Flora Endemism on Gypsum Outcrops of the Sierra Madre Oriental of Southern Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Margarita Barba, Miguel A. González, A. Eduardo Estrada, George S. Hinton & José A. Villarreal

Geo. B Hinton

Herbarium

Faculty of Forestry Sciences, CFNL Herbarium

Autonomous University of Nuevo León

maggie_bellot@yahoo.com.mx

Introduction

283 vascular endemic genera in Mexico

12% of the estimated total of 2,410 in world

60% of endemism in arid and semi-arid area

Northeastern México

In Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO),

occurs hundreds of endemic species.

Gypsum outcrops = High endemism

I’m charismatic,People protect

My home

Yummy, endangered herbs and succulents

Are the gypsic ecosystems the richest endemic species in Nuevo Leon?

Coarse delimitation with Landsat Images.

Refined it Orthophoto Web Service

Frequency distributions of elevation, slope, aspect, topoform, temperature, rainfall, climate, vegetation and NDVI.

62.9%

30.1%

5.0%1.4% 0.6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 600 600 - 800 800 - 1000

Average Rainfall (mm)

% o

f Are

a

The major part of the gypsum occurs on dry

ecosystems

0.1%

51.1%

32.1%

13.9%

2.6%0.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

20 - 22 18 - 20 16 - 18 14 - 16 12 - 14 10 - 12

Average Anual Temperature (°C)

% o

f Are

a

33.1%

26.5%

21.6%

17.8%

0.4% 0.5%0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

BS0h (Arid Warm) BS1k (Semi-AridTemperated)

BS0k (AridTemperated)

BS1h (Semi-AridWarm)

(A)C(w) (WarmSubhumid)

C(w) (TemperatedSubhumid)

Köeppen Climate Types

% o

f Are

a

In the arid-warm climates is where

the most part of gypsumoccurs

Mainly the gypsum is located in areas where temperature

averages between 18-20° C

17.9%

22.5%

16.6%

11.5%

8.5%7.0%

5.6%

9.4%

1.0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90

Slope (%)

% o

f Are

a

48.9%

20.5%

15.0%

6.7%3.4% 2.6% 1.5% 1.4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

ComplexSierra with

Hills

Folded Sierra Folded SierraBended

Tipic Bajada Bajada withPlains

ComplexSierra

Desertic Plainswith Rocky

Ground

Valley withHills

Landform Category

% o

f Are

a

Around the half has a “Complex Sierra with Hills”

landform,

Mostly the gypsum ocurrs in places where the slope is

between 0-30°

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

18%

860900

9001000

10001100

11001200

12001300

13001400

14001500

15001600

16001700

17001800

18001900

19002000

20002100

21002200

22002300

23002400

24002500

25002600

26002700

Altitude (masl)

% o

f Are

a

The most part of the gypsum outcrops is

southern facing, and also to west.

A 62% is located between 1700 and 2200 m

57.2%

15.4%

7.0%4.9% 4.7% 4.6% 4.4%

1.0% 0.8%0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Pine Forest Desert Ros.Scrub

Mixed Oak-Pine Forest

PiedmontScrub

Chaparral Agriculture Grassland GypsicGrassland

Desert Micro.Scrub

Vegetation Types

% o

f Are

a

NDVI

8.2%

25.2%27.1%

20.8%

10.3%

4.7%

2.1%0.9% 0.4% 0.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

< -0.05 -0.05 - 0 0 - 0.05 0.05 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.15 0.15 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.25 0.25 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.35 > 0.35

% o

f Are

a

More than the half of gypsum area is dominated

by Pinus arizonica woods

91% of the gypsum, show a NDVI below

0.15

We checked GBH, TEX and CFNL herbaria

And others in process

Number of endemic species for stateGrowing on gypsumRestricted to gypsum

We plan to finish the fieldwork next month

Endemism in Gypsum

258

73

41

-40

10

60

110

160

210

260

Nuevo Leon Endemics Present in Gypsum Gypsum Obliged

Nu

mb

er

of

sp

ec

ies

FAMILYSTATE ENDEMIC

PRESENT IN GYPSUM

GYPSUM OBLIGED FAMILY

STATE ENDEMIC

PRESENT IN GYPSUM

GYPSUM OBLIGED

ASTERACEAE 78 21 12 MALVACEAE 2 0 0CACTACEAE 33 9 6 OLEACEAE 2 2 1LAMIACEAE 18 4 2 PAPAVERACEAE 2 1 1LEGUMINOSAE 15 2 1 VERBENACEAE 2 1 0BORAGINACEAE 11 3 1 ASCLEPIADACEAE 1 0 0SCROPHULARIACEAE 9 3 3 CELASTRACEAE 1 0 0BRASSICACEAE 8 3 0 FRANKENIACEAE 1 0 0CRASSULACEAE 8 2 2 HYDRANGEACEAE 1 1 0HYDROPHYLLACEAE 7 2 1 JUGLANDACEAE 1 0 0EUPHORBIACEAE 6 2 1 LAURACEAE 1 0 0CARYOPHYLLACEAE 5 2 2 LENTIBULARIAEAE 1 1 1ROSACEAE 5 0 0 LOASACEAE 1 1 1APIACEAE 4 0 0 NYCTAGINACEAE 1 1 1RUBIACEAE 4 2 1 PLATANACEAE 1 0 0SOLANACEAE 4 0 0 POLYGONACEAE 1 0 0LINACEAE 3 2 2 RANUNCULACEAE 1 0 0ONAGRACEAE 3 2 0 RHAMNACEAE 1 1 0POLYGALACEAE 3 0 0 RUTACEAE 1 0 0ACANTHACEAE 2 0 0 STAPHYLEACEAE 1 0 0ANACARDIACEAE 2 1 0 URTICACEAE 1 0 0GENTIANACEAE 2 1 1 VIOLACEAE 1 0 0

TOTAL 258 73 41

The Hinton’s made 1,622 collections on gypsum.

We have visited 31 sites and collected 850 specimens.

Propose Natural Protected Areas on gypsum

Inclusion on:Mexican LawCITESIUCN

using at least 4 criteria:

Overall distribution Current status of the habitat Biological intrinsic vulnerability Human impact to habitat