quark (2/3) neutrino quark (-1/3) charged lepton

weak decay of neutron

Lambda – decay:

decay amplitude only about20 % of the neutron decay

amplitude

N. Cabibbo 1963

( Cabibbo angle )

the term with cos … = 0.974 has been observed in beta decay

1970:

GIM – mechanism

( Glashow, Iliopoulos, Maiani )

c: charmed quark

Nov: 1974: discovery of the psi meson

at SLAC – MIT( bound charm + anticharm )

III

II

I

cccc sd

c

sd

u

cossinsincos

013c

ba

a0

Electroweak theory:

SU(2) x SU(2) x U(1)

ba

a0

c

u

m

m

ba

a

0

00

ds

sdd mm

mm

2

2tan c

uu m

m

c

ui

s

dc m

me

m

m

21.0s

d

m

m07.0

c

u

m

m

o13

c

u

m

m090

sd mm /

III

II

I

100

0

0

0

010

0

0

0

001

1212

1212

1313

1313

2323

2323 cs

sc

ces

esc

cs

scVi

i

New parametrization:

100

0

0

0

0

00

100

0

0

dd

ddi

uu

uu

cs

sc

cs

sc

e

cs

sc

V

0 0

0

A

A C B

B D

0 0

0

A

A C B

B D

tan /d d sm m

tan /u u cm m

u d

0 0

0

A

A C B

B D

tan /d d sm m

od 4.00.13

tan /u u cm m

oou 7.00.5

oo

oou

Exp 1.14.5:

7.00.5

oo

od

Exp 6.27.11:

4.00.13

tbtstu

cbcscu

ubusud

VVV

VVV

VVV

V

c

u

m

m

090sd mm /

Experiment:

alpha

89.0 + 4.1/-4.2 degrees

090

Maximal CP-violation

025.0681.02sin:

663.02sin

sincos

cossintan

Exp

du

du

electron: 0.51 MeVmuon: 105.7 MeVtauon: 1 777 MeV

neutrino masses: unknown but less than ~ 1 eV

...)(00483.0

...)(2ln3

/

2

2

O

Omme

137

1

W. Pauli: 1930 Neutrino mass ~ m(e)

1956: parity violationWu / Lee – Yang

1958: maximal parity violation

Feynman – Gell-MannMarshak - Sudarshan

neutrinos massless

1998:

Kamioka

neutrino ………oscillations……. Y. Totsuka

(Kamioka)

WhatWhat

R

L

RL

RL

fermionMajorana

ee

eefermionDirac

:

:

Superposition of Dirac mass and Majorana mass:

MD

DM

0

M

Dm

2

cccc sd

c

sd

u

cossinsincos

ee

21

21

cossin

sincos

e

321

321

321

VVV

VVV

VVV

Veee

100

00

00

i

i

e

e

P

at sun

)(unknown

anglereactorl

332211 eeee VVV

332211 VVV

332211 VVV

100

00

00

i

i

e

e

P

at sun

)(unknown

anglereactorl

100

00

00

i

i

e

e

P

100

00

00

i

i

e

e

P

at sun

)(unknown

anglereactorl

at

sun

100

0cossin

0sincos

cossin0

sincos0

00

100

0cossin

0sincos

i

ll

ll e

U

l

Solar neutrino deficit, observed by R. Davis

Homestake experiment Lead, South Dakota ( started about 1968 )

Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.

Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)

Schwer-Wasser-Čerenkov-DetektorOntario, USA

Sonne Experimente I SNP Experimente II Lösung

1000 t D2O

Unterstützungsstruktur9500 PMTs

(60% Abdeckung)

Kessel, Ø 12m

innere Wasserabschirmung1700 t

äußere Wasserabschirmung5300 t

Abschirmung

• Long Baseline (180 km)• Calibrated source(s)• Large detector (1 kton)• Deep underground (2700 mwe)

Minos experiment:

The neutrino beam from Fermilab ( Batavia near Chicago ) is investigated at Fermilab ( near detector ) and 735 km away in Northern Minnesota ( far detector )

Minos experiment: far detector

256.04.0

221 108 eVm

236.0

5.0232 104.2 eVm

neutrino massesA: masses about 1 eV

m(1) = 0.94 eV m(2) = 0.95 eV

m(3) = 1 eV

neutrino masses:

B: masses much smaller than 1 eV m(1) = 0 eV m(2) = 0.009 eV

m(3) = 0.06 eV (strong hierarchy)

neutrino masses:

C: neither hierarchy nor degeneracy m(1) = 0.10 eV m(2) = 0.14 eV m(3) = 0.29 eV

100

00

00

i

i

e

e

P

at sun

)(unknown

anglereactorl

at

sun

100

0cossin

0sincos

cossin0

sincos0

00

100

0cossin

0sincos

i

ll

ll e

U

l

osun

o 3.367.31

oat

o 5238

23232 104.2 eVm

25221 106.7 eVm

0 0

0

A

A C B

B D

0 0

0

A

A C B

B D

100

0cossin

0sincos

cossin0

sincos0

00

100

0cossin

0sincos

i

ll

ll e

U

12

2122tan

mm

mm

0695.02

2tan

e

e

l mm

mm

Observation:oo 45__33 12.004.021 42.0/

mm

:

42.0/ 21 mm

25221 108 eVm

23232 104.2 eVm

m(1) = ( 0.004 +/- 0.0012 ) eV

m(2) = ( 0.011 +/- 0.002 ) eV

m(3) = ( 0.051 +/- 0.007 )eV

12

3

e

DB

BA

A

M

0

0

00

o

m

m26

3

22

o4097.02sin2

21 at

o

m

m141

DB

BA

A

M

0

0

00

DB

BA

A

M

0

0

00

321

321

321

VVV

VVV

VVV

Veee

0695.0tan

m

mel

oat

o 5238

atleV sinsin3

006.0049.0sin 133 eV

0022.00096.02sin 132

08.03 eV

123

Total Tunnel length ~ 3000 m

Daya Bay

• Multiple detectorsper site cross-check detector efficiency

• Two near sites sample flux from reactor groups

0022.00096.02sin 132

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

332211. mVmVmVm eeeeff

.........................................

012.00025.00064.00035.0

321

.

effm