Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Agricultural Uses
Transcript of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Agricultural Uses
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Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Agricultural Uses
USDA-ARS, J. Phil Campbell Sr.
Natural Resource Conservation CenterWatkinsville, GA
Dr. Harry H. Schomberg
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What is Gypsum?
• CaSO4 . 2H2O (gypsum)• CaSO4 (anhydrate)• Used by Greeks and Romans• Fertilizer value recognized in 1800s• S and Ca – Plant nutrients
250 μm
Energy & Environmental Research Center
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Lime slurry spray
Zimmer StationCinergy Corp.
Ohio State University Extension 2005
Flue Gas Desulfurization Process
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Physical & Chemical Properties Gypsum Sources
Material Water Ca S As Hg Particlesize
Residue Price(2002)
% % % mg/kg mg/kg % $/tonFGD gypsum
5.55 23.0 18.7 0.56 <0.26 120 μm 0.4 7.00
Naturalgypsum
0.38 19.1 15.1 <0.52 <0.26 NA 12.9 12.75
Castgypsum
0.15 22.4 19.3 <0.52 <0.26 NA 0.2 NA
Drywallgypsum
10.1 21.9 18.1 0.98 <0.26 <0.5 in 2.2 11.00
EPA 503 41 17
Ohio State University Extension 2005
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USDA Strategic Plan• Protect and enhance the
nation’s natural resource base and environment
• Protect watershed health to ensure clean and abundant water
• Enhance soil quality to maintain productive working cropland for food, feed, fiber and energy production
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Effects of Gypsum on Soil
• Improve soil structure • Improve water infiltration,
storage and use • Improve crop yield and quality • Remediate saline and sodic soils• Reduce movement of nutrients, sediment
and agricultural chemicals to water and air
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Conservation Issues in the Southeastern US
• Many of the soils are of poor quality and highly susceptible to erosion
• Large number of water bodies in the region are impaired by contaminants (sediment, nutrients, agricultural chemicals)
• Many areas in the region are suffering from drought
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Soil Degradation
• Accelerated soil erosion• Loss of organic matter• Soil compaction• Soil acidification• Buildup of soluble salts,
and toxic trace elements
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Results of Soil Degradation
• Reduced crop yields• Greater inputs
required for crop production
• Greater risk of environmental damage
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Gypsum Improves Yields
Sumner, 2007
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Gypsum and Acid SoilsIncreases subsoil calciumReduces subsoil aluminum (toxic)Allows roots to penetrate subsoilsIncreases potentially available water
Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
Al3+ Al3+
Al3+ Al 3+ Al 3+
Gypsum Application
Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
Al 3+ Al3+ Al3+
Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+
Crop
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Soil Crusts
(Mark Licht)
(Palle Pedersen)
OSU Extension 2005
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Gypsum Reduces Erosion
Gypsum Infiltration Runoff Soil LossMg/ha mm mm Mg/ha
0 7 50 213.6 13 44 136.7 21 36 8
13.4 24 32 5
Norton and Rhoton, 2007
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Blount Catlin Fayette Miami
Tota
l inf
iltra
tion,
mm
ControlGypsum
Gypsum Increases Infiltration
USDA-ARS NSEL, West Lafayette, IN)
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Georgia’s Water Crisis
Uses 6.5 Billion gallons water per day!(22% by greater Atlanta)
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Georgia’s Water Crisis
• 705 Billion gallons/year • 109 Days of Georgia’s Total Annual Needs . . • 2.5X to 7X quantity of water used annually for
irrigation of row crops in Georgia. . • 1.37 years of Atlanta’s annual usage . .
• FGD Gypsum on 3.5 million acres • Assume 15% increase in infiltration of
annual rainfall
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FGD Gypsum to Remediate High Soil P
• Top five - GA AR AL MS & NC• 5.2 billion broilers• 7.8 million tons broiler litter• 233,000 tons N• 116,000 tons P
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High Soil P
Percentage of SamplesP > 450 lb / acre
0% - 10%10% - 30%
University of GeorgiaSoil, Plant and Water LabSoil Phosphorus Levels1999-2002
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FGD Gypsum to Remediate High Soil P
Franklin et al., 2007
Broiler LitterFiltered
NO3-N P PO4-P
Run
off (
mg
L-1 )
02468
102530354045
GypsumNone
76% reduction in
Dissolved TP!
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Agronomic Unknowns FGD-Gypsum
• Optimal application rates • Effects on macro and micronutrients• Influence on P availability from manures• Crop response – moisture stress
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Environmental Unknowns FGD-Gypsum
• Long-term effects – crop and animal • Bioaccumulation potential of Hg• Rate of vertical movement of Hg in soils • Potential volatilization of adsorbed
emissions
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Metal Uptake by Peanuts – GA (EPA3052)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
As 0.1Cr 0.1Cu Cd Hg Pb Se
mg/
kg in
Pea
nut s
eed
ControlGypsum
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What if?• 1 acre of soil is 1,000 tons (6 ¾ inch depth)• 250 - 500 ppb Hg FGD gypsum • Hg in typical soil –
100 ppb • 1 to 4.5 tons/acre • 17 ppm Hg limit
EPA 503
0102030405060708090
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Applications
Soil
Hg
ppb
6 ton4 ton2 ton1 ton
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Research Activities
• Determine benefits and risks of FGD gypsum• Develop management practices and
technologies to – (1) improve soils for crop production and
environmental protection and – (2) remove agricultural contaminants from
water• Document benefits to support USDA
Conservation Programs and Environmental Credit Trading
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ARS FGD Gypsum Research in SE
Coastal Plains
PiedmontMississippi Valley
Loess Plains
Oxford
AuburnWatkinsville
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Field Experiments
• Develop guidelines for specific uses of FGD gypsum – where to use, rates, method of application,
frequency of application, etc.)• Assist USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service in process to accept practices as eligible for Conservation Program funding
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Field Experiments
• 3-4 years• Sites with different soils, climate, cropping
systems• Comparison of FGD gypsum to mined
gypsum
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Field Experiments
• Soil properties– soil structure, – water infiltration, – storage of water – reduced runoff and erosion
• Document movement of trace elements such as Hg to surface and ground water
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Watkinsville, GA
Co-application• Improve P management• Improve soil structure and
increase water availability• Reduce runoff and losses
of soil and nutrients
FGD-Gypsum & Poultry Litter
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Watkinsville, GA
Rainfall Simulation
Total Runoff and Sediment
Nutrients in Runoff
Nutrients in Sediment
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Expected Outcomes
• Guidelines for use of FGD gypsum– Water conservation– Water quality– P management
• Support for adoption of FGD gypsum as BMP – Conservation Security Program– Environmental Quality Incentives Program$$
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Partnerships
• Cooperation among a variety of groups including: ARS, EPA, NRCS, Universities, Southern Company, TVA, Duke Energy, EPA, EPRI, and FGD Gypsum Network
• No single group has resources to document beneficial agricultural uses of FGD gypsum