Flores vs Flores

7/21/2019 Flores vs Flores

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G.R. No. L-28930 August 17, 1973

CATALINA FLORES, FELICIANO FLORES, CRISTINA FLORES, ISABEL FLORES,

an !EIRS OF SABINA FLORES, a""#$%ants-a""&##ants,

's.

ISAAC FLORES an (ICTOR FLORES, o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s.

*&)o G. *&)a#ta +o) a""#$%ants-a""&##ants.

$gu&# T. Gua#&)to +o) o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s.

FERNANO, /.

It $s a s&)$ous u&st$on, #$&$s& $4")&ss& $t5 a no'&# as"&%t, t5at t5$s

a""&a# +)o4 a #o&) %ou)t &%$s$on ")&s&nts. In "ass$ng u"on t5& )&s"&%t$'&

%#a$4s o+ t5& "a)t$&s $n a su$t +o) )&g$st)at$on o+ to "a)%&#s o+ #an, t5& 6ug& a uo, "&)5a"s &s$)ous o+ $s"#a$ng So#o4on$% $so4, $

a6u$%at& t5& +$)st to t5& a""#$%ants, no a""&##ants, a## su)na4& F#o)&s 1

an t5& s&%on to t5& o""os$to)s-a""&##&&, 2 $t5 t5& sa4& +a4$# na4&,

ot5 s$&s t)a%$ng t5&$) a##&g& )$g5ts to su%5 ")o"&)t a o+ $n5&)$tan%&

+)o4 t5&$) )&s"&%t$'& +at5&)s, 3 o4$ngo F#o)&s, $n t5& %as& o+ t5& +o)4&),

an A#&6an)o F#o)&s, on t5& "a)t o+ t5& #att&). It $s no %ont&n&

a""#$%ants-a""&##ants t5at t5& &%$s$on )&a%5& $s $t5out su""o)t $n an

)&"ugnant to t5& &"#$%$t an &ta$#& +$n$ngs o+ +a%t t5& #o&) %ou)t. It $s

t5&$) '$& t5&n t5at t5& 6ug4&nt no on a""&a# as $n+&%t& $t5

a)$t)a)$n&ss, t5us )$ng$ng $n a u& ")o%&ss &#&4&nt. As t5& "o$nt& outso#&# out, $t $s so#&# out o+ t5& #o&) %ou)ts :&s$)& to g$'& so4&

s&4#an%& o+ "&)4an&n%: ; to t5& "oss&ss$on o+ o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s as

&'$&n%& t5&$) 5ous&s &$ng %onst)u%t& t5&)&on t5at $ su++$%& +o) t5&

&n$a# o+ t5&$) )$g5t to )&g$st)at$on. A stu o+ t5& )&%o)s an t5& '&)

&%$s$on $ts&#+ s5o t5& 4&)$t o+ su%5 an a"")oa%5. A%%o)$ng#, & susta$n

t5& a""&a#.



In t5& a""#$%at$on +o) )&g$st)at$on +$#& a""#$%ants-a""&##ants, t5& a##&g&

on&)s5$" $n +&& s$4"#& o+ t5& to "a)%&#s o+ #an $n u&st$on ass&ss& $n

t5& tota# su4 o+ *220.00, t5&$) a%u$s$t$on &$ng as& on $n5&)$tan%& +)o4

t5&$) +at5&), a4$tt$ng t5at %&)ta$n $n$'$ua#s < 5o, $t tu)n& out, &)&)&#at& to t5&4, $ %onst)u%t a 5ous& on a "o)t$on o+ t5& s&%on #ot. =

T5&)& as an o""os$t$on +$#& Isaa% an ($%to) F#o)&s 5&)&$n t5& $

%#a$4 on&)s5$" o+ t5& a+o)&sa$ to "a)%&#s, a##&g$ng t5at t5& a)& $n a%tua#

an "5s$%a# "oss&ss$on t5&)&o+, 5a'$ng a%u$)& t5& sa4& $n5&)$tan%&

+)o4 t5&$) &%&as& +at5&), A#&6an)o F#o)&s.

T)$a# as 5a, an a &%$s$on as )&n&)& on August 31, 19=7. It &%)&&

t5& )&g$st)at$on o+ t5& +$)st #ot to t5& a""#$%ants-a""&##ants an t5& s&%on to

t5& o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s. A+t&) not$ng t5& )&#at$ons5$" o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s anA#&6an)o F#o)&s as )ot5&)s, t5& ")&&%&sso)s-$n-$nt&)&st ot5 a""#$%ants-

a""&##ants an o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s, t5& &%$s$on no on a""&a# &nt on to

stat& :T5& &'$&n%& $s u$t& %#&a) t5at at on& t$4& u)$ng 5$s #$+&t$4&

o4$ngo F#o)&s as t5& on&) o+ t5& "a)%&#s $n u&st$on o) at #&ast t5&

no)t5&)n #ot. o4$ngo $& $n 19<2. But &'&n &+o)& 5$s &at5 &%aus&

o4$ngo &nt to $nanao to s&tt#& +o) so4&t$4& $n sa$ )&g$on, $t as

a##o& to & &%#a)& +o) taat$on "u)"os&s $n t5& na4& o+ 5$s aug5t&)

Cata#$na F#o)&s an so & +$n a &%#a)at$on, as &a)# as 1937, s5o$ng t5at

$t as Cata#$na F#o)&s 5o, &%aus& 5&) +at5&) >as? $n $nanao, "a$ t5&

#an ta&s o+ t5& #an $n u&st$on un&) ta &%#a)at$on No. <703<, a)&a

t5&n 29802 s. 4&t&)s, $n t5& na4& o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s. T5& )&%o)s $s%#os&

t5at at t5at t$4& t5& #an $n u&st$on as n&'&) t5& su6&%t o+ an ot5&) ta

&%#a)at$on &%&"t t5at on& $n t5& na4& o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s. A4$tt&#, t5$s

$s t5& #an $n u&st$on. T5&)& a)& ot5&) ta &%#a)at$ons a+t&) 1937 $n t5&

na4&s o+ a""#$%ants as 5&$)s o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s. On& $s ta &%#a)at$on No.

3<;90 an anot5&) $s ta &%#a)at$on No. 130= $n t5& na4& o+ o4$ngo

F#o)&s ut +o) a #at&) &a), 19;9. T5& )&%o)s %on%#us$'&# s5o t5at Cata#$na

F#o)&s "a$ t5& #an ta&s un&) s&'&)a# )&%&$"ts +o) t5& &a)s 19;7, 19<0,

19<1, 19<2, 19<3, an 19<=. T5$s o%u4&nt &'$&n%& o+ a""#$%ants %o'&)s

ot5 #ots 1 an 2. T5& &'$&n%& o+ a""#$%ant $s a#so )&asona# &#$&'a#&

t5at &+o)& t5& a) t5&)& as no a'&)s& %#a$4 o+ an so)t aga$nst t5&

on&)s5$" o4$ngo 5o "oss&ss& t5& sa4& to #ots $n u&st$on as on&)

"&a%&+u## an %ont$nuous#. It $s a4$tt& t5& a""#$%at$on t5at

"&)4$ss$on o+ o4$ngo an t5& a""#$%ants t5&4s&#'&s, A#&6an)o an 5$s

%5$#)&n Isaa% an ($%to) %onst)u%t& t5&$) 5ous&s on t5& sout5&)n "a)t o+

t5& #an $n u&st$on. T5& "&)4$ss$on as g$'&n &%aus& o+ )&#at$ons5$" an a



&s$)& to 5&#" )&#at$'&s $n n&&. But $t $s a#so %#&a) t5at Isaa% an ($%to) &)&

"&)4$tt& to "ut t5&$) 5ous&s on #ot 2 on#.: 7 T5&n %a4& t5$s %at&go)$%a#

&%#a)at$on t5&)&$n :E'&n no t5& Cou)t &#$&'&s t5at #ot 1 $s "oss&ss&

t5& a""#$%ants %ont)a) to t5& ")ot&stat$on o+ o""os$to)s t5at t5& a)&

"5s$%a## o%%u"$ng #ots 2 an 1.: 8 &nt$on as t5&n 4a& t5at t5&

a""#$%ants-a""&##ants $ %on%&& :t5at &'&n A#&6an)o, t5& +at5&) o+ t5&

o""os$to)s, #$'& an $& $n a 5ous& &)&%t& $n #ot 2.: 9 No) as t5$s a##. It

as #$&$s& stat& :C)$st$na O%5o%o, an o# #a o+ t5& "#a%&, t&st$+$& +o)

t5& a""#$%ants, stat$ng t5at s5& $s t5& on&) o+ t5& #an a6a%&nt to t5& a)&a,

su6&%t 4att&) o+ t5$s )&g$st)at$on, an t5at C)$st$na $s t5& ouna) on&)

on t5& &ast. T5at u)$ng t5&$) oung&) as as %5$#)&n $t as o4$ngo, t5&

+at5&) o+ t5& a""#$%ants, 5o on& t5& a)&a. An t5at A#&6an)o, t5&

)ot5&) o+ o4$ngo, 5as no on&)s5$" o'&) an "a)t o+ t5& to #ots. But

C)$st$na a4$tt& t5at A#&6an)o, so4&5&)& at so4&t$4&, o%%u"$&

5$4s&#+ a "a)t o+ t5& #an t5at $s #ot 2 &%aus& at t5at t$4& t5&)& &)& no

"&o"#& #$'$ng $n t5& a)&a. In t5& '&)s$on o+ C5)$st$na t5& o%%u"at$on o+ Isaa%

an ($%to) an t5&$) #$'$ng $n #ot 2 %a4& on# a+t&) t5& a). It $s a4$tt& t5at

o4$ngo, t5& +at5&) o+ t5& a""#$%ants, $& $n $nanao. T5& t&st$4on o+

Ro&)to R$'&)a, 5usan o+ a""#$%ant Sa$na F#o)&s, 5o $s &a, $s to t5&

&++&%t t5at A#&6an)o 5$4s&#+ %a4& to as "&)4$ss$on to u$# a 5ous& on t5&

#an $n u&st$on 6ust a+t&) t5& a). o4$ngo, 5$#& $n $nanao, %a4& to San

F&)nano to '$s$t t5& "#a%& an 5$s )&#at$'&s, ut 5& )&tu)n& to t5& sout5&)n

$s#ans an 5& $&

t5&)&.: 10 R&+&)&n%& as #$&$s& 4a& to 5at $t %ons$&)& %#&a) an

un%ont)a$%t& &'$&n%& on t5& "a)t o+ a""#$%ants-a""&##ants :t5at s5o)t#a+t&) t5& a) 5&n t5& @S A)4 o%%u"$& t5& "#a%& &%aus& o+ 4$#$ta)

"u)"os&s, $t as Sa$na F#o)&s, on& o+ t5& a""#$%ants, 5o &&%ut& t5&

&& o+ #&as& $t5 t5& @S A)4 +o) t5& 5o#& #an $n u&st$on. T5at && o+

#&as& $s at& F&)ua) 2=, 19;=. T5&)& $s no && o+ #&as& 5atso&'&) o)

an %ont)a%t )$tt&n o) '&)a# &t&&n t5& @S A)4 an t5& o""os$to)s.: 11

T5$s, too, +)o4 t5& '&) &%$s$on $ts&#+ :Anot5&) o%u4&nta) $n$%at$on t5at

t5& a""#$%ants a)& t5& on&)s o+ t5& #an $n u&st$on $s t5& +)&& "at&nt t$t#&

No. 92; $ssu& t5& go'&)n4&nt on &%&4&) 23, 193<, $n +a'o) o+ /uan

O%5o%o, t5& ouna) on&) o+ t5& a""#$%ants to t5& no)t5. In t5& O)$g$na#

C&)t$+$%at& o+ T$t#& o+ /uan O%5o%o, $t $s 4&nt$on& t5at t5& ouna) on&)s

to t5& sout5-&ast $s t5at #an o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s. No ot5&) %on%#us$on %an &

ta&n +)o4 t5$s $n$%at$on ut t5& #an $n u&st$on &#ongs to o4$ngo

F#o)&s. *a)t o+ t5& &'$&n%& ")&s&nt& t5& a""#$%ants $s t5& t&st$4on o+

Ig4$$o A4$ta 5o 5as a 5ous& $n #ot 2. !& sa$ t5at $t as Sa$na F#o)&s

5o ga'& "&)4$ss$on to u$# 5$s 5ous& on t5& #an "o)t$on o+ #ot 2, a#t5oug5

5& a4$tt& t5at t5& "&)4$ss$on as g$'&n 6o$nt# Sa$na an A#&6an)o.



A#&6an)o $nt&)'&n& $n t5& %on'&)sat$on to "$n"o$nt 5&)& A4$ta ou# u$#

5$s 5ous&.: 12

No) $ t5& #o&) %ou)t +a$# to ta& $nto %ons$&)at$on 5at as a##&g& on

&5a#+ o+ o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s. T5us :Co4$ng no to t5& &'$&n%& o+ t5&

o""os$to)s, & 5&a) ($%to) F#o)&s >stat&? t5at 5$s +at5&), A#&6an)o, an no

t5& to o""os$to) as t5& on&) o+ t5& 5o#& #an $n u&st$on, #ots 1 an 2.

But, o'$ous#, t5& stat&4&nt o+ ($%to) $n t5& 5&a)$ng o+ A")$# 27, 19=<, t5at

$t as 5$s +at5&), A#&6an)o, 5o #&as& #ots 1 an 2 to t5& @S A)4 an

%o##&%t& a)oun *700.00 $s not t)u&. ($%to) %ou# not ")ou%& a s$ng#&

o%u4&nt o) an su""o)t$ng "a"&) o) &ta$#. T5& t)ut5 $s t5at $t as Sa$na

5o #&as& t5& ")o"&)t to t5& @S A)4. T5& )&%o) $s '&) %#&a) t5at $t as

Sa$na F#o)&s 5o #&as& t5& 5o#& ")o"&)t an t5at $t as s5& 5o

%o##&%t& t5& )&nta#s an no ot5&) $n 19;7. ($%to) &'&n %on+us& 5$4s&#+

sa$ng t5at t5& #&as& as $n 19=0 an #at&) $n 19<0. T5& Cou)t &#$&'&s t5at

t5$s stat&4&nt $s not t)u& &%aus& t5& @S A)4 o%%u"$& t5& "#a%& so4&t$4&

$n 19;< an 19;=. T5& &a)#$&st ta &%#a)at$on t5at t5& o""os$to)s 5a'&

")&s&nt& $n t5$s %as& $s at& 19;<. It s&&4s to & st$## &5$n &$g5t

&a)s o+ t5& 1937 ta &%#a)at$on o+ o4$ngo F#o)&s. On& &ta$# $s t5at &'&n

$n t5& ta &%#a)at$on o+ t5& o""os$to)s, A#&6an)o F#o)&s, t5&$) +at5&) an

4u%5 #at&) Isaa% an ($%to), t5& a)&a "#a%& $s =000 sua)& 4&t&)s an no

4o)& t5an t5at. T5& a)&a %o$n%$&s $t5 t5& :a++$a'$t )&#at$ng to on&)s5$"

o+ #an: &&%ut& Est&an F#o)&s, A#&6an)o F#o)&s, $tn&ss& /u#$an

u%#aan an Agaton u%us$n nota)$& /os& R. F#o)&s $n 19;8. T5& a)&ao+ t5& #an $n u&st$on as%)$& A#&6an)o F#o)&s $s =000 sua)& 4&t&)s an

no 4o)&. Not& t5at #ot 2 5$%5 $s no "5s$%a## o%%u"$& t5& o""os$to)s

5as an a)&a o+ 728; sua)& 4&t&)s. Lot 1 5&)& t5&)& $s no 5ous& o+ t5&

o""os$to)s $s 13,93= sua)& 4&t&)s. T5& o""os$to)s %#a$4 5a'& an at

so4&t$4& a ta &%#a)at$on at& 1902, ut no t)a%& o+ su%5 o%u4&nt $s

a'a$#a#& toa. T5& Cou)t &%#$n&s to &#$&'& $n t5$s ta &%#a)at$on o+ 1902.

A4$tt&#, t5& o""os$to)s $ not o""os& t5& su)'& $n 19<2.: 13

Non&t5&#&ss, %ont)a) to t5& ao'& +a%ts as as%&)ta$n&, t5& #o&) %ou)t $a6u$%at&, as not& at t5& outs&t, t5& +$)st #ot to t5& a""#$%ants-a""&##ants,

an t5& s&%on to t5& o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s. T5$s $s 5o $t soug5t to

)at$ona#$& su%5 a 5o#$ng t5at $t $s $n o""os$t$on to t5& '&) +$n$ngs 4a&

$t :T5& &'$&n%& $s o'&)5&#4$ng an %on%#us$'& t5at #ot 1 4ust & g$'&n to

t5& a""#$%ants. A s&%on #oo t5at $4"&#s t5$s Cou)t to g$'& #ot 2 to t5&

o""os$to)s $s a &s$)& to g$'& so4& s&4#an%& o+ "&)4an&n% to t5&



o""os$to)s 5ous&s. T5& 'a#u& o+ t5& #an $n u&st$on $s u$t& 5$g5 an $+ t5&

a""#$%ants g&t a## t5& #ots t5& o""os$to)s ou# & $n ang&) &%aus& t5&

#an %ou# & so# at a $g an t&4"t$ng ")$%&.: 1;

F)o4 t5& ao'& )&%$ta# o+ +a%ts as +oun t5& #o&) %ou)t, $t $s &as$#

un&)stana#& 5 a""#$%ants a""&a#& t5& &%$s$on. T5& %ou# '&) &##

)&# on t5& +a%ts as +oun. It o&s +o##o t5at $t5 t5& %as& &$ng $)&%t#

ta&n to t5$s Cou)t, on# u&st$ons o+ #a %ou# & )a$s&. So $t as 4a&

%#&a) $n *&)& '. A)an&ta. 1< T5& #at&) &%$s$ons s"&a to t5& sa4& &++&%t. 1=

A""#$%ants %ou# %o))&%t# "o$nt to an $n+$)4$t t5at '$t$at&s t5& &%$s$on. T5&

4o& $n 5$%5 t5& 6u$%$a# +un%t$on as &&)%$s& $n t5$s "a)t$%u#a) %as& $s

%#&a)# o"&n to o6&%t$on. It ou# & a )&")oa%5 to t5& #a $+ a &%$s$on o+

t5$s %5a)a%t&) &)& a##o& to stan. It o&s s&&4 +a)-+&t%5& t5at $t5 su%5

a &ta$#& ana#s$s o+ t5& )&s"&%t$'& %ont&nt$ons an t5& a%%&"tan%& o+ t5&

'&)s$on as t&st$+$& to on& "a)t, $t as t5& ot5&) "a)t t5at ou# &

+a'o)& t5& '&)$%t. C&)ta$n#, $t ou# & a %&nsu)& to t5& #&ga# sst&4 $+

no %o))&%t$'& 4&asu)&s &)& a""#$&. 17 !&n%&, as stat& at t5& outs&t, t5$s

a""&a# 4ust ")os"&).

1. It &a)s )&"&at$ng t5at a+t&) su%5 a %a)&+u# a "a$nsta$ng s%)ut$n o+

t5& &'$&n%& o++&)&, s$+t$ng 5at as &#$&'a#& +)o4 t5at 5$%5 %ou# not

& a%%o)& a%%&"tan%& t5& %on%#us$on oug5t to 5a'& &&n ")&$%ta#&.

Su)")$s$ng#, t5& #o&) %ou)t 5a an a#tog&t5&) un&"&%t& )&a%t$on. 5atas u$t& o'$ous $ not %o4& to "ass. It as )at5&) t5& &a%t o""os$t&. A

4o)& g#a)$ng &a4"#& o+ a non s&u$tu) $s $++$%u#t to $4ag$n&. T5&)& $s t5us

an a++)ont to )&ason 5$%5 o++&ns$'& to t5& u& ")o%&ss %#aus&. 18 T5at $s a

%a)$na# ")$n%$"#& $n ou) "o#$t. T$4& an t$4& aga$n, t5$s Cou)t 5as

")o%#a$4& $n no un%&)ta$n #anguag& t5at t5& stana) t5&)&$n

%onst$tut$ona## $4"os& stans as a a)n$ng aga$nst an go'&)n4&nta# a%t

t5at %an & +$t# %5a)a%t&)$& as un6ust. 19 In t5& %at&go)$%a# #anguag& o+

t5& t5&n /ust$%&, #at&) C5$&+ /ust$%&, Con%&"%$on :In&&, a%ts o+ Cong)&ss,

as &## as t5os& o+ t5& E&%ut$'&, %an &n u& ")o%&ss on# un&) "a$n o+

nu##$t, an 6u$%$a# ")o%&&$ngs su++&)$ng +)o4 t5& sa4& +#a a)& su6&%t tot5& sa4& san%t$on, an statuto) ")o'$s$on to t5& %ont)a) not$t5stan$ng.:

20 C&)ta$n#, $t $s unout& t5at +o) t5& #o&) %ou)t to 4a& su%5 &ta$#&

+$n$ngs o+ +a%t an t5&)&a+t&) $s)&ga) $t5 $4"un$t 5at as a

%ons&u&n%& $s )&u$)& #a as to a%t $t5 4an$+&st un+a$)n&ss. T5at

%&)ta$n#, $s 6u$%$a# %onu%t t5at %annot 4&&t t5& t&st ")&s%)$& u&

")o%&ss. T5& +un%t$on #&g$t$4at&# '&st& $n %ou)ts $s to & &&)%$s& $n an



4ann&) ut t5at. T5$s $s not to &n t5& $s%)&t$on t5at a %ou)t $s "oss&ss&

$n &t&)4$n$ng 5at &'$&n%& $s &nt$t#& to &#$&+. It $s 4&)&# to ass&)t t5at

on%& $t 5a on& so, t5& #&ga# no)4s to & a""#$& s5ou# not &t)a an

$n%ons$st&n% $t5 5at 5a t5us &&n a%%&"t& as t5& t)u& stat& o+ a++a$)s.

T5$s, t5& #o&) %ou)t +a$#& to o.

2. It $s to & a4$tt& t5at t5& so#$%$tu& s5on t5& %ou)t +o) t5&

&#+a)& o+ o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s 5o 5a %onst)u%t& 5ous&s on t5& s&%on

#ot $s not to & &"#o)&. It 4ust not & +o)gott&n t5oug5 t5at t5& 6ust$%& to

5$%5 #$t$gants a)& &nt$t#& $s 6ust$%& a%%o)$ng to #a. 5at $t ")&s%)$&s

t5&n 4ust & %o4"#$& $t5. T5& a)n$ng o+ Ca)oo 4ust & 5&&&. A

6ug& :$s not to $&# to s"as4o$% s&nt$4&nt, to 'agu& an un)&gu#at&

&n&'o#&n%&.: 21 I+ 5at $ t)ans"$)& $n t5$s %as& $s not to & %o))&%t&,

t5&n t5&)& 4$g5t & an $4"a$)4&nt o+ t5& g&n&)a#$t t5at s5ou# %5a)a%t&)$&

a #&ga# sst&4. Su%5 an &'&ntua#$t $s to & a'o$&. At an )at&, t5&

)&'&)sa# o+ t5& &%$s$on go&s no +u)t5&) t5an to )&%ogn$& t5& )$g5t o+ t5&

a""#$%ants-a""&##ants to t5& )&g$st)at$on o+ t5& to "a)%&#s o+ #an $n

u&st$on. 5at&'&) )$g5ts o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s 4a 5a'& '$)tu& o+ t5&$)

&$ng a##o& to %onst)u%t t5&$) 5ous&s on t5& #ot $n u&st$on $s not, $n an

a, a++&%t& t5& &%$s$on )&a%5& us. It 4$g5t #$&$s& & stat& t5at

t5&$) %ouns&#, %ons$&)$ng su%5 a +$n$ng o+ +a%ts, s5ou# 5a'& ta&n st&"s to

5a'& t5& sa4& )&'$&& t5& Cou)t o+ A""&a#s. !$s +a$#u)& to o so on t5&

assu4"t$on t5at $t $ )&+#&%t 5o t5& o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s +&#t on t5& 4att&)

$&#s t5& $4"#$%at$on t5at 5at as 5&# t5& #o&) %ou)t as to t5&%ont)o##$ng +a%ts 5a t)ut5 on $ts s$&.

!EREFORE, t5& &%$s$on o+ t5& #o&) %ou)t o+ August 31, 19=7 $s 4o$+$&

$n t5& s&ns& t5at Lot No. 2 s5ou# & )&g$st&)& #$&$s& $n +a'o) o+ t5&

a""#$%ants, no a""&##ants. $t5 %osts aga$nst o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s.

aa#$nta#, A%tg. C./., Cast)o, T&&5an&&, Ba))&o, aas$a), Anton$o an

Esgu&))a //., %on%u).

a#$'a), /., $s on #&a'&.



Footnot&s

1 T5& a""#$%ants-a""&##ants a)& Cata#$na F#o)&s, F&#$%$ano F#o)&s, C)$st$naF#o)&s, Isa&# F#o)&s an 5&$)s o+ Sa$na F#o)&s.

2 T5& o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s a)& Isaa% F#o)&s an ($%to) F#o)&s.

3 G)an+at5&), $n t5& %as& o+ a""#$%ants-a""&##ants 5&$)s o+ Sa$na F#o)&s.

; &%$s$on, R&%o) on A""&a#, 2<.

< A#&6an)o F#o)&s, Isaa% F#o)&s an ($%to) F#o)&s, t5& #att&) to no

o""os$to)s-a""&##&&s.

= A""#$%at$on +o) R&g$st)at$on, R&%o) on A""&a#, 1-<.

7 &%$s$on, I$, 13-1;.

8 I$, 1;-1<.

9 I$, 20.

10 I$, 20-21.

11 I$, 21-22.

12 I$, 22.



13 I$, 22-2;.

1; I$, 2<.

1< L-18;1;, /u# 1<, 19=8, 2; SCRA ;3. T5& o"$n$on %$t& 30 %as&s..

1= C+. Lu%&)o '. Loot, L-1=99<, O%t. 28 , 19=8, 2< SCRA =87D $gu&# '.

Cata#$no, L-23072, No'. 29, 19=8, 2= SCRA 2;3D Luna '. *#aa, L-27<11,

No'. 29, 19=8, 2= SCRA 310D Fa'$s '. un$%$"a#$t o+ Saangan, L-2=<22,

F&. 27, 19=9, 27 SCRA 92D (&)ast$gu& '. Cou)t o+ A""&a#s, L-23973, A")$#

29, 19=9, 27 SCRA 119=D Sa#aa) '. & Cast)o&s, L-2<9;9, a 22, 19=9,28 SCRA 299D Lana) '. Gu&))&)o, L-21<81, Aug. 28, 19=9, 29 SCRA 107D

Sa#ua)&s '. a)t$n&, L-2733<, O%t. 28, 19=9,29 SCRA 7;<D ($%to)$no '.

Lao, L-2<273, a 28, 1970, 33 SCRA <;D Gona#&s-*)&%$##a '. Rosa)$o, L-

2930=, a 29, 1970, 33 SCRA 228D !o& '. Au)&#$o an Co., In%., L-31111,

/un& 30, 1971, 39 SCRA =<8D & #a *a '. & Gu4an, L-281;7, F&. 29,

1972, ;3 SCRA 38;.

17 C+. (&)a '. A)%a, L-2<721, a 2=, 19=9, 28 SCRA 3<1.

18 A%%o)$ng to t5& 193< Const$tut$on $n +o)%& at t5& t$4& t5& &%$s$on

as )&n&)& :No "&)son s5a## & &")$'& o+ #$+&, #$&)t, o) ")o"&)t

$t5out u& ")o%&ss o+ #a ... .: A)t. III, S&%. 1, "a) 1. Su%5 a ")o'$s$on $s

no +oun $n S&%. 1, A)t. I( o+ t5& R&'$s& Const$tut$on. .

19 C+. Ca#a#ang '. $##$a4s, 70 *5$#. 72= 19;0D Gu$o '. Ru)a# *)og)&ss

A4., 8; *5$#. 8;7 19;9D E)4$ta-a#at& !ot&# an ot&# O"&)ato)sAsso%$at$on '. C$t ao), L-2;=93, /u# 31, 19=7, 20 SCRA 8;9D o)+& '.

utu%, L-20387, /an. 31, 19=8, 22 SCRA ;2;D Sant$ago '. A#$"a#a, L-2<133,

S&"t. 28, 19=8, 2< SCRA 3<=D /.. Tuason Co., In%. '. Lan T&nu)&

A4$n$st)at$on, L-210=;, F&. 18, 1970, 31 SCRA ;13D Eu '. E)$%ta, L-

3209=, O%t. 2;, 1970, 3< SCRA ;81.



20 (a. & Cua%ong '. (a. & S&ng&ng%o, 110 *5$#. 113, 118 19=0.

21 Natu)& o+ /u$%$a# *)o%&ss, 1;1 1921.

Flores vs Flores

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