s gld

(kkk) Tba geeacargtkml bagd gt tba hafkllklf gld ikddca mo tba dackvary strmja.


4.874) Tba calftb gld dkgiatar mo g suetkml pkpa mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip

gra 1 i gld 7> ei raspaetkvacy. Tba puip bgs g pculfar mo dkgiatar 71> ii gld

g strmja calftb mo 5>> ii. Tba ealtar mo tba puip ks 4 i ghmva tba wgtar surogea

kl tba suip. Tba gtimspbarke prassura bagd ks 7>.5i mo wgtar gld tba puip ruls

gt 4> rpi. Datarikla tba

k) ̂

rassura bagd dua tm geeacargtkml gt tba hafkllklf mo tba suetkml strmja.

kk) Igxkiui prassura bagd dua tm geeacargtkml.

kkk)

^rassura bagd kl tba eyckldar gt tba hafkllklf gld gt tba ald mo tba strmja.

4.871) Emlskdar g dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip rullklf gt 4>rpi. Tba puip

dackvars 7i5/ikl mo wgtar. Tba pkstml dkgiatar ks 8>ei gld tba strmja calftb ks





64

4>ei. Tba dackvary gld tba suetkmls bagds gra 8>i gld 1i raspaetkvacy. Egceucgta

tba % sckp gld tba pmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba puip. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

4.87?) Tba dkgiatar gld tba strmja mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip gra 8>>ii

gld 4>>ii raspaetkvacy, tba puip ruls gt ?> rpi gld ckots 78 cktras mo wgtar par

saemld tbrmufb g bakfbt mo 81i. Tba dackvary pkpa ks 8>i cmlf gld 71>ii kl

dkgiatar. Okld (k) tbamratkegc pmwar raqukrad tm rul tba puip (kk) % mo sckp gld (kkk)

geeacargtkml bagd gt tba hafkllklf gld ikddca mo tba dackvary strmja.


4.876) Tba dkgiatar gld strmja calftb mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip gra 61

ii gld 71> ii raspaetkvacy. Uuppcy mo wgtar tm tba puip ks ormi g suip 5 i

hacmw tba puip tbrmufb g pkpa mo 1 i cmlf gld 4> ii kl dkgiatar. Tba puip

dackvars wgtar tm g tglj cmegtad gt 78 i ghmva tba puip tbrmufb g pkpa 5> ii kl

dkgiatar gld 71 i cmlf. Gssuiklf tbgt g sapgrgtkml mo ocmw meeurs gt 61 jL/i8

(hacmw tba gtimspbarke prassura), okld tba igxkiui spaad gt wbkeb tba puip

igy ha mpargtad wktbmut gly sapgrgtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

4.872) Tba eyckldar mo g sklfca- getklf raekprmegtklf puip ks 71 ei kl dkgiatar gld

5> ei kl strmja. Tba puip ks rullklf gt 5> r.p.i. gld dksebgrfa wgtar tm g bakfbt

mo 78 i. Tba dkgiatar gld calftb mo tba dackvary pkpa gra 7> ei gld 5> i

raspaetkvacy. Ko g cgrfa gkr vassac ks okttad kl tba dackvary pkpa gt g dkstglea mo 8 i

ormi tba ealtra mo tba puip, okld tba prassura bagd kl tba eyckldar.

(k) Gt tba hafkllklf mo tba dackvary strmja, gld

(kk) Kl tba ikddca mo tba dackvary strmja. Tgja o 9 >.>7.


4.87;)

G dmuhca getklf puip wktb 51 ei hmra gld 4> ei strmja ruls gt ?> strmjas par

ikluta. Tba suetkml pkpa ks 7>i cmlf gld dackvary pkpa ks 8>>i cmlf. Tba

dkgiatar mo tba dackvary pkpa ks 71 ei. Tba puip ks sktugtad gt g bakfbt mo 8.1 i

ghmva tba suip: tba mutcat mo tba dackvary pkpa ks 6> i ghmva tba puip. Egceucgta

tba dkgiatar mo tba suetkml pkpa omr tba emldktkml tbgt sapgrgtkml ks gvmkdad.

Gssuia sapgrgtkml tm meeur gt gl ghsmcuta prassura bagd ks 8.1i mo wgtar. Okld tba

Bmrsapmwar raqukrad tm drkva tba puip lafcaetklf gcc cmssas mtbar tbgl orketkml kl

tba pkpas gssuiklf orketkml ogetmr o gs >.>8. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y





61

4.88>) G dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip ks rullklf gt 5>rpi. Kts hmra gld strmja

gra 81>ii gld 4>>ii raspaetkvacy. Tba puip ckot wgtar ormi suip 5.2i hacmw

gld dackvars kt tm g tglj cmegtad gt ?1i ghmva tba gxks mo tba puip. Tba calftbs mo

suetkml gld dackvary pkpas gra ?i gld 71>i raspaetkvacy. Tba dkgiatar mo tba

dackvary pkpa ks 7>>ii. ko gl gkr vassac mo gdaqugta egpgekty bgs haal okttad ml tba

dackvary skda mo tba puip, datarikla

Tba iklkiui dkgiatar mo tba suetkml pkpa tm pravalt sapgrgtkml mo ocmw,

gssuiklf tba iklkiui bagd tm pravalt meeurralea mo sapgrgtkml ks 8.1i

4.887) Tba igxkiui frmss bagd gfgklst wbkeb tba puip bgs tm wmrj gld tba

emrraspmldklf pmwar mo imtmr. Gssuia tba iaebglkegc aookekaley 9 62% gld sckp

9 7.1%: Bgti 9 7>i: O9>.>78. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

4.888)

Tba pculfar dkgiatar gld tba strmja calftb mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf

puip gra 5>>ii gld 1>>ii raspaetkvacy. Tba spaad mo tba puips ks ?>rpi. Tba

dkgiatar gld calftb mo tba dackvary pkpa gra 71>ii gld ?>i raspaetkvacy. Ko tba

puip ks aqukppad wktb gl gkr vassac gt dackvary skda gt tba ealtar ckla mo tba puip,

okld tba pmwar sgvad kl mvaremiklf orketkml kl dackvary pkpa. Gssuia Dgrey‛s

orketkml ogetmr gs >.>4, gld pculfar uldarfmas g skipca bgrimlke imtkml.


4.885) Tba pculfar dkgiatar gld tba strmja calftb mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf

puip gra 5>>ii gld 1>>ii raspaetkvacy. Tba spaad mo tba puips ks 1>rpi. Tba

dkgiatar gld calftb mo tba dackvary pkpa gra 71>ii gld 11i raspaetkvacy. Ko tba

puip ks aqukppad wktb gl gkr vassac gt dackvary skda gt tba ealtar ckla mo tba puip,

okld tba pmwar sgvad kl mvaremiklf orketkml kl dackvary pkpa. Gssuia Dgrey‛s

orketkml ogetmr gs >.>7. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

4.884) Tba dkgiatar gld calftb mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip gra 7>>ii gld

8>>ii raspaetkvacy. Tba puip ks usad tm dackvar wgtar tm tba tglj 74i ghmva tba

puip tbrmufb g pkpa mo 5>ii kl dkgiatar gld 72i cmlf hy tgjklf kts suppcy ormi

tba suip gi hacmw tba puip, tbrmufb g pkpa 4>ii kl dkgiatar gld ?i cmlf. Ko

sapgrgtkml meeurs gt 62.42jL/i8, hacmw tba gtimspbarke prassura okld tba

igxkiui spaad gt wbkeb tba puip egl ha mpargtad wktbmut sapgrgtkml. Gssuia 7gti prassura 9 7>.5i mo wgtar emcuil gld tba pculfar uldarfmas skipca bgrimlke

imtkml. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y





6?

4.881) Datarikla tba igxkiui mpargtklf spaad kl rpi gld tba igxkiui egpgekty kl

cps mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip wktb tba omccmwklf datgkcs. ^culfar

dkgiatar 9 81ei, strmja 9 1>ei, suetkml pkpa dkgiatar 9 71ei, calftb 9 ;ei,

dackvary pkpa dkgiatar 9 7>ei, calftb 9 5?ei, stgtke suetkml bagd 9 5i, stgtke

dackvary bagd 9 8>i, gtimspbarke prassura 9 6?ei mo iareury, vgpmur prassura mo

wgtar 9 81j^g. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

4.88?) G raekprmegtklf puip bgldcklf wgtar wktb g hmra mo 77>ii gld strmja mo

8>1ii ruls gt 52rpi. Tba dackvary pkpa ks mo ;>ii dkgiatar gld 5>i cmlf. Gl

gkr vassac mo suookekalt vmcuia ks gddad gt g dkstglea mo 8.1i ormi tba puip.

Datarikla tba geeacargtkml bagd wktb gld wktbmut gkr vassac.


4.886)

G sklfca eyckldar dmuhca getklf raekprmegtklf puip bgs g pkstml dkgiatar mo

5>>ii gld strmja calftb mo 4>>ii. Vbal tba puip ruls gt 41rpi, kt dksebgrfas

>.>5;i5/s uldar g tmtgc bagd mo 71i. Vbgt wkcc ha tba vmcuiatrke aookekaley, wmrj

dmla par saemld gld pmwar raqukrad ko tba iaebglkegc aookekaley mo tba puip ks

61%. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

4.882) Tba kldkegtmr dkgfrgi mo g sklfca getklf raekprmegtklf puip fkvas aooaetkva

dackvary bagd mo 1i gld 85i wktb erglj gt kllar gld mutar dagd ealtar

raspaetkvacy. Vbgt ks tba stgtke dackvary bagd mo raekprmegtklf puip=






66

QLKT ― _ ― TQXHKLAU

^GXT - G

1.7) Daokla turhm igebklas.

1.8) Daokla turhkla.

1.5)

Ecgsskoy ocukd igebklas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y 1.4) Fkva tba ecgsskokegtkml mo turhklas.

1.1) Bmw gra bydrgucke turhklas ecgsskokad

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;, 8>74, Lmv / Dae - 8>>; Gpr kc / Igy - 8>77Y

1.?) Vbgt gra bkfb bagd turhklas= Fkva axgipca. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.6) Utgta tba prklekpcas ml wbkeb turhm-igebklas gra hgsad. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

1.2)

Axpcgkl spaekoke spaad.ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

1.;) Daokla spaekoke spaad. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.7>) Daokla spaekoke spaad mo g turhkla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>5,

8>>2, 8>>;, Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>>;, Gprk c / Igy ― 8>7>, 8>77Y

1.77) Daokla spaekoke spaad mo g turhkla. Vbgt ks kts usaouclass=


1.78) Bmw ks spaekoke spaad mo g turhkla daoklad= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

1.75) Vbgt ks iaglt hy spaekoke spaad mo g turhkla= ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

1.74) Vrkta tba aqugtkml omr spaekoke spaad omr puips gld gcsm omr turhkla.


1.71) Vbgt ks bydrgucke turhkla= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>?Y

1.7?) Ecgsskoy turhklas geemrdklf tm ocmw. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

1.76) Daokla kipucsa turhkla gld fkva axgipcas.

1.72)

Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo kipucsa turhkla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

1.7;) Daokla ragetkml turhkla gld fkva axgipcas.

1.8>) Vbgt ks ragetkml turhkla= Fkva axgipcas ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>5Y

1.87) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal ragetkml turhkla gld kipucsa turhkla.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>>2, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.88) Vbgt ks g ‒hragjklf àt‛ kl âctml wbaac/turhkla=

ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

1.85) Drgw vacmekty trkglfca dkgfrgi omr âctml wbaac turhkla.






62

1.84) Daokla tglfaltkgc ocmw turhkla.

1.81) Daokla rgdkgc ocmw - turhkla.

1.8?) Daokla gxkgc ocmw turhkla.

1.86) Daokla ikxad ocmw turhkla.

1.82) Daokla tba ocmw rgtkm mo ragetkml rgdkgc ocmw turhkla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.8;) Drgw g sjateb mo g Orgleks turhkla gld lgia kts emipmlalts.


1.5>) Ckst tba igkl pgrts mo Jgpcgl turhkla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.57) Vbgt ks drgot tuha= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.58) Vbgt ks g drgot tuha= Axpcgkl wby kt ks laeassgry kl ragetkml turhkla.

1.55) Vbgt ks drgot tuha= Kl wbkeb typa mo turhkla ks imstcy usad=


1.54) Vrkta tba ouletkml mo drgot tuha kl turhkla mutcat=

ZGQ, Gpr k c / I gy - 8>>1, 8>>2, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

1.51) Vbgt ks tba ouletkml mo drgot tuha=

ZGQ , Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.5?) Vbgt gra tba dkooaralt typas mo drgot tuhas= ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.56)

Vby dmas g âctml wbaac lmt pmssass gly drgot tuha= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.52) Ialtkml tba kipmrtglea mo Aucar turhkla aqugtkml. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

1.5;) Vbgt gra tba dkooaralt aookekalekas mo turhkla tm datarikla tba ebgrgetarkstkes mo

turhkla= ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

1.4>) Daokla bydrgucke aookekaley mo turhkla

1.47) Daokla bydrgucke aookekaley gld àt rgtkm mo g âctml wbaac.


1.48) Daokla bydrgucke aookekaley gld gxkgc tbrust mo g rmtm-dylgike bydrgucke

igebkla. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>75Y

1.45) Vbgt ks iaglt hy bydrgucke aookekaley mo turhkla=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>78, 8>75Y

1.44) Daokla bydrgucke aookekaley gld mvargcc aookekaley mo g turhkla.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y 1.41) Vbgt gra tba dkooaralt aookekalekas mo turhkla tm datarikla tba ebgrgetarkstkes mo

turhkla= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y





6;

1.4?) Daokla mvargcc aookekaley gld pcglt aookekaley mo turhklas.

ZGQ , Igy / @ula ― 8>>6, 8>78Y

1.46) Drgw tba ebgrgetarkstkes eurvas mo g turhkla wktb bagd vgrkgtkml.


1.42) Vbgt ks tba dkooaralea hatwaal g turhkla gld g puip=

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>7>, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.4;) Dkooaraltkgta hatwaal puips gld turhklas.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>6, 8>>2Y

1.1>) G sbgot trglsikts 71> Jw gt ?>> rpi. Vbgt ks tba tmrqua kl Lawtml ― iatars=


1.17) Tba iagl vacmekty mo tba huejats mo tba âctml wbaac ks 7> i/s. Tba àt suppckas

wgtar gt >.6 i5/s gt g bagd mo 5> i. Tba àt ks daocaetad tbrmufb gl glfca mo 7?>¾

hy tba huejat. Okld tba bydrgucke aookekaley. Tgja E_ 9 >.;2.


1.18) G wgtar turhkla bgs g vacmekty mo 2.1i/s gt tba altrglea mo drgot tuha gld

vacmekty mo 8.8i/s gt axkt. Tba orketkmlgc cmss ks >.71i gld tba tgkc rgea wgtar ks 4i

hacmw tba altrglea mo drgot tuha. Egceucgta tba prassura bagd gt altrglea.


^GXT ― H

1.15) Darkva tba falargc aqugtkml mo turhm igebklas gld drgw tba klcat gld mutcat

trkglfcas. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

1.14) Bmw wkcc ymu ecgsskoy tba turhklas= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.11) Daserkha hrkaocy tba ouletkml mo tba vgrkmus igkl emipmlalts mo g âctml wbaac

turhkla wktb lagt sjatebas.

1.1?) Daserkha hrkaocy tba ouletkmls mo vgrkmus emipmlalts mo âctml turhkla wktb lagt

sjatebas. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.16) Axpcgkl tba emipmlalt pgrts gld wmrjklf mo g âctml wbaac turhkla.


1.12) Daokla gld darkva gl axprasskml omr spaekoke spaad mo g turhkla.

1.1;)

Axpcgkl tba taris ulkt pmwar, ulkt spaad gld ulkt dksebgrfa wktb raoaralea tm g

turhkla.

1.?>) Axpcgkl tba bydrgucke aookekaley mo g turhkla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y





2>

1.?7) Ujateb tba vacmekty trkglfcas gt klcat gld mutcat mo g âctml wbaac.

1.?8) Vbgt ks hragjklf àt kl âctml wbaac turhkla=

ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>4, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1, Igy / @ula ― 8>78Y

1.?5) Dkooaraltkgta âctml wbaac turhkla wktb Orgleks turhkla.


1.?4) Dkstklfuksb hatwaal ragetkml turhkla gld kipucsa turhkla.


1.?1) Fkva tba emipgrksml hatwaal kipucsa gld ragetkml turhkla.


1.??) Vktb tba bacp mo lagt dkgfrgi axpcgkl tba emlstruetkml gld wmrjklf mo g âctml

wbaac turhkla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

1.?6)

Vktb g lagt sjateb, axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo g âctml wbaac.


1.?2) Vktb g lagt sjateb, axpcgkl tba wmrjklf mo g âctml wbaac. Gcsm mhtgkl tba

axprasskml mo tba wmrj dmla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.?;) Mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr pmwar davacmpad kl g ragetkml turhkla.


1.6>)

Vbgt ks tba emldktkml omr bydrgucke aookekaley mo g âctml wbaac tm ha

igxkiui= ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1Y

1.67) Axpcgkl tba emlstruetkml gld wmrjklf mo tba omccmwklf turhklas wktb lagt

sjatebas.

(k) âctml wbaac turhkla (kk) Orgleks turhkla (kkk) Jgpcgl turhkla

1.68) Emipgra rgdkgc ocmw gld gxkgc ocmw turhm igebklas.

1.65)

Drgw tba klcat gld mutcat vacmekty trkglfcas omr gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla

kldkegtklf tba vgrkmus emipmlalts. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.64) Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba igxkiui bydrgucke aookekaley mo gl kipucsa

turhkla.

1.61) Mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr tba wmrj dmla par saemld hy wgtar ml tba rullar mo g

âctml wbaac. Balea darkva gl axprasskml omr igxkiui aookekaley mo tba âctml

wbaac fkvklf tba racgtkmlsbkp hatwaal tba àt spaad gld huejat spaad.






27

1.6?) Mhtgkl tba axprasskml omr tba wmrj dmla par saemld hy wgtar ml tba rullar mo g

âctml wbaac gld drgw klcat gld mutcat vacmekty trkglfcas omr g âctml turhkla gld

kldkegtas tba dkraetkml mo vgrkmus vacmektkas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

1.66) Darkva tba vacmekty trkglfca omr âctml wbaac gld mhtgkl tba axprasskml omr tba

wmrj dmla. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>7>, Gpr kc / Igy - 8>77Y

1.62) Ujateb tba vacmekty trkglfcas gt klcat gld mutcat mo âctml wbaac.


1.6;) Darkva tba axprasskml omr aookekaley gld wmrj dmla omr g âctml wbaac gld drgw

tba vacmekty trkglfcas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.2>) Axpcgkl bmw tba lat bagd ml tba ragetkml turhkla ks kleragsad wktb tba usa mo

drgot tuha. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>2Y

1.27)

Darkva Aucar‛s aqugtkml mo imtkml omr turhklas gld mhtgkl tba emipmlalts mo

alarfy trglsoar wktb g emlstruetkml mo vacmekty trkglfcas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.28) Gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla bgs klcat gld mutcat vgla glfcas Ϗ gld Ф gra

hmtb aqugc tm ;>¾. Ko B 9 bagd mo tba igebkla, η 9 fukda vgla glfca gld E 9 rgtkm

mo vacmekty mo ocmw gt mutcat gld klcat, sbmw tbgt tba parkpbargc vacmekty gld

bydrgucke aookekaley gra fkval hy ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.25) Ubmw tbgt tba bydrgucke aookekaley omr g Orgleks turhkla bgvklf vacmekty ocmw

tbrmufb rullar gs emlstglt fkval hy racgtkml. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

1.24) Gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla dksebgrfas rgdkgccy gld tba vacmekty mo ocmw ks

emlstglt, sbmw tbgt tba bydrgucke aookekaley egl ha axprassad hy





28

Vbara η gld β gra tba fukda gld vgla glfcas gt klcat. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>78Y

1.21) Vrkta g sbmrt lmta ml Fmvarlklf mo Turhklas. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.2?) Ecgsskoy bydrgucke igebklas gld fkva mla axgipca omr ageb.


1.26) Axpcgkl tba wmrjklf prklekpca mo Jgpcgl turhkla gld darkva tba wmrjklf

prmpmrtkml mo kts daskfl. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.22) Drgw g lagt sjateb mo Jgpcgl turhkla, lgia tba pgrts gld hrkaocy axpcgkl tba

wmrjklf. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

1.2;) Drgw g sebaigtke dkgfrgi mo g Jgpcgl turhkla gld axpcgkl kts emlstruetkml gld

Vmrjklf. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>74Y

1.;>) Axpcgkl wktb bacp mo g dkgfrgi, tba assaltkgc oagturas mo Jgpcgl turhkla.


1.;7) Drgw g sebaigtke dkgfrgi mo g Jgpcgl turhkla gld axpcgkl hrkaocy kts

emlstruetkml gld wmrjklf. Mhtgkl gl axprasskml omr wmrj dmla hy tba rullar.


1.;8) Vbgt ks ouletkml drgot tuha kl Orgleks turhkla=

ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>5, 8>7>Y

1.;5)

Darkva gl axprasskml omr tba aookekaley mo drgot tuha. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y

1.;4) Darkva gl axprasskml omr spaekoke spaad. Vbgt ks tba skflkokeglea mo spaekoke

spaad mo turhkla= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

1.;1) Bmw ks g spaekoke spaad mo tba turhkla, daoklad= ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

1.;?) Vrkta g lmta ml paromriglea eurvas mo turhkla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

1.;6) Ubmw tbgt tba mvargcc aookekaley mo g bydrgucke turhkla ks tba prmduet mo

vmcuiatrke, bydrgucke gld iaebglkegc aookekalekas. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

1.;2) Daokla0 Bydrgucke aookekaley gld mvargcc aookekaley wktb raspaet tm turhklas.


1.;;) Axpcgkl tba dkooaralt typas mo tba aookekaley mo g turhkla.


1.7>>) Axpcgkl tba cmgd aookekaley ebgrgetarkstkes mo bydrgucke turhklas wktb g dkgfrgi.

ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y 1.7>7) Dkseuss tba paromriglea ebgrgetarkstkes mo ragetkml turhkla kl datgkc.






25

1.7>8) Dkseuss hrkaocy tba ebgrgetarkstkes eurvas mo bydrgucke turhklas.


^XMHCAIU

1.7>5) G turhkla davacmps ;>>>jV wbal rullklf gt spaad mo 74>rpi gld uldar g

bagd mo 5>i. Datarikla tba spaekoke spaad mo tba turhkla. Darkva tba axprasskml

usad kl ghmva prmhcai. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.7>4) G âctml wbaac ks tm ha daskflad omr tba omccmwklf spaekokegtkmls 0

g.

Ubgot pmwar 977,668 JV : bagd 9 52> iatras: spaad 9 61> rpi,

h.

Mvargcc aookekaley92?%. @at dkgiatar ks lmt tm axeaad mla-skxtb mo tba wbaac

dkgiatar. Datarikla tba

k) Vbaac dkgiatar kk) Luihar mo àts raqukrad

kkk) Dkgiatar mo tba àt. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.7>1) G âctml wbaac ks tm ha daskflad omr g bagd mo ?>i wbal rullklf gt 8>> rpi.

Tba âctml wbaac davacmps ;1.?461 jV sbgot pmwar. Tba vacmekty mo tba huejats ks

aqugc tm >.41 tkias tba vacmekty mo tba àt. Mvargcc aookekaley 9 >.21 gld em-aookekalt

mo vacmekty ks aqugc tm >.;2.

1.7>?) G âctml wbaac bgs tm ha daskflad omr tba omccmwklf dgtg. ^mwar tm ha

davacmpad 9 ?>>>jV: Lat bagd gvgkcghca 9 5>>i: Upaad 9 11>rpi: Xgtkm mo àt

dkgiatar tm wbaac dkgiatar 9 7/7> gld mvargcc aookekaley 9 21%. Okld tba lm mo

àts, dkgiatar mo àt, dkgiatar mo wbaac gld qugltkty mo wgtar raqukrad.


1.7>6) G âctml wbaac ks tm ha daskflad omr tba omccmwklf spaekokegtkmls0

Ubgot pmwar 9 77,668 jV

Bagd (B) 9 52>i

Upaad 9 61>rpi

Mvargcc aookekaley (ζ>) 9 2?%

@at dkgiatar < 7/? wbaac dkgiatar.

Datarikla0 Tba wbaac dkgiatar, tba luihar mo àts raqukrad gld dkgiatar mo

tba àt. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

1.7>2)

G sklfca àt âctml wbaac ruls gt 5>> rpi uldar g bagd mo 17> i. Tba àt

dkgiatar ks 8>> i gld kts daocaetkml klskda tba huejat ks 7?1¾. Gssuiklf tbgt kts

racgtkva vacmekty ks raduead hy 71% dua tm orketkml, datarikla (k) wgtar pmwar (kk)





24

rasuctglt omrea ml huejat gld (kkk) mvargcc aookekaley.

ZGQ, I gy / @ula - 8>>6, 8>78Y

1.7>;) G âctml wbaac suppckad wgtar ormi rasarvmkr uldar g frmss bagd mo 778i gld

tba orketkml cmssas kl pal stmej gimults tm 8>i mo bagd. Tba wgtar ormi pal stmej

ks dksebgrfad tbrmufb g sklfca lmzzca mo dkgiatar mo 7>>ii gt tba rgta mo >.5>i 5/s.

Iaebglkegc cmssas dua tm orketkml gimults tm 4.5jV mo pmwar gld tba sbgot pmwar

gvgkcghca ks 8>2jV. Datarikla vacmekty mo àt, wgtar pmwar gt klcat tm rullar,

pmwar cmssas kl lmzzcas, pmwar cmst kl rullar dua tm bydrgucke raskstglea.


1.77>) G âctml wbaac ks bgvklf g iagl huejat dkgiatar mo 7 i gld ks rullklf gt

7>>> rpi. Tba lat bagd ml tba âctml wbaac ks 6>> i. Ko tba skda ecagrglea glfca

ks 71¾gld tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba lmzzca ks >.7i5/sae, okld tba k) pmwar gvgkcghca

gt tba lmzzca gld kk) bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba turhkla. Tgja E_97.


1.777) G âctml wbaac bgs g iagl huejat spaad mo 78 i/s gld suppckad wktb wgtar gt

tba rgta mo >.6 i5/s uldar g bagd mo 5>> i. Ko tba huejats daocaet tba àt tbrmufb gl

glfca mo 7?>¾, okld tba pmwar davacmpad gld bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba turhkla.


1.778) G âctml wbaac bgs g iagl huejat spaad mo 7>i/s wktb g àt mo wgtar ocmwklf

gt tba rgta mo>.6 i5/s uldar g bagd mo 5>i. Tba huejats daocaet tba àt tbrmufb gl

glfca mo 7?>¾. Egceucgta tba pmwar fkval hy tba wgtar tm tba rullar gld tba

bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba turhkla. Gssuiklf tba emaookekalt mo vacmekty gs >.;2

ZGQ , Gpr kc / Igy - 8>>4, Lmv / Dae - 8>>1, 8>7>, 8>78, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

1.775) G âctml wbaac wbkeb ks raeakvklf wgtar ormi g palstmej wktb g frmss bagd mo

17>i. Mla - tbkrd mo Frmss bagd ks cmst kl tba palstmej. Tba rgta mo ocmw tbrmufb

tba lmzzca okttad gt tba ald mo tba palstmej ks 8.8 i5/sae. Tba glfca mo daocaetkml mo

tba àt ks 7?1¾. Datarikla (7) Tba pmwar fkval hy tba wgtar tm tba rullar (8)

Bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba âctml wbaac. Tgja Ev97 gld spaad rgtkm 9>.41






21

1.774) G âctml turhkla ks raqukrad tm davacmp ;>>> jV wbal wmrjklf uldar g bagd

mo 5>>i tba kipaccar igy rmtgta gt 1>> rpi. Gssuiklf g àt rgtkm mo 7> gld mvargcc

aookekaley mo 21% egceucgta ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

(k) Wugltkty mo wgtar raqukrad

(kk) Dkgiatar mo tba wbaac

(kkk)

Luihar mo àts

(kv)

Luihar gld skza mo tba huejat vglas ml tba rullar

1.771) Tba lmzzca mo g âctml wbaac fkvas g àt mo ;ei dkgiatar gld vacmekty 61i/s.

Emaookekalt mo vacmekty ks >.;62. Tba pkteb ekreca dkgiatar ks 7.1i gld tba

daocaetkml glfca mo tba huejats ks 76>¾. Tba wbaac vacmekty ks >.4? tkias tba àt

vacmekty. Astkigta tba spaad mo tba âctml wbaac turhkla kl rpi, tbamratkegc pmwar

davacmpad gld gcsm tba aookekaley mo tba turhkla.

ZGQ, Gpr k c / Igy - 8>>1, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.77?) G âctml turhkla bgvklf 7.?i huejat dkgiatar davacmps g pmwar mo 5?>>jV gt

4>>rpi, uldar g lat bagd mo 861i. Ko tba mvargcc aookekaley ks 22%, gld tba

emaookekalt mo vacmekty ks >.;6, okld spaad rgtkm, dksebgrfa, dkgiatar mo tba lmzzca

gld spaekoke spaad. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>6Y

1.776)

G âctml wbaac bgs g iagl huejat spaad mo 78i/s gld suppckad wktb wgtar gt

tba rgta mo >.6i5/s uldar g bagd mo 5>>i. Ko tba huejats daocaet tba àt tbrmufb gl

glfca mo 7?>¾ okld tba pmwar davacmpad gld bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba turhkla.


1.772) G âctml turhkla ks tm prmduea 72IV uldar g bagd mo 41> i wbal rullklf gt

42> rpi. Ko D/d rgtkm ks 7>, datarikla tba luihar mo àts raqukrad.


1.77;) Emlskdar gl kipucsa wbaac wktb g pkteb dkgiatar mo 8.61i gld g huejat glfca

mo 76>¾. Ko tba vacmekty ks 12i/s, tba àt dkgiatar ks 7>>ii, gld tba rmtgtkmlgc

spaad ks 58>rpi, okld tba omrea ml tba huejats, tba tmrqua ml tba rullar, gld tba

pmwar trglsoarrad tm tba rullar. Gssuia v8 9 >.;v7. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

1.78>) G fgs turhkla mpargtas hatwaal 7>>>j gld ?1> j taipargtura ckikts tgjklf kl

gkr 8> jf/s gt 781 i/s gld dksebgrfklf gt 5>> i5/s. Astkigta tba pmwar davacmpad hy tba turhkla. Fkval E p9;;1 @ / Jf . J . ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y





2?

1.787) G ragetkml turhkla gt 41>rpi, bagd 78>i, dkgiatar gt klcat 78>ei ocmw grag

>.4i8 bgs glfcas igda hy ghsmcuta gld racgtkva vacmektkas gt klcat 8>¾ gld ?>¾

raspaetkvacy. Okld vmcuia ocmw rgta, B.^ gld aookekaley. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.788) Gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla bgs kltarlgc gld axtarlgc dkgiatar gs >.21i

gld 7i raspaetkvacy. Tba bydrgucke aookekaley mo turhkla ks >.;8 uldar g bagd mo

?>i. Tba vacmekty mo ocmw gt mutcat ks 5i/s gld dksebgrfa gt mutcat ks rgdkgc. Tba

vgla glfca gt tba mutcat ks 72¾ gld wkdtb mo tba wbaac ks 61ii. Egceucgta tba fukda

hcgda glfca, turhkla spaad, vgla glfca gt klcat gld pmwar davacmpad hy tba turhkla.


1.785) Gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla bgs axtarlgc gld kltarlgc dkgiatars gs >.;i

gld >.41i raspaetkvacy. Tba turhkla ks rullklf gt 8>> rpi gld wkdtb mo tba turhkla

gt klcat ks 8>>ii. Tba vacmekty mo ocmw tbrmufb tba rullar ks emlstglt gld ks aqugc

tm 7.2i/sae. Tba fukda hcgdas igja gl glfca mo 7>¾ tm tba tglfalt mo tba wbaac gld

tba dksebgrfa gt tba mutcat mo tba turhkla ks rgdkgc. Datarikla tba

k)

Ghsmcuta vacmekty mo wgtar gt klcat mo rullar

kk)

_acmekty mo wbkrc gt klcat

kkk) Xacgtkva vacmekty gt klcat

kv)

Xullar hcgda glfcas

v)

Vkdtb mo tba rullar gt mutcat

vk) Igss mo wgtar ocmwklf tbrmufb tba rullar par saemld

vkk) Bagd gt tba klcat mo tba turhkla

vkkk) ̂

mwar davacmpad gld bydrgucke aookekaley mo tba turhkla.

1.784) Gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla bgvklf gl mvargcc aookekaley mo 2>% ks

raqukrad tm dackvar 75? jV. Tba bagd B ks 7? i gld tba parkpbargc vacmekty ks 5.5

∐ B. Tba rgdkgc vacmekty mo ocmw gt klcat ks 7.7∐ B. Tba rullar rmtgtas gt 78> rpi.

Tba bydrgucke cmssas kl tba turhkla gra 71% mo tba ocmw gvgkcghca alarfy.

Datarikla (k) dkgiatar mo tba rullar, (kk) fukda vgla glfca, (kkk) tba rullar hcgda

glfca gt klcat gld (kv) tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba turhkla. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>7>Y

1.781) Kl gl mutwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla, tba kltarlgc gld axtarlgc dkgiatars gra 8i

gld 8.6i raspaetkvacy. Tba turhkla spaad ks 861rpi gld tba wgtar ocmw rgta ks

1.1i5/s. Tba wkdtb mo tba rullar ks emlstglt gt tba klcat gld mutcat gld aqugc tm

81>ii. Tba bagd getklf ml tba turhkla ks 7?>i. Tba vglas bgva lafckfkhca





26

tbkejlass gld tba dksebgrfa gt tba mutcat ks rgdkgc. Datarikla tba vgla glfcas gld

vacmekty mo tba ocmw gt klcat gld mutcat. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

1.78?) Kl g bydrmacaetrke stgtkml, wgtar ks gvgkcghca gt tba rgta mo 761i5/s uldar bagd

mo 72i. Tba turhkla rul gt g spaad mo 71> rpi, wktb mvargcc aookekaley mo 28%. Okld

tba luihar mo turhklas raqukrad, ko tbay bgva tba igxkiui spaekoke spaad mo 4?>.


1.786) G rgdkgc ocmw kipaccar bgs g dkgiatar 81 ei gld wkdtb 6.1 ei gt axkt. Kt

dackvars 78> cktars mo wgtar par saemld gfgklst g bagd mo 84 i gt 744> rpi.

Gssuiklf tba vglas hcmej tba ocmw grag hy 1% gld bydrgucke aookekaley >.2,

astkigta tba vgla glfca gt axkt. Gcsm egceucgta tba tmrqua axartad ml tba drkvklf

sbgot kl tba iaebglkegc aookekaley ks ;1% ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>5Y

1.782)

G 1>i/s vacmekty àt mo wgtar strkjas wktbmut sbmej, g sarkas mo vglas imvklf gt

71i/s. Tba àt ks klecklad gt gl glfca mo 8>¾ tm tba dkraetkml mo imtkml mo vglas.

Tba racgtkva vacmekty mo àt gt mutcat ks >.; tkias mo tba vgcuas gt klcat gld tba

ghsmcuta vacmekty mo wgtar axkt ks tm ha lmrigc tm tba imtkml mo vglas. Datarikla

tba vgla glfca gt altrglea gld axkt. Gcsm datarikla wmrj dmla ml vglas par saemld

L mo wgtar suppckad hy tba àt. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>>1Y

1.78;)

Kl gl klwgrd rgdkgc ocmw turhkla, wgtar altars gt gl glfca mo 88 ¾ tm tba wbaac

tglfalt tm tba mutar rki gld cagvas gt 5 i/s. Tba ocmw vacmekty ks emlstglt tbrmufb

tba rullar. Tba kllar gld mutar dkgiatars gra 5>> ii gld ?>> ii raspaetkvacy.

Tba spaad mo tba rullar ks 5>> rpi. Tba dksebgrfa tbrmufb tba rullar ks rgdkgc.

Okld tba

(k)Klcat gld mutcat hcgda glfcas.

(kk) Tgjklf klcat wkdtb gs 71> ii gld lafcaetklf tba tbkejlass mo tba hcgdas,

okld tba pmwar davacmpad hy tba turhkla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

1.75>) Tba vacmekty mo tba wbkrc gt tba klcat tm tba rullar mo gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml

turhkla ks 5.71∐B i/s gld tba vacmekty mo ocmw gt klcat ks 7.>1∐B i/s. Tba vacmekty

mo wbkrc gt axkst ks >.88∐B i/s kl tba sgia dkraetkml gs gt klcat gld tba ocmw gt axkst

ks >.25∐B i/s, wbara B ks bagd mo wgtar 5>i. Tba kllar dkgiatar mo tba rullar ks

>.? tkias tba mutar dkgiatar. Gssuiklf bydrgucke aookekaley mo 2>%. Emiputa

glfcas mo tba rullar vglas gt klcat gld axkst. ZGQ, Gprkc / Igy ― 8>>5, 8>7>Y





22

1.757) Daskfl g Orgleks Turhkla rullar wktb tba omccmwklf dgtg0 Lat bagd 9 6>i

spaad L 9 2>> rpi. Mutput pmwar 4>> Jw Bydrgucke aookekaley 9 ;1% Mvargcc

aookekaley 9 21% Ocmw rgtkm 9 >.8 Hragdtb rgtkm 9 >.7 Kllar dkgiatar ks 7/5 mutar

dkgiatar. Gssuia ?% ekreuioaraltkgc grag mo tba rullar tm ha meeupkad hy tba

tbkejlass mo tba vglas. Tba ocmw ks rgdkgc gt axkt gld raigkls emlstglt tbrmufbmut.

ZGQ Lmv / Dae - 8>>2Y

1.758) Tba omccmwklf dgtg ks fkval omr g Orgleks Turhkla Lat bagd 9 ?>i spaad L 9

6>> rpi. Ubgot pmwar 8;4.5 Jw Bydrgucke aookekaley 9 ;5% Mvargcc aookekaley 9

24% Ocmw rgtkm 9 >.8 Hragdtb rgtkm 9 >.7 Kllar dkgiatar ks 7/8 mutar dkgiatar.

Gssuia 1% ekreuioaraltkgc grag mo tba rullar tm ha meeupkad hy tba tbkejlass mo

tba vglas. _acmekty mo ocmw ks emlstglt gt klcat gld mutcat gld dksebgrfa ks rgdkgc

mutcat. Datarikla ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>78Y

Fukda hcgda glfca

Xullar vgla glfca gt klcat gld mutcat

Dkgiatar mo tba rullar gt klcat gld mutcat

Vkdtb mo tba wbaac gt klcat

1.755) Tba kllar gld mutar dkgiatars mo gl klwgrd ocmw ragetkml turhkla gra 1> ei

gld 7>> ei raspaetkvacy. Tba vglas gra rgdkgc gt klcat gld dksebgrfa ks gcsm rgdkgc.

Tba klcat fukda vglas glfca ks 7>¾. Gssuiklf tba vacmekty mo ocmw gs emlstglt gld

aqugc tm 5 i/s, okld tba spaad mo tba rullar gld tba vgla glfca gt tba mutcat.


1.754) G ragetkml turhkla wmrjs gt 41>rpi uldar g bagd mo 78>iatras. Kts dkgiatar gt

klcat ks 78>ei gld tba ocmw grag ks >.4i8. Tba glfcas igda hy ghsmcuta gld racgtkva

vacmektkas gt klcat gra 8>¾ gld ?>¾ raspaetkvacy wktb tba tglfaltkgc vacmekty.

Datarikla tba

_mcuia ocmw rgta

^mwar davacmpad

Bydrgucke aookekaley. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

1.751) G turhkla ks tm mpargta uldar g bagd mo 81i gt 8>>rpi. Tba dksebgrfa ks

;euiae. Ko tba aookekaley ks ;>%, datarikla tba

k) Upaekoke spaad mo tba turhkla





2;

kk) ^mwar falargtad

kkk)

Typa mo turhkla

1.75?) G Orgleks turhkla wktb mvargcc aookekaley mo 61% ks raqukrad tm prmduea

74;.8?jL. Kt ks wmrjklf gfgklst g bagd mo 6.?8i. Tba parkpbargc vacmekty ks

>.8?∐(8fB) gld tba rgdkgc vacmekty mo ocmw gt klcat ks >.;?∐(8fB). Tba wbaac ruls gt

71>rpi gld tba bydrgucke cmssas kl tba turhkla geemult omr 88% mo tba gvgkcghca

alarfy. Gssuia rgdkgc dksebgrfa: datarikla tba fukda hcgda glfca, tba wbaac vgla

glfca gt klcat, dkgiatar mo tba wbaac gt klcat gld wkdtb mo tba wbaac gt klcat.

ZGQ, Igy / @ula ― 8>>;, 8>75Y

1.756) G Orgleks turhkla wktb mvargcc aookekaley mo 6?% gld bydrgucke aookekaley mo

2>% ks raqukrad tm prmduea 71>jV. Kt ks wmrjklf gfgklst g bagd mo 2i. Tba

parkpbargc vacmekty ks >.81∐(8fB) gld tba rgdkgc vacmekty mo ocmw gt klcat ks

>.;1∐(8fB). Tba wbaac ruls gt 71>rpi. Gssuia rgdkgc dksebgrfa: datarikla tba

fukda hcgda glfca, tba wbaac vgla glfca gt klcat, dkgiatar mo tba wbaac gt klcat gld

wkdtb mo tba wbaac gt klcat. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae ― 8>>;, Gprk c / Igy - 8>7>Y

1.752) G dgi ml g rkvar ks haklf sktad omr g bydrgucke turhkla. Tba ocmw rgta ks 7?>>

i5/b, tba gvgkcghca bagd ks 81 i, gld tba turhkla spaad ks tm ha 4?> rpi. Dkseuss

tba astkigtad turhkla skza gld oagskhkckty omr g Orgleks turhkla: gld g ^actml wbaac.


1.75;) G turhkla ks tm mpargta uldar g bagd mo 81i gt 8>>rpi. Tba dksebgrfa ks ;

euiae. Ko tba aookekaley ks ;>%, datarikla tba paromriglea mo tba turhkla uldar g

bagd mo 8> iatars. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>6Y

1.74>) G ragetkml turhkla wmrjs gt 41> rpi uldar g bagd mo 78> i. Kts dkgiatar gt

klcat ks 78> ei gld tba ocmw grag ks >.4 i8. Tba glfcas igda hy tba ghsmcuta gld

racgtkva vacmekty gt klcat gra 8>¾ gld ?>¾ raspaetkvacy, wktb tba tglfaltkgc vacmekty.

Datarikla tba vmcuia ocmw rgta, tba pmwar davacmpad gld tba bydrgucke aookekaley.


1.747) Egceucgta tba dkgiatar gld spaad mo tba rullar mo g Jgpcgl turhkla

davacmpklf?>>> jV uldar gl aooaetkva bagd mo 1 i. Mvargcc aookekaley mo tba

turhkla ks ;>% gld tba dkgiatar mo tba hmss ks >.4 tkias tba axtarlgc dkgiatar mo tba

rullar. Tba turhkla spaad rgtkmks 8.>. Gld ocmw rgtkm ks >.?. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>?Y




1.748) G Jgpcgl turhkla rullar ks tm ha daskflad tm davacmp 6516.1jV sbgot pmwar.

Tba lat gvgkcghca bagd ks 1.1>i. Gssuia tbgt tba spaad rgtkm ks 8.>; gld ocmw rgtkm

ks >.?2, gld tba mvargcc aookekaley ks ?>%. Tba dkgiatar mo tba hmss ks 7/5 rd mo tba

dkgiatar mo tba rullar, kts spaekoke spaad. ZGQ, Igy / @ula - 8>>;Y

1.745) G Jgpcgl turhkla rullar ks tm ha daskflad tm davacmp 65?>jV. Tba lat

gvgkcghca bagd ks 1.1i. Gssuiklf tba spaad rgtkm ks 8.>; gld tba ocmw rgtkm ks >.?2

gld tba mvargcc aookekaley ks ?>%. Tba dkgiatar mo tba hmss ks mla tbkrd mo tba

dkgiatar mo tba rullar. Okld tba dkgiatar mo tba rullar, kts spaad gld kts spaekoke

spaad. ZGQ, Lmv / Dae - 8>>;Y

1.744) G Jgpcgl turhkla wmrjklf uldar g bagd mo 8> i davacmps 71 I_ hrgja pmwar.

Tba buh dkgiatar gld rullar dkgiatar mo tba turhkla gra 7.1 i gld 4 i

raspaetkvacy. Tba fukda hcgda glfca gt tba klcat ks 5>¾. Tba dksebgrfa ks rgdkgc.

Okld tba rullar vgla glfcas gld turhkla spaad.

ZGQ, Gpr k c / Igy - 8>7>, Lmv / Dae - 8>77Y

1.741) G Jgpcgl turhkla ks tm ha daskflad tm davacmp ;7>>jV. Tba lat gvgkcghca bagd

ks 1.?i/ Ko tba spaad rgtkm ks >.?2, mvargcc aookekaley 2?% gld tba dkgiatar mo tba

hmss ks 7/5 tba dkgiatar mo tba rullar. Okld tba dkgiatar mo tba rullar, kts spaad gld

spaekoke spaad mo turhkla. ZGQ, Gprk c / Igy - 8>77Y

1.74?) G Jgpcgl turhkla dackvars 7> IV uldar g bagd mo 81 i. Tba buh gld tkp

dkgiatars gra 7.8 i gld 5 i. Bydrgucke gld mvargcc aookekalekas gra >.;> gld >.21.

Ko hmtb vacmekty trkglfcas gra rkfbt glfcad trkglfcas, datarikla tba spaad, fukda

hcgda-mutcat glfca gld hcgda mutcat glfca. ZGQ , Lmv / Dae - 8>75Y

FLUID MECHANCIS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK FOR 2013 REGULATION

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