Gen

hua

Niu

Texa

s A

&M

Uni

vers

ityA

griL

ifeR

esea

rch

at E

l Pas

o

Any

stre

ss?

Five

ess

entia

l con

ditio

nsfo

r pla

nt g

row

th:

•Lig

ht•T

empe

ratu

re•C

O2

•Wat

er•N

utrie

nts

Com

mon

abi

otic

str

esse

sTe

mpe

ratu

re (l

ow, h

igh)

Wat

er (w

ater

-logg

ing

and

drou

ght)

Sal

t stre

ssN

utrie

nt d

efic

ienc

yC

hem

ical

(pH

, Her

bici

des,

pol

luta

nts)

, etc

.

Cha

lleng

es fo

r TX

land

scap

esW

ide

Clim

ate

zone

s-ar

id w

est a

nd

hum

id e

ast.

Hig

h te

mpe

ratu

res

Wat

er q

uant

ity –

limite

d w

ater

re

sour

ces,

unp

redi

ctab

le d

roug

ht, e

tc.

Poor

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d hi

gh s

oil s

alin

ity–

use

of a

ltern

ativ

e w

ater

sou

rces

suc

h as

m

unic

ipal

recl

aim

ed w

ater

and

bra

ckis

h gr

ound

w

ater

for i

rrig

atio

n of

land

scap

es.

Wha

t is

salin

ity

Salin

ity is

the

salti

ness

or t

he d

isso

lved

sa

lt co

nten

t of w

ater

or s

oil.

Prim

ary

conc

ern

of ir

rigat

ion

wat

er

qual

ity is

sal

inity

leve

l.Th

e in

divi

dual

che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts:

posi

tivel

y ch

arge

d K

+ , C

a2+ ,

Mg2

+ ,N

a+,

NH

4+ , H

+ , ne

gativ

ely

char

ged:

Cl,

HC

O3

32-N

O3

42-

Elec

tric

al C

ondu

ctiv

ity

Posi

tivel

y ch

arge

d K

+ , C

a2+ ,

Mg2

+ ,N

a+,

NH

4+ , H

+

Neg

ativ

ely

char

ged:

Cl,

HC

O3

32-

NO

342-

Mea

sure

men

t (1)

In a

gric

ultu

re, t

he o

vera

ll sa

linity

is th

e de

term

inat

ion

of e

lect

rical

con

duct

ivity

of

a w

ater

(EC

w) o

r soi

l ext

ract

(EC

e) a

nd

repo

rtin

g un

it is

dS/

m o

r mm

hos/

cm.

Perc

enta

ge (%

)Fo

r ind

ivid

ual i

on, p

pm(m

g/L)

is a

lso

used

.

Tota

l dis

solv

ed s

olid

s (s

alts

) (TD

S):

ppm

(or m

g/L)

R

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

EC a

nd T

DS

(rou

ghly

, dep

endi

ng o

n co

mpo

sitio

n):

TDS

= EC

x 6

40 (E

C <

5 d

S/m

)TD

S =

EC x

800

(EC

> 5

dS/

m)

Mea

sure

men

t (2)

Wat

er S

alin

ity

Fres

h w

ater

Bra

ckis

h w

ater

Salin

e w

ater

Brin

e

<0.0

5%0.

05-3

%3-

5%>5

%

TDS

Met

er

pH/E

C/T

DS

<ete

r

Soi

l Sal

inity

–sa

lt co

nten

t in

soil

Det

erm

inin

g so

il sa

linity

Take

soi

l sam

ple

Mak

e a

satu

rate

d pa

ste

Take

the

extra

ctio

n of

the

past

eD

eter

min

e th

e sa

linity

of t

he e

xtra

ctio

n

Cau

ses

for h

igh

soil

salin

ity

Low

qua

lity

irrig

atio

n w

ater

Low

rain

fall

Clim

ate

(hig

h te

mp

& w

ind)

Sea

wat

er in

trus

ion

Trea

ted

sew

age

efflu

ents

(sec

onda

ry o

r te

rtia

ry tr

eatm

ent)

It ha

s hi

gh s

alt l

evel

s (2

to 3

tim

es

high

er th

an fr

esh

wat

er),

but d

epen

ds o

n so

urce

sM

ajor

sal

ts: S

odiu

m C

hlor

ide,

and

som

e ot

her s

alts

.N

utrie

nts:

N, P

, Mg,

Ca,

etc

.

Rec

laim

ed (R

ecyc

led)

Wat

er

Con

serv

e fr

esh

wat

erR

educ

e pe

ak w

ater

use

Bec

ome

mor

e dr

ough

t res

ista

nt

Low

cos

t –(n

eed

few

er tr

eatm

ents

)Pl

ants

can

ser

ve a

s a

“bio

-filtr

atio

n sy

stem

” to

som

e ex

tent

-Su

pply

nu

trie

nts

to la

ndsc

ape

plan

ts

Ben

efits

of u

sing

re

clai

med

wat

er

EC o

f fre

sh w

ater

and

sea

wat

er

Sea

wat

er h

as a

EC

of 3

7 to

62

dS/m

(30,

000

to 5

0,00

0 pp

m)

TDS

of fr

esh

wat

er <

500

ppm

(EC

< 0

.8

dS/m

)El

Pas

o R

ecla

imed

wat

er E

C ra

nges

from

1.3

to

2.0

dS/

m, v

aryi

ng w

ith s

ourc

e w

ater

. Tap

w

ater

is 0

.8 –

1.1

dS/m

Wat

er q

ualit

y ra

tings

EC (d

S/m

)W

ater

sal

inity

ra

ting

<0.6

5Lo

w0.

65-1

.3M

oder

ate

1.3-

2.9

Hig

h2.

9-5.

2Ve

ry h

igh

>5.2

Ext

rem

ely

high

Soil

and

wat

er s

alin

ity b

ased

on

pla

nt to

lera

nce

Plan

t sal

t to

lera

nce

Wat

er &

soil

salin

ityAv

erag

e ro

ot

zone

sal

inity

Sen

sitiv

e cr

ops

Very

low

<0.9

5M

oder

atel

y se

nsiti

ve c

rops

Low

0.95

-1.9

Mod

erat

ely

tole

rant

cr

ops

Med

ium

1.9-

4.5

Tole

rant

crop

sH

igh

4.5-

7.7

Very

tole

rant

cro

psVe

ry h

igh

7.7-

12.2

Very

salin

eEx

trem

e>1

2.2

Soil

salin

ity p

robl

ems

•Sal

inity

of w

ater

and

spe

cific

io

ns in

wat

er a

ffect

pla

nts

and

soil’

s pe

rmea

bilit

y.•S

oil s

alin

ity m

ay b

e co

ntro

lled

by le

achi

ng.

•Soi

l com

pact

ion

& p

oor

drai

nage

wor

sen

soil

salin

ity.

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

pla

nts

Salt

tole

ranc

e is

hig

hly

spec

ies

depe

nden

t.Ev

ery

plan

t can

tole

rate

cer

tain

rang

e of

sa

linity

-th

resh

old.

Sa

lt to

lera

nce

of p

lant

is a

ffect

ed b

y cl

imat

e an

d irr

igat

ion

met

hod.

Plan

t res

pons

es to

el

evat

ed s

alin

ity

Her

bace

ous

annu

als

and

pere

nnia

ls

10 A

nnua

l spe

cies

Ang

elon

iaan

gust

ifolia

‘Lav

ende

r Pin

k’

Ang

elon

iaan

gust

ifolia

‘Pur

ple’

A

ngel

onia

angu

stifo

lia‘W

hite

’C

apsi

cum

ann

uum

‘Bla

ck P

earl’

Cap

sicu

m a

nnuu

m‘C

alic

o’C

apsi

cum

ann

uum

‘Pur

ple

Flas

h’C

atha

rant

hus

rose

us‘T

itan’

Hel

eniu

m a

mar

um‘D

akot

a G

old’

Hel

ichr

ysum

petio

latu

m‘S

ilver

Mis

t’P

lum

bago

auric

ulat

a‘E

scap

ade

Blu

e’

Mat

eria

ls a

nd M

etho

ds5

leve

ls o

f sal

inity

: 0.8

(Tap

w

ater

), 2.

8, 4

.0, 5

.0, o

r 7.4

dS/

m.

Salin

e so

lutio

ns w

ere

prep

ared

in

100

L ta

nk b

y ad

ding

NaC

l,M

gSO

4, C

aCl 2

to ta

p w

ater

at

85:8

:5 (b

y w

eigh

t).Pl

ants

wer

e irr

igat

ed a

s ne

eded

.

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

Phot

os w

ere

take

n af

ter 2

.5 m

onth

s

Ang

elon

ia‘P

urpl

e’Sa

linity

(EC

) –dS

/mEC

0.8

EC 7

.4‘P

urpl

e’

Ang

elon

ia ‘W

hite

’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

‘Lav

ende

r Pin

k’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

EC 0

.8

EC 7

.4

‘Lav

ende

r Pin

k’

Orn

. Pep

per ‘

Bla

ck P

earl’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

EC 0

.8

EC 7

.4

‘Bla

ck P

earl’

Orn

. pep

per ‘

Cal

ico’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

EC 0

.8

EC 7

.4

‘Cal

ico’

Orn

. pep

per ‘

Purp

le F

lash

’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

EC 0

.8

EC 5

.0

‘Pur

ple

Flas

h’

Hel

eniu

m ‘D

akot

a G

old’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

Vinc

a ‘T

itan’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

Lico

rice

plan

t ‘Si

lver

Mis

t’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

Plum

bago

‘Esc

apad

e B

lue’

0.8

2.8

4.0

5.1

7.4

EC 7

.0C

ontr

ol

Salts

exu

ded

from

leav

es, m

ostly

from

bac

k of

the

leaf

.

Sum

mar

y (fo

r the

10 a

nnua

ls)

Salin

ity to

lera

nce

varie

d w

ith s

peci

es.

The

thre

shol

d w

as 3

.5 d

S/m

for

ange

loni

aan

d ‘C

alic

o’; 3

.5 –

5.0

dS/m

for L

icor

ice

plan

t, he

leni

um, a

nd

plum

bago

.‘B

lack

Pea

rl’ a

nd v

inca

tend

ed to

hav

e gr

eate

r gro

wth

redu

ctio

n.

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

11

culti

vars

of o

rnam

enta

l pe

pper

s

Cul

tivar

sN

uMex

Twili

ght

NuM

exC

ente

nnia

l

NuM

exC

hris

tmas

NuM

exA

pril

Fool

’s D

ay

NuM

exC

inco

de M

ayo

NuM

exVa

lent

ine

NuM

exEa

ster

NuM

exH

allo

wee

n

NuM

exSt

. Pat

rick’

s D

ayN

uMex

Mem

oria

l Day

NuM

exTh

anks

givi

ng

Hal

low

een

Day

0

East

er

Day

0

Mat

eria

ls &

Met

hods

Seed

s w

ere

sow

n on

Jun

e 2

and

germ

inat

ed s

eedl

ings

wer

e tr

ansp

lant

ed to

6-in

pot

s fil

led

with

sun

shin

e m

ix #

4.

Trea

tmen

ts w

ere

initi

ated

on

July

15.

Salin

ity T

reat

men

tsTh

ree

trea

tmen

ts:1

.3 (c

ontr

ol,

nutr

ient

sol

utio

n), s

alin

e so

lutio

ns

at E

C 4

.1 a

nd 8

.1 d

S/m

.Sa

line

solu

tions

wer

e pr

epar

ed in

10

0 L

tank

by

addi

ng N

aCl,

and

CaC

l 2sa

lts to

nut

rient

sol

utio

n at

2:

1 m

olar

ratio

.

Mem

oria

l Day

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Chr

istm

as

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Vale

ntin

es

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

St. P

atric

k

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Hal

low

een

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

East

er

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Cen

tenn

ial

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Apr

il Fo

ol’s

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Twili

ght

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Than

ksgi

ving

Cin

code

May

o

EC 8

EC 4

EC 1

.3

Visu

al S

core

sB

ased

on

folia

r dam

age:

0–

dead

1–

>75%

2–

50%

-75%

3–

15%

-50%

4–

<15%

5

–Ex

celle

nt

Cul

tivar

Visu

al S

core

(EC

8.

1)M

emor

ial

2.45

Chr

istm

as4.

69Va

lent

ines

4.83

St.

Pat

rick

4.87

Hal

low

een

4.88

Eas

ter

4.91

Cen

tenn

ial

4.98

Apr

il Fo

ols

4.99

Shoo

t DW

redu

ctio

n (%

)EC

8 v

s. E

C 1

.3Tw

iligh

t , 3

7C

ente

nnia

l, 51

Chr

istm

as, 5

3A

pril

Fool

’s,3

7

Cin

code

May

o, 3

2Va

lent

ine,

34

East

er, 4

6H

allo

wee

n, 3

5

St. P

atric

k,48

Mem

oria

l Day

, 74

Than

ksgi

ving

, 15

Gro

wth

Inde

x re

duct

ion

(%)

EC 8

vs.

EC

1.3

Twili

ght ,

34

Cen

tenn

ial,

28C

hris

tmas

, 23

Apr

il Fo

ol’s

,14

Cin

code

May

o, 1

4Va

lent

ine,

21

East

er, 3

0H

allo

wee

n, 1

9

St. P

atric

k,23

Mem

oria

l Day

, 37

Than

ksgi

ving

, 33

All

culti

vars

wer

e m

oder

atel

y to

lera

nt to

sal

ine

wat

er ir

rigat

ion

exce

pt fo

r ‘N

uMex

Mem

oria

l Day

’.A

ll cu

ltiva

rs e

xcep

t ‘N

uMex

Mem

oria

l Day

’can

be

plan

ted

in

land

scap

es w

here

low

qua

lity

wat

er m

ay b

e us

ed fo

r irr

igat

ion.

Sum

mar

yR

espo

nse

of Z

inni

a m

aryl

andi

caan

d Z.

mar

itim

aC

ultiv

ars

to

Salin

ity

Cul

tivar

sZ.

mar

ylan

dica

‘Cor

al R

ose’

Z. m

aryl

andi

ca‘F

ire’

Z. m

aryl

andi

ca‘R

ose

Star

light

’

Z. m

aryl

andi

ca‘S

carle

t’

Z. m

aryl

andi

ca‘W

hite

’

Z. m

aryl

andi

ca‘Y

ello

w’

Z. m

ariti

ma

‘Sol

cito

’

Salin

ity T

reat

men

ts

1.4,

2.8

, 4.2

, 6.0

, and

8.0

dS

/m.

Salin

e so

lutio

ns w

ere

prep

ared

in 1

00 L

tank

by

addi

ng N

aCl,

MgS

O4,

CaC

l 2sa

lts to

nut

rient

so

lutio

n at

85:

8:5

(by

wt).

Fire

Solc

ito

Scar

let

Ros

e St

arlig

ht

Whi

te

Cor

al R

ose

Yello

w

Day

14

EC

86

4.2

2.8

1.4

Day

14

YS

WR

CS

OF

EC 8 6 4.2

2.8

1.4

YS

WR

CSO

F

Day

23

EC 1.4

2.8

4.2

6 8

Stun

t Gro

wth

Zinn

ia m

aryl

andi

ca‘F

ire’ –

2 w

eeks

afte

r Tr

eatm

ents

at E

C 1

.5 to

8.2

dS/

m

EC 8

.26.

04.

22.

81.

5

As

salin

ity in

crea

sed

Folia

r dam

age/

mor

talit

y

Zinn

ia m

aryl

andi

ca‘F

ire’ –

25 d

ays

afte

r Tr

eatm

ents

at E

C 1

.5 to

8.2

dS/

m

EC 8

.0

6

.04.

22.

81.

5

As

salin

ity in

crea

sed

Petu

nia

Bab

y D

uck

Yello

w ,

42 d

, Apr

28,

Con

trol

Bab

y D

uck

Yello

w ,

42 d

, Apr

28,

EC

8

Mira

ge R

ose,

42

d, A

pr 2

8, C

ontr

olM

irage

Ros

e, 4

2 d,

Apr

28,

EC

8Sp

read

ing,

42

d, A

pr 2

8, c

ontr

ol

Spre

adin

g, 4

2 d,

Apr

28,

EC

8

Woo

dy S

hrub

s an

d Tr

ees

One

mon

th a

fter

3 m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Gre

en A

sh

(Fra

xinu

s pe

nnsy

lvan

ica)

One

mon

th a

fter

Thre

e m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Rus

sian

Oliv

e (E

laea

gnus

ang

ustfo

lia)

One

mon

th a

fter

Thre

e m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Des

ert W

illow

(Chi

lops

is li

near

is)

One

mon

th a

fter

Thre

e m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Rus

sian

Oliv

e (E

laea

gnus

ang

ustfo

lia)

One

mon

th a

fter

Thre

e m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Bla

ck C

herr

y(P

runu

sse

rotin

a)

One

mon

th a

fter

3 m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m 0.

82.

04.

0 dS

/m

Sand

Che

rry

(Pru

nus

bess

eyi)

Ass

essm

ent o

f sal

t tol

eran

ceSa

lt to

lera

nce

of a

pla

nt is

def

ined

as

the

abili

ty to

with

stan

d th

e ef

fect

s of

hi

gh s

alin

ity w

ithou

t sig

nific

ant a

dver

se

effe

cts

(red

uced

gro

wth

, yie

ld, f

olia

r in

jury

, etc

.).Sa

lt to

lera

nce

can

be a

sses

sed

quic

kly

base

d on

vis

ual q

ualit

y an

d gr

owth

.To

und

erst

and

the

salt

tole

ranc

e m

echa

nism

, qua

ntify

phy

siol

ogic

al

resp

onse

s.

Salt

tole

ranc

e st

udy

in th

e gr

eenh

ouse

Fiel

d sa

linity

stu

dy•

Gre

enho

use

stud

ies

prov

ide

the

rela

tive

salt

tole

ranc

e am

ong

spec

ies.

•Th

e ab

solu

te s

alin

ity

thre

shol

d ne

eds

to b

e co

nfirm

ed o

utdo

or.

•Ex

trap

olat

e re

sults

fr

om g

reen

hous

e to

fie

ld.

Gen

eral

resp

onse

s of

pl

ants

to s

alin

ity

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

he

rbac

eous

ann

uals

and

pe

renn

ials

Salin

ity T

reat

men

ts0.

8 dS

/m (t

ap w

ater

, 550

ppm

TD

S)3.

2 dS

/m (2

000

ppm

)6.

4 dS

/m (4

000

ppm

)12

dS/m

(800

0 pp

m)

Salin

e so

lutio

n: N

aCl,

MgS

O4,

CaC

l 2(8

7:8:

5, w

eigh

t rat

io) t

o si

mul

ate

the

com

posi

tion

of E

PWU

’s re

clai

med

wat

er

0.8

3.2

6.4

12.0

dS/

mG

azan

ia ri

gen

(Gaz

ania

)

2 w

eeks

6 w

eeks

11 w

eeks

No

visu

al d

amag

e

2 w

eeks

6 w

eeks

11 w

eeks

Purp

le Ic

e Pl

ant

(Del

ospe

rma

coop

eri)

0.8

3.2

6.4

12.0

dS/

m No

visu

al d

amag

e

2 w

eeks

6 w

eeks

11 w

eeks

C. P

lum

bagi

noid

esH

ardy

blu

e pl

umba

go

0.8

3.2

6.4

12.0

dS/

m

Salt

dam

age

2 w

eeks

6 w

eeks

11 w

eeks

Pens

tem

on e

aton

ii(E

aton

ii Pe

nste

mon

)

0.8

3.2

6.4

12.0

dS/

m

Salt

dam

age

Oth

er s

alt t

oler

ance

stu

dies

Petu

nia

‘Bab

y D

uck

Yello

w’ ,

42

d

Con

trol

EC 8

.0

Petu

nia

‘Mira

ge R

ose’

, 42

d

Con

trol

EC 8

.0

Petu

nia

‘Spr

eadi

ng’,

42 d

Con

trol

EC 8

.0

Gaz

ania

rigen

‘Pin

k Sh

ade’

subi

rrig

ated

for 3

3 da

ys Con

trol

EC 8

.0

Tage

tes

erec

ta‘G

old’

Subi

rrig

ated

for 3

9 da

ys Con

trol

EC 2

.8

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

10

herb

aceo

us p

eren

nial

s &

gr

ound

cove

rs (o

utdo

or)

Sp

ecie

sA

chill

eam

illef

oliu

m(Y

arro

w)

Gai

llard

ia a

rista

ta(F

irew

heel

)G

land

ular

iaca

nade

nsis

(Hom

este

ad v

erbe

na)

Gla

ndul

aria

xhy

brid

a(G

arde

n ve

rben

a)La

ntan

a m

onte

vide

nsis

(Pur

ple

lant

ana)

Lant

ana

xhy

brid

a‘N

ew G

old’

(lan

tana

)Lo

nice

raja

poni

ca (H

oney

suck

le)

Ros

mar

inus

offic

inal

is(R

osem

ary)

Rud

beck

iahi

rta

(Bla

ck-e

yed

Susa

n)Ve

rben

a m

acdo

ugal

ii(S

pike

ver

bena

)

1 m

onth

late

r

3 m

onth

late

r

No

visu

al in

jury

Ros

emar

y

Yarr

ow

Hon

eysu

ckle

Lant

ana

‘New

Gol

d’

Rud

beck

iahi

rta

(Bla

ckey

edSu

san)

Con

trol

3.2

dS/m

5.4

dS/m

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

ga

rden

rose

s

Gar

den

rose

sSa

lt to

lera

nce

of ro

se

root

stoc

ks

Four

rose

root

stoc

ks‘D

r. H

uey’

(Ros

ax

hybr

ida)

R. x

fort

unia

naR

. mul

tiflo

raR

. odo

rata

Salin

ity T

reat

men

tEC

(ds/

m)

Cl-

or S

O42-

Con

trol

1.6

Mod

erat

e -C

l3.

9C

l-do

min

ated

Mod

erat

e –S

O4

3.9

SO4

-dom

inat

edH

igh

-Cl

8.2

Cl-

dom

inat

edH

igh

–SO

47.

9SO

4-

dom

inat

ed

‘Dr.

Hue

y’3.

9 dS

/m8.

0 dS

/m

Con

trol

M

-Cl

M-S

O4

H-C

lM-S

O4

R.f

ortu

nian

a

Con

trol

M

-Cl

M-S

O4

H-C

l M

-SO

4

3.9

dS/m

8.0

dS/m

R.m

ultif

lora

Con

trol

M

-Cl

M-S

O4

H-C

lM

-SO

4

3.9

dS/m

8.0

dS/m

R.o

dora

ta

Con

trol

M

-Cl

M-S

O4

H-C

l M

-SO

4

3.9

dS/m

8.0

dS/m

Sum

mar

yC

l-dom

inat

ed s

alin

ity h

ad g

reat

er

grow

th re

duct

ion

in a

ll ro

otst

ocks

.Fo

ur ro

se ro

otst

ocks

had

diff

eren

t ion

up

take

.R

osa

fort

unia

naw

as le

ast t

oler

ant t

o sa

linity

dom

inat

ed b

y C

l, al

thou

gh it

w

as m

ost t

oler

ant w

hen

SO4

was

do

min

ant s

alt.

Salt

tole

ranc

e of

sel

f-ro

oted

rose

cul

tivar

s

Self-

root

ed c

ultiv

ars

Expt

.1Ex

pt. 2

Bel

inda

’s D

ream

Car

efre

e B

eaut

y

Cal

dwel

l Pin

k

Folk

sing

er

Qui

etne

ss

Win

ter S

unse

t

Bay

se’s

Blu

eber

ry

Iceb

erg

Littl

e B

ucka

roo

The

Fairy

Mar

ie P

avie

Ris

e-N

-Shi

ne

Sea

Foam

Cal

dwel

l Pin

k

Bel

inda

’s D

ream

7w

ks-c

ontr

ol

Cal

dwel

l Pin

k

Bel

inda

’s D

ream

7w

ksaf

ter t

reat

men

t at E

C 6

.4 d

S/m

Folk

sing

er Qui

etne

ss

7w

ks-c

ontr

olFo

lksi

nger

Qui

etne

ss

7w

ksaf

ter t

reat

men

t at E

C 6

.4 d

S/m

Win

ter S

unse

t

Car

efre

e B

eaut

y

7w

ks-c

ontr

ol

Win

ter S

unse

t

Car

efre

e B

eaut

y

7w

ksaf

ter t

reat

men

t at E

C 6

.4 d

S/m

Phot

os –

Expt

. 2at

the

end

of th

e ex

perim

ent

Bay

se’s

Blu

eber

ryC

ontr

ol

EC 6

Iceb

erg

Con

trol

EC 6

Littl

e B

ucka

roo

cont

rol

EC 6

Littl

e B

ucka

roo

The

fairy

Con

trol EC

6

Mar

ie P

avie

Con

trol EC

6

Ris

e-N

-Shi

neC

ontr

ol

EC 6

Sea

Foam

Con

trol

EC 6

Sum

mar

y –

Expt

. 1

Bel

inda

’s D

ream

and

Cal

dwel

l Pi

nk w

ere

rela

tivel

y to

lera

nt,

whi

le C

aref

ree

Bea

uty

and

Win

ter S

unse

t wer

e se

nsiti

ve.

Sum

mar

y –

Expt

. 2

Plan

ts in

Exp

t. 2

had

rela

tivel

y no

or m

inor

folia

r sal

t dam

age,

ev

iden

ced

by lo

w u

ptak

e of

Na

and

Cl.

Iceb

erg,

Mar

ie P

avie

and

The

Fairy

had

gre

ater

DW

redu

ctio

n at

EC

6.

Littl

e B

ucka

roo

did

not h

ave

folia

r dam

age.

Is d

roug

ht to

lera

nt p

lant

s to

lera

te s

alt s

tres

s?•

We

have

not

see

n an

y “c

orre

latio

n”

betw

een

drou

ght a

nd s

alt t

oler

ance

.•

Bot

h dr

ough

t and

sal

t tol

eran

ce a

re

high

ly s

peci

es d

epen

dent

. •

Initi

al re

spon

ses

are

sim

ilar –

stun

t gr

owth

, low

tran

spira

tion

rate

, etc

.

Her

bace

ous

plan

ts to

lera

te

both

dro

ught

and

sal

t str

esse

s•

Orn

amen

tal p

eppe

rs (a

num

ber o

f cu

ltiva

rs).

•La

ntan

a, h

oney

suck

le, r

osem

ary

•

Bla

nket

flow

er, y

arro

w•

Ang

elon

ia,h

elen

ium

, blu

e pl

umba

go

Her

bace

ous

plan

ts to

lera

te

drou

ght b

ut N

OT

to s

alt

•Zi

nnia

Mar

ylan

dica

,Z.m

arith

a‘S

olci

to’

Thre

e m

onth

s af

ter

0.8

2.0

4.0

dS/m

Des

ert W

illow

(Chi

lops

is li

near

is)

Dro

ught

tole

rant

but

onl

y m

oder

atel

y to

lera

nt to

sal

tC

oncl

udin

g R

emar

ks•

Larg

e va

riatio

ns in

sal

t tol

eran

ce e

xist

am

ong

test

ed s

peci

es.

•Sa

lt to

lera

nce

depe

nds

on s

peci

es,

envi

ronm

enta

l con

ditio

ns, a

nd

irrig

atio

n m

anag

emen

t.

•M

echa

nism

s –

ion

upta

ke re

stric

tion,

os

mot

ic a

djus

tmen

t

Add

ition

al in

form

atio

nA

ggie

Hor

ticul

ture

(h

ttp://

aggi

e-ho

rtic

ultu

re.ta

mu.

edu/

)La

dy B

ird J

ohns

on W

ildflo

wer

Cen

ter

< w

ww

.wild

flow

er.o

rg/ >

ww

w.sa

linity

man

agem

ent.o

rgm

aint

aine

d by

the

Sou

ther

n C

alifo

rnia

S

alin

ity C

oalit

ion

(SC

SC

) and

Nat

iona

l W

ater

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te (N

WR

I).