PROJECT – Floors And FlooringGroup- DreamersAND THEY CALLED US

Floors And FlooringFloors divide the building into different levels one

above the other .The purpose of providing a number of floors is to get the maximum living area within a restricted site . The purpose of a floor is - To provide a level surface. To support live and dead loads. A floor must satisfy the following requirements –Adequate strength and stability. Adequate fire resistance. Sound insulation. Damp resistance. Thermal insulation. Floors are of two types – Ground floors. Upper floors.

Types Of Floor Finishes1. MUD AND MURAM FLOORING

2. NATURAL STONE FLOORING

3. CLAY/CERAMIC TILE FLOORING

4. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

5. PAVEMENT BLOCKS FLOORING

6. TREMIX FLOORING

7. IPS FLOORING

8. ASPHALT FLOORING

9. BRICK FLOORING

10. TERRAZZO FLOORING

11. MOSAIC FLOORING

12. TILED FLOORING

13. TIMBER FLOORING

14. RUBBER FLOORING

15. LINOLEUM FLOORING

16. CORK FLOORING

17. GLASS FLOORING

18. PLASTIC OR P.V.C. FLOORING

19. VINYLE FLOORING

20. LAMINATE FLOORING

MUD AND MURAM FLOORINGMUD FLOORING Used for unimportant buildings, particularly in villages. MERITS Cheap, hard and fairly impervious. Easy in construction and maintenance. Good thermal insulation. DEMERITS For proper maintenance, the floors are required to be given a wash of cement cow dung plaster once or twice a week which is objectionable from sanitary considerations.

NATURAL STONE FLOORING

Natural stone refers to a variety of mountain born materials including Slate,Marble, Limestone, Travertine, Granite, and Sandstone. Each of these has slightlydifferent properties.

CLAY/CERAMIC TILE FLOORING Ceramics are an ancient craft that date back some 4,000 years, originating in Ancient Egypt around 4,700 BCE.The origin of the word “ceramic” comes from the Greek word “keramos,” or pottery. The word “tile” originates from the Latin “tegula” and its French derivative, “tuile.”Tiles are made from clay, which once shaped and dried, are fired in a kiln at very hot temperatures. This process hardens the tiles, creating “bisque,” which can then be glazed and fired a second time. Tiles can also be used unglazed, although the color range is limited to the natural shades of the clay.

CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGCEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING Used for residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The floor consists of two components – The two components of the floor can be constructed either monolithically or non-monolithically. Base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm thick. It may be either in lean cement concrete (1 : 3 : 6 or 1 : 5 : 10) or lime concrete containing 40% mortar of 1 : 2 lime-sand and 60% coarse aggregate. The topping is then laid in square or rectangular panels of size 1X1 or 2X2 or 1X2 m. It consists of 1 : 2 : 4 cement concrete.

PAVEMENT BLOCKS FLOORING This is also known as brick paving .It is a decorative method of creating a hard surface .They are used for drive ways ,pavements, town centres etc.

TREMIX FLOORING

Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial sector. It provides better wearing and tearing properties. It is generally used for industrial purpose, where rigid surface necessary for machine foundation, light load carrier vehicle and light weight cranes. Generally the mix of concrete used for Tremix is 1:1:5:3 (1 cement: 1.5 sand and: 3 stone aggregates), mostly rich mix of 1:1:2 preferred for better wear and tear. In this flooring necessary reinforcement provides depending upon the thickness of the flooring, whereas thethickness of concrete is decided from 100 to 200 mm over PCC (1:4:8) and well prepared stone soling base ranging from 230 to 300 mm. In industrial flooring PCC base should be kept up to 100 mm and same as floor concrete 150 mm, may be satisfactory for heavy duty areassuch as warehouses, garage and machine shops.

IPS FLOORING IPS flooring stands for Indian patent stoneflooring, it is a basic type of flooring whichprovides good wearing properties. It is generallyused for all types of floors and mix of concreteused for IPS flooring specification is 1:1.5:3(cement, sand and stone aggregates). As perthe nature of use the flooring thickness ofconcrete is decided from 25 mm to 50 mm. It islaid over the concrete base (1:4:8), which isalmost 3 to 4 inches thick plain cement concrete(PCC) base. You can decide the thickness of the IPS flooring as per the requirement of work; in residentialfloor 75 mm floor thickness is sufficient whereasindustrial floor thickness should be kept 150 mm.

ASPHALT FLOORING The technology used in making

asphalt tiles and sheets for

flooring has improved

considerably. Asphalt tiles and

sheets are available in different

colours and forms.

BRICK FLOORINGBrick flooring has been used for centuries in homes and offices, as sidewalks and streets, and for buildings. It's been popular enough that brick pattern laminate flooring was created for people who wanted the look without having the rough texture and challenge of cleaning brick flooring.

TERRAZZO FLOORINGTerrazzo is a highly versatile material that has been used as a flooring product since Roman times but can be moulded into almost any shape. Terrazzo tiles and Terrazzo flooring is used throughout the world in locations such as train stations, airports, shopping malls and supermarkets and enjoys an enviable reputation due to its combination ofdurability, ease of maintenance, beauty and performance.

MOSAIC FLOORINGMOSAIC FLOORING Made of small pieces of broken tiles of chinaglazed/cement/marble arranged in different pattern. Tiles used are available in a variety of patterns and colours.Commonly used in operation theatres, temples, bathrooms and superior type of building floors.

TILED FLOORINGTILED FLOORING Constructed from square or any other shape made of clay, cement or terrazzo. Available in different sizes and thicknesses. Used in residential houses, offices, schools and other public buildings. An alternative to terrazzo flooring. MERITS Non absorbent, decorative and durable. Quick laying of floors. Easily repaired. DEMERITS Initial and maintenance cost is high. On becoming wet, provides a slippery surface.

TIMBER FLOORINGTIMBER FLOORING Not used much for residential buildings in India because it is costly. Used for carpentry halls, dancing halls, auditoriums etc.Common in hilly areas where timber is cheap and available. Entire area below the floor is covered with an impervious material(cement concrete or asphalt) to prevent dampness. Elastic in nature. Resistant to wear and tear.

RUBBER FLOORINGRUBBER FLOORING Consists of sheets or tiles of rubber in a variety of patterns and colours with thickness varying from 3 to 10 mm. Sheet or tile is manufactured by mixing pure rubber with fillers such as cotton fiber, granulated cork or asbestos fiber. Sheets/tiles are fixed to concrete base by appropriate adhesives. Resilient and noise proof. They are costly. Used in office or public buildings.

LINOLEUM FLOORINGLINOLEUM FLOORING A covering

available in rolls which is spread directly

on concrete or wooden flooring.

Linoleum sheets may be plain or

printed. It may be 2 to 6 mm thick and 2

to 4 m wide. Linoleum tiles are also

available. Linoleum coverings are

attractive, resilient, durable, cheap and

can be cleaned easily. It rots when gets

wet. Hence it cannot be used for

bathrooms and kitchens.

CORK FLOORINGCORK FLOORING Cork is the outer

bark of cork oak tree. This flooring

is perfectly noiseless and is used in

libraries, theatres, art galleries etc.

It may be in the form of either carpet

or tiles. It is fixed to a concrete

base. Its size varies from 10 cm X

10 cm to 30 cm X 90 cm and

thickness varies from 5 mm to 15

mm.

GLASS FLOORINGGLASS FLOORING It is used where light is to be transmitted from upper floor to lower floor. Structural glass is available in the form of tiles or slabs. Its thickness varies from 12 to 30 mm. These slabs or tiles are fixed in closely spaced frames. It is very costly and therefore not commonly used.

PLASTIC OR P.V.C. FLOORINGPLASTIC OR P.V.C. FLOORING It is made of plastic material fabricated in the form of tiles of different sizes and colour shades. Widely used in all types of buildings. The tiles are laid on concrete base. The floor is washed with warm soap water before use. It is resilient, smooth, good looking and can be cleaned easily. It is costly and slippery and is damaged when comes in contact with burning objects.

VINYLE FLOORINGVinyl tile is a simple, inexpensive way to cover a floor. Many tiles have a self-adhesive that only requires peeling off the backing and sticking them down. Tiles without the backing require spreading an adhesive over the floor with a notched trowel, then setting the tiles.

LAMINATE FLOORINGLaminate flooring consist of two layers, one is outer layer, a glued-on layer and an inner layer. Laminate flooring look like wooden flooring, some even has a look of marble and granite. Laminate flooring gives the flexibility. Almost any wood patterned or lightly colored stone patterned laminate floor will give the opportunity to change the look of a room completely. If you are putting borders in a small room that is not right because due to furniture you will not be able to see any borders. But these borders will look very attractive and decent in big rooms.

PROJECT BY-SOURAV CH. MAHATO [ROLL NO.52718]SOUMEN PATRA[ROLL NO.52716]SOUMYADIP SAMANTA[ROLL NO.52717]SANTANU MAHATA [ROLL NO.52702] SOURAV MUKHERJEE[ROLL NO.52720]RAKHAL MAHATHA[ROLL NO.52695]