Flora y Fauna de Zapallar

8/12/2019 Flora y Fauna de Zapallar

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A NATURAL TREASURE

THE ZAPALLAR FOREST


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Aleander on Holdt, 1809

Frierich Gerg Weitsch

Charles Darn

I FoRmERLyAdmIREdHUmboLdT,I NoWALmoSTAdoRE HIm.Charles Darn, letter written in 1832


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Althugh the each ha their uniue stles an ifferent

persnalities, the explrers Alexaner Vn Hult an

Charles darwin represent tw inuential gures f science.bth were gifte with the ailit an willingness t unerstan

the natural wrl. overcing enrus challenges in their

vages, the reache prfun an revlutinar cnclusins

regaring the cnnectivit f natural phenena. darwin

cnsiere Hult ne f the greatest scientic explrers

f his tie, an freuentl referre t hi in his jurnals an

persnal letters. Hults explratin f the lanscape,

as well as his writing stle, inspire darwin t eark n his

vage n the beagle. He als prvie hi with the asic

guielines n what an hw t serve an recr his nings.

Hult an darwin were naturalists whse inuence can

e seen thrughut the scpe f science. It is interesting that

each f their respective wrks have, as their rigin, a vage f

iscver that tk place uring their uth.

Hult is ften cnsiere the father f eclg. He was the

rst t take n the stu f the relatinship etween rganiss

an their envirnent. Hults travels were well thught

ut an prepare while darwin encuntere an unexpecte

challenges an setacks. In these vages, the cast f Chile was

f ke iprtance fr prviing evience that supprte their

future theries aut the links etween species istriutin an

natural phenena. Hult was ne f the rst naturalistst relate the earths phsical phenena t species istriutin

when he state:

In the stu f phsical phenena we n the nlest

an st relevant result t e a knwlege f the chain

f life, which all natural frces are intercnnecte an

utuall epenent.

The Peruvian current was nae after Hult, wh escrie

its extrarinar iprtance fr castal ecsstes f Suth

Aerica. This cean current is the ain suject f a fascinating

letter Hult wrte t Charles darwin in 1839:

I wul have like t talk t u re aut the cl water

cean current that rers the cast, n which I pnere

s ften, ecause I elieve it ies the cliate f the

cast. A cl water river runs f r the Sutheast an hits

the cast f Chile ging twars the suth an nrth f the

Chns alng the Peruvian cast.

TwO SOuTHERN ExPEDiTiONSA VISIoNARy ANd HIS mENToR

07

KarlyunisK.


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The Hult current appeare illins f ears ag, when,

wing inertia arun Antarctica, the curse f these waters

suffere a nal isruptin. As the Suth Aerican cntinent

eerge, a eep rige egan t fr n the cean tt alng

the Pacic cast f Suth Aerica that ene up eviating

the current nrthwars reaching the Galapags Islans. The

arine tt that rers the cntinent has an epth

variatins, which generates a cnvectin actin that serves as

a ule current, enaling the Hult current t e self-

sustaine. When the current nall reaches the Galapags, it

turns westwars, an ens up scattering its waters thrughut

the Plnesian Islans.

The cliate f the regin f Valparais is inuence the

current, which als ecisivel affects the cliate f the entire

Chilean castline. man specialize haitats thrughut Chile

we their existence t this phenenn.

A COLD wATER RivERTHE HUmboLdT CURRENT

Las Docas each, Reon of valparaso Pht: Rrig mraga Z.

USAr

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uPwELLiNgSA CoNSTANT SoURCE oF NoURISHmENT

Upwellings are ascening currents that carr water fr the

epth f the cean t the surface. The teperature an salinit

f cean waters have an essential effect n its ensit an create

ense water ies in specic places. These waters are rich in

nutrients, aking the sink t the tt f the cean, t e

then extene twars ther latitues cean currents. In 1839,

Hult utline an explanatr echanis aut the rise f

eep cean r water - the upwellings - which wul asicall

explain the wa the Hult current perates n the western

cast f Suth Aerica.

The Antarctic waters f the Hult current cntain an

extrarinaril rich ensit f planktn, transfring these

waters int ne f the st iprtant shing gruns n the

planet, thus aking the currents waters an iprtant ecnic

resurce fr Chile, Ecuar an Peru.

JPL

/NASA

bll KelpDurvillaea antarctica

Pht: Karl yunis K.

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A bOuNTiFuL OCEANoRIGIN oF bIoLoGICAL RICHNESS ANd dIVERSITy

one f the st ilgicall rich areas f the Chilean cean is

lcate etween Valparais an Ls mlles. This is ue ainl

t the inuence f the Hult current an t the utstaning

tpgraph f the cean r an the castline in this part f

Chile. The ain water ies an the irectin in which the

currents w have a raatic inuence n the istriutin f the

varius arine species.

A ra range f li ving an nn-living cean resurces interrelate

in varius ecsstes alng this cast. The waters, which are

rich in inerals an rganic atter, allw the existence f a

iverse arra f arine life.

The Hult current als rings with it the fgs that cnense

ver the sea an castal hills. A few natural arriers alng the

central cast f Chile allw these rning ists t precipitate.

The terrestrial cunities f the castal hills f the Valparais

regin f Chile als we their existence t the Hult current,

since it allws fr the cnensatin f the sea ist against the

steep slpes f the Castal muntain range.bottle-nosed Dolphn Tursiops truncatusPht: Rrig mraga Z.

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FOgNURTURING THE FoREST

14

Prevailing wins fr the Pacic cean ve twars the cast,

precipitating as the pass ver the cler waters f the Hult

current, thus prucing a ense laer f fg knwn as the

Caanchaca. These air asses, laen with isture are frce

t ascen ver the castal terrain, which causes the t cl

at an altitue f apprxiatel 400 eters ave sea level. This

phenenn creates a icrcliate in the high castal hills f

Zapallar ue t an arupt interrupti n f the theral inversin levels

as the hit the castal cliffs, resulting in cnensatin thrugh

the frests fg-catching effect. This pruces precipitatin

siilar in vlue t thse f the Suthern teperate rainfrest

regins, an wul explain wh ense frests are fun at higher

elevatins. Fg is ifferent t rain water in that it cntains nitrgen

cpuns, sulfur, carn an, f curse, sea salt, prucing

relict frests with hrphilus characteristics plant species with

a ttal epenence n the sea-ist.

15

KarlyunisK.


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SofaAranet


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19

THE RELiCT FORESTA WITNESS oF CHANGE

In spite f scarce precipitatin, the evelpent an survival

f the castal frests f Chiles meiterranean ecregin is

pssile thanks t the cntriutin f isture cntent fr fg.

Castal ist lwn the win is trappe the vegetatin in

iense uantities, fring large rps n the fliage, which

then escen t the frest r. This interrelatin etween the

fliage an the sea ist is what sustains the frest f Zapallar

an the assciate ilgical i versit.

This uniue ecsste cntains species that ppulate vast

areas f this ecregin when rainfall was far re aunant. The

successin f glaciatins that tk place uring the Pleistcene

an Plicene separate the frests f Zapallar, Santa Ins in

Pichiangui, an Alts e Talina in Fra Jrge, fr the rest f

the frests f the Chilean suthern zne. These frests are ta

a living renant f what a vast frest ecsste use t lk like

in the central parts f Chile thusans f ears ag. Ang the

tree species that have survive fr pre-glacial ties are the

olivill (Aextoxicon punctatu), the Canel (driys winteri), the

Petra (myrceugenia exsucca), an varius fern species. These

plants fre the tanical funatin f the priar frest

that suseuentl unerwent clnizatin certain xerphle

species like the Peu (Crataegus onogyna), the bellt

(beilschieia iersii), an certain mrtaceae.

It was recentl iscvere that the olivill is the nl species

in its fail, inicating that ther eers f the Aextxicn

fail existe in the past; hence the olivill is a living fssil that

pral evlve in the central regin f Chile.KarlyunisK.


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01

CATCHiNg THE FOgAdAPTATIoN FoR SURVIVAL

oasis fg-frest ecsstes nl exist in a few select lcatins

in the wrl. These uniue an fragile haitats cntain ra an

fauna with high levels f eneis. The castal frest f Zapallar

cntains trees with large canpies an entwine ranches,

allwing isture t e trappe fliage an ss cvere

ark. The water rplets slie wn the trunks an leaves an

fall t the grun, where the nutrient rich water is use a

ultitue f plants that live within this frest ecsste.

KarlyunisK.

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These ist frest ecsstes shelter a ense unerstre

cntaining an aunance f vines an large variet f wering

species, an f the eneic t Chile. The presence f epiphtes

cvering tree trunks is ne f the ain ifferences etween the

castal fg frest an ther rier tpes f frest haitat fun in

the meiterranean ecregin f Chile.

The Zapallar frest prvies sustenance an shelter fr iverse

species f insects, irs, aals, an aphiians. Althugh

there is n evience f its presence nwaas, a rare aphiian,

knwn as darwins Frg (Rhinoera arwinii), existe in the

frest f Zapallar, an is nw presue lcall extinct. Speciensf this eleatic species f the teperate rainfrests f the

suthern regin f Chile were cllecte in 1861 an nw elng t

the Haurg museu.

THE uNDERSTOREyA mINUTE TREASURE

KarlyunisK.


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01

The particular ecsste that survives in these ist frests f

central Chile is the ieal haitat fr a iversit f extrarinar

species f ra an fauna. Ang the irs that currentl well

in castal frests, there are an which are characteristic f the

Valivian frest fun in suthern Chile, ipling that th are ver

siilar as regars their feeing stcks, insects an wil fruits.

Several ntale an enangere irs fun in Zapallar inclue,

the Thrn-Taile Raait (Spinicaua spinicaua), the des murs

Wiretail (Sylviorthorhynchus esursii), the Trcaza r Chilean

Pigen (Zenaia auriculata), an the Rufus-Legge owl (Strix

rupes).

The mare e la Culera (Acanthinera cuingi), ne f the

wrls largest eetles, can als e fun in these ws.

The Hult penguin (Spheniscus huolti), a species fun

nl within the waters f the Hult current, inhaits the casts

f Chile an Peru. Surrune cacti, the istinct characteristic

f the Hult Penguin is that it nests an repruces in ht

meiterranean cliate far fr the Antarctic ice. The igrate t

the suth uring the El Ni phenenn, when war waters

ivert the Hult current, frcing the t aann their

repructive clnies in Peru an the nrth f Chile in search

f f fun in iprtant cln sites in central Chile, this factexeplies the iprtance f these suthern repructive sites

fr their survival. one such site is the Islan f the Penguins

lcate in frnt f Cachagua each.

FLORA AND FAuNAUNIqUE SPECIES

Holdt Penn

Spheniscus humboldtiPht: Rrig mraga Z.

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In 1920, Feeric Jhw escrie at least six plant species which

are nw lcall extinct in Zapallar. Ta, ang the species n the

enangere list we n the bellt el Nrte, a species eneic

t the zne an which has een eclare a Chilean Natural

mnuent. The ecrease in istriutin an genetic iversit f

ault speciens, alng with external factrs such as the reval

f rganic atter fr the frest r, estructin f vegetatin,

ersin, cpetitin fr intruce species an vergrazing,

have weakene the recver f this iprtant tree species. The

frest f Zapallar is ne f the few places where u can n the

Nrthern bellt in Chile. It is istriute unevenl inhaiting

itpes that are re hui ue t the presence f grun water

an castal fg.

Ta, the rphlg f the bellt fruit prevents its natural

ispersal. Se scientists elieve that in prehistric ties it was

sprea extinct ega fauna such as egatheres, astns,

an pre-histric hrses that fe n its fruit.

Anther eneic species f central Chiles castal frests

is the passinwer (Passiora pinnatistipula). In Chile, this

agnicentl eautiful vine a nl e fun in Pichianguis

Santa Ins hills, as well as in the frests f Zapallar, preferringareas where the frest canp is re pen. The passira is the

nl Chilean species f trpical rigin, with an eile err siilar

t that f the passin fruit.

Passora Passifora pinnatistipula Pht: Karl yunis K.

27

belloto del NorteBeilschmiedia miersiiPht: Karl yunis K.


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01

In the r znes, an species f plants have evelpe the sae

characteristics f plants assciate with siilar meiterranean

ecsstes thrughut the wrl, prucing leaves an trunks

cvere with a laer f wax that prevent ehratin. T he tpical

ara f the Zapallar frest ces ainl fr the perfue f

the Peu an bl trees. This perfue can e fun in the

ils an waxes in their leaves, which help t liit ehratin.

It is ecause f this feature that the general frest tpe f the

Zapallar area is knwn as a castal esclerphlic frest. The

ter esclerphlic ces fr the Greek ters scler (har)

an phlln (leaf). These r haitats are als clnize therr-ste plants such as the Chagual,(Puya chilensis), the Tes

Cacti (Chloris chilensis), the bl (Peuus olus), an the

mlle (Schinus latifolius).

Eriosyce subgibbosa

Pht: Karl yunis K.

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Cysthanchesgrandiora


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man plants aapt t rughts string water in their stes (cacti)

r within thick, esh leaves (succulents like the Csthanches).

Cysthanches grandiora

Pht: Karl yunis K.

31

Orchd


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Anther wa t survive a rught is t stre isture in succulent

rts, as rchis an alstrerias , r in unergrun stes

(uls), as the native wilwers aaucas r auiles . The

presence f these kins f aaptatins in lcal ra is a sign f

the presence f a meiterranean cliate, eaning cl, rain

winters, an ht, r suers. Such cnitins frce plants t

epl their grwth an wering in earl springtie in rer t

fen ff i-suer rughts.

It is in this seasn f plent, wering an renewal that the

Zapallar frest eces vital fr varius species f igratingirs such as the Giant Huingir. This eautiful ir, the

largest huingir in the wrl, is thught t igrate efre

the winter nths t the blivian ungas.

OrchdChloraea lamellata

Pht: Karl yunis K.

AacaRhodophiala chilensis Pht: Karl yunis K.

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gant Hnrd


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01

Patagona gigas

Pht: Rrig mraga Z.

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ChnnoL t f li


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The Chungung r Lntra felina is the nl species f the Lntra

genus fun exclusivel in arine haitats. It uses castlines that

exten apprxiatel 30 eters inlan an 100 t 150 eters ut

t sea. This anial inhaits arine areas expse t strng ties

an wins. It prefers rck casts that cntain caverns that reain

ave sea level at high tie, an epens n large seawee es

that ffer an aunant an vast iversit f pre species such as

ussels, clas an sea urchins. The Zapallar a ffers an ieal

haitat fr the Chungung, which can ften e seen alng the

rck shres.In rer t eat the shellsh n which it ainl fees, the Chungung

takes a stne, swis n its ack, an uses its paws t reak pen

the shells hitting the with the stne.

Lontra felina

Pht: Rrig mraga Z.

37

THE PLACE


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In 1846, Francisc Javier ovalle acuire the Catapilc estate via

a fail auctin. back then, the estate aste the sae surface

that Zapallar Cunt has ta. ovalle was arrie t Isael Vicua

Aguirre, the elest aughter f the estates frer wner, lieral

plitician an Presient f Chile, Francisc Ran Vicua.

The new wner cntriute great nais an prgress t the

estate, uiling the Catapilc a, ang an ther wrks. The

reservir was the rst f its kin in Suth Aerica, an enale

the irrigatin f large tracks f farlan. T transprt the ever-increasing pructin f grains ut f the zne, ovalle purchase

a sall steaship an uilt a ule-trail cnnecting the rete

cve f Zapallar t agricultural lans lcate several iles inlan,

transfring Zapallar a int a sall prt use exclusivel fr the

estates pructin.

one f thse ras, esigne in 1860 the Geran engineer

Ter Schit, was laele El Sell. It egan in the farlans

f Catapilc, near the reservir, cntinuing ue West thrugh the

area knwn as La Ceniza, till it reache Zapallar a. This trail

was use fr an ears as a transprt rute eans f rves

f ules that crsse Zapallar frest, up until then, an unspile

wilerness. Cal was later extracte fr the frest slw-urning the w f the frest in large rick vens, an an hills

that surrune the each were swn, thus replacing fragile native

haitat with agricultural els.

one f the wners 14 ffspring, n olegari ovalle Vicua,

was Zapallars funer. Since his earl chilh, olegari ha

fallen in lve with the Catapilc Estate. Upn the eath f his

parents, he inherite an iprtant part f the riginal estate

calle Cachagua. After a trip t Eurpe, olegari ecie t

estalish a castal resrt twn an selecte the eautiful cvef Zapallar fr this twnship. Up until then, Zapallar ha nl

een enje his fail an the estate wrkers. His riginal

esign, which still exists, sprang fr his in. His riginal

plan preserve the ravines, cnserving the as pulic parkwas

an estalishe walking paths in these areas s that the huses

f the twnship ha access t the seasie an eaches.

The rst suerhuse was uilt in 1892, an the fllwing ear

an failies f Geran rigin, incluing olegaris acuaintance

dr. Feeric Jhw, ecae the rst resients. All f these fun ingfailies were instantl ewitche the eaut f the new village.

It was in this peri that the prfun frienship etween olegari

an Feeric egan.

THE PLACEZAPALLAR

Hstorc Zapallar, crca 1896 Gariel Rrguez - Zapallar Cunt Archive

Don Federco Joho and others lean for an ecrson on horseack

Gariel Rrguez - Zapallar Cunt Archive

3938

EARLy CONSERvATiONiSTS


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EARLy CONSERvATiONiSTSTWo FRIENdS, A VISIoNARy ANd HIS TEACHER

Feeric Jhw vn bielher was rn in Geran in 1859,

an later hire the Gvernent f Chilean Presient Js

manuel balacea in 1888, ue t his excellence as a teacher

f cheistr, tan an zlg. Feeric was a wise naturalist,

an a renwne prfessr an scientist. Chile is i nete t hi

fr the creatin f the Peaggical Institute, which ffere its

teachings t hunres f future prfessrs, as well as executing

a vast prtfli f valuale scientic research.

The frienship f these tw en an their share lve fr

Zapallar gave rise t the rst cnservatin initiative invlving theagnicent frest f Zapallar. Wrrie the visile evastatin

f the surruning hills, olegari aske Feeric what cul

e ne t restre the natural lanscape. Jhw tl hi t

nthing at all, save fr taking his hers awa fr the, s that

the natural vegetatin cul urish.

once olegari passe awa, Feeric eicate an iprtant

part f his last ears t an exhaustive research f the Cachagua

Estates ra, a task that later ecae his psthuus wrk:

Flra e las plantas vasculares e Zapallar (diversit f

Vascular Plants in Zapallar.) The k was re-eite in 2007, with

the help f his gransn, dr. Juan Carls Jhw. Ta there is a

new generatin f cnservatinists an resients inspire the

wrk olegari an Feeric. The frests f Zapallar, their raan fauna, are a natural treasure that an aspire t preserve.

This prject is citte t the estalishent f scientic an

technical research eneting the cnservatin f the Zapallar

frest, an fsters the participatin f experts capale f sustaining

effrts aie at awakening in chilren, ungsters, an aults an

awareness, respect an harnius cexistence with ur naturalwrl. Actins such as aviing ver-grazing, as Feeric Jhw

suggeste ver a hunre ears ag, as well as restring native

haitat, cntrlling extic species, i pleenting ersin cntrl,

preventing frest res, esigning an aintaining apprpriate

hiking trails an fstering an unerstaning f the value f the

lcal lanscape, can ensure that future generatins enj urshare treasure. It is ur hpe that ur cllective actins will

enale the Zapallar frest cnservatin prject t serve as an

exaple f effective private lan cnservatin in Chile.

Olearo Oalle and Federco Joho

Archive f Juan Carls Jhw an the Zapallar Cunt Archive

Zapallar n the old das Gariel Rrguez - the Zapallar Cunt Archive

4140

bibLiOgRAPHy


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Alexaner vn Hult in the Wrks f Charles darwin, http://www.avhult.net/inex.php?page=154,retrieve June 2009.

CAPoNI, Gustav. de Hult a darwin: una inexin clave en la histria e la igegrafadepartaent e Filsa, Universiae Feeral e Santa Catarina

Cuncil fr Science an the Envirnent. [Pulishe in the Encclpeia f Earth octer 8, 2008;Retrieve June 21, 2009].

Flra e las Plantas Vasculares e Zapallar, Revisin apliaa e ilustraa e la ra e Feeric Jhw.Eitres: Carlina Villagrn, Clir marticrena Juan J. Arest. Septiere 2007.

FUENTES ER (1988) Sinpsis e paisajes e Chile Central. En: ER Fuentes & S Prenafeta (es) Eclga

el paisaje en Chile central. Estuis sre sus espacis ntass: 17-27. Eicines UniversiaCatlica, Santiag, 125 pp.

mILLER A (1976) The cliate f Chile. En: W Schwertfeger (e.) Cliate f Central an Suth Aerica.Elsevier Scientic, Wrl Surve f Cliatlg: 113-145.

Scheenauer, R.S., Cerecea, P., 1994. A prpse stanar fg cllectr fr use in high elevatinregins. Jurnal f Applie meterlg 33 (11), 11131322.

mUoZ C & E PISANo (1947) Estui e la Vegetacin Flra e ls Parues Nacinales e Fra Jrge Talina, Agricultura Tcnica, a VII , N 2, ministeri e Agricultura, Santiag, 71 190.

muz-Schick m., R. Pint an A. mreira (2001) oasis e nelina en ls cerrs csters el sur eIuiue, Regin e Tarapac, urante el event El Ni 1997-1998. Revista Chilena e Histria Natural, vl74 389-405

mers, N. et al. Nature 403, 853858 (2000)

Natinal oceanic an Atspheric Ainistratin (Cntent surce); mark mcGinle (Tpic Eitr).2008. Hult Current large arine ecsste. In: Encclpeia f Earth. Es. Cutler J. Clevelan(Washingtn, d.C.: Envirnental Infratin Calitin, Natinal)

Pint, R., Larrain, H., Cerecea, P., Lzar, P., osses, P., Scheenauer, R.S., 2001. mnitring fg-vegetatin cunities at fg sites in Alt Patache suth f Iuiue, nrthern Chile uring El Ni anLa Nia events (19972000). Prceeings f Secn Internatinal Cnference n Fg an Fg Cllectin.St. Jhns, Newfunlan, Canaa, pp. 293296. Jul 1520, 2001.

SqUEo, F. A., J.R. Gutirrez & I.R. Hernnez, Es., Histria Natural el Parue Nacinal bsue FraJrge Eicines Universia e La Serena, La Serena, Chile (2004) 2: 45 60

bibLiOgRAPHy

CAST AwAy THE EviL iDEA

OF bECOmiNg A POmPOuS viLLA

uNDER NO CiRCumSTANCE ACCEPT THiS

TO PuRSuE bEAuTy TiLL TuRNiNg ugLy

LET THE NEwCOmER ALwAyS SEE

THiS mOuNTAiN CORNER

wHOSE FEET ARE bATHED by THE SEA

wHOSE HAiR iS mADE OF FORESTS

AND LET iT bE wHAT iS AND wAS

PART bOAT, PART REFugE.

Javier Prez ovalle, 1930

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The forests of Zapallar, Cachaa, and Cataplco ake p the ost alale resere of

nate ora n Chles central coastlne. Ther ast oderst constttes a loal patron

classed as a oderst hotspot Conseraton internatonal (mers), and ths adopted

the Chlean goernent as one of ts prort stes for doestc conseratonst efforts.

Corporacn bosqes de Zapallar as to nole nehors and ftre eneratons n the care

and preseraton of these alale eaples of medterranean ecosstes, orkn ratefll

and respectfll th ts oners and enjon the enets that the zones olocal and scenc

oderst offers ts ctzens.

its rst oard s ade p Jan Carlos Joho, Dense Astoreca, Lsa

Ezarre, Rodro Crz, Jos mel Torrco, Federco Rneln and Deo Larran.

The pulicatin f this k was ae pssile thanks t thespnsrship f The Nature Cnservanc, Crpracin Paruespara Chile an Crpracin bsues e Zapallar.

Tet rtten Karl yunis Kretscher, Juan Carls Jhw,Feeric Ringeling an Victria AlnsDesn, prodcton and prntn: Caren mntt an Cca LnTranslaton: macarena Palins an Karl yunis KretscherCorreccn de estlo:Eugenia FernnezPrnted oGRAmA

2009 The Nature CnservancPrinte in Chile-ISbN 978-956-332-086-2

.osqesdezapallar.cl

Thank u t dr. Juan Carls Jhw, Feeric Ringeling, Js Antni Varas an the cunit f Zapallar fr their supprt in the preservatin f their natural treasure.Crpracin bsues e Zapallar seeks t invlve neighrs an future generatins in caring fr an preserving this valuale meiterranean ecsste in Chile, wrkingwith gratitue an respect in cnjunctin with the lanwners.

Flora y Fauna de Zapallar

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