Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Electrolytes

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) help keep fluids in the proper compartments– Intracellular water– Extracellular water

Electrolytes

Enable nerves to respondSignal muscles to contract

Primary electrolytes-major minerals

More than 0.1 grams (or 100 mg) required per day in the diet

These include:– Sodium – Potassium– Chloride– Phosphorus

Sodium: + ion of table salt (NaCl)

No known human diet lacks sodiumMinimum requirement about 500 mg/day

– estimated safe and adequate Daily intake

Average intake in US for men = 3300 mg/day(equal to 8 grams of salt/day)

AI = 1500 mg/day<2400 mg/day most common rec.

Sodium Functions

Scientific MethodGoogle Image Result for www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/eustruct/images/sppump.gif

Fluid balanceBlood pressureAcid-base balanceNerve transmissionActive transport mechanism

Hypertension

DefinitionDiastolic Blood Pressure

– > 90 mm HgSystolic Blood Pressure

– >140 mm HgDesirable < 120/80

                                                                         

Hypertension and DiseaseStroke

– 2/3rds with first stroke have HTN– 7 times more likely than normal

Coronary heart disease– 1/2 with first MI have HTN– 3 times more likely than normal

End-stage Renal FailureBlindness

Blood Pressure

Risk Factors

AgeEthnicityFamily HistoryObesity

Diet and Hypertension

Weight LossModerate weight lossRegular exercise

Diet and Hypertension

Alcohol– < 1-2 servings per day– >2 servings increases risk of HTN

Potassium– fruits and vegetables

Fish Oils CalciumCalcium, Linus Pauling

Institute's Micronutrient Information Center

The DASH Diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop

HypertensionDiet rich in

– fruit– vegetable– grain products

Low/non fat dairy, fish and meats

DASH-Na Conclusions

DASH diet lowers BP Sodium reduction lowers BPCombination of DASH and Na reduction

effects greater than separately– DASH+low-Na reduced Systolic BP by:

• 11.5mm Hg in HTN subjects

• 7.1 mm Hg in borderline HTN subjects