FIXED-TERM WORK IN EUROPE: TRENDS AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Martin Fritz European Data Laboratory for...
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Transcript of FIXED-TERM WORK IN EUROPE: TRENDS AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Martin Fritz European Data Laboratory for...
FIXED-TERM WORK IN EUROPE: TRENDS AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Martin Fritz
European Data Laboratory for Comparative Social Research
(EUROLAB), GESIS, Cologne
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 2
Current trends in the world of (flexible) work- a sociological perspective
De-standardization, De-regulation, Flexibilization,
Expansion of Non-Standard Employment
wage-labour based Fordism as social/employment standard
finance-driven Post-Fordism
Innovations (ICT), Globalization, Policy decisions, Value change
Will there be a new socially inclusive employment standard?
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 3
EU Directives to establish this new socially inclusive employment standard:
The European Social Partners ETUC, UNICE and CEEP developed a framework agreement on fixed-term work put into effect by COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/70/EC :
• purpose: to improve the quality of fixed-term work
• by a) applying the principle of non-discrimination and b) measures to prevent abuse
What are the social differences between fixed-term and permanent work, so that there is a need for non-discrimination?
What social problems are caused by fixed-term work?
How can social inclusion be achieved?
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 4
EU Directive on fixed-term work
From the preamble of COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/70/EC :
“They [the social partners] also recognize that fixed-term employment contracts respond, in certain circumstances, to the needs of both employers and workers.”? Why should employees prefer to have a fixed-term rather than a permanent contract? Or does this mean they prefer it over being unemployed?
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 5
What Sociologists think:
Zygmunt Bauman Pierre BourdieuRichard Sennett Ulrich Beck
The rise in fixed-term work has objective and subjective, individual and societal consequences:
In-work Poverty
Inequality
Depressions
feelings of replaceability
growing distrust
Insecurity
anomie
precarity
flexploitation
loss of solidarity
corrosion of character
chains of uncertainty
Anxieties about future
loss of long-term orientation
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 6
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
EU15 The Netherlands SpainPoland Germany United KingdomSweden France Ireland
Implementation of Directive 99/70/ECon fixed-term employment
Incidence of fixed-term/temporary employment in Europe (in % of all employees, 15-74 years), source: Eurostat
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 7
What is behind this slowly rising overall trend and the country differences?
1. Who is doing fixed-term work?
• groups that are relatively new on the labour markets: very young and older persons and women?
• or vulnerable workers who can‘t find other job?
social structure of fixed-term work: gender, age and education
2. What changes occured within the social structure of fixed-term workers in the last years?
• does it become more gendered, are increasingly young people holding fixed-term contracts or more and more the low-skilled?
looking at trends
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 8
Composition of fixed-term work: gender, age and education, source: Eurostat
Spain
Poland
France
Ireland
The Netherlands
Sweden
United Kingdom
Germany
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%
Share of persons aged 25-49 in fixed-term
employment 2008 (%)
25-49 years 15-24 years 50-74 years
Germany
Spain
Poland
The Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Ireland
Sweden
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%
Share of men in fixed-term employment 2008
(in %)
men women
Spain
The Netherlands
Germany
France
Sweden
Ireland
United Kingdom
Poland
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Share of persons with lower education in fixed-term employment 2008 (in %)
education low education mediumeducation high
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 9
France
Germany
Ireland
Netherlands
Poland
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
-15 0 15
share of persons 25-49 years oldshare of persons with low educationshare of men
Changes in the socio-demographic composition of fixed-term employment from 1998-2008 (%), source: Eurostat
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 10
Social Problems of Fixed-term Work
2 Examples:
• Poverty as economic insecurity
• Anomie at country level
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 11
Poverty rates for permanent and temporary work, 27 European countries, 18-64yrs
EE LT LV RO HU SK SI CZ BG PL AT LU BE DE NL FR NO IS SE FI UK IE CY IT PT GR ES
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
permanent
temporary
Source: vanLancker 2013, based on EU-SILC 2008 data
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 12
Extracts from multilevel logistic regressions on the risk of poverty (odds ratios) All workers Temporary
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5Type of contractPermanent Ref. Ref. Ref.Temporary 1.99 *** 1.95 *** 1.23 ***
Age cohorts18-29 0.92 * 0.67 *** 0.73 *** 0.71 ***30-44 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.45-64 0.85 *** 0.94 * 0.81 ** 0.73 **
Gender (male = ref.) 0.86 *** 0.46 *** 0.59 *** 0.58 ***
Household compositionChildren (no children = ref.) 4.13 *** 5.26 *** 3.95 *** 3.67 ***
Partner (single = ref.) 0.84 *** 0.94 * 1.04 1.03Dual earner (single earner = ref.)
0.24 *** 0.19 *** 0.20 *** 0.17 ***
EducationLow 2.05 *** 1.52 *** 1.52 *** 1.54 ***Medium Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.High 0.35 *** 0.67 *** 0.66 *** 0.60 ***
Monthly gross wages 0.11 *** 0.14 *** 0.13 ***… … … … … …Deviance 61.613 56.582 47.958 9.547 9.474Observations 151.649 151.649 151.649 16.189 16.189
Source: vanLancker 2013, based on EU-SILC 2008 data
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 13
FT-CONTRACTS
ft-c_male
ft-c_female
ft-c_young
ft-c_middle-aged
ft-c_old
ft-c_edu_low
ft-c_edu_medium
ft-c_edu_hi
GDP
HDIGINI
FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
DIVORCE-MARRIAGE-RATE
TRADE UNION DENSITY
FERTILITY
TRUST
LT-UNEMPLOYMENT
PRISONERS
SOCIAL PROTECTION
0.5
0.5
λ1=0.163(44.3%)
λ2=0.055(14.9%)
Inequality & Exclusion
Wealth & Welfare
Labour-based Solidarity
Source: Fritz 2013
Extracts from Correspondence Analyses on anomie and non-standard employment at country level
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 14
BE98
CZ98
DK98
DE98
IE98
EL98
ES98
FR98
IT98
LU98HU98
NL98
AU98PL98
PT98
RO98
SI98
FI98 SE98
UK98
BE08
CZ08
DK08
DE08IE08
EL08
ES08FR08
IT08
LU08HU08
NL08
AU08
PL08
PT08
RO08SI08
FI08
SE08
UK08
0.5
0.5
λ1=0.163(44.3%)
λ2=0.055(14.9%)
Inequality & Exclusion
Wealth & Welfare
Labour-based Solidarity
Source: Fritz 2013
Extracts from Correspondence Analyses on anomie and non-standard employment at country level
Fritz: Fixed-Term Work in Europe 15
Conclusions
• Fixed-term work is especially problematic for: families, lower educated persons and in countries with dominance of male breadwinner model, i.e. South European countries
• DIRECTIVE 1999/70/EC on fixed-term work does not solve this problems, thus it doesn’t contribute to a new socially inclusive employment standard
• other forms of flexible work (as part-time work) can contribute more to a new standard as also social policy measures like minimum incomes and wages etc. which protect especially the most vulnerable
More information in our book: Max Koch & Martin Fritz „Non-Standard Employment in Europe. Paradigms, Prevalence and Policy Responses.“