Fletcher News - Spring 2004

FLETCHER NEWSTHE OFFICIAL NE WSLET TER FOR ALUMNI AND FRIENDS OF THE FLETCHER SCHOOL, TUFTS UNIVERSIT Y, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSET TS 02155

EDITORMegan V. Brachtl

ART DIRECTORMargot Grisar

DESIGNERKaren Stroman

PHOTOGRAPHYMichael Lutch, Jeanette Cruz-Osorio, Tufts Digital Collectionsand Archives

OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ALUMNI RELATIONSRoger A. Milici Jr., Director;Elizabeth W. Rowe (F’83),Associate Director; Tara Lewis,Associate Director; Julia Motl,Annual Fund Coordinator;Megan V. Brachtl, AlumniRelations Coordinator; PamelaCotte, Reunion Coordinator;Kathleen Bobick, Staff Assistant;Cynthia Weymouth,Administrative Assistant

DEAN’S CORNER 3

RECENT PUBLICATIONS 19

FLETCHER FILES 20

QUOTES OF NOTE 21

CLUB NEWS 22

CLASS NOTES 24

IN MEMORIAM 34

VO LU M E 2 5 N U M B E R 1

S P R I N G 2 0 0 4

Amal: Her Name Means HopeT E R R Y A N N K N O P F

Amal Jadou looks and sounds like atypical Fletcher student. At 30, she is abrainy, idealistic, politically motivatedwoman who has big dreams to match her big brown eyes. Indeed, a Boston Globefeature writer working on a profile of hercalls her “captivating.”

In addition to her doctoral studies, sheoften speaks at local schools, churches, andcivic schools about current events, especiallyin the Middle East. She can’t wait to finishher Ph.D. so she can go home to teach, theneventually run for political office.

But what makes Amal’s story unusual isthat she happens to be a Palestinian whogrew up in a refugee camp. The issues shelearns about at Fletcher are not only ofpolitical interest to her, but also resonatepersonally. She knows what it’s like to haveonly limited freedom and to live in fear.

She knows firsthand about discrimination,stereotyping, and war.

In an interview she recalled how at 13,while on her way to school, an Israeli set-tler put a gun to her head. “He decided notto kill me; I still don’t know why,” she sayssoftly. She knows what it’s like to beharassed by soldiers at checkpoints. “Hey,you married? You want to stay with metonight?,” were the kinds of jabs withwhich she had to contend.

But even at an early age, Amal began todistinguish herself. She was the firstPalestinian woman to appear on the firstPalestinian TV show to read the news andpresent a political program. After a fewmonths, the Israeli occupation force closeddown the TV station for security reasons.The station was reopened in 1997, withAmal resuming her | Continues on next page

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2 FLETCHER NEWS Spring 2004

on-air work interviewing ambassadors,presidents, and prime ministers from all over the world.

Amal continued to stand out, venturing more into politicaland social activism. “[I] served in several NGOs that work on refugee issues as well as on women and children issues. Iwas elected to many political and social bodies in Palestinewhich gave me credibility within my society. My work toestablish centers for the disabled, to support children in theBethlehem area, taught me theimportance of being transparent.Additionally, I was elected to rep-resent Palestinian social, political,and academic institutions in con-ferences and meetings all over theworld,” she says.

After receiving a B.A. in Englishfrom Bethlehem University in1995, she received her master’s ininternational relations from BirZeit University in 2001 and wasadmitted to The Fletcher School asa Ph.D. student the same year.

Recently, Amal became one ofthree people [the only one fromthe United States] to receive aprestigious prize for academic excellence and leadershippotential. The prize is part of the Ryoichi Sasakawa YoungLeaders Fellowship Fund (SYLFF) Program, launched in 1987 by the Nippon Foundation.

Indeed, The Fletcher School was the first of what are now66 universities and consortia in 44 countries around the worldto have each received US$1 million from the SYLFF Program.Yale, Princeton, Michigan, and the University at California atBerkeley are among the participating universities in this coun-try, not to mention institutions abroad in Africa, Europe,China, Indonesia, Egypt, and Israel.

The award-winning essay Amal submitted with her applica-tion reveals much about her character. It also demonstrates hertransformation from an angry victim to a hopeful, high-spiritedgraduate student, anxious to return to her country to work fora peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

In her essay, Amal expressed mixed feelings about growingup in a refugee camp, with which she is still struggling. “I lovethe camp so dearly because it is part of Palestine and becauseof the warmth of its people,” she wrote, adding, “Aida’s 3,500inhabitants who come from 19 villages that were destroyed byIsraelis in 1948 are my extended family. We have shared joy,laughs, tears, pain, sorrow, success, food, poverty, humiliation,oppression, defiance, and persistence.”

At the same time, the camp continues to remain a symbolof her people’s oppression. “It is the symbol of our uprootingfrom our original homes and villages and our dispersing allover the world. It is the symbol of our lack of stability and ofour non-normal existence, where we are not citizens of a state

but an occupied community of refugees,” she said.As a teenager, she was determined, even defiant. “I took

part in demonstrations, threw stones at soldiers, sewedPalestinian flags without my parents’ knowledge and raisedthem with my brothers on electricity poles in defiance ofIsraeli soldiers who prohibited us from having our own flag.What devastated me the most during the Intifada was theIsraeli closure of the schools for long periods,” she wrote.

Amal’s perception of Israelis—indeed, her vision of the world—broadened in the 1990s, particu-larly around the time of the 1993Oslo Accords signed by theIsraelis and Palestinians on theWhite House lawn. “Through myfriendship with an Israeli Jewishlawyer who worked for Palestin-ian political prisoners, andthrough meetings with Israelis in various capacities, I was able to see that there were Israelis whoabhorred occupation as much as I did,” she wrote.

A turning point for Amal came in 2001 when the current Intifada

and fallout of the peace process triggered Amal’s decision tocome to The Fletcher School. In her essay, she wrote:

“Holed up in the staircase of my house in Aida RefugeeCamp near Bethlehem while Israeli tanks and Apache helicop-ters shelled the town, and in the midst of the high roaring ofexplosions came from the background a frail voice of a newsbroadcaster reporting an American official to say, ‘We havetried all means possible to resolve the Middle East conflict butwe failed.’ This was on January 9, 2001, just a few days beforePresident Clinton would leave office. That comment hit mestrongly and planted the seed of my dissertation research, forit made me wonder whether they had really tried enough andwhether they were paying enough attention to what was goingon on the ground during the years of the Oslo process. And ifthey tried enough, what led to the failure?”

Her political interests mesh nicely with the Fletcher experi-ence. “I have always felt the need to study outside Palestine,especially in the United States because of the important rolethe United States plays and the impact of its policies on theregion as well as its involvement in the peace process. Becauseof my future plans to be involved in politics, I felt the need tobe exposed to the American experience and American policymaking,” she wrote.

Not surprisingly, Amal’s doctoral research involves analyz-ing the peace process to identify what went wrong and devisepolicy recommendations for the United States to become moreinvolved in jump-starting the peace process.

A clue to her promising future may be found in her name.“My name ‘Amal’ means ‘hope’ in Arabic,” she says.

Continued from page 1 |

Amal Jadou (second from right) with visitors to Aida Refugee Camp in Palestine.

FLETCHER NEWS

Spring 2004 FLETCHER NEWS 3

The official academic year may be over,but I would like to inform you of three initia-tives just beginning to gain momentum atFletcher.

First, I am pleased to report that Fletcherhas begun major facility renovations that willpositively affect virtually all that the schooldoes. The plan, to be carried out over the nexttwo years, will supply the school with 15 newfaculty offices, additional and improved class-rooms and lecture hall space, more studentmeeting space, improved circulation throughthe facility, and an overall improved appear-ance of the Fletcher complex.

The plan permits Fletcher to borrow theamount needed through Tufts University’scurrent bond authority. Our commitment isto raise at least $5 million in the next severalyears so that the school does not have to carrythe full cost of the project as long-term debt.

The second new initiative of note isGMAP II—the new, public-sector-focusedversion of Fletcher’s original yearlong GlobalMaster of Arts Program, our long-distance,computer-mediated mid-career degree pro-gram. Devised to incorporate mostly U.S. andnon-U.S. government officials as well as gov-ernment-affiliated private sector officials,GMAP II commenced in March with a classof 30 students. In April, students gathered fortheir first two-week residency in Medford.The program’s midyear residency will takeplace in Washington, D.C., in August, andstudents will return to campus next March tocomplete their degree requirements. Duringthe intervening months, GMAP II students(like all GMAP students) fulfill their rigorouscourse requirements via the Internet and CD-ROM after work hours and on weekends.

GMAP II is the product of an agreementbetween The Fletcher School and the U.S.

Department of Defense to provide training in international affairs to both civilian andmilitary government officials, primarilyAmericans, but it is also open to a number ofofficials from governments and organizationsfrom other countries. The program was fea-tured in an article in the Financial Times lastyear, and we anticipate the same success withthis version of GMAP as we have had in thefirst four years of the original program.

Finally, in light of an alarming trend show-ing a 30% decrease in international studentsapplying to U.S. graduate institutions thisyear, we are enlisting our alumni to helpcounter the potential drop in our internationalstudent base. Fletcher’s offices of admissionsand development and alumni relations areworking together with alumni in major non-U.S. metro areas to create a network to helprecruit and yield students from these regions.This year, alumni club leaders helped to con-tact, by phone or e-mail, recently admittedstudents in their local area. The goal of thisinitiative was to extend a friendly invitationto these admitted students to join the Fletchercommunity. We believe this personal contactwill positively influence our overall yield sta-tistics in the incoming class for internationalstudents and maintain or increase last year’sinternational student rate of 34%.

We at Fletcher look forward to pursuingthese three important initiatives to help usfulfill our mission of preparing leaders with aglobal perspective, and we appreciate andencourage your continued support andinvolvement in the life of the school.

DEAN‘S CORNER

Greetings from medford. By the time you receive this issue of Fletcher

News, academic year 2003–04 will be coming to a close, and members

of the Class of 2004 will be making the long-awaited transition from

student to alum. I know you will welcome our recent grads into the

alumni ranks with the camaraderie for which the Fletcher community is so well known.

Stephen W. Bosworth

I N B R I E F


Fletcher has long had the reputation ofhaving a “mafia.” Regardless of whichcorner of the world or in which indus-try, Fletcher alumni are willing to helpa fellow graduate or current student.Often overlooked, however, is the factthat our alumni and students of colorface particular concerns and issuesbeing minorities in international relations. The relatively small repre-sentation of people of color in this field beckons the need to pay greater attention.

Recognizing this need to generateawareness of such interests and con-cerns, current students and alumnihave initiated the Fletcher Alumni ofColor Program (FACP), with the coop-eration of the offices of Developmentand Alumni Relations, Admissions, andCareer Services. The mission of thisinitiative is to foster a strong and

enduring community among alumni of color; further the interests, welfare,and mission of The Fletcher School;and serve as a forum to address issuesof diversity.

FACP is in its initial stages ofdevelopment and is seeking the leader-ship and support of alumni to serve on its steering committee, assist inrecruitment efforts, or serve as careermentors. It is open to members of theFletcher community who identifythemselves as a person of color, regard-less of nationality or nation of resi-dence, and those who have demon-strated strong commitment and inter-est to issues relating to persons ofcolor. To learn more about this newprogram, please e-mail the Office ofDevelopment and Alumni Relations at [email protected].

—BELINDA CHIU (F’04)

PEOPLE OF COLOR IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Fletcher returns to BlakesleeHouse

The Fletcher Academic Convocation, September 3, 2003, was

the forum for the initial presentation of the Class of 1947 Distin-

guished Leadership Award, established to honor annually a

Fletcher graduate, selected by Fletcher‘s dean, who over a long

career has advanced the ideals and purposes of the school by

contributing in an outstanding manner to the craft of diplomacy

and to the conduct of international relations in the public and

private sector.

Walter Wriston (F‘42), former chairman and CEO of Citigroup,

was the first recipient of this award. Class president William Dale

presented the award, praising Wriston‘s diplomacy as leader of the

banking community in averting an international financial catastro-

phe when Mexico and others defaulted on external debt in 1982.

Wriston was prevented by illness from delivering in person his

convocation address,“Fletcher in the Information Age”; it was read

by Fletcher‘s academic dean, Lisa Lynch.

Convocation 2003 and the presentation of the first Class of

1947 Distinguished Leadership Award concluded a six-year com-

mitment by our class to make a significant gift to Fletcher. This

process began at our 50th reunion, September 1997, when we

pledged $100,000 to be funded over the next five years leading to

our 55th reunion. During our 55th reunion (at Convocation 2002),

then class president Haydn Williams announced that our class had

exceeded our original pledge and that we would double it.

Although we ”old soldiers“ of ‘47 are fading away, 27 of us still

living take pride in this first presentation of our award at

Convocation 2003. It was initiated in 1997 as a gift for Fletcher and

in memory of classmates and two spouses no longer with us. The

Class of 1948 followed our example, having completed their 50th

reunion in September 1998 with a pledge of $60,000, thanks to

their class spirit and the leadership of the late Barbara Burn.

It is our hope that our example will take hold, and that in time

each successive 50-year class will follow our lead for a substantial

50th reunion gift for The Fletcher School. In this way, each one of

us can repay, in part at least, the enormous gift of our training at

Fletcher and the matchless associations each one of us shares in

this proud company making its mark upon the world stage.

—CHARLES P. EDWARDS (F’47)

C L A S S O F 1 9 4 7 D I S T I N G U I S H E D L E A D E R S H I P AWA R D

In August 2003, the eight staff mem-

bers from Fletcher‘s Office of Develop-

ment and Alumni Relations set up

shop at 132 Curtis Street, a.k.a.

Blakeslee House. The move, spurred

by the need for more faculty offices in

Fletcher’s Cabot building, has brought

this charming house back into the

Fletcher fold. Acquired by Tufts

University in 1939, Blakeslee House

served as the first Fletcher dormitory

for women, and is located next to

Wilson House, Fletcher‘s first dormi-

tory for men.


In an interview published in the latest issue of theFletcher Forum of World Affairs [Winter 2004], MohamedElBaradei, director general of the International Atomic EnergyAgency [IAEA], warned about the dangers of the United Statesgovernment “jumping to conclusions” and making judgments“on the basis of assumption and innuendo” about SaddamHussein’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program.

“You can’t really work on the basis of assumption andinnuendo. I think it’s very dangerous in the field of activitieswhere we are in,” ElBaradei cautioned. Indeed, what is strikingis that the interview, conducted by Forum editor EmmaBelcher (F’04) by phone with ElBaradei from IAEA headquar-ters in Vienna, occurred on December 2, 2003.

This was several weeks before former weapons inspectorDavid Kay acknowledged before the Senate Armed ServicesCommittee that “we were all wrong, probably,” about Iraq’sperceived threat and the subsequent decision by the BushAdministration to create a bipartisan commission to reviewU.S. intelligence operations.

Without citing anyone by name, ElBaradei appeared to becriticizing the Bush Administration for a rush to judgment onIraq’s WMD program. “[T]he international community is learn-ing that we need not jump to conclusions,” he told the Forum.

ElBaradei also warned about the potentially deadly conse-quences of faulty judgments. “We know that these decisions—or these conclusions—could make the difference between warand peace, and we [IAEA] are very carefully weighing everyword we say,” he said.

Asked why he thought Saddam was so resistant to lettingin weapons inspectors in his country when it appears he didn’thave a nuclear weapons program, ElBaradei said he could onlyspeculate. “I think they were… probably testing the waters sothat if they knew they had nothing, they thought, ‘Maybe we can camouflage [the situation], and on the one hand aninspector will not find anything because we [don’t] have [anyweapons], but on the other hand maybe it’s good for us to create an impression that we might still have some of theseweapons to deter a prospective attack.’”

Surveying the broader nuclear landscape, ElBaradeiacknowledged that such weapons development in countries

like Iran and North Korea, coupled with IAEA reports thatRussia, China, and Pakistan have been supplying technologythat Iran used to enrich uranium, posed a growing problem.

“I think, unfortunately, nuclear weapons continue to beperceived by many to be attractive: a weapon of choice,” hesaid. “We still have something like 30,000 warheads aroundthe world; we still have eight countries who are de jure or defacto nuclear weapon states; we still read about new research,about developing new, small nukes that could be used asbunker busters, as low-yield nuclear weapons, and I think—in addition to all of what I have said before—we need to create a different environment….

“My fear [is] that if we continue on the road we are onright now, we will continue to have more countries acquiringnuclear weapons,” he said. “The technology is becoming moreavailable, the know-how is becoming more available, and if wereach the point [at which] we will [fulfill] the prediction ofPresident Kennedy that we will have 15 or 20 nuclear weaponstates, I think we are then preparing a recipe for our owndestruction.”

To read the complete interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, visit the Forum Web site at www.fletcherforum.org.

ElBaradei Warned of “Jumping to Conclusions”on Iraq’s

WMD ProgramFaulty Decisions “Difference Between War and Peace”

T E R R Y A N N K N O P F

Two distinguished Fletcher alumni have

recently made international headlines.

KOSTAS KARAMANLIS (F’80), leader of the

conservative New Democracy party, won

Greece’s election for prime minister in early

March. SHUKRI GHANEM (F’76) was promoted

to the position of Libyan prime minister in

June 2003. Director General for the Libyan Ministry of Oil when

he began as a Fletcher student, Ghanem spent considerable time

at OPEC in Vienna after graduation.

Ghanem and IAEA director Mohamed ElBaradei will be the

featured presenters at this year’s Fletcher Symposium at the Tufts

European Center in Talloires, France, June 4–6.

Shukri Ghanem (F’76)

Between june 6 and 8, 2003, the Second AnnualFletcher Talloires Symposium took place in therestored buildings of the former Talloires Prioryby Lake Annecy in the beautiful French Alps. The

gorgeous setting, thought-provoking lectures by ProfessorsGlennon and Henrikson, and spirited discussion among the 45Fletcherites and guests in attendance made this a perfect fol-low-up to the first Talloires Symposium in 2002. Of course,with the Iraq war just beginning and international tensionshigh, it was also perfectly timed to have a high-quality discus-sion on the UN and the future of the international order.

These annual weekends in Talloires have proven to be notonly engaging intellectually, but also capable of strengtheningthe ties between diverse members of the school community.The first Fletcher Symposium in London in December 2003,together with the Talloires weekends, hold much promise forincreasing the awareness of Fletcher in Europe.

The Talloires Symposia—with their relaxed seminaratmosphere, with lectures and discussions rounded off byswims in the lake and fondue dinners on mountain ridges—

will become a hallmark event for the Fletcher community. Ican only recommend the next meeting, which will take placefrom June 4 to 6, 2004. There can hardly be a better way tospend a weekend. —JAN-PHILIPP GÖRTZ (F’98)

FLETCHER EUROPEAN TRADITIONS IN THE MAKING

N E W T R A D I T I O N S


From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the

Adriatic, an iron curtain has been lifted from

across the Continent—the Fletcher Club of

Central and Eastern Europe has been formed!

September 5–7, 2003, seventeen Fletcher

alums and spouses met in Hungary for a

weekend of learning and fun. Participants

came from Tirana, Boston, Bratislava,

Budapest, Moscow, Prague, Skopje, and

Vienna. The alums represented classes from

the seventies, eighties, nineties, and

noughties (as the Brits say).

The weekend started on Friday night with

a sumptuous dinner at the Károlyi Palace in

downtown Budapest. Between dinner

courses, Ambassador György Habsburg dis-

cussed European Union enlargement with

great expertise and humor. (Who knew that

even a Habsburg has to wait at the Austrian-

Hungarian border sometimes?) And thus the

pattern for the weekend was set: an abun-

dance of good food, alcohol, and humor.

Saturday started early with

a mini-tour of Pest and a

private tour of Parliament.

Afterward, we toured the

Castle District in Buda,

including Matthias Church

and a de rigueur stop at

Ruszwurm Kávéház for pas-

tries. The afternoon featured

a drive down to the Villány

wine region and a game of

Fletcher Jeopardy. Team

Blakeley prevailed through

good strategy, the Jumbos

having led most of the game, and The

Rule of Force blowing its large lead in the

final round. (The question was: How would

you define Al Rubin’s approach to interna-

tional law in one word?) The winners got a

bottle of Tokaji Aszú, the wine of Hungarian

diplomacy.

Upon arrival to the village of Bóly, we vis-

ited a gingerbread maker (a Hungarian folk

tradition), before descending into the wine

cellar, where we proceeded to sample ten (or

was it twelve to fourteen?) different wines.

Half the group stayed in a pensione, the

other half sampled village tourism by staying

with the locals.

The late Sunday morning drive back to

Budapest gave everyone a chance to chat

some more, as did the Budapest lunch that

lasted until 5:00 p.m.! Everyone had a chance

to talk with each other and learn what the

other was doing. We had a wonderful time

together, and clearly enjoyed one another’s

company. For the eight people who can-

celled, you missed a fantastic time.

—ANNA BALOGH (F’00)

T H E F I R S T C E N T R A L A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E R E U N I O N

Tufts European Center in Talloires, France

Anna Balogh (center, front) with other participants from the CentralEuropean weekend, including the reunion organizer, Anita GombosOrban (F’01) (third from left).


As someone who has always preferred old shoes, old cars, oldfriends, and old French wine, let me say that it’s a pleasure tobe here tonight in the capital of Old Europe….

It is a particular honor to appear with the man who is rightlyreferred to as the dean of the French Diplomatic corps.Fletcher, I am constantly reminded, has many accomplishedalumni, but none more distinguished than Senator François-Poncet, whose lifetime of devotion to improved French-American relations has indebted us all.

Twenty-three years ago, in 1981, this former master’s candi-date returned to Fletcher as the foreign minister of his country.He gave a memorable address, an address that is almost eerie inits prescience and contemporary relevance. Minister François-Poncet asked why it is that there are so many stereotypes inFrench-American relations. “Why,” he asked, “do people on bothsides cling tenaciously to preconceived ideas?” “Why do thesemisconceptions about French-American relations persist?”

I would like to take my own stab at answering that ques-tion, and I want to begin with a piece of recent history.

Not long ago, as we all remember, a respected westerndemocracy with a long history of support for internationalinstitutions launched an invasion of a major Arab state in fla-grant violation of the rules of the UN Charter. The invasionwas not approved by the Security Council. There was no plau-sible argument for self-defense. The invader had only one realally: Great Britain. The invaders prepared their attack whilegoing through the motions of multilateral negotiations; in fact,it was widely believed, their real interest was regime change—a regime, it was believed, that had supported terrorism. Theattack triggered an avalanche of condemnation around theworld. European allies were embarrassed. Third-world statescomplained of a new colonialism. The Arab street was up inarms. Russian influence in the Middle East grew. The attackreminded the world of the many times that that country hadchosen to go it alone—of the sense of “exceptionalism” thatthat country seemed to think somehow placed it above therules—of the “revolutionary calling” that is so much a part ofits history. But—its leaders made no apology. They claimedthat the use of force was necessary to protect vital nationalinterests. They made clear that they would use force again if

exigent circumstances required. And, chastened by it all, theythereafter embarked upon a number of new policies that couldonly be described as unilateralist. The country to which I referis not the United States; it is France. The incident is not theIraq war; it is the 1956 invasion of Egypt, aimed at overthrow-ing the regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.

I relate all this not to argue that the American invasion ofIraq was justified, but simply, instead, to suggest to you that aprincipal cause of French-American misunderstanding is todaywhat it was in 1981, when Minister François-Poncet spoke atFletcher: the inability to see the world from the other’s per-spective, and the inability to remember that, ultimately, allstates act from the same fundamental motives.

Nowhere were these deficiencies more evident than in theUN Security Council in the weeks before the war in Iraq.Policymakers from the United States and France too oftenbelieved that only their country was right, that only theircountry’s solution was lawful, that only their country acted inthe best interests of the international community.

The truth is, as I wrote in a little piece in Foreign Affairslast spring, if French policymakers had been sitting inWashington, they probably would have acted very much asAmerican policymakers had acted, and if American policymak-ers had been sitting in Paris, they probably would have actedvery much as French policymakers had acted. Why is this so?Because nations act to preserve and enhance their power as ameans of preserving and enhancing their security. They usetheir leverage in international organizations to further thatobjective, and when international organizations stand in theway of that objective, as we saw in 2003 and in 1956 and in1935 when Italy invaded Ethiopia and the League of Nationscollapsed, international organizations fall by the wayside.

So at the level of deeper geopolitical forces that shape stateconduct, very little has changed since Minister François-Poncet posed this question in 1981. But because of these sameforces, something else has changed, and changed very muchindeed. In 1981, Minister François-Poncet told his Fletcheraudience that it was essential that the United States and France“agree on a joint enterprise, a shared geopolitical design.”I believe that, in 2004, we must frankly

The Future of MultilateralismM I C H A E L J . G L E N N O N

Professor of International Law

The following article is based on Professor Glennon’s presentation to the Fletcher Club of

Paris on January 13, 2004, at the offices of Pinault Printemps Redoute, Paris. Senator Jean

François-Poncet (F’48) also presented his views on French-American relations at the event.

| Continues on next page

M U LT I L AT E R A L I S M


admit—in France and in the UnitedStates—that we no longer have a shared geopolitical design.We do not share a joint geopolitical design because our long-term national goals are fundamentally different. France has inrecent years undertaken as a central objective of its foreignpolicy to return the world to a multipolar configuration ofpower. Another former foreign minister, Hubert Vedrine,forthrightly acknowledged that this was a principal foreign policy

objective of France. “We cannot accept… a politically unipolarworld,” Vedrine said, and “that is why we are fighting for a mul-tipolar” world. The United States, on the other hand, is commit-ted to maintaining a unipolar world. The national security strategy statement adopted by the United States in 2002 said that“[o]ur forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adver-saries from pursuing a military buildup in hopes of surpassing,or equaling, the power of the United States.” It can thereforecome as no surprise that a collision occurred in the SecurityCouncil: America and its power competitors are committed toincompatible long-term strategic goals. Each uses the SecurityCouncil, as well as other international institutions such asNATO, as an instrument for seeking to advance that goal. Whenthe lever is pulled in opposite directions, the result is predictable:paralysis. We have, I might add, continued to see these sameforces at play in the Security Council since the Iraq war. It hasturned out that the much-vaunted “legitimacy” of the UnitedNations has counted for little in getting other nations to pitch in and help rebuild Iraq. The modest resolution adopted by theSecurity Council last fall has resulted in no troop contributionswhatsoever from France—even though France will benefitgreatly from the increased security in Iraq that will be essentialfor rebuilding that nation as stable democracy.

Part of the reason for French reluctance is no doubt contin-uing pique over what it sees as American unilateralism, notonly in fighting the war but also in making the peace. There issome validity to this concern. The United States has too oftenbeen heavy-handed in dealing with long-standing friends andallies and has too often been shortsighted in thinking that itcan get what it wants by acting alone. Prudent American poli-cymakers would recognize that American power often can beadvanced more effectively by working through multilateralinstitutions than by going around them. Multilateralism soft-ens the jagged edges of hegemonic power, and therefore isoften the most effective means of preserving it. A greater

commitment to multilateral institutions can also serve to pro-tect American interests in the distant future, by providing abulwark of institutional safeguards to defend those interestswhen American power is no longer so preeminent….

So that is where things stand today. The United States andFrance are engaged in a power struggle. American policymakershave an interest in ensuring that the United States does not getlocked into a situation in which it can act only with the legiti-

macy of the United Nations. There is nopoint in being a “hyperpower” if you aresubject to the same constraints that limitLuxembourg. French policymakers, on theother hand, have an interest in maneuver-ing the United States into a situation inwhich it cannot act without the approvalof the United Nations—and, of course,without the approval of France.

I reiterate: I do not blame Frenchstatesmen for trying to cut American

“hyperpower” down to size. If the situation were reversed,American statesmen would be doing precisely the same. Thatis the real world in which we live. Pretending that that worlddoes not exist will not change it. “There is grave danger,”Senator Henry Cabot Lodge said, “in an unshared idealism.”French policymakers might therefore ask themselves whether,if the situation were reversed, they would be eager to cedeFrench hyperpower to France’s power competitors. No one can be certain; perhaps France would in fact break free of thegeopolitical forces that have governed interstate relations sinceThucydides. Given France’s relations recently with third-tierpower competitors such as Spain, Poland, and the rest of“new” Europe, I doubt it. The French project has been to nar-row the power disparity between France and the United States,not the disparity between France and lesser powers that mightbalance the power of France.

I have tried to speak frankly this evening, as is appropriatebetween friends. And we are friends. That the United States andFrance are power competitors does not mean that they cannot befriends—not only friends, but allies, allies because they continueto have much in common. Many of us are embarrassed by juve-nile efforts of some Americans to rename “French fries” or toboycott French wine…. For all we read about increased anti-Americanism, I can report that, in many happy days in France in recent months, my wife and I have always been treated withthe utmost courtesy and indeed affection. And there is no reasonin my mind why those same sentiments cannot characterizeFranco-American diplomatic relations as well. As MinisterFrançois-Poncet said so rightly 23 years ago, “France andAmerica were born of sister revolutions, they are moved by thesame principles and sustained by the same ideals.” And so what-ever our differences, the truth is that, at the deepest level, at thelevel of our national commitments to human dignity and indi-vidual freedom around the planet, Vive la France still meansVive les Etats-Unis—and vice versa.

MULTILATERALISM SOFTENS THE JAGGED

EDGES OF HEGEMONIC POWER,

AND THEREFORE IS OFTEN THE MOST EFFECTIVE

MEANS OF PRESERVING IT.

Continues from page 7 |


On December 18, 2003, more than 130 Tufts andFletcher alumni, as well as leaders from the worlds of business,finance, and higher education, gathered at Citigroup’s headquar-ters in New York City for a ceremony to formally installLaurent L. Jacque as the first holder of the Walter B. WristonChair of International Business.

Jacque, professor of Inter-national Finance and Banking and director of the InternationalBusiness Relations Program atFletcher, delivered the inaugurallecture, titled “Financial Develop-ment and the Wealth of Nations:Revisiting the Emerging CapitalMarkets Hypothesis.”

On hand for the occasion wereWalter Wriston (F‘42), the formerchairman and CEO of Citibank[now Citigroup] in whose honorthe endowed chair has been named,and his wife Kathy;Citigroup chairman Sandy Weil; Tufts President Lawrence S.Bacow; James Stern and Nathan Gantcher, Tufts trustees chair-man and former chairman, respectively; Stephen W. Bosworth,dean of The Fletcher School; and Fletcher’s board chairmanPeter Ackerman.

The Wriston chair builds on Fletcher’s expanding interna-tional business program and complements the Citigroup/Wriston Scholarship Fund already in place at Fletcher, whichsupports students who are interested in international busi-ness and the global marketplace. The new chair grew out of a $2 million gift from Walter Wriston and his wife Kathy to endow Fletcher’s first faculty chair in the internationalbusiness area.

President Bacow delivered welcoming remarks. CallingWriston “a global citizen,” he said: “Walter has been lauded asthe pioneer who built a global organization long before ‘global’was a buzzword. He was never afraid to take risks and to learnfrom his experiences.”

Dean Bosworth noted that a sizable contingent of Fletcherand Tufts alumni—about 75—currently work at Citigroup.“Fletcher is very proud to call Walter [F ‘42] one of our own,”

he said. “This gift builds upon the existing partnership wehave with the Wristons and with Citigroup. This relationshipalready supports an existing endowed scholarship fundknown as the Citicorp-Wriston Scholars Program, which aidsannually ‘five men or women of the highest character,

integrity, scholarship, and all-around ability at Fletcher’….Wehope our partnership lasts formany years to come.”

Even in retirement, Wriston,now 84, remains a towering figureon Wall Street, still writing op-edpieces for newspapers such as TheWall Street Journal, still soughtout by other business leaders andjournalists for advice. After all, heheaded Citigroup and its principalsubsidiary, Citibank, for 17 years,retiring in 1984 after having beenwith the company for 38 years.

Under Wriston’s leadership,Citibank expanded nationwide, helped pioneer the use of auto-matic-teller-machine cards, and became a leading player in thecredit card business. He was also a pioneer in building a globalorganization long before the word “globalization” came intovogue. He had a strong commitment to recruiting women asmanagers, which, in the view of management guru PeterDrucker, was perhaps his most significant accomplishment.

More than just an expert on banking, Wriston is regardedas an authority on the financial markets, corporate America,and the history of Wall Street. A Reuters reporter in 2002recalled his “storied business career.” And, in a 2002 article inMoney magazine, CNN’s Lou Dobbs hailed him as “one of thepreeminent financial minds of our time.”

At an elegant lunch in Citigroup’s Executive Dining Room,Wriston talked to those gathered about one of his favoritethemes—corporate governance in an age of financial scandal.“Although the velocity of change in the world is fast and get-ting faster,” he said, “there is one thing that never changes,and I hope that it will always be stressed in any discussion ofinternational business and finance. That is the overridingimportance of integrity.”

Fletcher Launches Walter B. Wriston Chair of

International BusinessT E R R Y A N N K N O P F

Walter B. Wriston and Professor Laurent L. Jacque

This page: Matthew Bryza (F‘88) andFletcher board member Elizabeth ParkerPowell (F‘62) were recognized for their con-tributions to their vocational fields and toFletcher. Opposite page: (far right, top tobottom) The Honorable Malcolm Toon (F‘37)dances with Chris Bosworth; Dean StephenW. Bosworth, guest and Dorothy Sobol,Ph.D. (F‘66), and the Honorable PhyllisOakley (F‘57) at the OAS; Fletcher boardchairman Peter Ackerman, Ph.D. (F‘69), andformer Dean John R. Galvin at the Germanambassador‘s residence; gala chairmanDavid Schwartz (F‘87) and gala committeechairpersons Gabriella Rigg (F‘97) and NoahRubins (F‘99). (Inset, top to bottom) Galaattendee makes a bid at the silent auction;Adele Fleet Bacow and Tufts PresidentLawrence S. Bacow dancing at the OAS.


ON SATURDAY NIGHT, OCTOBER 18, 2003, MORE THAN 500

Fletcher alumni, friends, and dignitaries turned out at the

historic Organization of American States (OAS) building in

Washington, D.C., for a sold-out black-tie affair to celebrate the school’s

70th anniversary.

The evening, conceived of and organized by members of the Fletcher

Club of D.C.,began with dinners at the offices of the American Red Cross,

thanks to alumna Marsha Evans (F‘76), and at the German Ambassador‘s

Residence, hosted by Wolfgang Ischinger (F‘73) and his wife, Jutta.

Dessert, dancing, and a silent auction followed at the OAS.

Two awards were conferred during the evening. Fletcher Overseer

Elizabeth Parker Powell (F’62) received the Dean’s Medal in recognition

of her tireless efforts as a devoted alumna and member of the board.

Matthew Bryza (F’88) received the first Young Alumni Award from the

D.C. alumni club for his early career achievements, which exemplify the

Fletcher mission.

The event, a fund raiser for the school, netted more than $70,000.

FLETCHER CELEBRATES ITS 70TH ANNIVERSARY WITH BLACK-TIE BASH


administration. Moreover, he argued, the constraints still existin the current Bush administration. Much of his findings and conclusions were based on original research and inter-views he conducted as a Pentagon consultant over the pastyear and a half.

Unfortunately, space considerations make it impossible toreprint his entire article and all nine reasons or “showstop-pers.” However, we thought you might enjoy reading a briefexcerpt from his article, which is reprinted with permissionfrom The Weekly Standard.

As terrorist attacks escalated in the 1990s, White Houserhetoric intensified. President Clinton met each successive out-rage with a vow to punish the perpetrators. After the Colebombing in 2000, for example, he pledged to “find out who isresponsible and hold them accountable.” And to prove he wasserious, he issued an increasingly tough series of PresidentialDecision Directives.

The United States would “deter and preempt… individualswho perpetrate or plan to perpetrate such acts,” said Directive39, in June 1995. Offensive measures would be used againstforeign terrorists posing a threat to America, said Directive 62,in May 1998. Joint Staff contingency plans were revised toprovide for offensive and preemptive options. And after alQaeda’s bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya andTanzania, President Clinton signed a secret “finding” authoriz-ing lethal covert operations against bin Laden.

These initiatives led to the planning of several operations.Several plans have been identified in newspaper accounts since9/11. For example, “snatch operations” in Afghanistan wereplanned to seize bin Laden and his senior lieutenants. After the1998 embassy bombings, options for killing bin Laden were

entertained, including a gunship assault on his compound inAfghanistan. [Special Operations Forces] assaults on al Qaeda’sAfghan training camps were also planned.

And preemptive strikes against al Qaeda cells outsideAfghanistan were planned, in North Africa and the ArabianGulf. Then in May 1999, the White House decided to press theTaliban to end its support of bin Laden. The Counterterrorismand Security Group recommended supporting the NorthernAlliance. These examples, among others, depict an increasinglyaggressive, lethal, and preemptive counterterrorist policy. Butnot one of these operations—all authorized by PresidentClinton—was ever executed.

From my interviews with [key civilian and military officials,serving and retired, who qualify as counterterrorism experts inthe later 1980s and 1990s], I distilled [a series of] mutuallyreinforcing, self-imposed constraints that kept the special mis-sion units sidelined, even as al Qaeda struck at American tar-gets around the globe and trumpeted its intention to do moreof the same. These showstoppers formed an impenetrable pha-lanx ensuring that all high-level policy discussions, tough newpresidential directives, revised contingency plans, and actualdress rehearsals for missions would come to nothing.

T E R R O R I S M A S C R I M EDuring the second half of the 1980s, terrorism came to bedefined by the U.S. government as a crime, and terrorists ascriminals to be prosecuted. ”Patterns of Global Terrorism,” areport issued by the State Department every year since 1989,sets forth guidance about responding to terrorism. Year afteryear prior to 9/11, a key passage said it was U.S. policy to“treat terrorists as criminals, pursue them aggressively, andapply the rule of law.” Even now, when President Bush has

Showstoppers:Shultz Cracks Open the Pre-9/11 Pentagon

E X C E R P T E D B Y T E R R Y A N N K N O P F

In a recent article called “Nine Reasons Why We Never Sent Our Special Operations

Forces After al Qaeda Before 9/11,” which appeared in The Weekly Standard on Jan. 26,

2004, Richard H. Shultz Jr., director of the International Security Studies program at

The Fletcher School, argued there were a series of institutional, organizational, and

intellectual constraints—“showstoppers”—that prevented the U.S. defense and intelligence

agencies from taking offensive measures to challenge Al Qaeda during the Clinton


defined the situation as a war on terrorism, “Patterns ofGlobal Terrorism,” says U.S. policy, are to “bring terrorists to justice for their crimes.”

Criminalization had a profound impact on the Pentagon,said General Schoomaker. It came to see terrorism as “not upto the standard of our definition of war, and therefore notworthy of our attention.” In other words, militaries fightother militaries. “And because it’s not war,” he added, “and wedon’t act like we’re at war, many of the Defense Department’stools are off the table.” The Pentagon’s senior leadership madelittle if any effort to argue against designating terrorism as acrime, Schoomaker added derisively.

“If you declare terrorism a criminal activity, you take fromDefense any statutory authority to be the leader in respond-ing,” a long-serving [Pentagon] department official [said].Whenever the White House proposed using SOF against ter-rorists, it found itself facing “a band of lawyers at Justicedefending their turf.” They would assert, said this old hand atspecial operations, that the Pentagon lacked authority to useforce—and “lawyers in the Defense Department would concur.

They argued that we have no statutory authority because thisis essentially a criminal matter.”

In effect, the central tool for combating terrorism would notbe military force. Extradition was the instrument of choice.This reduced the Pentagon’s role to providing transportationfor the Justice Department.

N OT A C L E A R A N D P R E S E N T D A N G E R O R WA RSince terrorism had been classified as crime, few Pentagonofficials were willing to call it a clear and present danger tothe United States—much less grounds for war. Any attemptto describe terrorism in those terms ran into a stone wall.

Even after bin Laden declared war on America in a 1998fatwa, and bombed U.S. embassies to show his followers thathe meant business in exhorting them to “abide by Allah’sorder by killing Americans… anywhere, anytime, and wher-ever possible,” the Pentagon still resisted calling terrorismwar. It wasn’t alone. A CIA assessment of the fatwa acknowl-edged that if a government had issued such a decree, onewould have had to consider it a declaration of war, but in alQaeda’s case it was only propaganda.

Of course, Washington continued to try to arrest thosewho had carried out these [terrorist] acts. But the places

where terrorists trained and planned—Afghanistan, Lebanon,Sudan, Yemen—remained off-limits. Those were not areaswhere the Defense Department intended to fight. A very sen-ior SOF officer who had served on the Joint Staff in the 1990stold me that more than once he heard terrorist strikes charac-terized as “a small price to pay for being a superpower.”

N O L E G A L AU T H O R I T YAugust 1998 was a watershed for the White House. Theembassy bombings led to the reexamination of preemptivemilitary options. President Clinton proposed using elite SOFcounterterrorism units to attack bin Laden, his lieutenants,and al Qaeda’s infrastructure.

Also considered was unconventional warfare, a core SOFmission very different from counterterrorism. The SpecialOperations Command’s “Special Operations in Peace and War”defines unconventional warfare as “military and paramilitaryoperations conducted by indigenous or surrogate forces whoare organized, trained, equipped, and directed by an externalsource.” For the White House, this meant assisting movements

like the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan.Both the Special Operations Command’s counterterrorism

units and Special Forces training for and executing unconven-tional warfare operate clandestinely.

But because such operations are secret, the question arosein the 1990s whether the department had the legal authorityto execute them.

R I S K AV E R S I O NThe mainstream military often dismisses special operations astoo risky. To employ SOF requires open-minded political andmilitary leadership willing to balance risks against potentialgains. Supple judgment was in short supply in the Pentagon in the 1990s.

The other side of the risk-aversion coin is policymakers’demand for fail-safe options. A general who served in theSpecial Operations Command in the 1990s encountered“tremendous pressure to do something,” he said, but at thesame time, the requirement was for “perfect operations, nocasualties, no failure.” There were some “great opportunities”to strike at al Qaeda, “but you couldn’t take any risk in doingso. You couldn’t have a POW, you couldn’t lose a man. Youcouldn’t have anybody hurt.” It was Catch-22.

“RUMSFELD MIGHT THINK WE’RE AT WAR WITH TERRORISM,”

OBSERVED ONE FORMER GENERAL, “BUT I’LL BET HE ALSO THINKS HE’S AT WAR

WITH THE PENTAGON. THE REAL WAR’S HAPPENING RIGHT THERE IN HIS BUILDING.

IT’S A WAR OF THE CULTURE. HE CAN’T GO TO WAR BECAUSE HE CAN’T

GET HIS ORGANIZATION UP FOR IT.”


It’s a bright, cold winter day, and sun streams into a con-ference room at the School of Veterinary Medicine in Grafton.Some 20 people from six different Tufts schools—physicians,engineers, veterinarians, professors, researchers, clinicians, apriest—are seated around a long table. An easel is at the front ofthe room, and pages are filled with scrawls, arrows, ideas. Themembers of the group have taken an entire day from their busyschedules to meet and talk about one topic: water.

The room crackles as ideas are traded back and forth: Howis climate change affecting water supply? Does the incidence ofwater-borne disease increase after a heavy rain that overflowssewers and contaminates surface water? Can sensors be devel-oped to determine if a water supply system has been tamperedwith? Why do the major religions have so many ritualsinvolving water, such as baptism or the ritual bath used inJudaism? How can countries on the opposite side of the sameriver resolve their conflicts and share water?

The group comprises the faculty for a new interdisciplinarygraduate-degree program called Water: Systems, Science andSociety (WSSS) that will start in the fall with some 30 students.The program is a partnership among six schools and grew out ofa challenge issued by Tufts President Lawrence S. Bacow to theGraduate Education Council two years ago. Bacow asked thenewly created group to come up with a program that wouldunite the three Tufts campuses. He asked members to find acommon interest that could be studied from different perspec-tives and bring a multidisciplinary approach to research.

E - M A I L S A N D E L E C T R I C I T YThe idea to study water came from Beatrice Rogers, academicdean and professor at the Gerald J. and Dorothy R. FriedmanSchool of Nutrition Science and Policy. She knew that PaulKirshen, a research professor of civil and environmental engineering, studied water, so she gave him a call, and they set up a meeting.

“We e-mailed everyone we knew at Tufts who studiedwater in some regard and told them to bring their friends,”Rogers recalled. “Some 25 people showed up at our first meet-ing, and the electricity was amazing. There was enormousenergy and people throwing ideas out and jumping up andadding things on the board.”

What Rogers and Kirshen discovered was that they hadchosen a topic that could unite people who study climatechange with those who are learning about famine in Africa,

with engineers who studyhydrology and veterinari-ans who study animalhealth. Religion, agricul-ture, household behavior,medicine, internationalrelations—all can involvethe study of water throughtheir own particular prism.

“Water is fundamentalto our survival as humanbeings,” said Kirshen, whois codirector of WSSS with Rogers. “Water also has a veryimportant spiritual role in peoples’ lives as well as in the majorreligions. People want to be around water. It’s prime real estate.They are drawn to water around the world.”

Early on, the group made the decision that the programwould not create a new Ph.D. program. Instead, students willearn a doctoral or master’s degree in an already-existing grad-uate-degree program but specialize in water. The hope is thatthe students will then become part of the new community ofwater specialists at Tufts and participate in seminars, work-shops, internships, and research. In addition to fulfilling therequirements of their department’s doctoral or master’s-degreeprograms, students will be required to take such core coursesas water resources planning and policy; the biological aspectsof water, health, and nutrition; systems analysis; and water sci-ence and engineering. Graduates of the program are expectedto work for the government, do academic research, becomeconsultants, or work for nonprofit organizations.

T I M E LY A N D I N T E R D I S C I P L I N A RY“It’s an extraordinary program,” said Provost JamshedBharucha, who was instrumental in helping to develop theprogram. “It really is a subject that is truly interdisciplinaryand timely because water is a limited resource.”

There are more than 30 faculty members who will serve as teachers and advisors to WSSS students, including Bacow,whose research area is environmental economics and policy;Fletcher’s William Moomaw, whose research area is environ-mental policy and negotiations; the Fares Center‘s LeilaFawaz, who studies interstate dispute in the Middle East;and Peter Walker, director of the Feinstein InternationalFamine Center.

Water, Water EverywhereSix-school collaboration fuels new graduate program at Tufts

M A R J O R I E H O W A R D

William Moomaw


Four Fletcher “Neptunes”—one recent Ph.D., twograduating students, and one professor—visited the Nether-lands in March 2003 to explore the Dutch oceanic experience,both for its intrinsic value and for how it might relate to other cultures and societies.

In our six days and 800 miles of travel, we covered the com-pact geographical core of oceanic Netherlands (Holland andZeeland), visiting museums, water control projects, bookstores,and harbors, interviewing curators, professors and teachers,students, clerks, engineers, and businessmen, collecting infor-mation wherever we could, even in casual conversation.

WAT E R If we were to choose one word to sum up the Netherlands, wethought it might be water. But perhaps “wet” might be moredescriptive than water, both in the sense of ocean as source,avenue, arena, cultural metaphor, and in a figurative senserelating to alcohol. The Dutch were pioneers in distillingliquor; their enthusiasm for its consumption would seem to be an historical constant.

The Netherlands, placed between land and water, is lockedinto a continuing struggle for survival against the sea evennow, as the land sinks and the sea rises. Sixty-five percent ofthe nation is now shielded by dikes. But the Dutch are alsoalert to the possibilities the sea presents for fishing and trade.Thus the Dutch have both fought the sea and embraced it.

We were impressed by the power of water and the awesomedegree of control the Dutch have come to exercise over it. TheNetherlands is a “hydraulic society” (but not by sociologistKarl Wittfogel’s definition). Here water control seems to havepromoted cooperation without encouraging authoritarianism,perhaps because of the geography of the challenge. Wittfogelwrote about north China and other ancient riverine cultureswhere a wide riverine plain made flood prevention on a largescale essential. This was purely defensive; the objective was topreserve space. The Netherlands, with its marsh and dunes,formed a more complex environment. Water control was localand small-scale, defensive but also creative. Making spacebecame the objective. The result is a purposeful landscape witha Mondrian geometry, and you realize that wherever youstand and walk, you are likely to be below sea level.

In the Netherlands, water, in motion, seems to offer escapefrom landbound isolation and poverty. The windmill is every-where, both in its antique form and in its contemporary metal-

lic shape grouped into wind farms for the generating of elec-tricity. In preindustrial times the Dutch applied wind power forpumping water but also for such tasks as sawing timber. Thuswind power spawned the preindustrial shipyard. In the Dutchtradition, there seems a clear linkage within hydraulic engi-neering, from windmills to sluices, dry docks, offshore oil platforms, and the great Delta Works flood barrier.

The Delta Works is one of the largest construction projectsin world history and has been called the “8th wonder of theworld,” a nice illustration of Dutch innovation as well as tradi-tion in civil engineering. In essence, the Delta Works is a vastcomplex of dams and locks, steel gates, and towering sluicecaissons forming a storm surge barrier attempting to controlthe nation’s saltwater frontier. The Dutch believe it reducesflood risk from once in 80 years to once in 4,000. The projectwas 25 years in the making and Professor George Embree (F‘56) remarked that it was built in response to the loss ofempire after World War II, as the Dutch struggled to find anew sense of national purpose. In the course of construction,plans were modified to accommodate a new realization of theecological cost of the planned solid dam. Instead, the Dutchbuilt an open barrier that can control water flows but at thesame time preserve the local ecosystem, with its many rareplants and animals.

Subsequently, Delta Works engineers helped build the newHong Kong airport, and in a world increasingly conscious ofthe dangers of global warming, this innovative engineeringmay prove to be highly useful in many places.

T H E C I T YOur trip demonstrated the small distances among major citiesin the Netherlands. The nation has been highly urbanizedsince early modern times and is now one of the world’s mostdensely populated nations.

Amsterdam is built on herring bones, they say, to which we might add broken clay pipes, buttons and fish hooks, nails,pewter spoons, and cloth shoes. The city sprang up in earlymedieval times and illustrates the Dutch capacity to turnadversity to advantage. The catastrophic flooding of the ZuiderZee area made Amsterdam a sheltered seaport with readyaccess to the North Sea. Thus the city could grow from 50,000 people in 1600 to 200,000 in 1650.

This “temple of trade,” a place without palaces, plazas, orparks, became the nation’s largest city

Netherlands NotesS . G . B O R G E R S O N ( F ’ 0 3 ) , J . C . P E R R Y, G . R . W E I T Z ( F ’ 0 3 ) ,

A N D E . H I D A L G O N O R I E G A ( F ’ 9 8 )

| Continues on next page


where people were free to pursue wealth,and the merchant became the new hero. It was a place of freedom;refugee Jews would call Amsterdam “the Jerusalem of the West.”It became a place of prosperity where even the working classcould eat eggs, butter, cheese, and fresh greens to accompany theirsalt herring and beer. And a spirit of egalitarianism or at leastmeritocracy prevailed so that Voltaire could say of Amsterdam:“Here, nobody stands in the street to see a prince ride by.”

The city is still a port, handling traditional commodities suchas coffee, sugar, timber, and half the world’s cacao, althoughAmsterdamers are scarcely aware of this happening. Fish auc-tions now take place online, on the Internet while the catch isstill at sea. Herring does not appear on restaurant menus. As aresource, the ocean seems more important now for its naturalgas. The Dutch put the first oil rig in the North Sea in 1961.

Rotterdam is the second city of the Netherlands. Flattenedby the Luftwaffe in May 1940, it had the benefit of a fresh startafter the war.

The world’s largest seaport now proudly calls itself “mainport and brain port,” a superport for the supership. Rotterdamenjoys a deep channel ten miles to Europort and the open sea,the tidy spaces along the banks crowded with fuel storagetanks, refineries, drydocks, piers, and warehouses illustratingthe Dutch genius for planning and organization. Rotterdamserves as Europe’s fuel pump, not just for oil and gas, but also

The presence and use of water is central to life in the Netherlands, and examples of ways the Dutch harness their natural resources abound. This story‘s authors are pictured in center photo below: (left to right) E. Hidalgo Noriega, J. C. Perry, S. G. Borgerson, and G. R. Weitz.

Continues from page 15 |

N E T H E R L A N D S


for vitamins. Importing fruit juice concentrate from Brazil,the world’s largest producer, the Dutch blend, pack, and shipit to consumers. We note that the Dutch now, as before, con-centrate on process, not product. They are the quintessentialmiddlemen, highly dependent both on supplier and customer.

Europort is remote from where people live. Because bigships require big ports, shipping is remote from popular view.And the whole process has become highly automated,directly involving very few people. The nineteenth-centuryage of steam began this separation because steam powerrequired fewer people to run bigger ships. Today children nolonger see ships. Barges yes, but not seagoing vessels. (Nor do they see cows, despite the fact that the Netherlands is the world’s third-largest agricultural exporter and the dairyindustry is part of that.)

The Dutch like to think that Rotterdam is part of a newrole for the Netherlands as a comprehensive transport center.But Schipol, a world-class airport, built below sea level on thebed of a former lake, is now developed to the maximum, andany expansion is stymied by resistence to noise pollution.And our Dutch friends complain of transport inefficiencies,of roads subject to traffic jams, of disrupted and undepend-able train service. The nation needs high-speed rail but environmentalists are fighting it.

An intense struggle between environmentalism and theeconomy across a wide variety of activities seems to charac-terize the Netherlands today.

CO M M E R C E A N D T H E G O L D E N AG EIn our investigation of the seventeenth-century Golden Agewhen the Netherlands was the richest part of Europe andactive globally, we noted three characteristics of Dutch success:technology, commercial skills, and an acceptance, even embrace,of social, ethnic, and cultural diversity. Dutch ships wereextraordinarily cheap to build and to operate. The Dutch devel-oped Europe’s leading armaments industry, standardizingweapons and munitions, and selling even to their Spanish enemies. Despite politics, the Dutch simply went about theirbusiness. Joost Schokkenbroek, curator at the ScheepvaartMuseum, suggested that Dutch opportunism was analogous to the American military-industrial complex selling weaponsto Iraq and then going to war against it.

Dutch commerce began with the sale of herring caught inthe North Sea, spread to the Baltic for buying timber andwheat, to the Mediterranean for salt, olive oil, and wine, andto far Asia for acquiring spices and luxury textiles. With gov-ernment encouragement, merchants formed the East IndiaCompany (VOC), the largest trading and transport organiza-tion in the world, in which even carpenters, preachers, andprofessors could be shareholders. Limited liability encouragedrisk taking. Since the Dutch produced little themselves tosell, theirs was an economy of buying, holding, and selling.They were adept at waiting for the tide of good prices, and

their business was aided by the relative cheapness of capital.Whaling, the Baltic trade, and herring fisheries were character-ized by small, highly competitive companies and this stimu-lated innovation and improvement. For the Dutch, acquiringterritory and proselytizing Christianity were always secondaryto trade. Mercury took precedence over Mars.

M A R I N E A R TSWe were struck by how many Dutch paintings, regardless ofsubject, have an oceanic dimension. Beside landscapes with seaor river in the background and ships sailing therein, otherpaintings frequently carry maritime references. A portraitmight depict a window in the background showing ships onthe North Sea; a subject might be leaning on a globe or hold-ing a map, with nautical instruments lying on a table besidehim. Still-lifes might show a plate of herring as well as a bowlof fruit. And the museum itself is located on the banks of acanal, with a watery view from the giftshop window. InHolland marine painting emerged shortly before 1600 andbecame a preeminent expression of oceanic culture.

Painting on a wide variety of themes was then popular.Artists produced literally millions of canvases. Butchers andcobblers hung them in their shops. Ordinary people lined thewalls of their homes from floor to ceiling with art. Perhapsseamen and ships showed a collective identity for the nationwhen little else did in the republic of Seven Provinces.

Dutch marine art peaked simultaneously with the Dutcheconomy (1620–1680) but continued its presence in the fabricof Dutch life, expressed in painted tiles, prints, sculpture, tapes-tries, book illustrations, globes, and weather vanes. We saw alarge office building closely resembling a ship and a museumof science and technology built in the shape of a ship emergingfrom the water.

R E I N V E N T I O NLike New England, the Netherlands, lacking the requisite natu-ral resources, was bypassed by the industrial revolution and itlost its economic leadership to others. The eighteenth andnineteenth centuries were a time of quiet, of decay, the pes-simist might say. But the Dutch have exhibited a remarkablecapacity for reinvention and could we say that they are enter-ing a “platinum age”? A recent article in the Financial Timescharacterizes the Dutch as dealing wisely with paradox: “theyare a monarchy but behave like republicans; they are thriftyyet generous, blunt but caring, protesting yet tolerant. Aboveall they encourage the long-term view.”

Dutch trade and finance continue to flourish. The Nether-lands is a great complex of money, goods, and information,handled with precision, speed, and trust. Dutch society seemsto continue to be ahead on social issues. The oceanic experi-ence, although less pervasive than it was in the past, continuesto be critical to the economy and society, and offers an inspir-ing example to others.


I N M E M O R Y O F

Daniel Patrick Moynihan (F’49)

I have very many (memories) of a warmfriendship that began when Moynihanwas a student across the street at Tuftsand has extended for fifty-six years. Ihave…a picture that he gave me backwhen I visited him in the Nixon WhiteHouse. It showed (Harry) Haldeman and(John) Ehrlichman sitting at one end ofthe table in the Fish Room and Moynstanding at the other as a sort of odd manout. He wrote on the picture: “To Brew,who would understand the feeling.”

…In 1949, there was a planned visitto the UN by a substantial group of us,including Moynihan. On our eveningout in New York he was our escort andguide to great jazz and great food. Asthe evening drew to a close, he invitedus to his place in Hell’s Kitchen. He tookus into this terrible and decrepit bar onthe second floor of which was his home.As he opened the door to the place, hesaid, “Welcome, sit where you please;here on the right is the Rainbow Roomand on the left is the Pump Room.” Thespirit and grace of that gesture taughtme that I knew a truly extraordinaryperson—a great democrat, small andlarge “D”, and a great American.

—BREWSTER C. DENNY, PH.D. (F’48)

Pat and I were classmates and friends during the 1948–49 academic year at Fletcher. We maintained contact intermittently during the next half century…When I, as U.S. consul inKatanga, was under difficult circum-

stances during the Congo “events” of1961, Pat, who was the U.S. representa-tive to the UN, sent me words ofencouragement.

Pat and I were on opposite ends ofthe domestic political spectrum while atFletcher, which made for lively debate aswe drank beer together. Since then weboth moved toward the center or to amore pragmatic approach to many issues.—THE HONORABLE LEWIS HOFFACKER (F’49)

You may or may not be aware that whenAmbassador Moynihan was posted toNew Delhi, he was very much involvedin restructuring the American EmbassySchool (AES) there. It is one of the lead-ing international schools in the world,a wonderful institution with grades Kthrough 12, open not only to children of members of the Foreign Service andother members of the U.S. diplomaticmission but to children of otherAmericans resident in New Delhi, chil-dren of other foreign diplomats, andchildren of resident representatives ofvarious NGOs. The sterling reputationof AES is thanks in no small part to the inspiration and imagination ofAmbassador Moynihan.

—GENE THEROUX, SENIOR COUNSEL

In the mid-’90s, as the last in a long list of witnesses before the Senate FinanceCommittee, I testified in favor of normal-izing relations between the United Statesand Vietnam. I happily noticed that

Senator Moynihan had not left alongwith most of the senators, all the press,and most of the audience. He asked aquestion and noted that he agreed withthe points made by a “fellow Fletcherite.”

—FRANCES A. ZWENIG (F’70)

Long before I came to Fletcher, I was anavid admirer of Ambassador Moynihanwhile he served as U.S. representativeto the UN….One particularly vivid mem-ory was the way he embraced Ambassa-dor Chaim Herzog of Israel following the ignominious vote in the GeneralAssembly which branded Zionism as aform of racism. His defiant words stillring clear: “The United States…does notacknowledge, it will not abide by, it willnever acquiesce in this infamous act.” In1991, the resolution was rescinded.

—DAVID ET TINGER (F’77)

[Moynihan] came to give a talk at U. ofChicago, where I was a sophomore, rightafter being recalled as U.S. ambassador toIndia. Typically, he thought of getting firedas everybody else’s problem, not his…

His account of his firing: He wasnegotiating a treaty regarding usage ofDiego Garcia, and of course it was toughgoing for several months mainly due toIndians wanting to play the USSR cardto extract the best deal from the U.S.…Things came to a head when M pushedfor a close but the Indians still wanted to bargain and again reminded M for theumpteenth time they hold the balance ofpower in the Indian Ocean. To which Mreplied, “You know, if we really wantedto, we could name it the Sea ofMadagascar tomorrow.” As the laughterin the room died down, M pleaded withmock innocence, “C’mon, it was an Irishjoke!” The quote was leaked to the pressand next morning the local headline was“U.S. Ambassador Insults India!” It wasquiet for a few days

On March 26, 2003, Fletcher, the U.S., and indeedthe world lost a distinguished American senator, scholar,and diplomat. Described as “the nation’s best thinkeramong politicians since Lincoln and its best politicianamong thinkers since Jefferson” (Almanac of AmericanPolitics), Moynihan was known for his strong characterand independent thinking. A year since his death, FletcherNews remembers this one-of-a-kind leader with storiessubmitted by his Fletcher classmates and colleagues.

| Continues on page 35


FACULT YSandra E. Black and Lisa M. Lynch.“What’s Driving the NewEconomy: Understanding theBenefits of Workplace Innovation.”The Economics Journal (February2004).

Sandra E. Black, Lisa M. Lynch,and Anya Krivelyova.“HowWorkers Fare When EmployersInnovate.” Industrial Relations (The Effect of New Work Practices on Workers, special edition)(January 2004): 44–67.

Bruce Everett (F’70).“Iraq doesn’thave to become a cliché of oil-wealth excess.” Christian ScienceMonitor, 16 September 2003.

Michael Glennon. United Nations:Time for a New “Inquiry”? 5International Law Forum du droitinternational, 283–287 (2003).— “Sometimes a Great Notion.”Woodrow Wilson Quarterly(Fall 2003).— “Why the Security CouncilFailed.” Foreign Affairs (May/June2003). Reprinted in AmericanForeign Policy: Cases and Choices,edited by James F. Hoge Jr. andGideon Rose, Foreign AffairsBooks, 2003.

Anthony Gribe and LaurentJacque.“Les jours de l’euro sont-ilscomptés?” Le Monde, 15 January2004.

Alan K. Henrikson.“Paradise andPower? A Fulbright Perspective.”Global Society: Journal ofInterdisciplinary InternationalRelations 18, no. 4 (October 2003):431–49.—“Why the United States andEurope See the World Differently:An Atlanticist’s Rejoinder to theKagan Thesis.” EUSA Review(European Union StudiesAssociation) 16, no. 3 (Summer2003): 1, 3–10.

Ian Johnstone.“The Power ofInterpretive Communities.” InPower and Global Governance,edited by Michael Barnett and

Bud Duvall. Cambridge UniversityPress (forthcoming, 2004).—“US-UN relations after Iraq: theend of the world (order) as weknow it?” European Journal ofInternational Law (forthcoming,2004).

Michael Klein, Scott Schuh andRobert Triest. “Job Creation, JobDestruction and the RealExchange Rate.” Journal of Inter-national Economics 59, no. 2(March 2003).— “Work and Play: InternationalEvidence of Gender Equality inEmployment and Sports.” Journalof Sports Economics (forthcoming,2004).

Lisa M. Lynch.“Comment on‘Inequality in America: What Rolefor Human Capital Policies?’ byJames J. Heckman.” In HumanCapital Policies, edited byBenjamin Friedman. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2003.

Adil Najam.“The HumanDimensions of EnvironmentalInsecurity.” In Green Planet Blues:Environmental Politics fromStockholm to Johannesburg, editedby Ken Conca and GeoffreyDabelko. Boulder: Westview Press, 2004.— “The Case Against a NewInternational EnvironmentalOrganization.” Global Governance9, no. 3 (2003): 367–384.— “Get rid of all nuclear arms.”USA Today; 19 February 2004.

Alan Wachman (F’84).“Yiguo,liangzhi (one country, two sys-tems).” In Encyclopedia ofContemporary Chinese Culture,edited by Edward Davis.Routledge (forthcoming, 2004).—Review of Taiwan: A PoliticalHistory, by Denny Roy. Journal ofAsian Studies (forthcoming, 2004).

ALUMNIZachary Abuza (F’94). MilitantIslam in Southeast Asia: Crucible ofTerror. Boulder, CO: Lynne RiennerPublishers, 2003.

Richard Allen, Salvatore Schiavo-Campo, Thomas Columkill Garrity(F’98). Assessing and ReformingPublic Financial Management: ANew Approach. Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, November 2003.

Tomohisa Hattori (F’83).“TheMoral Politics of Foreign Aid.”Review of International Studies 29,no. 2 (April 2003): 229–247.

Kent Jones (F’79). Who’s Afraid ofthe WTO? New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2003.

William Miles (F’80).“Mid-LifeCrisis, Kibbutz Style.” Shofar: AnInterdisciplinary Journal of JewishStudies 21 (2003): 82–100.— “The Nazi Holocaust and theRwandan Genocide. The politics ofcomparison.” Journal of GenocideResearch 5 (2003): 131–135.

Kingsley Moghalu (F’92).“TheOther War: Fighting GlobalPandemics.” Global Viewpoint.The Los Angeles Times SyndicateInternational, 27 May 2003.— “Charles Taylor: A Date withJustice.” World Press Review(September/October 2003).

Ngan Thuy Nguyen (F’96).“Grandmother.” In Another Day inParadise: Front Line Stories fromInternational Aid Workers, editedby Carol Bergman. London:Earthscan, 2003.

Yulia Sinyagina-Woodruff (F’02).“Russia, Sovereign Default,Reputation and Access to CapitalMarkets.” Europe-Asia Studies 55,no. 4 (2003): 521–551.

Skye Stephenson (F’83). TheSpanish-speaking South Americans:Bridging Hemispheres. InterculturalPress, 2003.

Rachmat Sukartiko (F’52).“Individual Diplomacy: Is ItFeasible?” Image (March 2003): 29.

J. Alexander Thier (F’01).“Attacking Democracy From theBench.” The New York Times,26 January 2004.Richard Wise (GMAP’01) and JohnJ. Whyte.“Resisting the ‘siren song’in the interests of your client.”Boston Business Journal (October10–16, 2003): 34.

STUDENTS AND FELLOWSKaren Coppock (F’96 and Ph.D.candidate) and Colin Maclay.“Electronic Commerce Initiatives:A Regional Approach.” Info 5, no. 2.(2003): 17–23.

Erin English (F’04).“Make nuclearproliferation a punishable crime.”Christian Science Monitor, 26February 2004.

James Holmes (F’98 and Ph.D.candidate). Police Power: TheodoreRoosevelt, American Diplomacy,and World Order. Dulles, Va.:Brassey’s (forthcoming, 2004).— “Mahan, a ‘Place in the Sun,’ andGermany’s Quest for Sea Power.”Comparative Strategy 23 (forth-coming, 2004).— “A Lesson from Boyd:Unconventional Thinking Is theKey to Success in Iraq.” Navy Times,3 November 2003.

Ijlal Naqvi (F’04).“The disastrous58(2)(b).” Daily Times (Pakistan),2 January 2004.

Christopher R. Tunnard (F’85 and Ph.D. candidate).“From State-Controlled Media to the ‘Anarchy’of the Internet: The ChangingInfluence of Communications and Information in Serbia in the1990s.” Journal of SoutheastEuropean and Black Sea Studies(July 2003).

Taleh Ziyadov and Elin E.Suleymanov (F’04).“Turkey and the Caucasus at the Edge of EU and NATO Enlargement.”Turkish Policy Quarterly 2, no. 4(Winter 2003).

RECENT PUBLICATIONS


I N T E R N AT I O N A L L AWAssistant Professor of International LawIAN JOHNSTONE is currently lookinginto “deliberative legitimacy” in interna-tional organizations. Building on recentwork he has done on the power of“interpretive communities” to set theparameters of legal discourse, even inpolitical bodies like the Security Councilof the United Nations (“SecurityCouncil deliberations: the power of the better argument,” 14(3) EuropeanJournal of International Law 437[2003]), he is now trying to connect thatidea to the literature on deliberativedemocracy, whose core principle is thenotion that decisions must be backed bygood arguments. “The implication forinternational organizations is that agauge of the legitimacy of decision mak-ing in the organizations is the quality of deliberations that precede and followthe decisions,” he says.

According to Johnstone, the subject isimportant because complaints about the“democratic deficit” in internationalorganizations tend to focus on the com-position and voting rules of powerfulbodies like the UN Security Council, EUCouncil of Ministers, World Bank, andIMF. “Looking at the ‘deliberativedeficit’ suggests avenues for reform ofthese institutions that may be morepolitically feasible than changing com-position and voting rules, yet could be as important,” says Johnstone. “It alsosuggests avenues for further research onthe legitimacy of international institu-tions, as well as the role of law and legal discourse in those institutions.”

I N T E R N AT I O N A L E CO N O M I C SProfessor of International EconomicsMICHAEL KLEIN recently completed abook on the topic of the effect of interna-tional competition on manufacturingjobs in the United States. The book,Job Creation, Job Destruction, andInternational Competition, published bythe Upjohn Insitute, was coauthored byScott Schuh and Bob Triest, both of theFederal Reserve Bank of Boston. “In this

book, we show that labor markets in theU.S. are characterized by a lot of creationand destruction of jobs, so-called ‘churn-ing,’” says Klein. “International competi-tion is one source of job destruction, butonly one of many. International competi-tion is also one of the sources of job creation, however, a point that is oftenmissed in the media since job destructionis better press. Protectionism is not agood response to job destruction sinceinternational competition may not be asource of that destruction and, evenmore to the point, we should help people,not industries, and the focus should beon retraining and education, along withproviding a social safety net. Protection-ism only raises costs to sectors otherthan those being protected, and hurtsconsumers.”

Another research topic of Klein’s isthe effect of open capital accounts (“thatis, the ability of people in a country tomove money offshore, and to borrowfrom abroad”) on economic performance.Klein indicates that this, too, is a verycontroversial topic. “Even economistswho are in favor of free trade, like JagdishBhagwati at Columbia, are not in favor offree capital account transactions. In mywork, I show that capital account transac-tions do, in fact, promote growth, butonly for countries that have good-qualityinstitutions and government.” For thisstudy, Klein developed a theoreticalmodel and then tested it using data from1976 to 1995 for a panel of over 70 coun-tries. “The results show that countrieswith good institutions benefit from opencapital accounts, but countries withoutgood institutions do not,” says Klein.

LISA LYNCH, academic dean and WilliamL. Clayton Professor of InternationalEconomics Affairs, has been workingwith Sandra Black at UCLA on a multi-year project that examines the produc-tivity, wage, and employment outcomesassociated with workplace innovation.With funding from the National ScienceFoundation, and using a longitudinalsurvey of U.S. firms that Lynch codevel-

oped with the U.S. Census Bureau, thetwo economists have examined theimpact of workplace innovation on pro-ductivity and how this may explain partof the so-called “New Economy” phe-nomenon in the United States (see Blackand Lynch entry, Recent Publications, p.19. In addition, they have looked at howworkers are affected (both in terms ofwages and employment) when firmsinnovate. As part of this focus on work-ers, Lynch and Black have also examinedthe role of unions in facilitating work-place innovation and in turn higher productivity.

“There is still considerable experimen-tation by firms in workplace design andorganization so our work helps to docu-ment what is working and not across alarge and representative sample of U.S.employers,” says Lynch, who was recentlyappointed as a Class C director for theFederal Reserve Bank of Boston. “Muchof the previous work on workplace inno-vation has focused on specific industriesor firms and so it has been hard to gener-alize to the economy as a whole.Understanding what is driving the histor-ically high productivity growth we haveseen in the U.S. since that second half ofthe 1990s is important in terms of pre-dicting its sustainability and the ability ofother countries to replicate this growth.We are currently examining the adoptionprocess of companies of workplace inno-vation and how this is related to theirinvestments in new technology.

“Our audience is employers, unions,public policymakers and scholars….There is also considerable interest bythose trying to understand the produc-tivity miracle of the U.S. There is widespread agreement that investmentsin new technology helped spark the productivity growth surge we saw in the latter half of the 1990s. However,we argue that workplace innovation alsoplayed a significant role in this growthand this suggests that productivitygrowth may be sustainable even wheninvestments in new technology slowdown.”

FROM THE FLETCHER F ILES

D I P LO M AC Y A N D P O L I T I C SAssociate Professor of InternationalNegotiation and Diplomacy ADILNAJAM is the research director for amajor project being done by IISD andICTSD in Geneva on a “SouthernAgenda for Trade and EnvironmentNegotiation,” which involves sixregional workshops with senior govern-ment negotiators and experts fromdeveloping countries (three have alreadybeen held in Senegal, Chile, and SriLanka) and extensive interviews withtrade negotiators in Geneva. He has alsobeen writing a series of papers on evalu-ating the last ten years of global envi-ronmental negotiations and the role andevolving interests of developing coun-tries in these negotiations. “In particularI have focused on negotiations dealingwith climate change and with trade andenvironment,” says Najam.

During his sabbatical, AssociateProfessor of International Politics ALANWACHMAN (F’84) has been working ona book project pertaining to the evolu-tion of attitudes in the leadership of thePeople’s Republic of China (PRC) towardterritorial integrity, with a focus onTaiwan.

“My work explores the deceptivelydifficult question: why Taiwan? That is,since 1949 what has impelled the PRCleadership to seek sovereignty over theisland and why have the PRC’s ratio-nales for sovereignty over Taiwan notbeen applied to other territories that

might just as easily be the object of irre-dentist claims?” says Wachman.

“From its emergence at the momentthe PRC was established on October 1,1949, this enduring question and thecontroversy it engendered has hadpotentially perilous consequences forthe stability of the western Pacific.Although a fragile calm has generallyprevailed in relations across the TaiwanStrait, the fragility is ordinarily depictedas if it could easily give way to suddenand, perhaps, consuming violence. If itdoes, the United States is certain to bedrawn in even more deeply and Japan,too, can expect to be implicated. Myprincipal objective is to expose the con-tingent nature of the PRC’s statedrationale for territorial integrity. That is,to demonstrate that the PRC’s rhetoricabout Taiwan should not be accepted atface value. What the PRC leadership hassaid and the official pronouncementsabout Taiwan may not reveal the deeperreasons why the leadership of the PRCsees sovereignty over the island as sucha vital matter.” Wachman continues,“Secondarily, because the stated ration-ale for sovereignty has evolved in thepast century, my work will suggest theinternational and domestic conditionsthat have caused the PRC to adjust itsargument for sovereignty.

“[T]he book is intended primarily forpolicy analysts, policymakers, and schol-ars, as a reflection of the aims of the edi-tors of the Asian Security Series. Forthat readership, understanding moreabout the gap between what the PRChas said in the past half century andwhat its actions suggests it really meansmay offer greater insight about thePRC’s flexibility, and the limits of thatflexibility, regarding the issue ofTaiwan’s status. That, in turn, may helpto refine and guide U.S. policy towardthe PRC and Taiwan in a way that con-tributes, rather than erodes, stability.”


Alan Wachman

Quotes of Note“What this suggests is that a military policy—although force-ful and useful in some cases, likeAfghanistan—is not a recipe forgetting rid of terrorism.”Antonia Chayes, “Al Qaeda’s changing threat toU.S.,” Christian Science Monitor, 26 February 2004,on reports that regional terror networks continueto pose a serious threat to the U.S.

“We have a huge leap forward inpeople responding negativelyabout American foreign policy as a result of the things that areshown on TV and in the way they are reported and visuallyenhanced.”Andrew Hess, “Al Hurra joins battle for news, hearts, and minds,” Christian ScienceMonitor, 24 February 2004.

“Are we really surprised that therest of the world rolls its eyeswhen we pontificate about thedangers of nuclear weapons orweapons of mass destruction ingeneral—as when Bush referredto them as ‘the greatest threat to humanity today?‘”Adil Najam, “Get rid of all nuclear arms,”USA Today (op-ed), 19 February 2004.

“The UN has learned two thingsfrom Iraq: that it’s difficult to doits job if its mandate is unclear,and to be wary of being used bythe U.S. as providing a fig leaf of international legitimacy to its operations.”Hurst Hannum, “U.S. seeks global aid for Iraq,”Christian Science Monitor, 21 January 2004.

“In the Middle East, the family is a fortress against the rest of thesociety and a massive obstacle to democratic politics and economic efficiency.”Lawrence Harrison, “Rebuilding Iraq Is Nothing a Few Middle-Class Guys Couldn’t Solve,”The New York Times, 21 December 2003.


ATLANTAWendy Gutierrez (F’96)[email protected]

Club leader Wendy Gutierrezhosted a potluck dinner in April.She encourages newcomers to theAtlanta area to get in touch.

BANGKOKKusuma Snitwongse (F’57)[email protected]

If you are in Bangkok and wouldlike to get in touch with otheralumni, please contact KusumaSnitwongse.

BEIJINGStephane Grand (F’98)[email protected]

Mosud Mannan (F’89)[email protected]

Stephane Grand and MosudMannan encourage alumni in theregion to get in touch with them.

BERLINJan-Philipp Görtz (F’98)[email protected]

Newly arrived Jan-Philipp Görtzasks anyone in the Berlin area toplease get in touch with him. Heand several alumni in the area arebeginning to plan club activities.Don’t miss out!

BOSTONErika de la Rosa (F’00)[email protected]

The Fletcher Club of Bostonhosted its second annual holidayparty at the Union Oyster Housein December. On February 25, apanel of Boston-based alumnispoke to current students atFletcher as part of the first alumni-student networking event inBoston. The event drew more than150 students and two dozenalumni. If you’re in Boston but notreceiving news of club events,send an e-mail to club presidentErika de la Rosa.

BRUSSELSKatrina Destree (F’95)katrinadestree@ bayarmont.be

The Brussels club hosted a recep-tion as part of the first FletcherEuropean Career Trip in January atthe Royal Windsor Hotel, with thegenerous help of Craig Owens(GMAP ’01). Visitors to Brussels,please contact Katrina Destree.

BUDAPESTAnita Orban (F’01)[email protected]

For the latest news on alumniactivities in Budapest and aroundCentral Europe, please contactAnita Orban.

CHICAGOH. Jürgen Hess (F’86)[email protected]

Alumni in the Chicagoland area,and visitors to the area, areencouraged to contact JürgenHess.

CHILEAndres Montero (F’85)[email protected]

German Olave (F’97)[email protected]

If you are in Chile, please be intouch with Andres Montero orGerman Olave.

GREECEMarilena Griva (F’ 02)[email protected]

Thomas Varvitsiotis (F’ 99)[email protected]

The Fletcher Club of Greece invitesall Fletcher alumni to join the newelectronic community of [email protected]. Nowthat Kostas Karamanlis (F’ 82) haswon the election for prime minis-ter, the club is eager to host anevent to greet him before theOlympics. If you are in Greece andwould like to connect with otherFletcher alumni, please contactMarilena Griva or ThomasVarvitsiotis.

HONG KONGTara Holeman (F’97)[email protected]

Dean Bosworth visited Hong Kongin March and met many Fletcherand Tufts alumni at symposia heldon March 19 and 21. Please con-tact Tara Holeman if you are inter-ested in connecting with alumniin Hong Kong.

HOUSTONJamil Al Dandany (F’87)[email protected]

David Hwa (F’77)[email protected]

Fletcher and Tufts alumni gath-ered at the offices of AramcoServices on Thursday, February 19,for a presentation by Professor

of International EnvironmentalPolicy William Moomaw. JamilDandany hosted the event, whichwas organized with the help ofDavid Hwa and other members of the Houston Tufts Alliance.

KOSOVOFiona Evans (F’00)[email protected]

Fletcher has a new club in Kosovo!Alumni in the area are asked toplease get in touch with FionaEvans.

LONDONAndrea Wilczynski (F’98)[email protected]

The Fletcher Club of London isbeing revived, so if you are inLondon, please be in touch withAndrea Wilczynski. The firstFletcher Symposium in Londonwas held in December, followedby an alumni-student reception aspart of Fletcher first EuropeanCareer Trip in January. Don’t missout on the next club event!

MALAYSIAShah Azmi (F’86)[email protected]

Please contact Shah Azmi if youare interested in assisting or par-ticipating in alumni activities inMalaysia.

MIAMIDaniel Ades (F’03)[email protected]

If you are in the Miami area, pleaseget in touch with Daniel Ades, ashe organizes activities for alumni.

MIDDLE EASTWalid Chamoun (F ‘00)[email protected]

Though the past months havebeen a bit slow for the MiddleEast Alumni Association, greatstrides have been made towardorganizing a forum for Fletcheritesinterested in the Middle East.We hope to use this opportunityto bring many Fletcher collea-gues from the Arab world, Israel,

CLUB NEWS

Members of the new Kosovo club at a winter get-together.


Iran, and Turkey together. If youwish to become a member or beinformed of the upcoming event,please e-mail Walid Chamoun.

NAIROBIAnne Angwenyi (F’02)[email protected]

Vivian Chao (F’02)[email protected]

Anne Angwenyi and Vivian Chaoare starting to plan activities foralumni in Nairobi. If you are in thearea, please get in touch withthem.

NEW YORKPhilip Aquilino (F’96)E-mail:[email protected] site:www.fletcheralumniny.com

The Fletcher Club of New York is busier than ever organizingintellectual and social events foralumni of all ages. The club’s holiday party, hosted by theHungarian representative to theUN at the Hungarian Mission,boasted nothing less than dinnerand wine-tasting, folk dancing,and a visit by NY Governor Pataki.Their membership drive is on, soplease pay your dues and getinvolved!

OREGONSusan Williams (F’00)[email protected]

Michael Zwirn (F’01)[email protected]

Alumni living in and passingthrough the Portland area areencouraged to get in touch withSusan Williams or Michael Zwirn,and to join the club’s Yahoogroup at [email protected].

PARISJulien Naginski (F’93)[email protected]

Angela de Santiago (F’91)[email protected]

The Fletcher Alumni Club of Parishosted a discussion on the futureof multilateralism and the role ofthe United Nations and theEuropean Union in collectivesecurity and collective politicalissues on January 13, 2004. Thespeakers were His ExcellencyJean François-Poncet (F’48), for-mer French Minister of ForeignAffairs, and Michael J. Glennon,Fletcher professor of internationallaw, and the evening finishedwith a cocktail reception. If youare in Paris, don’t miss out on thenext club event! Contact JulienNaginski or Angela de Santiago.

PHILADELPHIAErnest Wright Jr. (F’94)[email protected]

Please contact Ernest Wright ifyou are interested in contactingalumni in Phillie.

PHILIPPINESNicole Sayres (F’00)[email protected]

If you are in the Philippines andwould like to get in touch withother Fletcher alumni, please con-tact Nicole Sayres.

SAN FRANCISCOLiz Kerton (F’98)[email protected]:[email protected]

The SF Bay club helped host anevening reception with DeanBosworth on February 18 at theAsia Foundation. Board memberPaul Slawson (F’60) treatedattendees to wines brought fromhis Napa vineyard. For more infor-mation on upcoming club activi-ties, please contact Liz Kerton.

SÃO PAULOPaulo Bilyk (F’92)[email protected]

If you are in Brazil and would liketo get in touch with otherFletcher alumni, please contactPaulo Bilyk.

SEAT TLEJulie Bennion (F’01)[email protected]

Alumni living in or passingthrough Seattle are encouragedto get in touch with JulieBennion.

SEOULEun Ha Chang (F’01)[email protected]

Junsik Ahn (F’00)[email protected]

The Seoul Club have hosted anumber of important events overthe past few months. Last May,they held a spring reunion foralumni and students rangingfrom the Class of 1960 to theClass of 2005. On November 17,2003, about 25 club membersgathered together at the AllenHall, Yonsei University, to cele-brate the school’s 70th anniver-sary. Participants included Deanand Mrs. Bosworth, H.E.Quintero Guillermo (VenezuelanAmbassador to Korea), ProfessorDal Choong Kim, Dr. Dong HoonChoi, and many others. Thanks toDr. Dong Hoon Choi’s skillfuldiplomacy, the dinner was spon-sored by JP Morgan Chase KoreaBranch. At this meaningful event,the Fletcher Korea Club wasdelighted to present a pledge ofUS$50,000 for the Fletcher’s KoreaChair and Studies Club.The clubhas raised US $7,900 from individ-ual members’ donations. Clubpresident Chung Won Kang alsoworked very hard to contact sev-eral Korean companies, and LG-Caltex decided to donate US$20,000.We are hoping that morecompanies will join the drive.

SINGAPORESyetarn “Creek” Hansakul (F’88)[email protected]

If you are in or traveling toSingapore, please contact Creek Hansakul.

SWITZERLANDMauricio Cysne (F’93)[email protected]

The Fletcher Club of Switzerlandencourages all recent arrivals andvisitors to be in touch with clubpresident Mauricio Cysne. Theclub has two active branches inGeneva and Zurich.

TAIPEITaipei club leaders Paul Hsu(F’65) and Chao-yang Lu (F’97)have both recently relocated toother regions. Alumni in Taipeishould contact [email protected] for information onalumni activities in the area.

TOKYOMariko Noda(F’90)[email protected]

Despite the short notice, eightalumni got together at theRainbow Lounge of the ImperialHotel and talked about GMAP(Global Master of Arts Program),the Japanese economy, and theNorth Korean issue with DeanBosworth and his wife duringtheir trip to Tokyo in the fall. TheTokyo club is organizing a springreunion, so please join us!

WASHINGTON, D.C.T. Colum Garrity (F’98)E-mail:[email protected] site:www.fletcherclubofdc.org

The D.C. club raised the bar foralumni-organized events inOctober with the Fletcher 70thAnniversary Gala. In preparationfor the big night, the club offereddance lessons and monthly happyhours.To prevent post-gala blues,club members helped organize aHalloween party, hosted by LizVazquez (F’96), and a holidayparty, hosted by the Charles andPutnam Mundy Ebinger (F’72,F’72). In February, the annualcareer trip brought students andalumni together for an eveningreception at the residence of thePhilippine ambassador.


ELDA BARDSLEY (F’48) died on March6, 2003, in Chevy Chase, MD. She is survived by her daughter KathrynLynn. No further information wasavailable at the time of publication.

PAUL H. PRATT (F’50) died of cancer onFebruary 16, 2004, in Arlington, VA.Paul was born and raised in Madison-ville, KY, and served in the U.S. Armybefore attending Ohio University. Aftergraduating with a B.A. in history, Paulearned his M.A. at Fletcher. He joinedthe CIA in 1953, but left in 1959 tobegin work at the ManufacturersAlliance/MAPI, where he remaineduntil retirement 33 years later. An avidamateur Greek classics scholar, Paul ded-icated his time after retirement to histwo granddaughters, studying history,and serving as a volunteer tutor. Paulleaves his wife, Athina Pratt, two chil-dren, a daughter-in-law, a son-in-law,and two granddaughters.

THEOPHILUS ELISHA MCKINNEY JR.(F’55) died on January 15, 2003, inDover, DE, at the age of 70. A graduateof Bowdoin College, Theophilus earnedan M.A.L.D. and Ph.D. from TheFletcher School. He was considered aforemost authority in international rela-tions, and wrote over 125 books and arti-cles on the subjects of law and foreignpolicy. Among many positions he heldduring his lifetime, Theophilus served asvice president of Howard University andvice president and academic dean ofDelaware State College. He is survivedby his wife of 47 years, Sarah LouiseEvans McKinney, three daughters, a son,and four granddaughters.

LOUISE HILLSON WERLIN (F’62) passedaway last year. Louise was born inBrooklyn, and spent most of her life inthe Washington area. A graduate ofWellesley College, she received herM.A. from Fletcher before spending hercareer as a country development officerfor USAID. Her special expertise was incoordinating drought relief efforts for

the Sahel region. After retiring in 1998,Louise became a travel consultant,specializing in trips to Asia. She leavesher husband, Herbert Werlin;stepdaughter; father, and sister.

SUSAN BANCROFT BERGAN (F’64) diedof brain cancer on May 18, 2003, inNew York City. An active alumna ofboth Wellesley College, where shereceived her B.A. in 1963, and TheFletcher School, where she earned anM.A., Susan worked at Citibank for twodecades. She was named a vice presidentof the bank in 1977 and played a majorrole in the restructuring of LatinAmerican debt in the early ’80s. In 1985she became senior vice president ofDrexel Burnham Lambert. Susan is survived by her husband, Philip J.Bergan, and two sons.

ROBERT JOSEPH MACBETH JR. (F’70)died July 31, 2003, from liver cancer.Robert grew up in Philadelphia, andreceived his B.A. from HamptonInstitute (now Hampton University).He attended Fletcher with the help of afellowship from the Chase ManhattanBank. After spending three years in theU.S. Army, he earned his J.D. at theUniversity of Virginia Law School in1976. Among his professional relation-ships was a two-year partnership toestablish a law firm with four AfricanAmerican lawyers as principals, a firstin the Richmond community. At thetime of his illness, he was an equitypartner with the law firm of Rutter,Walsh, Mills and Rutter, and a frequentpresenter at legal education programson disability issues. He is survived byhis wife, Linda Davenport Macbeth; hisfather; a sister; five children; and sixgrandchildren.

GREGORY A. FLYNN (F’73) died onNovember 7, 2003, in Washington, D.C.An associate professor of internationalaffairs at Georgetown University’sSchool of Foreign Service at the time ofhis death, Greg was born in Portland,

OR. He graduated from WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis and was aFulbright Scholar at the University ofMunich in Germany. He received anM.A.L.D. and Ph.D. at Fletcher. A lec-turer, researcher, writer, and editor onissues relating to Europe and security,Greg joined the Georgetown faculty in1991. He is survived by his wife, OutiFlynn, and his father.

JOHN DAWSON (F’75) died of pancreaticcancer on August 1, 2003, in Long Island,New York. U.S. ambassador to Peru atthe time of his death, John had spentmost of his childhood in Latin America.He studied economics and Latin Americaat the University of Michigan, where heearned a B.A. with honors in 1973. Hegraduated with his M.A.L.D. fromFletcher before taking early assignmentswith the U.S. Mission to the UN in NewYork and the U.S. Mission to the OECDin Paris. During his long career in theU.S. foreign service, Dawson served asthe State Department’s director of theOffice of Mexican Affairs, and as deputychief of mission at the U.S. embassy inSan Salvador.

ELEANOR SANTOS (F’82) died in July2003. No further information was available at the time of publication.

NICHOLAS W. KIRK (F’85) died onFebruary 13, 2003. No further informa-tion was available at the time of publication.

BERNARD “BEN” NJOVENS (F’91) died inan accident on July 16, 2003. Born inNigeria, Ben received his B.A. in com-munications from the University ofYaounde in 1983. He earned his M.A. atFletcher and spent much of his subse-quent career at the World Bank. He alsoworked as a staff writer for theCameroon Tribune and as chief ofPolitical and Economic Affairs Servicefor the Cameroon Ministry of Infor-mation and Culture. Ben leaves his wife,Gwendolyne, and two children.

IN MEMORIAM

Christopher Cady, a first-year student from

Millis, MA, was tragically killed in a skiing

accident in December 2003. Though he

spent only a short time at Fletcher, he left a

lasting impression on his friends and class-

mates. Dan Preston is one such friend.

Shortly after Chris’s death, I was asked to write about Chris for the peoplewho did not get a chance to know him. Having had a couple of months now to reflect and write this article, I have had time to realize some lessonsChris taught me in the short time we knew each other.

Chris was not one to take life or time for granted. He was a generous andhumble person who had the unique ability to light up a room, and couldbrighten up your day unlike anyone I have ever known. He was an outgoing,fun-loving person, but not one who would go out of his way to boast forimmediate recognition. He made friends slowly and at a natural pace as peoplebecame involved in aspects of his life. He was a very bright and passionate person who accomplished significant feats in his short life, with great potentialto do so much for the world.

I looked up to him especially for his priorities in life, which changed me indef-initely. If I were to pick one thing that most affected me, it would be Chris’senthusiasm not to waste a moment, especially with his time at Fletcher, wherethere are so many special people. As a result, I have decided that my priority hereat Fletcher is to build relationships, help others, and learn from my peers.

I guess class work will gladly fall into a distant second. But, I will no longerput off a conversation until later. I will attempt to make more personal rela-tionships with my classmates and not just know names, faces, and bios, butwho people are. I will go to events and look to meet someone new each time.And in the end, I will walk across the stage in May 2005 with a group of people that will be indivisible for the rest of our careers.

Let us remember that we are here at Fletcher for more than just academics,a professional network, and credentials. We are here to form relationships thatwill last a lifetime. We are here to interact to hopefully come up with ways tomake the world a better place. When we’re locked away in our rooms puttingthat extra mile into our M.A.L.D. theses, let’s not forget about what makesFletcher unique—our classmates. When we are at an alumni networking eventon a career trip, let’s not forget that this is also a great time to get to know ourpeers. If anything, let us realize that Fletcher is much more than getting that A or scoring the best job. People make this place tick and this is what we camehere for. Now let’s make the most the most of it and make Chris proud bynot wasting this opportunity.

Remembering a Friend:Chris Cady

D A N I E L P R E S T O N ( F ’ 0 5 )

until he returnedto Delhi and the s*** really hit the fan, as the Indian government stoked the fire with glee, organizing protestsand demanding his resignation. Whenthe push came from Super K [HenryKissinger], M gladly jumped.

I think it was because of this experi-ence that he soon wrote the now-famousCommentary article urging a muchmore assertive U.S. posture and notbeing defensive about its values and rolein the world. This got President Nixon’sattention, which led him to the UN.Among other things, Moynihan was alsoone of the founding fathers of neocon-servatives in the 1970s when conserva-tives were in full retreat. He would havefully approved of the Bush administra-tion’s War on Terror.…He should havebeen at the UN dealing with the French,Germans, and Belgians recently. Thatwould have been the best show in town.

—KENNETH K. LIU (F’79)

I was an officer in the political section ofthe American embassy in London in theearly 1970s, when Pat Moynihan wasU.S. ambassador to India. He used to visitLondon very frequently. One morning heappeared in my office and asked if I wasfree for lunch. Flattered, I accepted. Fortwo hours we crawled London pubs talk-ing and drinking far more than we wereeating, and during that time I doubt thatI got in more than half a dozen sentences.Pat had interesting theories on every-thing. He pointed out the separate drink-ing sections in pubs intended to suit dif-ferent classes of Englishman. His mostintriguing theory was that the Englishhad been a carefree, class-free societyuntil they conquered India. There theylearned about class structures and werenever the same afterward! Some pubs, heclaimed, had as many as 18 different sec-tions for different classes of clients touse. But then I remembered that Pat wasvery much Irish.

Pat will be fondly remembered.—GEORGE B. LAMBRAKIS, PH.D. (F’69)

IN MEMORY OF MOYNIHAN


Chris Cady

Continued from page 18 |

The opinions expressed in this publication are the authors‘ own and do not necessarily represent those of The Fletcher School. Fletcher News welcomes letters on topics covered in this newsletter.The editor reserves the right to edit for space and style. Please send letters to Fletcher News, Office of Development and Alumni Relations, 160 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA 02155;fax 617.627.3659; or e-mail [email protected].

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FALL REUNION 2004

Members of the class of 1954 will be celebratingtheir 50th Reunion on September 8–10. All alumni who graduated between 1934 and 1954 are also invited.

For more information on the schedule of events, visitwww.fletcher. tufts.edu/alumni. To register, please [email protected] or call Pamela Cotte, reunioncoordinator, at 617.627.4833.

THE

FLETCHER FORUMof WORLD AFFAIRS

In the Winter 2004 issue, The FletcherForum presented foreign policy platformsfrom candidates Clark, Dean, Edwards,Gephardt, Kerry, Lieberman, MoseleyBraun, and Sharpton, and the pressing problems of the proliferation of weaponsof mass destruction...

“ I think maybe [SaddamHussein] wanted to create theimpression that they still [had]weapons of mass destruction,maybe to scare the U.S. andothers who he thought mightwage a war against him.”— D R . M O H A M M E D E L B A R A D E IDirector General of the International AtomicEnergy Agency, in an interview.

SPECIAL DISCOUNT for Fletcher alumni,up to 25% off. Domestic subscription rates: 1 year $18; 2 years $34; 3 years $45.For more information, please visitwww.fletcherforum.org, call 617-623-3610,or e-mail [email protected]. Send subscrip-tion checks to The Fletcher Forum,The Fletcher School, Tufts University,Medford, MA 02155.

A N N U A L G I V I N G

Fletcher‘s fiscal year ends on

June 30. Please help us to fulfill

our mission of preparing leaders

with a global perspective by

making a contribution to The

Fletcher Fund today. Visit

www. fletcher. tufts. edu/alumni

or call 617.627.3086 for informa-

tion on how to make a gift.

Thank you!

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