Flora of Hawaii• since so isolated, it has a depauperate flora and consists entirely of waifelements derived from LDD

Argyroxiphium sandwicense - Haleakala silversword

native

Passiflora mollissima - Banana poka

or weeds

Flora of Hawaii• individual islands tend to fit the expected number of species based on area

- except most recent Hawaii

Flora of Hawaii• endemism high in flowering plants

1,817 including introduced

649 including introduced

87 native families

• 0% endemic

146 including introduced

956 native species

• 89% endemic

216 native genera

• 15% endemic

BrighamiaLobeliaceae

Flora of Hawaii• endemism highest in the world

BrighamiaLobeliaceae

• speciation far exceeds immigration

• Hawaiian flora so distinctive, often assigned its own floristic region

• Why so distinctive?

Flora of Hawaii• distance from source area and thus few immigrants

• archipelago effect and inter-islandspeciation

Flora of Hawaii• extraordinary rich and diverse habitats available

• 38 community typesrecognized

Flora of Hawaii• disharmonic flora

• only 3 native orchidspecies

• but many introducedorchids that becomenaturalized

Dendrobium & honey bees

Flora of Hawaii• disharmonic flora

Pritchardia beccariana

• only 1 native palm genus

• native gymnosperms and primitiveangiosperms absent

Flora of Hawaii• disharmonic flora - 15 largest families of native species

• large source area familiesunder represented

• small Campanulaceae -lobeliads and bellflowers -over represented

Flora of Hawaii• immigrants: 270 (or less!) gave rise to 956 native angiosperms

Cyrtandra Pelea

Cyanea

• 1/10th of colonist generates 1/2 of species !

Flora of Hawaii• immigrants: similar story with other biota

• one American finch gave rise to 33 extant and 14 extinct species of honeycreepers

Flora of Hawaii• immigrants: similar story with other biota

• 800 land molluscs from 20 colonists• 5,800 insects from 250 colonists

Flora of Hawaii• immigrants: but different story for ferns!

• 168 ferns from 135 colonists - implying constant immigration (lack of geneticisolation) and/or few speciation events

Sadleria - 6 species Polypodium - 1 species

vs.

Flora of Hawaii• LDD mechanisms

internalBI

mudBM

viscidBV

barbs/hooksBB

airA

driftDF

drift - rareDR

39%

13%

10%

12%

1%

14%

9%

Leptocophylla BI

Argyroxiphium BB

Acacia - koa DR Viola BM

Flora of Hawaii• floristic affinities

LeptocophyllaEpacridaceae

• despite proximity ofHawaii to N America,almost half of colonists areof Austral-asian origin

Flora of Hawaii• floristic affinities

• few from Arctic-Beringia

Viola

Plantago - plantain

Flora of Hawaii• floristic affinities

• woody violets considered closelyrelated to South American violets

Viola

• all native Hawaiian violets are polyploidand derived from polyploid races of oneBeringian tundra species - the Alaskanviolet

Viola langsdorfii

Flora of Hawaii• floristic affinities

• 18-22% from westernNorth America

Argyroxiphium

Flora of Hawaii• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords

• silversword alliance of 3 genera and 28species

• trees, shrubs, subshrubs, rosette plants,cushion plants, vines

Flora of Hawaii

• B. Baldwin verified that the Hawaiiansilversword radiation derived from California

• the closest species is nowcalled Carlquistia muirii

• this origin occurred about5 mya

• rapid radiation at base

• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords

Flora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography [“island hopping”]

Argyroxiphium

• most speciation events occur on individual islands

• few successful inter-island colonizations

• movement is from older to younger islands

Flora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography [“island hopping”]

Spiders Spinning Southeast!T. kauaiensis

T. tantalus

T. waikamoi

T. polychromata

T. macracantha

T. brevignatha

T. brevignatha

T. stelarobustaT. pallescens

T. restricta

T. restricta

T. quasimodo

T. quasimodo

T. quasimodo

T. quasimodo

T. kamakou

T. kamakou

T. perreirai

T. pilosa

N

1

1

1

1

11

2

2

22

3

3

3

3

33

4

4

4

4

44

6

5

364

6

4

3

Tetragnatha

Geranium (pandemic) OGarboreum E. Maui sub-alpinemultiflorum E. Maui sub-alpine cuneatum Hawaii sub-alpine tridens E. Maui alpinehanaense E. Maui boghumile W. Maui bog kauaiense Kauai bog

Geranium arboreum

Geranium hanaenseGeranium cuneatum

Geranium colonized“late” E. Maui and

radiated and migratedspeciating most recentlyon Kauai with ecological

correlations!

Flora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography - not all the same story!

Flora of Hawaii• extinction: on-going process on islands (as well as immigration)

• but due to humans . . .

• 107 of 956 angiosperm species — 11% extinct

• 423 of 956 species — 38% extinct or threatened

Flora of Hawaii• extinction: rogue gallery of exotics

Passiflora mollissima - banana poka

Miconia introduced intoHawaii as ornamental

Miconia calvescens“green cancer”

Flora of Hawaii• extinction: rogue gallery of exotics

Why the Hawaiian lobeliads?

• largest group: 6 genera,115 species)• 1/9th of native flora• considered derived from3-5 separate colonizations• phenomenal variation inhabitat, life form, flowers,and fruits

Hawaiian LobeliadsWhy the Hawaiian lobeliads?

• appear to have co-evolved with the endemicHawaiian honeycreepers

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Why the Hawaiian lobeliads?

• appear to have co-evolved with the endemicHawaiian honeycreepers• honeycreepers representa separate adaptiveradiation

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Lobelia gloria-montis

Lobelia telekii - Mt. Kenya

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Brighamii

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Delissia

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Trematolobelia

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Clermontia

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Cyanea

What are the Hawaiian lobeliads?

Hawaiian LobeliadsThe Hawaiian lobeliads represent a single lineage/colonization!

Hawaiian Lobeliads

The Hawaiian lobeliads - more spectacular adaptive radiation

Hawaiian LobeliadsRemarkable divergent andconvergent character evolution - butfruit color is perfectly consistent withrelationships

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Two clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian Island ages -place the differentiation of Hawaiianlobeliads at 13-14 mya

Hawaiian Lobeliads

Original colonist arrived inLaPerouse/Gardner Pinnacles - largevolcanic islands 10-15 mya

Hawaiian LobeliadsTwo clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian Island ages -place the differentiation of Hawaiianlobeliads at 13-14 mya

Hawaiian LobeliadsTwo clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian Island ages -place the differentiation of Hawaiianlobeliads at 13-14 mya

Original colonist arrived inLaPerouse/Gardner Pinnacles - largevolcanic islands 10-15 mya

Hawaiian LobeliadsOne of the oldest radiations of extant Hawaiian biota - honeycreeper pollinators wouldnot arrive for another 7-9 my

Hawaiian LobeliadsBut . . . a 2008 paper shows that the 5 recently extinctHawaiian Honeyeaters – thought to be recently derivedfrom AustralAsian Honeyeaters – are in fact 14-17 myold and derived from an American clade - waxwings,silky flycatchers, and palm chats

Hawaiian lobeliads13-14 mya

Hawaiian Honeycreepers7 mya

“Assume nothing in Hawaiian naturalhistory” Frank Howarth, 1992