Term

What organism causes Aspergillosis?Definition

Aspergillus fumigatus

Term

What can keratitis lead to?Definition

Blindness

Term

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in chicks?

Definition

Brooder Pneumonia

Term

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in cattle?Definition

Mycotic Abortion

Term

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in horses?

Definition

Guttural Pouch Mycosis; Keratomycosis; Keratitis

Term

What is keratitis? (Fungal keratitis)Definition

Inflammation of Cornea

Term

What enables Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia in chicks?

Definition

Poor hygienic conditions

Term

What is seen in guttural pouch mycosis?Definition

Plaques on arteries (internal carotid); Aspergillus hyphae in pouch wall

Term

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in dogs? Describe it.

Definition

Nasal Aspergillosis; Destruction of turbinate bones, profuse blood-tinged exudate from nose

Term

What condition does Aspergillosis cause in humans?

Definition

Farmers Lung

Term

What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of Aspergillus?

Definition

Fruiting Head (chains of pigmented conidia)

Term

What are some means of visualizing/diagnosing Aspergillus fumigatus?

Definition

Wet mount from culture (Lactophenol Cotton Blue stain); Culture of Sabouraud Agar; KOH

Wet Mount of deep scrapings (tissue or lung sample); Radiograph; Rhinoscopy; Serological

Test (AGID) for dogs

Term Definition

Is there a membrane covering the conidia of A. fumigatus?

No

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of brooder pneumonia.Definition

Aspergillus produces elastases & proteases which destroy structural barriers of lung

Term

What is visualized in a wet mount of culture using lactophenol cotton blue stain for Aspergillus?

Definition

Typical Conidial heads; Fruiting head of conidiophore

Term

What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis?Definition

Chicks, Pigeons, Pet birds

Term

What is present on an aborted calf as a result of Aspergillosis?

Definition

Raised cutaneous plaques resembling ring-worm lesions

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus mycotic abortion.

Definition

Aspergillus spores --> Blood --> Placental Invasion --> Impaired Circulation --> Fetal death

Term

What organism can cause fungal keratitis?Definition

A. fumigatus

Term

What is seen in a corneal section infected w/ A. fumigatus?

Definition

Fungal hyphae

Term

What is the Tx for guttural pouch mycosis in horses?

Definition

Antifungal Infusion; Surgical Occlusion of artery to prevent bleeding

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.

Definition

Elastase, proteases, dermonecrotoxin --> Destruction of turbinate bones --> Epistaxis

(bleeding from nose)

Term

Can Gram stain be used to diagnose Aspergillosis?

Definition

No

Term

AGIDDefinition

Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion

Term

What is seen in necrotic material in the case of Aspergillosis?

Definition

Mycelia

Term

How is Aspergillosis controlled in poultry? Cattle?

Definition

Litter change; Avoid bad hay & silage

Term

What is the Tx for Aspergillosis in horses?Definition

Ketoconazole locally + Itraconozole systemically; Natamycin or Miconazole topical for keratitis

Term

What is the preferred Tx for nasal aspergillosis in dogs? What is a 2nd option?

Definition

Clotrimazole nasal infusion; Fluconazole systemic

Term

Can Gram Stain be used for yeasts?Definition

Yes

Term

Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular?Definition

Unicellular

Term

What is the shape of yeasts? What may occur in yeast-infected tissues?

Definition

Round/Oval; Hyphae

Term

Where are yeasts commonly found?Definition

Skin, mucus membranes

Term

Where is Malassezia a commensal in the body?Definition

Skin, Ears

Term

What can cause yeast dz?Definition

Immunosuppression; Antibacterial therapy

Term

Is Cryptococcus a commensal?Definition

No

Term

Where is Candida a commensal in the body?Definition

Intestinal mucosa, Genital tract, Mouth

Term

What are 3 important yeasts?Definition

Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia

Term

What do Candida form in tissue?Definition

Pseudohyphae

Term

What dz is caused by Candida?Definition

Candidiasis; Moniliasis; Thrush

Term

What is a commensal of the alimentary tract that causes endogenous infections?

Definition

Candida albicans

Term

What dz does Candida cause in dogs & cats?Definition

Mycotic stomatitis; Genital Candidiasis

Term

What does Candida cause in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy?

Definition

Enteritis

Term

What dz does Candida cause in poultry?Definition

Crop Mycosis/Thrush/Monoiliasis

Term

What does Candida cause in horses?Definition

Metritis; Vaginitis

Term

What is seen in the crop of a chicken w/ Monoiliasis/Thrush?

Definition

Whitish plaques

Term

What is seen in the oral cavity & genital mucosa of dogs & cats w/ Candidiasis?

Definition

Whitish plaques

Term

Candida often proliferates after _____.Definition

Prolonged antibacterial therapy

Term

Describe the morphology of Candida albicans.Definition

Dark purple oval bodies

Term

Can Gram stain be used for Candida?Definition

Yes

Term

How is Candida diagnosed in a calf w/ enteritis?Definition

Gram stain of Fecal smear

Term

What drug can be used to treat Candida-induced enteritis?

Definition

Nystatin

Term

Is nystatin BS or NS?Definition

NS

Term

Candida albicans switches from ____ to ____ state in tissue.

Definition

Yeast; Filamentous

Term

How is Candida albicans diagnosed?Definition

Sabouraud agar culture; KOH wet mount; Gram stain; Latex Agglutination

Term Definition

What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis? Candida adheres to mucus membrane; Pseudohyphae invade epithelium;

Pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation

Term

What is seen in a Gram stain of Candida?Definition

Budding yeasts

Term

What do Latex agglutination kits detect w/ Candida?

Definition

Ag in body fluids

Term

What is the Tx for Candida? For GI overgrowth?Definition

Nystatin topical or Ketoconazole; Nystatin oral

Term

What is nystatin specific against?Definition

Yeasts

Term

What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans?Definition

Soil & Pigeon droppings

Term

In what animals does Cryptococcus neoformans cause sporadic dz?

Definition

Cats (more); Dogs

Term

Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans is acquired.

Definition

Airborne infection --> Nasal Granulomas --> Paranasal Sinuses --> Hematogenous

Dissemination

Term

What are some symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf?

Definition

Sneezing, Snuffing, Mucopurulent/Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge

Term

How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed?Definition

Wet mounts, culture, agglutination test

Term

Can Gram stain be used for Cryptococcus?Definition

No

Term

What is used for Tx & Control of Cryptococcus neoformans?

Definition

Itraconazole; Fluconazole (Both better than Ketoconazole); Decontaminate affected premises

Term

In dogs, symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf. are similar to those associated w/ ______.

Definition

Aspergillosis

Term Definition

Name an antivirulence factor of Cryptococcus Anti-phagocytic capsule

Term

What distinguishes Cryptococcus from Malassezia & Candida in a wet mount?

Definition

Capsule

Term

Is Cryptococcus dimorphic?Definition

No

Term

Cryptococcus remains in ____ form in both environment (____C) & host (____C).

Definition

Yeast; 25; 37

Term

What areas are affected by Cryptococcus? are lesions located?

Definition

Skin & Eyelids

Term

In cats, Cryptococcus spreads from ____ to ____.Definition

Sinuses; Skin & Eyes

Term

What can be found in the brain of a cat infected w/ Cryptococcus? Why?

Definition

Cryptococcal capsular mass; Enzymes (phospholipases) disrupt host cell membranes &

cause granulomas

Term

What condition is cause by Cryptococcus in cats? What can be seen in tissue sections?

Definition

Encephalitis; Capsulated Cryptococcus

Term

What is another name for Malassezia pachydermatis?

Definition

Pityrosporum canis

Term

Is Malassezia pachydermatis systemic?Definition

No

Term

What is the shape of Malassezia pachydermatis?Definition

Bottle, peanut, or footprint-shaped yeast

Term

What does Malassezia cause in dogs?Definition

Otitis externa

Term

What condition is associated w/ Malassezia pachydermatis?

Definition

Chronic Dermatitis (Pruritis, Alopecia, Erythema)

Term

Describe how Malassezia causes chronic Definition

Lipids help attachment to cell wall components --

dermatitis. > Pruritis --> Skin thickens (elephant-like skin)

Term

How is Malassezia diagnosed?Definition

Gram stain; Wet Mounts; Culture on SAB (fungus) & BA (bacteria)

Term

Tx for Malassezia:Definition

Nystatin or Clotrimazole topical; Ketoconazole oral for dermatitis

Term

Among azole drugs, which has the best activity against Malassezia?

Definition

Ketoconazole

Term

Malassezia in dogs can cause ____ in abdominal area.

Definition

Alopecia & Crusts

Term

Malassezia infection can cause ____ on the paws.Definition

Interdigital Dermatitis

Term

What yeasts is Nystatin used to treat?Definition

Candida; Malassezia

Term

What is the main animal species affected by dimorphic fungi blastomycosis?

Definition

Dog

Term

Where does dimorphic fungi blastomycosis occur?

Definition

USA

Term

What is the primary target of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis in humans?

Definition

Lungs

Term

What is the habitat of dimorphic fungi blastomyces?

Definition

Soil-borne (mycelial phase w/ spores)

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis.

Definition

Aerosol inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions in lungs --> Respiratory distress

Term

Dimorphic fungi display ____ phase in the environment, & ____ phase in the animal body.

Definition

Mycelial; Yeast

Term Definition

With dimorphic fungi blastomyces, ____ from ____ may cause inf via respiratory tract.

Spores; Mycelia

Term

Dimorphic blastomyces fungi cause canine _____; Fungal cells are seen in epitheliod ____.

Definition

Pulmonary Blastomycosis; Granuloma

Term

Does blastomyces have a capsule?Definition

No

Term

Is Blastomycosis common in USA? CAN?Definition

Yes; No

Term

How is blastomycosis diagnosed?Definition

Wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate; Culture

Term

What form of blastomyces is seen w/ wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate?

Definition

Budding yeast cells

Term

What form of blastomyces is seen w/ culture @ 25C?

Definition

Mycelial

Term

Tx for Blastomycosis:Definition

Itraconazole (oral) for ~60 days

Term

Describe the blastomyces fungus.Definition

Thick cell wall, no capsule; hematogenous spread to skin & organs may occur

Term

In pulmonary blastomycosis, what does the lung look like?

Definition

Liver

Term

Is blastomycosis contagious?Definition

Only by biting

Term

What animals are most affected by Histoplasmosis?

Definition

Dogs & Cats

Term

What dimorphic fungus causes Histoplasmosis?Definition

Histoplasma capsulatum

Term

What is the source of Histoplasma capsulatum?Definition

Soil enriched w/ bat or bird excreta

Term

Where does Histoplasmosis occur?Definition

USA

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.Definition

Infection via inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions/nodules in lungs; Intestine may be affected

Term

What are symptoms of histoplasmosis?Definition

Chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation

Term

How is histoplasmosis diagnosed?Definition

Histopath; Buffy coat smear; Serology

Term

What is seen in a blood smear with histoplasmosis? What stain is used?

Definition

Multiplication of yeast cells in macrophages; Wright stain

Term

What is seen in culture w/ Histoplasma capsulatum?

Definition

Mycelia & typical tuberculate macroconidia

Term

Is Histoplasma infectious to humans?Definition

Highly

Term

What is the Tx for Histoplasma capsulatum?Definition

Itraconazole or Fluconazole (oral)

Term

Which dimorphic fungus is cartwheel-like?Definition

Histoplasma capsulatum

Term

What dimorphic fungus causes "Valley disease" in humans? Where?

Definition

Coccidiodomycosis; Arizona & California

Term

What is the habitat of Coccidioides immitis?Definition

Soil or dust-borne; Southern USA; S Am

Term

What animal is most affected by coccidioidomycosis?

Definition

Dog

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis. Is there horizontal transmission?

Definition

Infection by inhaling infective arthrospores; No

Term

What is the shape of Coccidioides immitis?Definition

Barrel-shaped arthrospores

Term Definition

What population of humans is especially susceptible to Coccidioidomycosis?

Construction workers

Term

What organs are affected by Coccidioidomycosis?Definition

Lungs; Lymph nodes

Term

What is seen in a lung section w/ Coccidioidomycosis?

Definition

Acute inflammation; Mature "spherule" w/ endospores surrounded by eosinophilic layer

Term

What are signs of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs?Definition

Dyspnea, Weight loss, Lymphadenopathy, Seizures

Term

How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?Definition

Serology, DTH to coccidoidin, Skin Test, Histopath

Term

Atypical Mycobacteria is _____ & can cause ____ in cattle; ____ in turtles.

Definition

Saprophytic; Skin nodules; Lesions

Term

What is Tx for Coccidioidomycosis?Definition

Ketoconazole or Itraconazole for up to 12 months

Term

How is Coccidioidomycosis controlled?Definition

Reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas

Term

How should suspect cases of Coccidioidomycosis be tested?

Definition

Serologically

Term

Canine lnn. affected w/ Coccidioidomycosis: Wet mount of pus/exudate may show ______ characteristic of Coccidoides immitis.

Definition

Spherules

Term

What is the habitat of the dimorphic fungus Sporotrichosis?

Definition

Soil; World-wide

Term

What animals are infected with Sporotrichosis?Definition

Horses, Mules (rarely dogs, cats)

Term

What organism causes Sporotrichosis?Definition

Sporothrix schenckii

Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis.Infection via skin wounds --> Lymphatic spread

Term

Name some dimorphic fungi.Definition

Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Coccidioides

Term

Is Sporotrichosis zoonotic?Definition

Yes

Term

What does Sporotrichosis cause in cats?Definition

Head lesions

Term

What is the Tx for Sporotrichosis for horses? Cats?

Definition

Potassium Iodide & Sodium Iodide; Itraconazole

Term

What organisms cause Zygomycosis?Definition

Rhizopus; Mucor; Absidia; Mortierella

Term

Organisms that cause Zygomycosis are _____.Definition

saprophytes

Term

Zygomycosis is caused after _____ or _____.Definition

Inhalation; Ingestion

Term

Pathogenesis of Zygomycosis is similar to _____.Definition

Aspergillosis

Term

Describe RhizopusDefinition

Closed sporangium (all spores enclosed); Aseptate hyphae in tissue

Term

What is the Tx for Rhizopus inf? What is the prognosis?

Definition

Amphotericin B; Poor

Term

How is Rhizopus distinguished from Aspergillus?Definition

Wet mount

Term

What condition is caused by Zygomycosis?Definition

Mycotic Abortion

Term

What are Mycotoxins?Definition

Toxins produced by fungi

Term

What are mycotoxicoses produced by?Definition

Mycotoxins formed by mold growing in feed

Term Definition

Give some characteristics of mycotoxicoses.Acute or chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity; Non-contagious,

Sporadic

Term

How is mycotoxicosis diagnosed?Definition

Demonstration of toxin (in liver)

Term

What may indicate mycotoxicosis?Definition

Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal

Term

Does boiling kill mycotoxins? Autoclaving?Definition

No; No

Term

What are 4 examples of mycotoxicoses?Definition

Facial Eczema; Aflatoxicosis; Ochratoxicosis; Ergotism

Term

What is the Tx for mycotoxicoses?Definition

Antitoxin (neutralize toxin); Not Antibiotic; Not Antifungal

Term

What organism causes Aflatoxicosis?Definition

Aspergillus flavus (also Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor)

Term

What animals are affected by Aflatoxicosis?Definition

Mainly cattle; Poultry

Term

What are the 3 forms of Aflatoxicosis?Definition

Acute; Subacute; Chronic

Term

Describe Acute Aflatoxicosis.Definition

Bloody diarrhea; Death

Term

Describe subacute Aflatoxicosis.Definition

Icterus; Abortion

Term

Describe Chronic Aflatoxicosis.Definition

Decreased feed efficiency; Rough coat

Term

How is aflatoxicosis diagnosed?Definition

PM tissues, feed sample - HPLC, ELISA, chick embryo bioassay

Term

Describe prevention & control of Aflatoxicosis.Definition

Test Feed for toxins; Ammoniate Feed; Addition of toxin binders

Term Definition

What organisms cause Ochratoxicosis? Aspergillus; Penicillium

Term

What organisms cause Ergotism?Definition

Claviceps purpurea

Term

What animals are affected by Ochratoxicosis?Definition

Pigs, Poultry, Horses

Term

What animals are affected by ergotism?Definition

Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, Poultry

Term

What are symptoms of Ochratoxicosis?Definition

Wt. loss, Kidney & Liver damage, Abortion

Term

What are symptoms of ergotism?Definition

Neurotoxicity; Convulsions; Gangrene of extremities

Term

How is Ochratoxicosis diagnosed?Definition

Demonstration of toxin in feed; kidney

Term

How is ochratoxicosis controlled?Definition

Test feed for toxin; Remove affected feed

Term

How is ergotism prevented?Definition

Ergots should be removed mechanically or by floatation methods

Term

Give an example of a feed that can have ergots.Definition

Rye grass

Term

What are some symptoms of cows w/ ergotism?Definition

Swollen leg w/ line of separation & terminal gangrene; tail gangrene

Term

Where is facial eczema an economically important dz?

Definition

Australia, SA, US

Term

What organism causes facial eczema?Definition

Pithomyces chartarum

Term

How is facial eczema diagnosed?Definition

Jaundice, history, sporidesmin detection in blood by ELISA

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of facial eczema.Definition

Pithomyces chartarum --> Sporidesmin --> Liver

damage --> buildup of phylloerithrin --> photodynamic activity --> necrosis, sloughing of

skin

Term

How is facial eczema controlled?Definition

fungicide spray on pastures, zinc salts in feed to reduce liver toxicity

Term

What is the toxin produced by Pithomyces chartarum?

Definition

sporidesmin

Term

Lesions are caused by _____ in sheep w/ facial eczema.

Definition

Photosensitization

Term

What is seen on the udders of animals w/ facial eczema?

Definition

Moist dermatitis & hyperemia

Term

Extensive ____ is seen in facial eczema.Definition

Skin slough

Term

What is seen in calves infected w/ facial eczema?Definition

Extensive photodermatitis on chest wall

Term

Is Staphylococcus Gr + or -?Definition

Gr +

Term

Describe the morphology of Staphylococcus.Definition

Grape-like clusters

Term

Is Staphylococcus Catalase + or -?Definition

+

Term

Is Streptococcus Catalase + or -?Definition

-

Term

How many species of Staphylococcus are there?Definition

>30

Term

What are most species of Staphylococcus?Definition

Commensals of skin, mucus membranes

Term

What does Staphylococcus inf cause?Definition

Purulent lesions

Term Definition

Where do Staphylococcus multiply? Milk, Cheese, etc.

Term

Where does Staphylococcus survive?Definition

Hospital environment

Term

What is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? Describe the procedure.

Definition

Catalase test; Add drop of 3% H2O2; Bubbling = Staph

Term

What is the most important virulence factor of Staphylococcus? What does it do?

Definition

Coagulase; clots plasma

Term

What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus?Definition

Opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense)

Term

What are 2 spp. of Staph w/ coagulase?Definition

auerus, intermedius

Term

What is a 2nd toxin of Staph? Which species have it?

Definition

Hemolysins; aureus, intermedius

Term

What are some tissue-destroying enzymes/toxins of Staphylococcus?

Definition

Lipase, Hyaluronidase, Exfoliative toxins, Leukocidin

Term

What does Staphylococcus enterotoxin cause?Definition

Diarrhea in humans

Term

What do Staphylococcus Beta-lactamases do?Definition

Destroy penicillins, cephalosporins

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in all animal spp?

Definition

Skin inf; Suppurative wound inf; Abscesses; Jt. inf

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions cattle, sheep, & goats?

Definition

Mastitis; Tick pyemia in lambs

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in swine?Definition

Exudative dermatitis/Greasy pig dz (young pigs); Mastitis

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in dogs?Definition

Otitis externa; UTI; Skin; Vaginal inf

Term Definition

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in cats? Secondary skin inf

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in horses?Definition

Botryomycosis (spermatic cord)

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in poultry?

Definition

Bumble foot; Arthritis

Term

What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in pet birds?

Definition

Diarrhea

Term

What are dz conditions of Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs?

Definition

Otitis externa

Term

What is responsible for Staphylococcus pathogenesis?

Definition

Virulence factors (aureus, intermedius): Coagulase, Leukocidin, Hemolysin

Term

What is typical of Staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs?

Definition

Erythematous papular rash

Term

What is associated w/ Staphylococcus intermedius inf in dogs?

Definition

Deep bacterial pyoderma; Erythematous alopecia; interdigital sinus

Term

In horses w/ Staphylococcus inf, what may be seen in the saddle area?

Definition

Folliculitis; Very painful lesions w/ exudate

Term

What can Staphylococcus cause in chinchillas?Definition

Septicemia

Term

Bovine mastitis due to S. aureus can be ____ & ____.

Definition

Acute; Gangrenous

Term

What may be involved w/ human impetigo?Definition

Staph or Strep

Term

What is a characteristic of both S. aureus & intermedius?

Definition

Double zone hemolysis

Term Definition

What is S. aureus important in? Bovine mastitis

Term

What is S. intermedius associated w/?Definition

Dogs (skin commensal) Pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye inf

Term

What are 2 spp of non-hemolytic Staph?Definition

epidermidis & hyicus

Term

S. aureus are mostly ____ strains.Definition

Virulent

Term

What are 2 other species of Staph?Definition

S. felis (cats); S. schlieferi (dogs)

Term

What is a non-pathogenic skin commensal Staph? In what animals does it occasionally cause inf?

Definition

S. epidermidis; Cats

Term

What is S. hyicus associated w/?Definition

Pigs Exudative Dermatitis ("Greasy pig" dz)

Term

What does S. epidermidis form on BA?Definition

Non-hemolytic colonies

Term

How is Staphylococcus diagnosed?Definition

Smear (grape-like clusters); Culture for antibiotic sensitivity; Catalase; Coagulase; ID (AGI-Staph

ID)

Term

What has limited use in chronic Staph inf?Definition

Bacterins

Term

How is Staph inf prevented?Definition

Hygiene; Aseptic Sx (Chlorhexidine); Iodine based teat dips

Term

What drugs are used to treat Staph?Definition

Penicillin; Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; Cephalosporins; For mastitis: Cloxacillin,

Methicillin, Vancomycin

Term

Describe Peracute bovine mastitis.Definition

(gangrenous) fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency, rapid heart rate

Term

What are the forms of bovine mastitis?Definition

Peracute; Acute; Subacute; Chronic; Subclinical

Term

How is S. aureus diagnosed?Definition

Culture; Somatic Cell Count; California Mastitis Test

Term

Treatment & Prevention of S. aureus:Definition

Antimicro suscept test req'd; Intra mamm infusion (& IM or IV for acute); hygienic

precautions; Dry cow therapy; SCC monitoring program; Culling

Term

What is the predominant type of coagulase + Staph on normal canine skin?

Definition

S. intermedius

Term

What does S. intermedius show on BA?Definition

Double zone hemolysis

Term

What is the causative agent of pyoderma & otitis externa in dogs?

Definition

S. intermedius

Term

What is req'd for effective Tx of S. intermedius?Definition

Antibiotic sensitivity testing

Term

What drugs can be used to treat S. intermedius?Definition

Clavamox; Cephalosporins; Enrofloxacin; Penicillin (R common)

Term

Greasy Pig DzDefinition

Exudative Epidermitis caused by S. hyicus

Term

What is S. hyicus a commensal of?Definition

Skin, Vagina, Prepuce

Term

In what age pigs does S. hyicus cause dz?Definition

1-6 wk

Term

S. hyicus enters via ____.Definition

Abrasions; Bite wounds

Term

Describe greasy pig dz.Definition

Excessive sebacious secretion; Exfoliation; Greasy exudation on skin surface --> Non-

pruritic dermatitis --> Anorexia, Dehydration --> Death of severely affected

Term

Tx & Prevention of S. hyicus:Definition

TMS systemic + topical antiseptics (cetrimide);

Fluid replacement; Autogenous bacterins (exfoliative toxin+) in sows

Term

BacterinDefinition

Vacc made from bact. from lesion

Term

Describe Streptococcus.Definition

Gr + cocci in pairs or chains

Term

Describe BA hemolysis of Strep.Definition

Variable; alpha, beta, gamma; complete, partial, none

Term

How is Strep serologically classified?Definition

Latex aggln. kit into Lancefield groups

Term

What are Lancefield groups of Strep?Definition

A, B, C, D, F, G

Term

What group are S. equi & S. canis?Definition

C

Term

What type of Strep is S. equi? (BA)Definition

Beta hemolytic

Term

What type of Strep are S. uberis & pneumoniae? (BA)

Definition

alpha hemolytic; greening/incomplete hemolysis

Term

What is the habitat of Strep?Definition

Commensal or obligate pathogen of skin, mucus membranes

Term

Describe long-term survival of Strep off host.Definition

Poor

Term

What type of inf does Strep cause?Definition

Endogenous or Exogenous; Pyogenic, often localized

Term

What does Strep cause in young animals?Definition

Septicemia, meningitis

Term

What are some virulence factors of Strep?Definition

Anti-phagocytic capsule; Hemolysins; Hyaluronidase; Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)

Term Definition

What is an important virulence factor of Strep? M protein

Term

What does hemolysin do?Definition

Lyses RBCs

Term

What does streptokinase do?Definition

Indirectly digests fibrin clots

Term

What does hyaluronidase do?Definition

Digests ground substance of CT

Term

S. canis: spp _____; type ____Definition

Dogs, Cats; Pyogenic Septicemic

Term

S. equi subsp. equi: spp _____; type ____Definition

Horse; Strangles

Term

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus: spp _____; type ____

Definition

Horse; Endometritis, pneumonia

Term

S. Suis: spp _____; type ____Definition

Pig (commensal); Septicemia in young

Term

S. porcinus: spp _____; type ____Definition

Pigs; Jowl abscesses

Term

S. agalactiae: spp _____; type ____Definition

Cattle; Mastitis (Chronic)

Term

S. dysgalactiae: spp _____; type ____Definition

Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)

Term

S. uberis: spp _____; type ____Definition

Cattle; Mastitis (Acute)

Term

Is S. equi zooepidemicus commensal or exogenous? S. equi equi?

Definition

Commensal; Exogenous

Term

What is S. canis a commensal of?Definition

Anal & Vaginal mucosa

Term

What does S. canis cause?Definition

Suppurative conditions; puppy strangles; Juvenile pyoderma/lymphadenitis; TSS; Neonatal

septicemia in kittens; Necrotizing fasciitis/Myositis

Term

What type of pathogen is S. equi equi?Definition

Obligate Pathogen

Term

What type of colonies does S. equi equi form on BA?

Definition

Mucoid beta hemolytic

Term

What are symptoms of equine strangles?Definition

Purulent pharyngitis; Lymphadenitis; occasionally Inhalation Pneumonia

Term

What is characteristic of S. equi equi?Definition

Long chain in pus; Mucoid hemolytic colonies on BA

Term

How is S. equi equi transmitted?Definition

Horse to Horse, via fomites

Term

Describe S. equi equi pathogenesis.Definition

Entry oral, nasal --> Attachment to tonsillar crypt mucosa --> lnn. (mandibular,

retropharyngeal, cervical) --> Swelling, pus --> Occlusion of respiratory p'way ("strangles")

Term

What happens in equine strangles if the submandibular ln ruptures?

Definition

Discharge of highly infectious material

Term

How long is S. equi equi shed?Definition

Up to 6 wk

Term

What are the symptoms of equine strangles?Definition

Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, swallowing difficulty, swollen lnn of head & neck

Term

What rare, chronic form of equine strangles may occur? What does it cause?

Definition

Bastard Strangles; Abscesses in many organs, Weight loss, Dyspnea

Term

How is S. equi equi diagnosed?Definition

CS; Culture discharges/pus --> mucoid Beta hemolytic colonies, Gr C; Sugar fermentation

tests

Term

What is the Tx for equine strangles?Definition

Penicillin to infected & in contact horses

Term Definition

How is equine strangles controlled? Isolation, quarantine of new horses

Term

What are Vaccines for equine strangles?Definition

Bacterin, M protein extract, modified live intranasal vacc (all partially effective)

Term

How is S. equi zooepidemicus differentiated?Definition

Sugar Fermentation rxns; Smear from cervical exudate

Term

Is S. suis zoonotic? What does it cause in humans?

Definition

Yes; Meningitis, purpura & gangrene

Term

How are Strep classified?Definition

b/o capsular Ag's

Term

What group is S. suis?Definition

D

Term

Where does S. suis infect?Definition

Tonsils, Nasal secretion, Feces, Reproductive tracts

Term

What type of S. suis is virulent?Definition

2

Term

What predisposes S. suis inf?Definition

Stress

Term

What are CS of S. suis inf?Definition

Meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs, pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion

Term

How is S. suis diagnosed?Definition

Smear; Culture; Typing

Term

Tx for S. suis:Definition

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tiamulin

Term

Prevention & Control of S. suis:Definition

Reduce Stress factors, repeated vacc. w/ bacterins

Term

What Strep causes chronic bovine mastitis?Definition

S. agalactiae

Term

What does S. agalactiae show on BA?Definition

beta Hemolyisis (mostly)

Term

Is S. agalactiae CAMP + or -?Definition

+

Term

S. agalactiae is exclusively associated w/ ____.Definition

Mammary gland

Term

CAMP + bacteria show ______.Definition

Arrow-head pattern hemolysis

Term

What Strep causes acute bovine mastitis?Definition

S. dysgalactiae & uberis

Term

What is S. dysgalactiae a commensal of?Definition

Buccal cavity, Genitalia, Skin of udder

Term

Is S. dysgalactiae CAMP + or -?Definition

-

Term

What does S. dysgalactiae show on BA?Definition

alpha hemolysis

Term

Is S. uberis CAMP + or -?Definition

-

Term

What does S. uberis show on BA?Definition

alpha hemolysis

Term

Where is S. uberis found?Definition

Skin, Tonsils, Vagina, Feces

Term

What does S. uberis cause?Definition

Acute environmental bovine mastitis, associated w/ bedding/straw

Term

What is the Tx for bovine mastitis?Definition

Penicillin or cloxacillin intramammary

Term

What is the multipoint mastitis control program?Definition

Maintain dry clean environment, Establish regular sanitizing & maintenance for milking

equip, Individual wash/dry towels, teat dip, Dry-cow therapy, Somatic cell count monitoring,

culling

Term

What is Hog Strangles?Definition

Streptococcal lymphadenitis; abscesses in mandibular, pharyngeal, other lnn.

Term Definition

Is hog strangles a common dz? No

Term

Where do S. porcinus carriers have the bact?Definition

Tonsils, Intestine

Term

How is S. porcinus diagnosed?Definition

Clin findings, Exudate culture, Typing

Term

How is S. porcinus controlled?Definition

Tetracyclines in feed @ weaning time, Early weaning reduces clin cases; Tx vacc not effective

Term

Tx for S. suis:Definition

Penicillin, Ampicillin

Term

What is seen w/ dermatophilosis in dogs?Definition

Crusty lesions

Term

What Corynebacterium causes human diphtheria?

Definition

C. diphtheriae

Term

What Corynebacterium causes UTI in cattle?Definition

C. renale

Term

What Corynebacterium causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats?

Definition

C. pseudotuberculosis

Term

What Corynebacterium causes human pharyngitis, & rarely bovine mastitis?

Definition

C. ulcerans

Term

What Corynebacterium causes abscesses in mice & rats? Is it common or rare?

Definition

C. kutscheri; Rare

Term

Describe the morphology of Corynebacterium.Definition

Pleiomorphic Gr+ rods

Term

What type of inf do Corynebacterium cause?Definition

Pyogenic

Term

What is the present name of C. pyogenes?Definition

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Term

What is the present name of C. equi?Definition

Rhodococcus equi

Term

What is the present name of C. suis?Definition

Eubacterium/Actinobacterium suis

Term

What are the members of Corynebacterium renale group?

Definition

C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis

Term

What does C. renale cause in cattle? What are the carriers?

Definition

Pyelonephritis; Healthy bulls

Term

How is C. renale transmitted?Definition

Venereal or via urine splash

Term

Describe C. renale pathogenesis.Definition

Adhere w/ pili --> ascending inf --> bladder --> ureters --> kidneys (pyelonephritis) (urease --> ammonia --> inflammation) --> purulent blood-

stained urine w/ mucus

Term

What is the pigmentation of a C. renale smear?Definition

Yellow

Term

Does Corynebacterium grow on MacConkey agar?

Definition

No

Term

How is C. renale diagnosed?Definition

Examine urine sediment (Gram's, culture)

Term

C. renale Tx:Definition

Penicillin 10 days; isolate cow; destroy contaminated bedding

Term

Is antibiotic sensitivity testing necessary for Corynebacterium?

Definition

No

Term

What does C. renale cause in sheep & goats?Definition

Posthitis (pizzle rot, sheath rot)/Ulcerative balanoposthitis

Term

How is Posthitis controlled?Definition

Reduce protein in diet (switch from legume hay to grassy or mixed hay); Sx; Antiseptic infusion

Term

What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?Definition

Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats; Thin

Ewe Syndrome; Rarely, ulcerative lymphagitis in horse (chest abscesses)

Term

Describe C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis.Definition

Skin commensal - Injury --> Inf & Abscessation of lnn --> spread via lymphatics --> greenish

caseous pus (later, onion-like concentric layers)

Term

Where does caseous lymphadenitis cause abscesses?

Definition

lnn. & lungs

Term

How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?Definition

Smear, culture, ELISA

Term

How is caseous lymphadenitis controlled?Definition

Improve management (culling, improve shearing, clean dip; Pre-importation ELISA (detects Ab's

in serum)

Term

What is the morphology of R. equi?Definition

Gr+ coccoid or short/pleiomorphic rods

Term

What does R. equi look like on BA?Definition

Mucoid pale pink (salmon-pink) colonies

Term

What is the habitat of R. equi?Definition

Intestine of horses, Soil, stables contaminated w/ horse manure

Term

Does R. equi grow on MacConkey agar?Definition

No

Term

How is R. equi diagnosed?Definition

Radiography, culture (transtracheal aspirate)

Term

What animals are most susceptible to R. equi?Definition

Foals ~6 wks old

Term

What does R. equi cause in foals?Definition

Suppurative bronchopneumonia

Term

In what animals does R. equi cause dz?Definition

Young horses, rarely pigs, humans, cats

Term

What does R. equi inf cause in cats?Definition

Lesions on leg

Term Definition

What do cats w/ R. equi respond well to? Lincomycin

Term

Describe R. equi pathogenesis.Definition

Org. inhaled via contaminated dust; Facultative intracellular parasite; Destruction of mac's;

Destruction of lung parenchyma, suppurative bronchopneumonia, abscesses in lung & lnn

Term

What are the symptoms of R. equi?Definition

Dyspnea, Fever, Later Emaciation

Term

How is R. equi controlled?Definition

Hygiene to reduce environmental load; Remove foal manure from pasture frequently; Dust

control in holding pens; Admin of hyperimmune serum (from dam or other source) to foal 2-3 wks

old

Term

R equi Tx:Definition

Clin cases w/ Erythromycin + Rifampin >/= 4 wks; During outbreak, prophylactic Tx Penicillin

G inj into newborn foals

Term

Are there vacc's for R. equi?Definition

No

Term

What organism causes Actinomycetes?Definition

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Term

What animals are susceptible to Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

Definition

Cattle, Sheep, Pigs

Term

What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

Definition

Gr+ pleomorphic rods (no filaments)

Term

What is the habitat of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

Definition

Mucus membranes; Skin (of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; rarely rabbits)

Term

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes look like on BA?

Definition

Tiny colonies w/ narrow zone hemolysis

Term

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in cows?

Definition

Endometritis; purulent discharge w/ blood; Infertility

Term

What type of pathogen is Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

Definition

Opportunistic (wound, injury, parturition, navel inf)

Term

Is Fusobacterium aerobic or anaerobic?Definition

Anaerobic

Term

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in goats?

Definition

Neck abscesses

Term

What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in pigs?

Definition

Tail biting; Paravertebral abscesses; Lung abscesses

Term

Describe the dz conditions associated w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes.

Definition

Abscesses, Pneumonic inf (secondary), Mastitis, Pyometritis, Arthritis, Liver abscesses (w/

Fusobacterium), Role in foot-rot lesions in sheep, SC abscesses

Term

What is evident in smears from milk w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

Definition

Pleomorphism

Term

How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes diagnosed?Definition

Gr stain of pus, jt. fluid; Culture on BA

Term

Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tx:Definition

Penicillin effective; Poor response when abscess encapsulated, Sx drainage req'd

Term

Actinomycetes are ______, _____-like bacteria.Definition

Higher, Fungus-like

Term

What are some Actinomycetes?Definition

Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia, Dermatophilus

Term

Are Actinomycetes Gr + or -?Definition

Gr + showing tenacious colonies

Term

Some actinomycetes have ______.Definition

branching filaments

Term

What type of lesions do actinomycetes cause?Definition

Pyogranulomatous

Term Definition

Dz prevalence from Actinomycetes is ______. Low/sporadic

Term

Is Actinomyces bovis aerobic or anaerobic?Definition

Anaerobic

Term

What does Actinomyces bovis require?Definition

Anaerobic atmosphere + CO2

Term

What is Actinomyces bovis a commensal of?Definition

Oral cavity of cattle

Term

Describe pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovisDefinition

Trauma of oral mucosa --> Localized osteomyelitis (Lumpy Jaw), pyogranuloma w/

fistulous tracts & swelling

Term

What organism causes "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle?Definition

Actinomyces bovis

Term

How is Actinomyces bovis diagnosed?Definition

Smear

Term

Morphology of Actinomyces bovis:Definition

Gr + branching filaments; Crushed granules + for clubs/rosettes

Term

Actinomyces bovis Tx:Definition

early cases: Penicillin; advanced cases: Sx + iodine dressing, Sodium iodide IV

Term

What does Actinomycetes viscosus cause?Definition

Granulomatous abscesses of skin/SQ in dogs & cats

Term

How is Actinomycetes viscosus treated?Definition

Surgical drainage, Penicillin, Tetracycline

Term

What does Actinomycetes hordeovulneris cause?Definition

Localized abscesses or rarely pleuritis, peritonitis, arthritis; associated w/ grass (Hordeum) awns in

dogs

Term

What do unclassified Actinomycetes spp cause?Definition

Pyogranulomatous mastitis (pig); Poll evil/fistulous withers (horse)

Term

What is a morphological characteristic of Definition

Branching

Actinomycetes hordeovulneris?

Term

What is the current name of Eubacterium suis?Definition

Actinobaculum suis

Term

What is the environment of Actinobaculum suis?Definition

Anaerobic; Healthy boars are carriers

Term

What does Actinobaculum suis cause?Definition

Cystitis & pyelonephritis in pigs

Term

What are symptoms of Actinobaculum suis?Definition

Anorexia, arching of back, dysuria, hematuria

Term

Drug of choice for Actinobaculum suis:Definition

Penicillin

Term

What is the morphology of Nocardia?Definition

Gr+ branching

Term

What is the most common Nocardia sp?Definition

N. asteroides

Term

What is the environment of Nocardia?Definition

Saprophytic

Term

What does Nocardia grow on?Definition

BA (yellow adherent colonies), SAB

Term

Describe Nocardia asteroides on BA after 5 days incubation.

Definition

Vivid white, adherent colonies

Term

What is seen in a Nocardia abscess smear?Definition

Branching filaments

Term

What is used to treat Canine nocardiosis?Definition

TMS (Trimethoprimsulfa) or Tetracycline; (Penicillin-Resistant)

Term

What does Nocardia cause in cattle?Definition

Bovine mastitis

Term

Describe Nocardia bovine mastitis pathogenesis.Definition

Entry via contaminated infusion equipment; Nocardia multiplies in devitalized tissue; fibrosis;

discrete hard nodules

Term Definition

How is Nocardia controlled? Prevention; Culling

Term

What is used to treat Nocardia mastitis in cattle?Definition

No Tx; Cull

Term

What does Nocardia cause in dogs?Definition

Canine Nocardiosis

Term

Describe the cutaneous form of canine nocardiosis.

Definition

Indolent ulcer or granulomatous swelling w/ discharging fistulous tracts

Term

What is seen in pus w/ canine nocardiosis?Definition

Granules; branching filaments

Term

How is respiratory canine nocardiosis acquired? What does it lead to?

Definition

Inhalation; Fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity; fever, respiratory distress

Term

What occurs in the disseminated form of canine nocardiosis?

Definition

Abscesses in various organs, brain

Term

Is Dermatophilus congolensis systemic?Definition

no

Term

Describe the morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis.

Definition

Gr + branching; RR track; Zoospores

Term

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause?Definition

Dermatophilosis/Streptothricosis: skin inf of cattle, horses, sheep, goats (occasionally dogs,

cats, humans); Rain scald/Rain Rot; Lumpy wool dz; Strawberry foot rot

Term

What animals are most affected by Dermatophilus congolensis?

Definition

Horses in N Am

Term

Why does Dermatophilus congolensis have RR-like appearance?

Definition

development cycle

Term

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in sheep & goats?

Definition

Lumpy Wool Dz; face lesions

Term Definition

Describe the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis.

Motile zoospore (ineffective form) released in wet conditions from infected skin --> transmission by

flies, contact --> Germination --> Hyphal branches penetrate epidermis (injury) --> Exudation --> Neutrophils collect beneath epidermis --> Epidermal cells die --> Scab

Term

What can predispose an animal to Dermatophilus congolensis?

Definition

Skin trauma, Tick infestation

Term

What is used to stain Dermatophilus congolensis? What is seen?

Definition

Giemsa; Branching filaments

Term

What is seen in Strawberry foot rot?Definition

Leg lesions; Reddish discoloration

Term

How is Dermatophilus congolensis diagnosed?Definition

Make smear from scab undersurface; stain w/ Gr or Giemsa (+ if RR-track hyphae); Culture only if

smear inconclusive

Term

What is Tx for Dermatophilus congolensis?Definition

Penicillin + Streptomycin or long acting Tetracyclines; Mild cases: remove scabs w/ mild

soap, apply iodine comds or chlorhexidine

Term

How is Dermatophilus congolensis controlled?Definition

Reduce skin trauma, control ticks

Term

What is the drug of choice for Dermatophilus congolensis?

Definition

Penicillin

Term

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs?

Definition

Swine erysipelas/Diamond dz

Term

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys?

Definition

Septicemia; Erysipelas

Term

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep?

Definition

Arthritis

Term Definition

What is swine erysipelas? Septicemia/Skin form/Arthritis/Endocarditis

Term

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans?

Definition

Erysipeloid (localized cellulitis)

Term

What is the current name of E. rhusiopathiae in dogs?

Definition

E. tonsillarum

Term

What does E. tonsillarum cause in dogs?Definition

Endocarditis

Term

What does culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae look like?

Definition

Chronic=Rough/Acute=Smooth colonies, & accompanying forms (Chronic=Long;

Acute=Short)

Term

What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

Nonmotile, Gr+ rods (filamentous in chronic inf, & when smooth colonies change to rough form)

Term

What is the habitat of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

Tonsils, Mucus membranes of carrier pigs, Soil inhabited by pigs, Fish body slime layer

Term

What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

Inf of non-immune pigs orally via fish meal, contaminated feed, water; Skin wounds, insect

bites

Term

How many serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are there? How virulent are they?

Definition

Many; varies

Term

What are the symptoms of septicemic form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

acute in young pigs: fever, red/purple skin patches, death if untreated

Term

What are symptoms of the skin form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

less acute, diamond shaped red, raised areas --> necrosis --> scabs (thrombi --> lesions)

Term

What is seen in arthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Definition

Chronic changes

Term Definition

What are symptoms of the cardiac form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Valvular endocarditis; dyspnea; sudden death may occur (strains adhere to valves)

Term

What is the #1 cause of jt inf/arthritis in pigs in N Am?

Definition

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Term

What % of arthritis in hogs is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? S. suis?

Definition

45%; 16%

Term

What is the Tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?Definition

Penicillin or Ampicillin; Cull chronic cases; good vacc's - single market for pigs, annual for

breeding pigs

Term

What is the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine for pigs?

Definition

Modified Live; Multivalent (Sowvac)

Term

How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed?Definition

CS; Quick response to Penicillin; Culture blood, organs (septicemic cases); Colony, Gr

morphology: smooth colonies: short rods, Rough colonies: filaments; Motility (-)

Term

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause?Definition

Listeriosis in sheep, cattle, goats, humans; Head tilt, Facial paralysis in sheep

Term

Is Listeriosis contagious?Definition

No

Term

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

small Gr + coccobacilli/rods

Term

At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes grow?

Definition

5-45C

Term

At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes display tumbling motility?

Definition

25-30C

Term

What stain is used for Listeria monocytogenes?Definition

Giemsa

Term Definition

What does Listeria monocytogenes look like on BA?

Hemolytic colonies & cocco-bacilli & small rods

Term

What is the habitat of Listeria monocytogenes?Definition

Saprophyte, found in poor quality silage (pH >4.5), decomposing vegetation, sewage, wild

rodent feces

Term

What is another name for Listeriosis?Definition

Silage dz

Term

What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes? Pathogenesis?

Definition

Enzymes, mainly Listeriolysin O (hemolysin/cytolysin) disrupt phagosomal membrane --> invasion of cytoplasm -->

intracellular growth; A glyceride factor --> monocytosis in non-rum monocytes

Term

To avoid Listeriosis, silage should be _____.Definition

Acidic (pH <4.5)

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes.

Definition

Oral entry --> epithelial invasion --> migrate via trigeminal n. --> microabscesses of BS -->

meningoencephalitis --> circling dz; Intestinal mucosa --> Blood --> Placental damage --> Fetal

inf --> Abortion, stillbirth

Term

What organism causes circling dz?Definition

Listeria monocytogenes

Term

What is seen w/ listeriosis in chinchillas?Definition

Multi-focal liver abscesses

Term

What are some dz manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

Neural form; Abortion; Septicemic form; Iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine)

Term

What is implicated in iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) from Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

Silage

Term

What is the neural form of Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

Meningoencephalitis/Circling dz (rum), Complete paralysis, Death in 2-3 days in sheep

Term

In what animals does Listeria monocytogenes Definition

Sheep, cattle

cause abortion?

Term

What is the septicemic form of Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

Chinchillas, Poultry (feed contamination from rodents); Young rum: multifocal necrosis of liver

& spleen

Term

What does routine culture of Listeria monocytogenes include?

Definition

BA

Term

What are some ways to diagnose Listeria monocytogenes?

Definition

Culture on BA; Cold enrichment in liquid media --> Plate on BA or selective media; FAT on

tissues, exudates; Serological: many false +'s; PCR

Term

What is seen in BA of Listeria monocytogenes?Definition

Colonies w/ Complete hemolysis

Term

Control of Listeriosis:Definition

Eliminate bad silage, keep animals off pasture identified for silage; Prevent abrasions in eyes

from silage

Term

Is there a vacc for Listeriosis?Definition

No

Term

Human listeriosis is a ______ dz that causes ___ & ___.

Definition

Food-borne; Meningitis, Abortion

Term

What humans are more susceptible to listeriosis?Definition

Pregnant women

Term

What is Tx for Listeriosis?Definition

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline in early stages - high doses

Term

Bacillus is mostly ____, except ____.Definition

Nonpathogenic; B. anthracis

Term

Where is Bacillus found?Definition

Environment; Soil

Term

What is the morphology of Bacillus?Definition

Gr+ large spore-forming rods

Term Definition

Bacillus rods may be arranged as _____ Chains or Threads

Term

What does Bacillus colonize?Definition

Ground glass surface & irregular edges

Term

Is Bacillus anthracis contagious?Definition

Yes

Term

Is Bacillus cereus pathogenic?Definition

No

Term

What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus?Definition

Hemolytic large flat colonies w/ irregular edges

Term

What is the morphology of Bacillus subtilis?Definition

rough, irregular colonies on BA

Term

Is Bacillus subtilis pathogenic?Definition

No

Term

Is B. anthracis capsulated? Are other Bacillus spp?

Definition

Yes; No

Term

What does B. anthracis cause?Definition

Septicemia, death esp in cattle

Term

What does B. anthracis cause in calves?Definition

Exudation of tarry blood from rectum

Term

What does B. anthracis cause in horses?Definition

Edematous swelling of neck, throat; dyspnea; high fever

Term

How S are rum's to B. anthracis?Definition

++++

Term

How S are pigs to B. anthracis?Definition

++

Term

How S are horses to B. anthracis?Definition

++/+++

Term

How S are humans to B. anthracis?Definition

+++

Term

How S are birds to B. anthracis?Definition

Not S

Term

What animals are most S to B. anthracis?Definition

Rum's

Term

Why are birds not S to B. anthracis?Definition

High body temp

Term

What are virulence factors of B. anthracis?Definition

Antiphagocytic capsule; Tripartite toxin (edema factor, protective Ag, Lethal factor)

Term

What is required for full activity of tripartite toxin of B. anthracis?

Definition

All 3 components

Term

What does tripartite toxin cause?Definition

Edema, extensive necrosis, damage of blood clotting

Term

What is the pathogenesis of anthrax?Definition

Germination in enterocytes, local edema, necrosis --> Spores formed --> Phagocytosis, germination

of spores --> regional ln --> hemorrhagic lymphadenitis

Term

What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis after invasion of the spleen?

Definition

Bacteremia --> Toxemia --> Tripartite toxin increases capillary permeability --> fluid leak -->

fall in BP; blood clotting damaged --> Hemorrhages, Death

Term

What condition does B. anthracis cause in the spleen?

Definition

Splenomegaly

Term

______ may be contaminated w/ B. anthracis spores.

Definition

Meat & Bone meal

Term

Where do outbreaks of anthrax occasionally occur in wild animals?

Definition

Africa

Term

What is seen in wild animals who have died from Anthrax?

Definition

Exudation of tarry blood from rectum; Bleeding from nose; Lack of rigor mortis

Term

What happened in Zambia in 1987?Definition

>500 hippos died of anthrax in Luangua Valley

River

Term

Describe Anthrax pathogenesis in Africa.Definition

Spores survive in soil; germinate in organic matter after flooding; Vultures in anthrax

endemic area (birds don't get anthrax)

Term

Anthrax in wildlife: What can spread inf?Definition

Flies & Carnivorous animals

Term

What is an abiotic source of anthrax?Definition

Waterhole

Term

How can humans contract anthrax from animals?Definition

Skin form from abrasions while handling infected animals

Term

What is seen in cutaneous anthrax in humans?Definition

Facial lesions

Term

Describe the pathogenesis of B. anthracis in ruminants.

Definition

Entry via ingestion --> Multiplication in throat/local lnn. --> Invasion of blood, spleen;

Tripartite toxin --> fall in BP, shock; Damaged blood clotting --> Hemorrhages --> Exudation of

tarry blood from body orifices --> Death

Term

How is anthrax diagnosed?Definition

Blood smears from ear (cattle): heat fix, methylene blue stain; *No PM

Term

What is done w/ carcasses of anthrax victims?Definition

Incineration; Premises disinfection

Term

What is done in cases of anthrax?Definition

Report to authorities; Incinerate carcass or bury deep in calcium oxide; 10% formalin for 10 min

for disinfection; vacc animals at risk w/ spore vacc

Term

What is used in humans infected w/ anthrax?Definition

Penicillin or ciprofloxacin

Term

How is anthrax controlled in wildlife?Definition

Burn contaminated fecal matter, vegetation; Close infected waterholes; Dispose all carcasses

properly; Keep vultures & coyotes away; Remove healthy animals from affected area

Term

Should Penicillin be given w/ anthrax spore vacc?Definition

No (No antibiotics w/ live vacc)

Term

What is the morphology of Clostridium?Definition

Large Gr + spore-forming rods; Older cells often Gr -

Term

What is the habitat of Clostridium?Definition

Anaerobic/Saprophytic; Soil, digestive tracts

Term

Clostridium causes dz via ______Definition

Toxins, Enzymes

Term

What are toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive Clostridia?

Definition

C. tetani & botulinum

Term

What are histotoxic Clostridia?Definition

C. chauvoei, septicum, & novyi; C. hemolyticum, C. perfringens

Term

What are enterotoxemic Clostridia?Definition

C. perfringens

Term

What does C. perfringens cause?Definition

Hemorrhagic diarrhea

Term

What is the morphology of C. tetani? What is its habitat?

Definition

Terminal spores/drumstick-like; Soil

Term

What does C. tetani cause in animals & humans?Definition

Tetanus/Lockjaw

Term

What is the pathogenesis of C. tetani?Definition

Entry via wound - incubation (days-months) --> spore germination --> multiplication in necrotic

tissue (tetanolysin, a hemolysin helps further tissue necrosis); neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) -->

CNS --> spastic paralysis (prevents m. relaxation) (glycine, GABA inhibited) --> resp

impairment/death

Term

In what animal is tetanus common?Definition

Horses (subsequent to deep wound inf)

Term

What is the hemolysin of C. tetani? What is the Definition

Tetanolysin; Tetanospasmin

neurotoxin?

Term

How is tetanus diagnosed? [What should not be examined?]

Definition

CS: Lock jaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd eyelid paralysis (horse); Hx, wound smear; Culture necrotic tissue(if smear -) [Blood]

Term

What animals are more S to tetanus?Definition

Farm animals

Term

How is tetanus prevented?Definition

Vacc. w/ tetanus toxoid

Term

How is tetanus treated?Definition

Antitoxin, Penicillin; Protect affected animal from light & noise

Term

Should wounds be bandaged in cases of tetanus?Definition

No; aerate

Term

1 cause of SIDS is _____.Definition

Botulism

Term

Is C. botulinum aerobic or anaerobic?Definition

Anaerobic

Term

What can cause botulism?Definition

Bad hay w/ decomposing rat; fly maggots (hghly toxigenic) on decomposing duck carcass

Term

What are the toxigenic types of botulism?Definition

A-G

Term

What is the source of C. botulinum?Definition

Feed, Abattoir offal; Dead fish; Maggots; Honey w/ spores --> infant botulism

Term

What is C. botulinum toxin encoded by?Definition

Bacteriophages

Term

What does botulism cause in mice?Definition

Respiratory paralysis (diaphragm paralyzed)

Term

What is the pathogenesis of botulism?Definition

Toxin --> Intestine --> Blood --> Binding to peripheral nn. (neuromuscular junction) -->

interferes w/ release of ACh --> Flaccid paralysis of mm. (inability to contract) --> Resp paralysis --

> Death

Term

What does recovery from botulism d/o?Definition

Dose

Term

What are CS of botulism?Definition

Straddled posture; Profuse Salivation (cattle); Paralyzed tongue; Wing paralysis & neck

paralysis in birds

Term

What is seen in birds w/ botulism?Definition

Limberneck; wing & leg paralysis, paralysis of eyelids; Death by drowning

Term

Is there a botulism/tetanus vacc?Definition

Yes; For horses in US (BotVax B) (Tetanus toxoid)

Term

Should m. relaxants be given to animals w/ botulism?

Definition

No

Term

How is botulism confirmed?Definition

Toxin demonstration using ELISA or mice inoc

Term

Dx of botulism:Definition

CS; Hx; Examine food, crop contents (birds), serum/blood for toxin (mice inoc, ELISA)

Term

Prevention/Control of BotulismDefinition

Vacc for mink, pheasants, cattle; Admin of antitoxin; Remove birds from H2O; Oral fluids,

activated charcoal to bind toxin; Prevent exposure to potential toxin sources

Term

Should antibiotics be given for botulism?Definition

No

Term

Where is avian botulism endemic?Definition

Utah

Term

What is the pathogenesis of histotoxic clostridia?Definition

Toxigenic clostridia in wound/traumatized tissue --> local lesions (cellulitis, gas gangrene) --> toxin

absorbed systemically --> Toxemia

Term

CellulitisDefinition

Inflam. of SQ tissue

Term

What dz is caused by C. chauvoei?Definition

Black Leg in rum's, esp young, thriving cattle

Term

Describe Black Leg.Definition

Sudden onset; acute; Lesions usually in PL m. mass

Term

What organism causes Black Leg?Definition

C. chauvoei

Term

What does m. look like in black leg?Definition

Dark, crepitus

Term

C. chauvoei pathogenesis:Definition

Spores in damaged m --> germinate, multiply --> toxin (hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAse, etc) -->

necrotizing myositis, emphysematous gangrene --> dark crepitant mm. (lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid

odor from butyric acid) --> systemic toxemia, death

Term

MyositisDefinition

Muscle Inflam

Term

What are symptoms of black leg?Definition

Fever, lameness, crepitus m.; Mostly fatal

Term

How is black leg diagnosed?Definition

CS; m. smears - Gram stain, FAT

Term

How is Black Leg prevented?Definition

Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas (Covexin 8)

Term

Does Covexin 8 vacc against C. botulinum?Definition

No

Term

How is Black Leg treated?Definition

Penicillin

Term

What animals are infected by C. septicum?Definition

Dogs; Humans

Term

What is caused by C. septicum?Definition

Malignant Wound edema; Abpmasitis (braxy) in sheep; Gas Gangrene

Term

Is wound exudate from C. septicum FA + or -?Definition

FA +

Term

What is req'd to confirm C. novyi?Definition

FAT

Term

C. septicum is a common ___ invader.Definition

pm

Term

____ wounds can be infected w/ C. septicum.Definition

Deep, Dirty

Term

How do sheep get braxy?Definition

Acute abomastitis after eating frozen grass

Term

What does C. novyi cause in rams?Definition

Big head (following fighting)

Term

What does C. novyi cause in sheep? What predisposes?

Definition

Black Dz (generalized blood stained sc edema --> black color); Liver Fluke inf

Term

What predisposes C. septicum?Definition

Trauma, Sx, Parturition

Term

What is caused by type D C. novyi?Definition

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

Term

Do Clostridial vacc contain C. novyi? C. septicum?

Definition

Yes (both)

Term

What common dz's are caused by C. perfringens?Definition

Necrotic enteritis in piglets, chickens; Classical enterotoxemia in sheep (fatal, wound inf); Diarrhea/Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs

Term

What less common dz's are caused by C. perfringens?

Definition

Yellow lamb dz; Gangrenous mastitis in cows; Struck in sheep; Hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals

Term

What is "Struck" in sheep? (Org responsible)Definition

Sudden death, fluid internally (C. perfringens)

Term

What predisposes dogs to C. perfringens?Definition

Stay in hospital/shelter/kennel; ingestion of spoiled meat

Term

What is seen in C. perfringens inf. in dogs?Definition

Soft to watery feces w/wo blood, mucus

Term Definition

How is C. perfringens diagnosed? Wound inf: smear, cluture; Lg # of clostridia, spores in fecal smear

Term

How is C. perfringens confirmed?Definition

Enterotoxin test on feces (ELISA or latex aggln test)

Term

How is C. perfringens treated?Definition

Tylosin or Metronidazole; High fiber diet

Term

What is usually needed for horses w/ clostridial myositis?

Definition

Hospitalization & supportive therapy

Term

What is seen w/ C. perfringens on BA?Definition

Double zone hemolysis

Term

What is the only anaerobic bact to cause double zone hemolysis?

Definition

C. perfringens

Term

What does C. perfringens cause in sheep? How is it tested?

Definition

Enterotoxemia; ligated intestine in ice to lab - toxin tests

Term

What does C. perfringens cause in pigs in N Am? How is in tested?

Definition

Necrotic enteritis; Gr smear of mucosal scraping

Term

What animals can be vaccinated for C. perfringens?

Definition

Pigs; Sheep

Term

What is used for necrotic enteritis from C. perfringens?

Definition

Penicillin or Bacitracin in feed; Prev/Treat parasitic inf

Term

What is used to treat dogs w/ C. perfringens?Definition

Tylosin or Metronidazole

Term

What is used to treat clostridial myositis in horses?

Definition

Penicillin or Metronidazole

Term

What does C. difficile cause in humans?Definition

Pseudomembranous colitis

Term Definition

What does C. difficile cause in dogs? Chronic diarrhea

Term

What does C. difficile cause in piglets?Definition

Diarrhea, Mesocolonic edema

Term

How is C. difficile diagnosed?Definition

Toxin detection; Kits for humans

Term

How is C. difficile in dogs treated? Horses?Definition

Tylosin; Metronidazole (not if pregnant)

Term

What is the morphology of Mycobacteria?Definition

Gr + rods, but classic species don't stain w/ Gr - Acid Fast +

Term

What are Classic Mycobacterium spp?Definition

M. tb & M. bovis

Term

Is mycobacterium aerobic or anaerobic?Definition

Strictly aerobic

Term

What is the isolation time for M. tb & bovis?Definition

4-8 wks

Term

What is used to culture M. tb & bovis?Definition

Tubes rather than petri dishes

Term

M. tb & bovis grow in _____ mediaDefinition

Egg-based

Term

In what spp. does M. bovis cause Tb?Definition

Cattle, humans, monkeys

Term

In what spp. does M. tb cause Tb?Definition

Humans, parrots (psittacine birds), monkeys, elephants

Term

In what spp. does M. avium cause Tb?Definition

Birds (poultry), Pigs

Term

What does M. avium paratuberculosis cause? In what animals?

Definition

Johne's dz; Cattle

Term

What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis?Definition

Entry (oral, resp) --> mac's --> local lnn. --> lymphatic vessels --> blood --> lungs, liver, spleen --> nodules (tubercles) (granulomatous response)

--> necrosis, caseation --> calcification

Term

What are virulence factors of TB?Definition

Glycolipids; Wax D

Term

Wax D + Mycobacterial proteins --> ____Definition

DTH

Term

Is CAN M. bovis free? USA?Definition

Yes; Mostly

Term

What does M. bovis cause in cattle?Definition

TB; nodules in lung, intercostal space, lnn.

Term

Where are lesions from M tb?Definition

d/o route of inf; any organ can be affected

Term

What is the habitat of M. avium?Definition

Saprophytic; Soil

Term

How is TB diagnosed?Definition

TB Test (DTH); Aggln test; ELISA (detects Abs); PM @ slaughterhouse, lesions, histo; Gamma

interferon test (detects sensitization to mycobacterial Ags); Culture of aspirates, trunk

washing

Term

Are Ab's protective against TB?Definition

No

Term

What is another name for the TB test?Definition

Mantou Test

Term

Mycobacteria stain ____ w/ acid fast stain; other/host cells stain ____.

Definition

Red; Blue

Term

Where do Mycobacteria multiply?Definition

Intracellularly

Term

What is an anti-TB drug?Definition

Rifampin; Isoniazid (Use together 3-6 mo)

Term

What is the TB vacc? What is the Dx agent?Definition

BCG; Tuberculin

Term

How is TB controlled?Definition

TB testing & elimination of +'s; Aggln test in case

of birds w/o wattle; Quarantine new additions 60-90 days; Disinfect contaminated premises w/

cresylic compounds (not alcohol); Food animals not treated (destroyed)

Term

What is used to treat elephants & exotic birds w/ TB?

Definition

Rifampin + Isoniazid

Term

What animals is BCG vacc used in?Definition

Calves; Children (not in US & CAN)

Term

What animals are infected w/ Johne's dz?Definition

Cattle, Goats, Sheep

Term

What organism causes Johne's dz?Definition

M. avium paratuberculosis

Term

Where is Johne's dz prevalent?Definition

Throughout world (incl US, CAN)

Term

What does Johne's dz cause?Definition

Chronic, Debilitating diarrhea; Emaciation, Decreased milk production; submandibular

swelling

Term

Does Johne's dz cause lung tubercles?Definition

No

Term

What is the incubation period of Johne's dz?Definition

2 yrs

Term

What is the analog of Johne's dz in humans?Definition

Chron's dz

Term

What is the epidemiology of Johne's dz?Definition

Calves ingest infective fecal matter --> CS appear after 2 yrs

Term

What are the cattle in herds infected w/ Johne's dz?

Definition

Clinically ill; Asymptomatic shedders; Infected, but neither ill nor shedding

Term

What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz?Definition

Ingestion --> organism penetrates mucosa of ileum, colon --> phagocytosed --> multiply in

intrepithelial mac's --> granulomatous rxn --> chronic inflammatory response --> thickening,

corrugation of intestinal mucosa --> impaired intestinal function, leakage of PP --> wasting,

diarrhea

Term

How is Johne's dz diagnosed?Definition

Microscopy of rectal sample from microspatula (acid fast stain) --> Clumps of pink bacilli

indicate intracellular growth; Fecal smear & culture followed by PCR; Immunological tests

(detect Abs, eg ELISA); [Culture + ELISA]

Term

In Johne's dz, Ab's, although not ____ are ____.Definition

Protective; Diagnostic

Term

Johne's dz is endemic to _____Definition

N Am

Term

How is Johne's dz controlled?Definition

Remove all clinical cases; regularly test herds (6-12 mo) by fecal culture + ELISA; Cull + animals; Prevent inf via feces (app of calcium oxide/lime to

pasture may help); Separate newborn calves; Thoroughly test replacement animals

Term

What is the Tx for Johne's dz?Definition

No Tx; Antibiotics NOT used

Term

Is there a vacc for Johne's dz? Why/why not?Definition

No; Interference w/ testing

Term

Is M. lepramurium zoonotic? Does it cause dz in humans?

Definition

No

Term

What organism causes human leprosy?Definition

M. leprae

Term

What is another name for leprosy?Definition

Hansen's dz

Term

Describe leprosy.Definition

Chronic, affects skin & peripheral nn.

Term

What animals are S to M. leprae? Is it zoonotic?Definition

Armadillos in S US; Yes

Term

Are domestic animals affected by M. leprae?Definition

No; Monkeys rarely

Term

How is M. leprae diagnosed?Definition

Not cultured; grown in mouse foot pads; Lepromin test (for DTH); ELISA

Term

What drug is used for M. leprae?Definition

Dapsone (sulfonamide-like compound)

Term

What organism causes feline leprosy?Definition

M. lepraemurium

Term

Feline leprosy is a _____.Definition

syndrome

Term

What is the transmission of M lepraemurium?Definition

Infected rats --> Cats --> Cutaneous nodules

Term

What is M lepraemurium Tx?Definition

Sx removal of nodules; antitubercular drug used in combo w/ 2nd antibiotic

Term

Isolated, sporadic cases of M lepraemurium occur in _____

Definition

US & CAN

Term

What drug can be used to treat M lepraemurium?

Definition

Clarythromycin