flaxseed desciption

8/8/2019 flaxseed desciption

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Flaxseed

Overview:

Flaxseed or linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is derived from the flax plant, an annualherb believed to have originated in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians used flaxseed fornutritional and medicinal purposes. They also used the fiber contained in the flax plant to

make clothes, fishnets, and other products. Throughout history, flaxseed has been

primarily used as a laxative. It is high in fiber and a gummy material called mucilage.These substances expand when they come in contact with water, so they add bulk to stool

and help it move more quickly through the gastrointestinal tract, thereby acting as a

laxative for constipation.

The seeds and oil of the flax plant also contain substances that promote good health.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid

that appears to be beneficial for heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, anda variety of other health problems. Other plants that provide ALA include canola(rapeseed), soybean oil, walnuts, and pumpkin seed.

ALA belongs to a group of substances called omega-3 fatty acids. It is important to

maintain an appropriate balance of omega-3 and omega-6 (another essential fatty acid) in

the diet, as these two substances work together to promote health. Mackerel, salmon, andwalnuts are also good sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Most omega-6 fatty acids tend to

promote inflammation while omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation. A healthy

diet should consist of roughly 2 - 4 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fattyacids. The typical American diet tends to contain 14 - 30 times more omega-6 fatty acids

than omega-3 fatty acids, and many researchers believe this imbalance is a significantfactor in the rising rate of inflammatory disorders in the United States, including heart

disease, cancer, and arthritis. Other omega-3 fatty acids include those found in fish oil(docosahexaenoic acid or DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA).

ALA can be converted to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) and can

therefore be substituted for fish oils. However, EPA and DHA (the fish oils) are more

rapidly incorporated into plasma and membrane lipids and produce more rapid effectsthan does ALA. Only a small amount of ALA is converted to DHA or EPA in the body,

so larger quantities of flaxseed oil need to be taken to get the same effects from fish oils.

Larger quantities of flaxseed oil may increase the chances of diarrhea and may increase

blood sugar levels. One advantage of the consumption of ALA over omega-3 fats fromfish is that the problem of insufficient vitamin E intake does not exist with high intake of

ALA from plant sources. Generally, if an individual wishes to supplement the diet withan omega-3 fatty acid, fish oil products would be preferred to flaxseed oil.

Studies suggest that flaxseed (both the ALA in the flaxseed oil and the lignans in the

seed) may play a role in the prevention and treatment of the following health conditions:


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High cholesterol

People who follow a Mediterranean diet tend to have higher HDL ("good") cholesterol

levels. The Mediterranean diet consists of a healthy balance between omega-3, omega-6,and omega-9 (found in olive oil) fatty acids. It emphasizes whole grains, root and green

vegetables, daily intake of fruit, fish and poultry, olive and canola oils, and ALA (fromflaxseed, flaxseed oil, and walnuts), along with discouragement of ingestion of red meat

and not much use of butter and cream.

Flaxseed and flaxseed oil have been reported to possess cholesterol-lowering properties

in laboratory studies. Human studies have used flaxseed products and measured effects

on cholesterol, with mixed results. A human study found that dietary flaxseed

significantly improved lipid (cholesterol) profile in patients with high cholesterol, andmay favorably modify cardiovascular risk factors.

Heart disease

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts or legumes, and ALA-rich foods may

substantially reduce the recurrence of heart disease. One of the best ways to help preventand treat heart disease is to eat a low-fat diet and to replace foods rich in saturated and

trans-fat with those that are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (including

omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed). Evidence suggests that people who eat an ALA-richdiet are less likely to suffer a fatal heart attack.

ALA may reduce heart disease risks through a variety of biological mechanisms,

including platelet function (making them less "sticky"), inflammation, blood

vessel health, and arrhythmia (irregular heart beat).

Several human studies also suggest that diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids(including ALA) may lower blood pressure.

Menopausal symptoms

Flaxseed was compared to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopausal women.

40 g of flaxseed was reported to be equally effective as HRT for mild menopausalsymptoms (hot flashes, mood disturbances, vaginal dryness) and to lower blood sugar

levels. However, a few studies report no benefits in reducing menopausal symptoms

when using flaxseed oil. Flaxseed was also found to be beneficial in bone health,potentially decreasing the chances of developing osteoporosis.

Lignans from flaxseed

In addition to the important omega-3 fatty acid ALA, flaxseed (not the oil) also contains a

group of chemicals called lignans that may protect the body from cancer. Lignans areplant compounds that mimic the action of the natural hormone estrogen. For this reason,

lignans are considered phyto (plant) estrogens. Because of their estrogen-like activity,

scientists aren't sure whether flaxseed would be harmful or helpful for breast cancer.


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Flaxseed contains several phyto (plant) compounds that may be beneficial in humans,

including:

Fiber (including soluble and insoluble)

Protein -- approximately 20%

Lignans Essential fatty acids (ALA) -- flaxseed is approximately 35% oil, of which 55% is

ALA.

The laxative effect of flaxseed is due to its fiber and mucilage content. As described

earlier, phytoestrogens, known as lignans, appear to play a role in the cancer protective

effects of this plant. Other health benefits of flaxseed (such as protection from heart

disease and arthritis) are likely due to its high concentration of the omega-3 fatty acidALA.

Available Forms:

Flaxseed oil should be refrigerated. Use whole flaxseeds within 24 hours of grinding,

otherwise the ingredients lose their activity. Flaxseeds are also available ground in a

special mylar package so that the components in the flaxseeds stay active. Ripe seeds,linseed cakes, powder, capsules, and flaxseed oil are all available at health food and

grocery stores.

How to Take It:

Pediatric

Flaxseed oil may be added to a child's diet to help balance fatty acids. If an infant isbreastfed, the mother may ingest oil or fresh ground seed to increase fat content in breast

milk. See adult dosage below.

Children (2 - 12 years): 1 teaspoonful (tsp) daily of ground flaxseeds, or 1 tsp of fresh

flaxseed oil for constipation.

Adult

Flaxseed: Take 1 tablespoonful (tbsp), 2 - 3 times daily or 2 - 4 tbsp, 1 time daily. Grind

before eating and take with lots of water.

Flaxseed oil: Take 1 - 2 tablespoonfuls daily, or 1 - 2 capsules daily. Flaxseed oil is often

used in a liquid form, which contains approximately 7 g of ALA per 15 mL tbsp, and

contains approximately 130 calories.

As a substitute for fish oil, a dose of 7.2 grams of flaxseed is approximately equivalent to1 gram of fish oil.


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Precautions:

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating

disease. Herbs, however, contain components that can trigger side effects and interact

with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken

with care, under the supervision of a health care provider qualified in the field ofbotanical medicine.

Although studies have found that regular consumption of fish (which includes the

omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA) may reduce the risk of macular degeneration,a recent study including two large groups of men and women found that diets rich

in ALA may increase the risk of this disease. Ask your health care provider.

Flaxseed may slow down the absorption of oral medications or other nutrients iftaken at the same time. Therefore, flaxseed should be ingested several hours

before, or after medicines or supplements. Talk to your health care provider

before taking flaxseed if you regularly take any prescription or nonprescription

medications, or dietary supplements. People with either diabetes or schizophrenia may lack the ability to convert ALA

to EPA and DHA, the forms of omega-3 fatty acids that are generally made from

ALA and are more readily used by the body. Therefore, people with theseconditions should obtain their omega-3 fatty acids directly from dietary sources

rich in EPA and DHA, such as cold water fish (including mackerel, salmon, or

whitefish).

Do not use flaxseed products or ALA if you have diabetes, prostate problems,

breast cancer, or schizophrenia without the advice and supervision of a qualified

health care provider.

Possible Interactions:

Flaxseed supplements may alter the effects of some prescription and nonprescription

medications. If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications,you should not use flaxseed without first talking to your health care provider:

Blood-Thinning Medications -- Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the effects of blood-

thinning medications, including aspirin and warfarin. While the combination of aspirin

and omega-3 fatty acids may be helpful under certain circumstances (such as heartdisease), they should only be taken together under the guidance and supervision of a

qualified health care provider.

Diabetic Medications -- If you are taking medicines for diabetes, including insulin, you

should only use flaxseed (ALA) under the supervision of a qualified health care provider.

Oral Contraceptives or Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) -- Flaxseed may alterhormonal levels and alter the effects of oral contraceptives or HRT. Only use flaxseed

under the supervision of a qualified health care provider if you are taking hormonal

altering medications such as oral contraceptives or HRT.


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Other -- Avoid taking flaxseed at the same time of day as medications and other

supplements, as it may slow down the absorption of oral medications or other nutrients if

taken at the same time. Take the flaxseed either 1 hour before or 2 hours after taking anyprescription or nonprescription medicine or dietary supplement.

Alternative Names:

Linseed; Linum usitatissimum

Reviewed last on: 10/11/2008

Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and

alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed HealthcareNetwork.

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