Flowers and Inflorescences

5/21/2018 Flowers and Inflorescences

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FLOWERS AND

INFLORESCENCES


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Flowers

The flower is the reproductive organ of the

angiosperm plants. It is the most important

organ for the plant classification and

identification.


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Dicot. And Monocot Flowers


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Parts of the Flower


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Parts of Flowers

Perianth:

When the sepals and petals are not differentiated

It is called perianth ( units are called tepals,sepalloid or petalloid ).


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Parts of the Flower

- Pedicle

- Receptacle( if elongated it is called Hypanthium as in clove ).

- Calyx [ sepals, polysepalous (separate sepals) or gamosepalous

(united sepals)] - Corolla [petals, polypetalous (separate petals) or gamopetalous

(united petals)]

- Perianth ( tepals when the calyx and corolla areundifferentiated).

- Androecium [stamens (filament and anthers), free or joined] - Gynaecium ( Pestil)[carpels (ovary, style and stigma) free or

joined] .


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Adhesion in Calyx and Corolla

Gamosepalous calyx:

Gamopetalous corolla:
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Androecium Consists of stamens. Each stamen consists of a filament

and an anther( formed of two lobes open by slits andlined by a lignified fibrous layer and containing thepollen grains ).

Stamens may be united either by filaments or byanthers.

- Stamens united by filaments:

Monadelphous, diadelphous, tetradelphousetc.

- Stamens united by anthers ( syngenesious ):Didynamous, tetradynamous,..etc.

Stamens may be situated over the inner side of petals andin this case called Epipetallous.


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Adhesion of Androecium

United by filament:

Monadelphous, diadelphous.

United by anthers (syngenesious):

Diadynamous, Teradynamous.

United with the petals:

Epipetalous


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Gynaecium(Pistil)

It consists of one or more carpels (ovary, style andstigma).

Carpels may be free (apocarpous) or united

(syncarpous, note the number of locules; mono,bi,etc ).

The ovary (containing the ovules) may be superior (in

hypogenous flower) or inferior (in epigenous flower).

The ovary contains one or more ovules carried on

placenta which may be: Axile placentation

Parietal placentation

The stigma usually bifid and have papillosed surfacewh ?


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Gynaecium and Placentation

Free Carpels (Apocarpous).

Fused Carpels (Syncarpous).

Axile placentation. Parietal placentation.

Free central placentation.


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Types of flowers

According to the presence or absence of any of

the gynaecium or the androecium the flower

may be:

Hermaphrodite ( contains both the gynaecium

and androecium.

Unisexual:

- Pistillate (contains gynaecium only)

- Staminate (contains androecium only)


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Types of Flowers

According to the position of the floral parts in

comparison to the gynaecium the flower may be

described as:

- Hypogenous (A1).

- Perigenous(A2).

-

Epigenous(A3).


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Types of Flowers

According to giving two equal parts if divided in

any direction the flower may be described as:

Regular (actinomorphic) ( giving two equal parts

when divided at any direction).

Zygomorphic ( giving two equal parts only if

divided in one direction).

This is usually represented in the floral diagram.


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Anatomy of Flowers

The Pedicel has the stem structure.

The bract, calyx and corolla have the leaf structure(epidermis of corolla often colored and has papillosed

or striated cuticle). The stigma usually have papillosed epidermis.

The anthers contain fibrous layer characteristic for theflowers.

Of first importance for the existence of flowers is thepresence of pollen grains. The shape , size and wallstructure of them are characteristic for each flower.


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Characteristic Elements Of

Powdered Flowers

Pollen grains:

Shape, exine,

germinal pores and

furrows.

Fibrous layer of anther ( lignified appear beaded in s. v.).

Papillosed epidermis of stigma.


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Inflorescence

It consists of a group of flowers arranged in certain

order.

The main axis of the inflorescences is called Rachis

Types of inflorescences:

- Racemose.

- Cymose.- Mixed ( racemes of cymes as in clove).


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Types of Inflorescences


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Example of Flower Medicinal Drugs

Clove.

Echinacea.

German Chamomile.

Roman Chamomile.

Santonica.

Pyrethrum.

Calendula.

Arnica.

Saffron.

Safflower.

Hibiscus.


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Clove

Botanical origin:

It is the dried flower buds ofEugenia

caryophyllusfamilyMyrtaceae.

Geographical Source:

Madagascar, Indonesia, Brazil and smaller

amounts in Seri Lanka and Tanzania.


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Photo Image of Clove


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Microscopical Charaters A)&B) Two types of clove.

C) Fruit (mother Clove).

D) Clove stalk.

E)L.S. in Clove.

F) T.S. in Hypanthium.

G) Stamen.

H) Petal (s.v.). I) Filament.

J) Fibrous layer.

K) Oil gland.

L) Epidermis. of hypanthium.

M) Parenchyma. Of hypanthium. N) Phloem fibers.

O) Pollen grains

P) Sclereids of mother Clove.


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Clove PowderKey Elements:

-Trianguler pollen grains.

-Schizolysigenous oil

glands.

-Fibrous layer of anther.

- Cluster crystals of

calcium oxalate.


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Active Constituents

Volatile oil (14-20%), the main constituent of

which is the phenolic compounds eugenol,

isoeugenol and acetyl eugenol, in addition to

sesquiterpenes(- and -phellandrene).

Hydrolysable tannin.


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Therapeutic Uses

Stimulant and aromatic flavoring and antiseptic.

The oil has local anesthetic effect ( used for

treatment of toothache).

The sesquiterpenes in oil of clove are cited to be

potential anticarcinogenic compounds.

Eugenol is used for the preparation of vanillin.


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Compositae Flower Head

(Sunflower inflorescence)


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Ray ( Ligulate ) Floret

It is pistillate.

Corolla is strip-like consisting of 5 united petals.

It has an inferior ovary and a bifid stigma,sometimes a bifid style.


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Disc( Tubular ) Floret

It is hermaphrodite.

Corolla is tubular consisting of 5 united petals

showing 5 teeth.

It has an inferior ovary and a bifid stigma.

The androecium is joined by anther

(synginaceous anther).


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Roman Chamomile

Botanical origin:

It is the dried flower heads ofAnthemis nobilis

familyCompositae.

Geographical Source:

It is cultivated in south England, Belgium,

France, Germany, Hungary and Poland and

others.


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Roman chamomile

Photo-image


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Chamomile Powder

Anthemis nobilis

Key Elements:

- Pollen grains ( spherical with

spiny exine ).

- Fibrous layer of anther.- Papillosed stigma.

- Compositae glandular trichomes

( biseriate[2-4 cells] stalk, bicellularbiseriate head ).

- Non glandular trichomes.

- Cluster crystals of calcium

oxalate.


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Active Constituents

Volatile oil (0.4-1%) the main constituent of

which is n-butyl angelate, and azulene (gives the

oil blue color).

Sesquiterpene lactones.

Apigenin and luteolin (flavonoids).


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Therapeutic Uses

For the treatment of dyspepsia (in the form of

infusion).

In shampoo preparations.

In poultice preparation for treatment of some

skin diseases.


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German Chamomile

Botanical origin:

It is the dried flower heads ofMatricaria recutita

family Compositae.

Geographical Sourse:

It is native to and cultivated in southern and

eastern Europe such as Germany and Hungery.


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Photo-image of German Chamomile


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Roman and German Chamomile

A,B)Roman Ch.

C,E)German Ch.

D)Ray floret of

Germa German Ch.1)Disc floret

2)Ray floret

3)Palae

4)Receptacle

5)bract of

involucre


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Difference between German and

Roman Chamomile

Roman Chamomile German Chamomile

*Very few disc florets * One whorl ray florets

and abundant ray and abundant discflorets (double capitulum) florets.

* Solid receptacle * Hollow receptacle.

*There are palae (thin * No palae are found.membranous bracts)


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Powdered Matricaria


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Active Constituents

Volatile Oil (0.4%)blue in color due to the

presence of chamazulene which is a

sesquiterpene lactone found in the oil together

with other sesquiterpenes (bisabolol andfarnesene.

Apigenin flavonoid.

Coumarins.


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Therapeutic Uses

Antispasmodic for digestive disorders.

Anti-inflammatory in skin preparations.

It has an ulcer-protective properties (due to thebisabolol content).

Flowers and Inflorescences

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