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Transcript of Fluid Flow practical
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CAPE PENISULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYBELLVILLE CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGND : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID FLOW
SUBJECT : CHEMICAL PLANT III
LECTURER : Mr L. Kloppers, Mr. W Maree
STUDENT : Richardt Johan Loots
STUDENT NO. : 214196585
Topic Mark
allocation
Mark
Title Page 5
Synopsis 5
Intro!ction 5
Literat!re "e#ie$ an
T%eory &incl!ing in
te't re(erencing)
*+
E'periental Set-!p
an Proce!re*+
"es!lts an isc!ssion
Calc!lations5+
Concl!sions 5
/i0liograp%y *+
Total *++
I certi(y t%at t%is report is y o$n !naie $ork, e'cept (or t%e assistance
recei#e (ro t%e teac%ing sta1. I !nertake not to pass t%is report onto
any ot%er st!ent
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Contents
List o( Sy0ols........................................................................................................................................................ii
I.Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................................i#
*.Intro!ction...........................................................................................................................................................*
2.Literat!re "e#ie$ an T%eory...............................................................................................................................2
2.* 3l!i 4elocity..................................................................................................................................................2
2.2 "eynols n!0er...........................................................................................................................................2
2.2.* Lainar o$...........................................................................................................................................2
2.2.2 T!r0!lent 3lo$.........................................................................................................................................2
2.2.6 Transitional o$......................................................................................................................................2
2.6 Hea Losses..................................................................................................................................................6
2.6.* 3riction Losses........................................................................................................................................6
2.6.2 S%ock Losses...........................................................................................................................................76.E'periental Proce!re........................................................................................................................................8
6.* E'periental Set!p........................................................................................................................................8
6.2 Apparat!s.......................................................................................................................................................8
6.2.* Pipes !se...............................................................................................................................................8
6.2.2 4al#es !se.............................................................................................................................................8
6.6 Proce!re.......................................................................................................................................................9
:. "es!lts an isc!ssion.........................................................................................................................................;
:.* "ecore 4al!es.............................................................................................................................................;
:.2 Calc!late 4al!es.........................................................................................................................................*+
:.6 isc!ssion....................................................................................................................................................**
:.6.* Pipes.....................................................................................................................................................**
:.6.24al#es....................................................................................................................................................**
:.6.6 "eccoenations.................................................................................................................................*2
5. Concl!sions.........................................................................................................................................................*2
7."e(erences...........................................................................................................................................................*6
Appeni'...................................................................................................................................................................A
Pipe Calc!lations..................................................................................................................................................A
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A Cross-sectional area o( pipe 2
d Pipe iaeter
f 3riction (actor iensionless
g =ra#itational acceleration constant >s2
h Hea
h C%ange in Hea
hf 3riction Hea loss in a pipe syste H2?
K Minor loss coe@cients (or 0ens an ttings iensionless
L Pipe lengt%
P Press!re kPa or H2?
P Press!re rop kPa or H2?
Q 4ol!etric o$ rate 6>s
"e "eynolBs N!0er iensionless
# 3l!i #elocity >s
Greek symbols
Pipe ro!g%ness
3l!i #iscosity Pa.s
ensity kg>6
Subscripts
E Cali0rate #al!es Incl!ing error (actor
F 3anning
H2O Properties o( $ater &!i)
arcyBs
6
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I.Synopsis
1.Introduction
3l!i o$ or !i ec%anics is t%e !nerstaning o( $%at in!ences t%e o$ o(
!is or gases It is 0ase on t%e analysis o( t%e 0e%a#io!r o( !is an gases
$%ic% is 0ase on t%e (!naental la$s o( ec%anics an t%eroynaics
$it%in a a close syste.
T%e li(e-cycles o( stars, t%e creation o( atosp%eres, t%e so!ns $e %ear, t%e
#e%icles $e ri#e, t%e systes $e 0!il (or ig%t, energy generation an
prop!lsion all epens in an iportant $ay on t%e ec%anics ant%eroynaics o( !i o$ an t%e interaction o( t%e !i $it% its
s!rro!nings.
In t%is practical it $as set o!t to eterine t%e losses occ!rre $it%in a close
syste o( o$. T%e losses $it%in a pipe epens on t%e "eynols n!0er an
o$ rate o( t%e !i 0eing eas!re. /y kno$ing t%e "eynols n!0er it can 0e
eterine $%at type o( o$ is present an t%e losses can 0e calc!late
accoringly
In t%e in!strial sense or in t%e processing o( !is an transport o( !is t%ese
#al!es are o( !tost iportance an can in!ence #ario!s (actors s!c% as t%eaterials o( constr!ction, t%e sies o( t%e pipes, lengt%s o( pipes, $%ere !is
0!st 0e coole or %eate, $%en !is !st 0e i'e etc. /y kno$ing all t%is t%e
ost e@cient an econoical plant can 0e 0!ilt accoring to t%e specications
an reD!ireents o( t%e !i or gas 0eing processe.
T%e #ario!s (actors t%at play a role on t%e 0e%a#io!r o( a !i or gas $ill 0e
isc!sse in t%e ne't section to o0tain a 0etter !nerstaning o( %o$ !is
0e%a#e $it%in a certain syste an %o$ t%e aterials a1ect t%e o$ o( t%e !i.
:
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2.Literature Review and Teory
2.1 !luid "elocity
3lo$ #elocity in !is is t%e #ector el t%at pro#ies t%e #elocity o( !is at a
certain tie an position. T%e #elocity o( a !i is epenant on #ol!etric
o$rate an t%e area o( t%e pipe. T%e i1erence in press!re ca!se 0y a p!p
ca!ses a !i to o$ in a pipe.
v=QA F*G
$%ere,v=velocity ( ms)
Q=volumetric flowrate(m
3
s )
A=area of pipe(m2)
2.2 Reynolds number
In !i ec%anics, t%e "eynols n!0er, "e, is a iensionless n!0er t%at
gi#es a eas!re o( t%e ratio o( inertia (orces to #isco!s (orces an D!anties t%e
relati#e iportance o( t%ese t$o types o( (orces (or gi#en o$ conitions
N= v d
.F2G
W%ere,=density of the fluid (
kg
m3 )=viscosity of the fluid(Pa. s)
v=Velocity of fluid( ms)
d=diameter of the pipe( ms)
Wit% t%e "eynols n!0er T%e type o( o$ can 0e eterine 0y t%e (ollo$ing
5
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2.2.1 Laminar #ow
?cc!rs $%en t%e !i o$s in parallel layers, $it% no i'ing 0et$een t%e layers.
W%ere t%e center part o( t%e pipe o$ t%e (astest an t%e cyliner to!c%ing t%e
pipe isnBt o#ing at all. T%e o$ is lainar $%en "eynols n!0er is less t%an
26++.
2.2.2 Turbulent !low
In t!r0!lent o$ occ!rs $%en t%e liD!i is o#ing (ast $it% i'ing 0et$een
layers. T%e spee o( t%e !i at a point is contin!o!sly !nergoing c%anges in
0ot% agnit!e an irection. T%e o$ is t!r0!lent $%en "eynols n!0er
greater t%an :+++.
2.2.$ Transitional #ow
Transitional o$ is a i' o( lainar an t!r0!lent o$, $it% t!r0!lent o$ in t%e
centre an lainar o$ near t%e eges o( t%e pipe ."eynols n!0er is in
0et$een 26++ an :+++ (or transitional o$.
2.$ %ead Losses
Hea losses occ!r $%en t%ere is a resistance o( o$ present , $%ic% is al$ays
present in pipes, t%is ca!ses a press!re rop $%ic% can 0e eas!re $it%
anoeters in t%is case it $as eas!re in H2?
Factors afecting head loss
3lo$ "ate Pipe iaeter
Pipe lengt%
4iscosity
"o!g%ness o( pipe $all
Corrosion an scale eposits
Pipe ttings an 0ens
Pipe linearity or straig%tness
&Hyroatic.co, 2+*5)
2.$.1 !riction Losses
3riction losses occo!r !e to t%e nat!re o( t%e aterial it is tra#elling t%ro!g% as
entione a0o#e t%is can 0e !e to t%e ro!g%ness o( a pipe, (riction !e to
eposits in t%e pipe etc.
Calc!lating press!re losses in lainar o$ is ac%ie#e $it% 2 anoetric t!0es
an t$o isplaceent sensors, $%earas calc!lationg press!re losses in t!r0!lent
o$ is ac%ie#e $it% t$o press!re sensors.
T%e calc! lation can 0e one $it% t%e arcyBs (or!la
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h f=4 fF v
2
2 gd
.F6G
W%ere, h f=head loss due f riction(m)
=engthof pipe(m)
v=velocity of the fluid (
m
s)
d=diameter of pipe(m)
fF=fanning factor
g=gravitational constant(m
s2)
Wit% t%is (or!la t%e %ea loss can 0e calc!late, in o!r case $e calc!late t%e
(anning (actor.
The Moody Chart
W%en t%e (riction (actor is !nkno$n it can 0e eterine $it% a ooy c%art
gi#en t%at yo! kno$ t%e "eynols n!0er&N"E), t%e iaeter o( t%e pipe&) an
t%e relati#e ro!g%ness & ! /" ) o( t%e pipe. T%is $ill yiel a t%eoretical (riction
(actor i1erent (ro t%e one eterine $it% a kno$n %ea loss.
Absolute roughness( ! )
A0sol!te Pipe "o!g%ness is a eas!re o( pipe $all irreg!larities o( coercial
pipes. ?t%er t%an pipes, it is also !se (or representing ro!g%ness o( ot%er
eD!ipent $alls. a0sol!te ro!g%ness %as iensions o( lengt% an is !s!ally
e'presse in illieter &). &Enggcyclopeia.co, 2+*5)
/elo$ is a ta0le listing a0sol!te ro!g%ness o( soe coon aterials
8
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Table 1 & 'bsolute Rou(ness)
Surface Maer!a" A#$%"ue R%u&'(e$$C%eff!c!e( ) * !( ++
Aluminum, Lead 0.001 - 0.002
ra!n "rass, ra!n #o$$er 0.0015
Aluminum, Lead 0.001 - 0.002
%, %lastic %i$es 0.0015
'i(er)lass 0.005
*tainless steel 0.015
*teel commercial $i$e 0.045 - 0.09
P4C pipes $ere !se in t%e practical
Relatie Roughness ( ! /" )
"elati#e "o!g%ness o( a pipe $all can 0e ene as t%e ratio o( a0sol!te
ro!g%ness to t%e pipe noinal iaeter. &Enggcyclopeia.co, 2+*5)
#elativeroughness=! /"
.F:G
I( t%e relati#e ro!g%ness an a "eynols n!0er is kno$n t%e (riction (actor cant%en 0e eterine (ro t%e ooy c%art.
9
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2.$.2 Soc* Losses
S%ock losses is inor losses !e to ttings, #al#es an 0ens in pipes. W%en a
pipe is connecte to a 0en, #al#e or tting ,to connect one pipe to anot%er,
inor losses $ill 0e present !e to irreg!lar s%ape or geoetry t%at c%anges t%eirection o( t%e o$ $%ic% ca!ses t!r0!lence
T%is is !e to t%e (act t%at all !is %a#e $eig%t an t%!s %a#e oent!.
I( a c%ange in s!r(ace occ!rs in a pipe s!c% as a #al#e or tting t%e irectional
oent! $ill 0e c%ange, t!r0!lence occ!rs an t%!s s%ock losses occ!rs.
W%en a !i o$s aro!n a 0en,t%e !i %as to c%ange irection 0!t its
oent! carries it to t%e o!ter ege o( t%e 0en, t%is e1ecti#ely ecreases t%e
pipe iaeter an increases t%e o$rate an t%is ca!ses an increase in %ea
&Coecogs.co, 2+*5)
T%e general eD!ation (or t%e %ea loss !e to an o0str!ction is as (ollo$s
h=$ v
2
2 g
........F5G
$%ere, h=headl oss due shock
$=shock constant
v=velocity of the fluid (m
s)
g=gravitational constant(m
s2)
$it% t%is (or!la t%e %ea loss can 0e calc!late. Again in o!r case $e
calc!late t%e e'periental s%ock constant K
Shock Constants (!)
T%e K-#al!e represents t%e !ltiple o( #elocity %eas t%at $ill 0e lost 0y !i
passing t%ro!g% a tting or #al#e.
/elo$ is a ta0le o( s%ock constants (or ttings !se in t%e practical
;
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Table 2 & Soc* loss constants
$.+,perimental -rocedure
$.1
+,perimental
Setup
*+
!i(ure 1 & +dibon computer controlled #uid #ow benc
"alve type Soc* Constant
=ate 4al#e, 3!lly ?pen +.*5
=ate 4al#e, *>: Close +.27
=ate 4al#e, *>2 Close 2.*
=ate 4al#e, 6>: Close *8
/all 4al#e, 3!lly ?pen +.+5
/all 4al#e, *>6 Close 5.5
/all 4al#e, 2>6 Close 2++
iap%rag 4al#e, ?pen 2.6
iap%rag 4al#e, Hal( ?pen :.6
iap%rag 4al#e, *>: ?pen 2*
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$.2 'pparatus
$.2.1 -ipes used
*. Soot% pipe &P4C) $it% an e'ternal iaeter o( 2+ an an internaliaeter o( *7.5.2. Soot% pipe &P4C) $it% an e'ternal iaeter o( 62 an an internaliaeter o( 27.5.
$.2.2 "alves used
*. =ate #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.2. iap%rag #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.6. /all #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.
**
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$.$ -rocedure
*. T%e t!0es 0et$een t%e %yra!lic 0enc% an t%e !i o$ 0enc% $ere
c%ecke to ens!re t%at t%ey $ere in orer. It $as iportant t%at t%e t!0e(ro t%e !i o$ 0enc% raine onto t%e tank o( t%e %yra!lic 0enc%.
2. T%e $iring o( t%e !nit $as c%ecke to ens!re t%at it $as connecte an
t!rne on.6. T%e p!p $as s$itc%e on.:. T%e 42 #al#e $as opene an it $as iportant to $ait !ntil all t%e air $as
e'pelle (ro t%e pipe.5. A pipe, to 0e !se in t%e e'perient, $as ientie an t%e inner
iaeter $as note.7. T%e press!re taps o( t%e corresponing anoeter $as connecte to t%e
inlet an o!tlet o( t%e pipe. T%e anoetric t!0es $ere c%osen $%en t%e
$ater col!n i1erences $ere lo$er t%an 9++ .8. T%e o$ rate an press!re rops across t%e pipe $as recore.9. Steps 7 8 $as repeate (or t%ree i1erent o$ rates.;. Steps 5 9 $ere repeate (or se#eral pipes.*+.T%e gate #al#e $as ientie an t%e press!re taps o( t%e corresponing
anoeter $ere connecte to t%e inlet an o!tlet o( t%e gate #al#e. T%e
anoetric t!0es $ere c%osen $%en t%e $ater col!n i1erences $ere
lo$er t%an 9++ . 7 an 8.**.T%e o$ rate an press!re rop across t%e gate #al#e $as recore (or
t%ree i1erent o$ rates.*2.Steps *+ an ** $ere repeate (or t%e iap%rag #al#e an 0all #al#e.
*2
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/. Results and
Discussion
/.1 Recorded "alues
Table $ & Recorded -ipe "alues
Table / & Recorded "alve "alues
*6
0r. -
run3l4min5 3dm%265
D176.6
189m
* 68.6 +.:
2 7*.; 6.:
6 8:.: 5.8
D276.6
289m
* 69.* -*
2 75.2 -+.;
6 87.; -+.5
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/.2 Calculated
"alues
Table 9 & Calculated -ipe"alues
calculated variables e,perimental
values
calibratedvalues
teoreticalvalues
J 4 "e A %( (3 %( (3 ((3
6>s >s"eynols
Nr.2
H2+
-H2
+- ooy
-
D176.6
189m
*+.+++7
22.;+
;56;28.;5
9
+.+++2*
+.+:+
+.+++69
+.67+
+.++6:: +.+2+*
+.++5+6
2 +.++*+6
:.928
9;:;:.697
+.6:+
+.++**9
+.;7+
+.++666
+.+*9;+.++:
*:
-
run 3l4min5 3dm%265
:ate"alve
* 69.5 -*.*
2 75.6 -+.;
6 87.9 -+.7
Diapra(m
* 62 -+.*
2 56.* 2.*
6 77.: :.6
;all"a
lve
* 65.; -*
2 5;.9 -+.;
6 8:.9 -+.7
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86
6 +.++*2:
5.9+2
*+8577.859
+.58+
+.++*68
*.:2+
+.++6:* +.+*66
+.++666
D
276.6
289m
* +.+++7:
*.*52
6:2;8.;52
+.+++55
-+.*+
+
-+.++;
9++.+9
++.++89
: +.+26++.++5
85
2 +.++*+;
*.;8*
597;6.7+9
-+.+;
+
-+.++6
+*+.*+
++.++66
5 +.+2+:+.++5
*
6 +.++*29
2.625
7;227.+5+
-+.+5
+
-+.++*
2++.*9
++.++:6
6 +.+*;8+.++:
;6
*5
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Table 8 & Calculated valve "alues
/.$ Discussion
T%e (riction (actors an s%ock constants o0taine is in close range o( t%e
t%eoretical #al!es $%ic% leans to$ars correct calc!lations.
T%ese res!lts $ere only o0taine !e to t%e application o( a correction (actor
$%ereas i( no correction (actor $as !se a negati#e %ealoss $o!l 0e o0taine
$%ic% is is not possi0le e'cept i( ot%er e'ternal (orces $ere present or energy
*7
calculated
variables
e,perimental
values
Calibrated
values
teoretical
values
" ' f * f * *
6>s >s 2 H2+ - H2+ - -
:ate"alve
*+.+++7:
2.+:25
+.+++6*:*5
-+.**+ -+.5*86* +.+7+.292*77
+.*52+.++*+;
6.:7::
-+.+;+ -+.*:8*6 +.*+.*76:8:
6+.++*29
:.+8:5
-+.+7+ -+.+8+;* +.*7+.*9;+;2
Diapr
a(m
*+.+++56
*.7;88
-+.+*+ -+.+79+8 +.27*.87;;+*
2.62 +.+++9; 2.9*8* +.2*+ +.5*;*77 +.8 *.86+552
6+.++***
6.5228
+.:6+ +.78;9:2 *.*:*.9+2682
;all
"alve
*+.+++7+
*.;+:7
-+.*++ -+.5:+97 +.+9 +.:627;
+.+52+.++*
++
6.*8
27-+.+;+ -+.*85:6 +.*
+.*;:;2
9
6+.++*25
6.;79:
-+.+7+ -+.+8:85 +.*7+.*;;66;
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$as ae to t%e syste. T%e !ncali0rate #al!es $ill not 0e incl!e in t%e
isc!ssion.
/.$.1 -ipes
3or t%e soot% P4C pipes it can rsly 0e seen t%at $it% a increase in o$ratet%ere is a increase in t%e "eynols n!0er an t%at t%e o$ is t!r0!lent.
Concerning pipe *, $it% a iaeter o( +.+*75 t%e cali0rate res!lts (or (anning
(riction (actor is 0asically constant $it% increase in #elocity, $%ereas t%e
t%eoretical #al!es s%o$ a ecrease in (anning (riction (actor, t%is res!lt can ay
0e !e to incorrect calc!lation or incorrect eas!reent ?t%er reasons co!l 0e
t%at t%e error (actor applie $as not correct or t%at t%ere $as air trappe in t%e
pipe.
Concerning pipe 2 $it% a iaeter o( +.+275 it can 0e seen t%at t%at t%e rate
o( increase in #elocity is a0o!t %al( o( pipe one $%ic% is !e to t%e i1erence iniaeter. Coparing t%e cali0rate an t%eoretical (anning (actors it can 0e seen
t%at 0ot% s%o$ an o#erall ecrease in (anning (actor $it% a increase in !i
#elocity an "eynols an yet a increase in %ea loss.
So it can 0e sai t%at $it% a increase in #elocity an "eynols t%ere is a
ecrease in (riction (actor, ree0ering t%at e#en t%o!g% t%ere is a ecrease in
(riction (actor , (riction losses is still increasing. T%is ay 0e !e to t%e (act t%at
$it% a increase in #elocity t%e o$ o( t%e !i tens to t%e centre o( t%e pipe
t%!s ecreasing (riction in t%e centre 0!t a increase in total (riction losses is still
present collecti#ely.
It ay also 0e sai t%at t%e %ig%er t%e "eynols n!0er, t%e ore constant t%e
(riction (actor.
?#erall it can 0e seen t%at ost e'periental (anning (actors is lo$er t%an t%e
t%eoretical #al!es o0taine an soe %ig%er $%ic% leas to t%e (act t%at t%ese
#al!es are not in per(ect agreeent.
/.$.2"alves
T%e e'periental (anning (riction (actors o0taine (or t%e #al#es is in closeostly in close pro'iity o( t%e t%eoretical #al!es e'cept (or t%e 0all #al#e $%ere
t%e #al!es are as !c% as 9 tie %ig%er t%an preicte 0y t%eory. W%en
coparing t%e 0all #al#e s%ock constants (ro ta0le 2 it can 0e seen t%at i( it is
*>6 close t%e constant is 5.5 $%ic% leas e to 0elie#e t%at t%e #al#e $as not
opene (!lly or t%at t%e #al#e is e(ecti#e an co!l not 0e opene (!lly. T%is
co!l also 0e !e to iper(ections o( t%e 0all an or #al#e.
It can 0e seen t%at $it% a increase in #elocity t%ere is an o#erall ecrease in t%e
s%ock constant an a increase in %ea loss.
*8
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/.$.$ Reccomendations
Most iportantly is to $ork $it% a syste t%at is properly cali0rate an to
alreay e'perientally kno$ t%e (riction (actors an s%ock coeecients, t%is ay
0e one 0y repetiti#e e'periental testing or it ay 0e kno$n (ro t%e
an!(act!rerBs specications.
Seconly is to ens!re t%at t%ere is no leaks or air entering t%e syste $%ic%
co!l res!lt in press!re losses an increase !npreicta0ility.
Lastly, to eliinate all roo (or error $%en taking reaings an oing
calc!lations, 0y staying (oc!se on t%e s!0ect at %an
9. Conclusions
T%e practical $as an s!ccess, t%e t%eory 0e%in t%e (anning (actor an s%ock
constants is no$ properly !nerstoo an T%e role it plays in %ea losses
T%e e'periental an t%eoretical #al!es (or (anning (actor an s%ock coe@cients
$as s!ccess(!lly calc!late an copare to one anot%er 0y isc!ssion
Alt%o!g% soe #al!es $ere inconsistent $it% t%eoretical #al!es it $as seen t%at
$it% a increase in #elocity t%ere $as an increase in "eynols n!0er, a increase
in %ea losses an a ecrease in (riction coe@cients.
It $as isc!sse t%at t%is ecrease in t%e (riction coe@cient is ostly !e to t%e
(act t%at !is tens to t%e centre o( a pipe as #elocity is increase an s%ear
stress is ecrease on t%e 0!lk o( t%e !i 0!t still occ!rs at a increase rate on
t%e !i at t%e o!terost point o( t%e pipe.
It ay also 0e concl!e t%at t%e %ig%er t%e "eynols n!0er t%e saller t%e
c%ange in (riction coe@cients is $it% a increase in o$. T%is is !e to t%e
increase in oent! o( t%e !i.
*9
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8.References
F*GStreeter, 4. Wylie, E. *;8;. Fluid mechanics. Ne$ ork Mc=ra$-Hill.
F2GHyroatic.co,. 2+*5. Hea Loss in Piping Systes - Tec%In(o.
%ttp>>$$$.%yroatic.co>"esientialPageOtec%in(opageO%ealoss.asp' *+
?cto0er 2+*5.
F6GEnggcyclopeia.co,. 2+*5. A0sol!te Pipe "o!g%ness Enggcyclopeia.
%ttp>>$$$.enggcyclopeia.co>2+**>+;>a0sol!te-ro!g%ness> *+ ?cto0er 2+*5.
F:GCoecogs.co,. 2+*5. Hea Loss - Pipes - 3l!i Mec%anics - Engineering
N!erical Coponents in C an CQQ.
%ttp>>$$$.coecogs.co>li0rary>engineering>!iOec%anics>pipes>%eaOloss>in
e'.p%p ** ?cto0er 2+*5.
'ppendi,
-ipe Calculations
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$ead loss
hf
=1dm &2
' /10RTa0le 6
#al!es
h f=0.1m &2 '
$?
2' 7
6.666@A -a.s
N= v d
N=1000 kg /m3 (1.152m/s (0.0265m
0.00089Pa . s
N=34297.95
R(ro eD!ation : an ta0le ta0le *-P4C
##=!
"=0.0015
0.0265=0.00006
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Uncalibrated Soc* constant
Area o" ale
+.+2+ Rapparat!s
A=% "
2
4
A=%0.020
2
4
A=0.00031415m2
Fluid #elocity
Q=35.9 l
min1min=60 s Q= 0.0
0060 m3/s 1000l=1m
3
&2'=1000
kgm
3
1?
v=QA
v=
0.00060m3/s
0.00031415m2
v=1.9046m/s
$ead loss
h f=1dm &2 ' /10 RTa0le 6
#al!es
h f=0.1m &2 '
9?
h=$ v
2
2 g
$=
h2 g
v2
$=0.1(2(9.81m /s2
1.90462
$=0.54086
Calibrated soc* constant
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