Flight Patterns:Comparative of Musculoskeletal System

of Passeri and Raptors

Amber Fossen

Skeletal System

Skeletal System:

Functions:o Supporto Protectiono Movemento Calcium Storageo RBC production

Pneumatic bones (hollow):o Have supporting strutso Stronger due to fused

bones:• Vertebrae column• Sacral & Caudal bones• Collar bone

Ulna of a Bird

Skeletal System:

Additional Strength: Ribs

o Broad & Flato Uncinated Process

Keeled Sternumo Muscle attachment site

Skele

tal S

yste

m:

Passe

riR

apto

rs

Length:› 3-16 inches

Average Weight:› 15-30 grams

Length:› 32-72 inches

Average Weight:› 80-4000 grams

Muscular System

Muscular System:

Major Flight Muscles:o Pectoraliso Supracoracoideus

Minor Flight Muscles:o Bicepso Tricepso Forearms

Accessory Flight Muscles:o Skin muscles

Power

Shape & Size

Pectoralis generates most work & power

Power & Speed relationship

Muscle Strain

Wing Motion

Pectoralis- down stroke Supracoracoideus –

upstroke Smaller wing muscles Tail

Raptors vs. Passeri

Flight Patterns

Raptors vs. Passeri

Gliding Soaring Flapping

Wing Types

Round Wing

Long Pointed Wing

Long Narrow Wing

Broad Wing

Works Cited1 Akos, Z., M. Nagy, and T. Vicsek. "Comparing Bird and Human Soaring Strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.11 (2008): 4139-143. Print.2 Biewener, Andrew A. "Muscle Function in Avian Flight." Achieving Power and Control 366.1570 (2011): 1496-506. Print. 3 Dumont, Elizabeth R. "Bone Density:." And the Lightweight Skeletons of Birds 1691st ser. 277 (2010): 2193-198. Print.4 Hedenstrom, Anders. "Migration by Soaring or Flapping Flight in Birds: The Relative Importance of Energy Cost and Speed." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 342.1302 (1993): 353-61. Print.5 Knight, K. "How Birds Power Flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 213.16 (2010): I-Ii. Print.6 Meyers, Ron A., and Edward Mathias. "Anatomy and Histochemistry of Spread-wing Posture in Birds. 2. Gliding Flight in the California Gull,Larus Californicus: A Paradox of Fast Fibers and Posture." Journal of Morphology 233.3 (1997): 237-47. Print7 Piersma, Theunis, and Maurine W. Dietz. "Twofold Seasonal Variation in the Supposedly Constant, Species-specific, Ratio of Upstroke to Downstroke Flight Muscles in Red Knots Calidris Canutus." Journal of Avian Biology 38.5 (2007): 536-40. Print.8 Pollock, Christal. "Avian Medicine: Avian Nutrition." Normal Body Weights in Birds (2007): n. pag. 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.9 Seiderman, Tristan. "Structure and Movement of Organisms." Birds of Prey (2013): n. pag. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.10 Tobalske, B. W. "Biomechanics of Bird Flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 210.18 (2007): 3135-146. Print.11 Tucker, Vance A. "Gliding Flight." Drag and Torque of a Hawk and a Falcon with Stragiht and Turned Heads 203.24 (2000): 3733-744. Print.12 Van Den Hout, P. J., K. J. Mathot, L. R.M. Maas, and T. Piersma. "Predator Escape Tactics in Birds: Linking Ecology and Aerodynamics." Behavioral Ecology 21.1 (2010): 16-25. Print.13 Waite, Mitch. "Browse Birds by Size." Browse Birds by Size. Mitch Waite Group, 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.14 Wang, X., R. L. Nudds, and G. J. Dyke. "Journal of Evolutionary Biology." The Primary Feather Lengths of Early Birds with Respect to Avian Wing Shape Evolution 24.6 (2011): 1226-231. Print.

 

Work Cited Continued..

IMAGES:http://images.sciencedaily.com/2010/03/100322112103-large.jpghttp://www.hsu.edu/pictures.aspx?id=1287http://farm1.static.flickr.com/154/416013948_34f889edf7.jpghttp://fc03.deviantart.net/fs51/i/2009/322/4/d/Stock___Bird_Skeleton_by_Deaths_stock.jpghttp://images.cpcache.com/merchandise/514_400x400_NoPeel.jpg?region=name:FrontCenter,id:68477955,w:16http://sunny.moorparkcollege.edu/~econnolly/F09BirdL24_files/image010.pnghttp://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/0008n002.jpghttp://www.empiricalzeal.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/power-curves-birds.pnghttp://www.ornithopter.org/birdflight/birdsfly/ds.gifhttp://www.expeditionsalaska.com/ramblings/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/12_nov03440.jpghttp://pclayer.com/images/2012/05/Fly-Away-Wallpaper.jpghttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/4/bald-eagle-in-flight_860.jpghttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/4/soaring-bald-eagle_4090.jpghttp://img.fotocommunity.com/Animali-allo-stato-libero/Uccelli-allo-stato-libero/passerotto-a19781413.jpghttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554notes3.html