ELEMENTARY SURVEYINGFIELD MANUAL

COURSE AND SECTION: CE120-0F / B2

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: SIBUG, MARY QUEENIE M. STUDENT NO.: 2013104313

GROUP NO. 01 CHIEF OF PARTY: LAMADRID, SAIMON Z.

DATE OF FIELDWORK: 10/08/2015 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10/16/2015

SUBMITTED TO:

PROFESSOR: ENGR. IRA BALMORIS

FIELD WORK NO.1

PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

GRADE

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION

II. OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS

III. PROCEDURES AND COMPUTATION

IV. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

V. PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET

VI. FINAL DATA SHEET

VII. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSIONS

VIII. CONCLUSION

IX. FIELD WORK PEER ASSESSMENT

I. INTRODUCTION

Pacing is a rapid means of approximately checking more precise

measurements of distance, the idea of this is that you can get the distance

from one point to another by walking straight several times to the other ends

and compute to get the specified distance. Most surveyors before putting

foundation to the ground, they check the place if there are any uneven

grounds or where the foundations should put to. Pacing over rough country

may be done with a precision of one in one hundred. In average conditions, a

person with some experience should have little difficulty in pacing with a

precision of one in two hundred. Obviously, there is not much precision in this

method and the procedure provides only an approximation of distance. The

natural pace of each individual normally varies from 0.50.8 m. Technicians

involved in surveying standardize their pace by walking over known distances

on level, sloping, and uneven ground. But this method is done before our

surveyors, long time ago or even thousands of years, people walk and

measure their land to where be the ends of it, claiming that those are their

lands. So in the historic trivia, a man who walks longer, have the largest land.

II. OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS

1. To obtain individual pace factor

2. To determine the unknown distance by individual pacing

INSTRUMENTS USED:

2 RANGE POLES

CHALK

50 METER TAPE

1. Range Poles

2. Chalk/s

3. 50 Meter Tape

INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTIONS:

RANGE POLES-

Surveying instrument consisting of a straight rod painted in bands of alternate

red and white each one foot wide; used for sightings by surveyors

CHALK- Used to mark each distances measured by an instrument.

50 METER TAPE- Is an instrument used for measuring the ground or specific

area not exceeding 50 meters.

III. PROCEDURES AND COMPUTATIONS

A. Determination of Individual Pace Factor (P.F.)

1. The professor measures and designates a 50m course on a level ground.

(Remember to remove the tape while the students will be pacing on the course to

prevent them from using the tape as a basis for a straight course.)

2. The ends of the assigned course are marked with either hubs or marking pins or,

by chalk marks if on pavements. Designated the points as A and B.

3. Set or hold range poles behind points A and B or outside the course AB. These

poles will aid the students to travel in a straight path.

4. Each student should take turn pacing the course from A to B starting with heel or

toe over A, keeping their eyes focus on the range pole behind point B to keep

themselves on a straight path. One has to walk in their natural unaffected

manner, and has to keep counting their number of paces for the entire course

being covered. A partial pace at the end of the course should be figured out to

the nearest one fourth of a pace. Record this as the number of paces for trial No.

1.

5. For trail No. 2, each student should walk from B to A in the same manner as in

the first trial.

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the subsequent trials to comply with the number of trials

required by the professor.

7. Data should be entered in the preliminary data sheet.

B. Determination of an unknown distance of the assigned course by

pacing.

1. The professor marks the end of a level course to be paced by each student.

2. Range poles are to be set up outside the level course to straighten the path of

the student.

3. Each student paces the course with the minimum number of trials as required,

recording the number of paces for each trial.

4. The professor after all field notes shall have been submitted, assigns two

students to make an actual taping of the course to determine its actual taped

distance.

COMPUTATIONS:

The computation of sample field notes is done in accordance with the steps listed

hereunder:

A) Computations of P.F.

1. Get the sum of the 5 trials and divide its sum by number of trials to get the mean.

N=mean number of paces=∑ of the number of pacesnumber of paces

2. Divide the length of the course by the mean number of paces to get the individual

Pace Factor P.F.

P.F.= lengthof course

meannumber of paces∗m / pace

B) Computation of an unknown distance and percent error

1. Get the sum of the number of paces in each trial and divide this sum by the

number of trials performed to get the mean.

N=mean number of paces = ∑ of the number of pacesnumber of trials

2. Multiply the mean number of paces of the unknown distance by the pace factor

(P.F.) to obtain the paced distance

P.D.=(N)*(P.F.)

3. Divide the difference between the taped distance and the paced distance by the

error taped distance and multiply the quotient by 100% to get the percentage of

error.

Percentage of error = Taped distance – paced distance

number of trialsx100

IV. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor?

We have different pace factors, some walks slower and are faster and with different results. But pace factor is very useful on us engineers it is used to measure a specific distance, especially if the surveyors forgot to bring a meter tape.

2. Name Three most important pointers that an individual must remember to follow in order to make his/her approximation of the distance of an unknown course to be as accurate as possible.

- Keep calm and relax- Patience is the key to success- Just imagine you are in a runway but not rushing it.

3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small Park of his community by pacing around the area for three consecutive times. The number of paces was tallied at 535,543 and 539 respectively, for each trial. If the student’s pace factor is 0.74m/pace, determine the actual perimeter of the land.

Mean=535+543+5393

¿539

Perimeter=(mean)∗( pace factor )¿(539)∗(0.74 )

Perimeter=398.86m

4. Every morning, joy walks school from her boarding house and takes only a single route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of paces she makes. Monday morning’s number of paces made joy is listed as 345 pace. On Tuesday, 353 paces; Wednesday; 358 paces; Thursday, 348 paces, and lastly, on Friday 355 paces. That Friday afternoon, a surveyor from city engineer’s office who is tasked to lay out a new drainage piping system, measured the exact route she took and found out that the taped distance is 275 m. what is joy’s pace factor?

mean=345+353+358+348+3555

¿351.8

Pace factor=Taped distancemean

¿ 275351.8

Pace factor=0.78

V. PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK NO. 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

DATE: 10/08/15 GROUP NO.: 1

TIME: 7:30 AM LOCATION: Parking lot M.I.T

A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TRIAL LINE TAPED DISTANCE NO. OF PACES MEAN PACE FACTOR

1 AB 50M 9285.5 0.58 m/pace

2 BA 50M 82.5

3 AB 50M 83

4 BA 50M 84

5 AB 50M 86

B. COMPUTATIONS:Mean = Average number of paces Pace Factor=TapedDistance

Mean

= 92+82.5+83+84+86

5 =5085.5

= 85.5 Pace Factor=0.58

C. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING

TRIAL LINE NO. OF PACES

MEAN PACE FACTOR

PACE DISTANCE

TapedD.

ERROR

1 CD 85

83.95 0.58 m/pace

48.69/m 54.8m

11.14%2 DC 82

3 CD 82

4 DC 88

5 CD 82.75

D. COMPUTATIONS:Mean =Average number of paces

= 85+82+82+88+82.75

5¿83.95

Pacedistance=(n )∗(P . F)= 83.95pace*0.58 m/pace= 48.69/m

VI. FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK NO. 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

DATE: 10/08/15 GROUP NO.: 1

TIME: 7:30 AM LOCATION: Parking lot M.I.T

E. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TRIAL LINE TAPED DISTANCE NO. OF PACES MEAN PACE FACTOR

1 AB 50M 9285.5 0.58 m/pace

2 BA 50M 82.5

3 AB 50M 83

4 BA 50M 84

5 AB 50M 86

F. COMPUTATIONS:Mean = Average number of paces Pace Factor=TapedDistance

Mean

= 92+82.5+83+84+86

5 =5085.5

= 85.5 Pace Factor=0.58

G. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING

TRIAL LINE NO. OF PACES MEANPACE

FACTORPACE

DISTANCETapedD. ERROR

1 CD 85

83.95 0.58 m/pace

48.69/m 54.8m

11.14%2 DC 82

3 CD 82

4 DC 88

5 CD 82.75

H. COMPUTATIONS:Mean =Average number of paces

= 85+82+82+88+82.75

5¿83.95

Pacedistance=(n )∗(P . F)= 83.95pace*0.58 m/pace= 48.69/m

SKETCH:

2 Members are all doing the trials to get the individual’s pace factor.

1 Members are assembling and preparing for the 50 meter course pace.

3 Members are preparing for their 2nd part of their field work on West Bldg. 5th Floor in Mapua.

VII. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSIONS

THE PRINCIPLE:

A pace maybe measured form heel to heel of from toe to toe. While half pace is

from toe of one foot to the heel of the other foot, to keep one on the line while

pacing, it is good practice to fix his eyes on a distant object at the range behind

the pole on the farther end of the line being paced. Since the accepted precision

of measuring distance by pacing is 1/300, it should be used only for estimating

distance such as those used for sketching and making reconnaissance surveys.

Measuring a distance without a meter tape is difficult, but with the use of pace

factor which is the 1st field work in Surveying we can determine the distance by

getting the pace factor of an individual. Pacing on the level ground is the basics

of surveyors in engineering, you have to walk several times and record those

trials so that you will able to get your meter per pace. Walking must be normal as

possible. The last pace is estimated to the nearest quarter pace. It is advisable to

do this in at least five or more trials in order to determine the average number of

paces. The pace factor is then determined by dividing the known distance by

dividing the known distance by the average number of paces required to traverse

it. It is expressed in mere pre pace. Any unknown distance may then be

approximately calculated by determining the number of paces (preferably the

average) one takes to negotiate it and multiplying this by one’s pace factor. The

importance to walk naturally is to calibrate one’s pace and in pacing distances.

Cares should be taken to walk along a straight line. A slight deviation to the left

or right will definitely affect the accuracy of pacing. Also, and attempt to make

each step a predetermined length is tiring and will only give less accurate results.

The length of a pace will vary with the speed of pacing, the roughness of the

ground, the weight of clothing and shoes used, fatigue on the part of the pacer m

the slope of the terrain, as well as the age and sex of the individual. The pace will

also differ when going uphill. Pacing downhill will produce fewer steps than

pacing same distance uphill. On the second part of the field work, this is the

determination of an unknown distance of the assigned course by the use of

pacing. First, we let a distance to be out course of length and then just like on the

first part we walk naturally on that five times. Afterwards, we compute the data

gathered to get the mean, the pace factor and then the paced distance .In

general the length of the pace decreases as any of these factors increases,

except the speed.

VIII. CONCLUSION

From the field work 1 that we have done, pacing is the easiest way to

determine the distance that you want to measure. I learned that you can

measure such distance using only the recorded paces and by the given

formula you can now get the result. Surveyors must have these kinds of

skills to achieve the accurate measured distance in their working sites.

Probably the sources of errors are walking too quickly or not maintaining

the same speed as you walked from the previous trials and having trouble

of keeping walking on the straight path. That’s why there are huge percent

of error in the outcome of the field work, I would recommend that always

maintain your speed, as much as possible pick a location where it is not

crowded because it is one of the reasons why surveyors get interrupted

and lose counts of their paces, always have patience because we all know

that sometimes we get tired easily because we go back and forth, and

lastly keep your eye on the road.

IX.