Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script - … · It appears that the cuneiform writing...

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Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script Lloyd Anderson 29 January, 2004 Ecological Linguistics, PO Box 15156, Washington DC 20003 For Unicode Technical Committee, 4 February, 2004 If those who proposed N2664 withdraw their proposal, then this paper constitutes a re-introduction of it with changes to the text and tables as outlined below. Changed text will be provided promptly. A group which has been preparing a proposal for Cuneiform encoding went through several stages. Decisions included the encoding of signs in the sense traditionally understood in the field. 1. Encode signs not readings (script not language) 2. Encode signs not sequences of signs 3. Encode signs not variants 4. Encode signs not fragments of signs 5. Include sufficient distinctions for each stage covered (currently mostly UrIII and later) 6. Unify those signs which are primary relatives in lineal historical descent, encode them the

same. At a later time, the decision was taken to encode as sequences those elements of text which are referred to as SIGN.SIGN with a period between them, treating them as compounds of those existing signs which are the parts of their names. This is obviously consistent with the decision to not encode sequences of signs. But it also turned out to contradict other decisions taken previously, and the members had not anticipated some of the results. It was also somewhat vague, as it would cover both sequences of signs, and also single signs referred to in this same way for various historical reasons, such as lack of a known single-word reading. In other words, the naming pattern "SIGN.SIGN" was a glyph description languge at the same time as it sometimes represented sequences of signs, without any easy distinction between the two. The group decided to go ahead without yet attempting to consider all of the consequences. Some consider that the decision to split "SIGN.SIGN" superseded all earlier decisions. When the first results came back, a majority of the active participants were unhappy with some of the exclusions, as of the fundamental syllabary signs. They were also unhappy with encoded units which are fragments, not ever occurring independently. Some of those have been suggested for encoding in N2664R. But they are mere band-aids on a system which systematically disregards both the long-established scholarly tradition on what are signs, and the empirical evidence on what are the units of the script, which most of the participants in the small group have not discussed in any detail. The question: what is an appropriate encoding for Cuneiform? I argue that the present proposal would be very damaging to the field of cuneiform studies. The consequences should actually be examined, not shoved under the rug. Analogies will help to make clear what is being proposed for Cuneiform. Then I will survey those consequences which have not been presented systematically by the individuals whose proposal is document N2664 and revision. Han Characters vs. Components. CJK Han Characters are not split into fragments in encoding. The decision about what is a character is of course much easier for Han characters than for Cuneiform, because Han characters all fit a standard square block. Not having this tool in Cuneiform means that we must work hard to discover what are the distinctive units of the script. (Or accept that the long

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scholarly tradition has already done most of that!) But the Han analogy is close in that we clearly know the difference between full characters and components of characters. The long scholarly tradition of Cuneiform studies is also fully aware of the difference between Signs and Components of signs. The current proposal for Cuneiform violates that tradition in mixing the two, and omitting many standard catalogued signs from the encoding when there is no reason to do so. I here turn the characters sideways, partly also as a reminder that such a rotation occurred early in the history of Cuneiform.

b is not encoded as ac with ligaturing etc. Analogies from Latin script are closer in some other respects. Latin Historical Ligatures which are now Simple Letters

æ is not encoded as ae with ligaturing etc.

w is not encoded as vv with ligaturing etc. The last of these is very close to what is being proposed for Cuneiform, the encoding of single characters as parts which they may historically have arisen from, or which in the Cuneiform case they may later have dissolved into, but which are in the use of the script distinct from those. The <æ> digraph also raises an issue which affects any script of this kind. Whether or not Unicode favors this, implementers may possibly encode it as the sequence <a> <e> and render that via ligaturing as a surface glyph <æ>. This possibility is no argument that the single letter <æ> which looks the same should not have been encoded. This next example has been withdrawn in the revised proposal N2664R, but the fact that it could ever have been proposed shows how far off the track the interpretation went both from deliberations and consensus in the working group and from the reality of cuneiform script. There are many more examples of similar kinds, and N2664R has only touched the tip of the iceberg in correcting erroneous analyses from N2664.

w is not to be encoded as u v with ligaturing In this case an existing sign MASHGI (by default, a single character) was split into two fragments, neither one of which exists as a sign on its own. The sign which does exist was not proposed for encoding. This is not a unique example. In some way it must reveal the thinking which went into proposal N2664. I can only estimate that the ideas were something like: split any sign if vertical white space can be seen between fragments which would result, and rename

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any sign in terms of component parts, disregarding traditional names. A procedure based on white space certainly does not represent any reasonable interpretation of a consensus reached by the working group to encode signs named "SIGN.SIGN" as their parts. This sign was not traditionally named that way. The artificial creation in proposal N2664R itself of a new name (U OVER U U REVERSED OVER U REVERSED), the sequence of names of the two artificial fragments which were substituted for it in N2664, does not cause this to become a sign named "SIGN.SIGN". Or else that has no meaning whatsoever. The sign was split, based not on its actual name but on a theory reflected by this artificially created name. Quite a circular proceeding. It makes it clear that what is being proposed is in an important sense an encoding of a newly invented glyph description language, not an encoding of the units of cuneiform script. Our goal is a valid encoding for Cuneiform, so if we find empirical data refutes the assumptions or procedures of a claimed consensus, we must pay attention to the facts. The smallest group seems to have locked itself into a tunnel. There is another issue raised by the long history of the Cuneiform script, and very real changes which occurred in it. Some characters which were original single characters in the understanding of all of us have dissolved into an apparent sequence, as scribes used familiar elements. A wonderful example is that for the sign UMBIN, used to represent among other things 'talon'. It is composed originally of a leg with a superimposed turned hand which is used in meanings 'attach, join, knot' and similar (Labat 'nouer, attacher'), and went through this evolution. Intermediates exist between the last two not shown here.

f g de The first of these could be named (in a glyph description language, a component description language) something like "leg" x TAG4. The second would be named GAD.(DU x TAG4). The third would be named GAD.TAG4.DU. It appears that the cuneiform writing system of at least the last of these three stages may have changed its set of significant units. But we cannot be sure merely from these three illustrations. We simply cannot infer status as sign vs. sign sequence merely by thinking of components in later forms. That is deceiving oneself. The initial GAD of the middle example may never have been separated from the part which followed, they may have been merely components of one sign, not two separate signs. In that case the sign would more revealingly be named (GAD.DU) x TAG4 In fact that name would work for both of the last two illustrations, since the TAG4 part is infixed between the GAD and the DU parts! (In this instance, the TAG4 is not reduced in size, but the visual form of infixed signs is specified in fonts, not in encodings – see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ContainerTypes.htm ) I suspect that by the Neoassyrian period, the last of the three illustrations of UMBIN, the three components may possibly have been separable. But that would have to be verified empirically, it is not appropriate merely to speculate. How can we tell? There are ways, there is evidence. And that evidence strongly correlates with and thus confirms the long tradition in assyriology which is embodied in the sign catalogs, carefully worked on with each contributor building on what went before. We can question particular entries in those catalogs, but their compilers were fully aware of the difference between components, signs, and sequences of signs. They did not very often assign numbers to mere text units, but treated them as lexical entries with a status distinct from that of head entries (single signs). The importance of the full historical range Even without attempting to figure out which sequences of components are single signs, and which sequences of components are sequences of signs, for any texts, another point is already relevant here. The existence of the first of these signs for 'talon' means that we do need an encoding for it, whatever the analysis of later forms. Examples of this kind exist even within artificially narrow time range to which the majority of the small working group wishes to limit

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our encoding efforts. None of Labat's citations shown above are from the earliest Uruk period. The first two illustrations are from the Fara period (LAK#289), with six attestations like the first illustration, and three like the second. This is surely a secure identification of a sign, by normal standards. In addition there are middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian sign forms which are not visually decomposable (Labat illustrates these). There is a great resistance to including evidence from the full range of cuneiform in preparing the present proposal, yet that inclusion can precisely warn us against mistakes, not merely omissions of what can be added later, but wrong analyses. We will more likely make an error by not considering all of the available information than by considering it. For quite a number of signs, proposal N2664 has in effect tended to focus its attention on later forms which use a far smaller number of glyphic sign components, in the extreme focusing on Neo-Assyrian, as for the sign UMBIN. Sign Identity Is Stable Through Time, Where Components And Glyph Fragments Are Not Since one of our goals is to unify Cuneiform encodings across time periods, it can be seen that artificial splits into glyphic fragments will hinder that goal. Single signs may have their components arranged differently at different times, which does not itself constitute evidence that the combination of components is more than one sign. For Cuneiform, please see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/InfixFluctuation.htm and pages linked to frm there. The field of Han CJK characters provides ample analogies for this statement. Please see the web site http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/CJKAnalogies.htm How can we determine sign boundaries? By respecting the accumulated tradition of assyriology, is the first answer. We can easily check that tradition against the facts. Two default manifestations of character boundaries are available for cuneiform just as for most other scripts -- spacing and line breaks. Since many Cuneiform words are spelled via a sequence of signs, line breaks between signs of one word in Cuneiform are quite analogous to line breaks between letters of the Latin script. Both can be regulated by special implementations, but there are also important default behaviors on which such implementations rely. The first full-page figure accompanying this paper is from Gudea Statue F column 4 (as published by Bord and Magnaioni 2002). "Register" 6 of that column begins with the single sign MASH2, which is acknowledged by all to be a single sign, given such status as U+12239 in proposal N2664. Yet it consists of two parts which have some white space between them. White space of this kind is simply not diagnostic of sign boundaries, as shown above for the split of MASHGI into artificial fragments. Attempting to rely on it makes one's methods invalid, one's results insecure, sensitive to the wrong things. Spacing signals sign boundaries? If you look a bit more carefully at this example, however, you see that this register is nicely spaced, and that it has two lines (as most of us would refer to them), one with three signs MASH2 ZI MU- and the second line with three signs NI SHAR2 SHAR2. The spacing within the single sign MASH2 is different from the spacing between signs. (There are three words in this register, MASH2 is the first. ZI is the second, and the third word is MU-NI-SHAR2-SHAR2, according to the transcription in Bord and Mugnaioni's publication of it 2002. The third word is broken across lines at a sign boundary.) Now compare two other lines, as they are usually referred to: line 3 and line 7. (Here we do not have to worry about the confusion we moderns would have in talking about a "line" containing several "lines", or a line containing an "indent", etc.) In line 3, we have text transliterated by the authors as sipa-bi 'leur pasteur' 'their shepherd' (or similar). It here consists of two signs, SIPA and BI. When our smaller group started dividing things named "SIGN.SIGN" into single signs, I of course assumed this was a correct decision for all true sign sequences. I even thought SIPA was probably a good candidate to treat that way. I have however discovered that not merely the standard sign catalogs but also an important text with nice typography which I first examined treats this as a single sign. This is so far confirmed by parts of a second important text, the "Codex Hammurabi". The single sign SIPA has within it the same amount of white space which occurs in line 6 previously discussed within the agreed single sign MASH2. The scribe felt there were only two

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signs in this line, and rendered them accordingly, in the process leaving a gigantic white space the width of half the entire line. In line 7, by contrast, the single sign SIPA no longer appears. The scribe used instead the individual signs PA, LU (= UDU), and BI. This made for a more evenly spaced appearance of the line, perhaps. The reading and the context are the same. Some might argue that this fluctuation shows the units are really PA.LU.BI, just spaced differently, and that the appropriate treatment is to add a zero-width joiner of some kind between the signs to keep them together. This badly misunderstands the nature of cuneiform script. The treatment in line 7 is abnormal in the texts of the ten Gudea statues. I think probably unique there. It appears an absence of split forms may characterize the law code of Hammurapi as well. The other examples of SIPA which I found in the Gudea statues wrote the components not merely closely together, as in Statue F at 4.3, but actually touching, so there is no white space whatsoever between parts. These were on statues B and D, at locations B.2.8 and D.1.11. What the "joiner" approach is doing is applying bandaids to fix what would be done wrong in fragmenting single signs, treating their components as if they were independent signs. It reverses the relation of normal and exceptional, imposing the burden in the normal cases, not in the exceptional ones. For a component of a sign to look like an independent sign merely as a glyph is in no way evidence of any kind that the sign in question is a sequence of independent signs. No more than it would be for CJK Han characters. Evidence and Traditional Sign Catalogs Agree A small survey of the spacing of some candidates for single signs in the Gudea statues, and whether they are or are not split across line-breaks (or indent breaks) within a register, yields a very strong correlation between the spacing and line-break treatments, on the one hand, and the standard sign catalogs, on the other hand. This is summarized in table form on the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/SignSpacingCorrelate.htm, included as part of this paper. What are the Consequences? The two approaches to encoding Cuneiform differ greatly in the degree to which they respect the empirically determinable significant sign units of the script (different both from components and from sign sequences). This contrast is made clear on the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/TwoApproaches.htm included as part of this paper. I believe there is simply no contest, and that proposal N2664(R) would do considerable damage to the encoding of cuneiform, by loading large amounts of extra complexity onto many aspects of implementations, and making users and those who serve them needlessly dependent on implementers. The cause of these disadvantages is demonstrable errors in the attempt to identify what are the productive functioning units of the script. Lists of Signs to Add Also included as part of this paper are three web pages listing signs which need to be replaced or added (in addition to the changes made in revision N2664R). These web pages are http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ReplaceSigns.htm and http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/AddSigns.htm and http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/BorgerAdds.htm A full set of signs with images will be brought to the UTC meeting itself to accompany this paper, but for the sake of conserving trees are not made an official part of the paper. They are available to those who wish to work with them. Moving Right Along Doing it right need not interfere with getting a Cuneiform encoding proposal approved in June 2004. Most of the text of N2664 is well written and can be used as is, except where the analysis of this present paper would require changes to it. Most of the very good work in extending sign lists which is manifest in N2664 and N2664R, itself building on the long traditions of the field, stands without need for change. That includes work by Steve Tinney, the CDLI, and Miguel Civil. Only artificial fragments need to be eliminated, and traditional signs added except in individual instances where they can be shown to be errors perpetuated in the traditional lists.

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I propose that we stick to our foundations, keep our feet on the ground, and proceed in the following manner. A. Maintain the solid encoding principles we started with: 1. Encode signs not readings (script not language) 2. Encode signs not sequences of signs 3. Encode signs not variants 4. Encode signs not fragments of signs 5. Include sufficient distinctions for each stage covered (currently mostly UrIII and later) 6. Unify those signs which are primary relatives in lineal historical descent, encode them the

same. 7. The standard sign catalogs, as extended by the work of PSL, CDLI, and Civil, and with any

additional whole signs found in N2664 and its revision, should be the default list we start with. We can eliminate signs only as we can show in exceptional instances that the identifications are not secure, or that the traditional catalogs made some kind of error. In addition to sign catalogs, we will of course use the best available published work by the recognized authorities in each field of cuneiform, and more recent and specific information from experts when it is available.

8. Where we have evidence on spacing or line breaking, we use that judiciously to confirm or

call into question status as single sign vs. as sequence of signs 9. In cases of fluctuation, we go usually with normal usage, not with exceptional instances. B. Keep traditional sign names; names need not be tied to component analyses. 10. Use traditional highly-recognizable sign names (MUL rather than AN OVER AN AN), and

for signs for which no reading or alphabetic name is available, the catalog number with an initial letter to identify the catalog the sign is taken from, as "C372")

11. Encoding order can reflect recognized components of signs. Alternate names which

represent the components of single signs (and to a degree their arrangement) can be used to help our thinking, and even as a basis for encoding order, but with clear awareness that the componential decomposition of signs is not as stable across time as is the identity of the signs as wholes.

12. Componential analysis of signs should reflect full historical knowledge without limitation, so

as to avoid implications for unification which turn out to be false. For example, the two names "SIGN x SHE3" and "SIGN x TUG2" are not distinguishable at a late stage where the components SHE3 and TUG2 merge as KU and we have only "SIGN x KU". Evidence from older time periods can resolve this in particular instances (Steve Tinney has made use of some of this, from Krebernik, as has this writer.)

C. The only criterion is whether we have securely identified signs distinctive from each other.

In cases of limited knowledge, we should be explicit about the consequences of each kind of error which we can anticipate. That is done below. We should encode what we can now. There is to be no artificial limitation of time periods covered. Although a few of the following general principles are phrased in terms of older and later signs for which we may consider unification, they apply more broadly to any question whether two signs are the same or are distinctive. More specifically:

13. The fact that we certainly will later discover additional distinctions in no way argues against

encoding the distinctions we are already securely aware of.

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14. If we have securely identified a distinctive cuneiform sign, it matters not at all if we do not know its exact "reading" or meaning, or even any "reading" or meaning. To be most useful to cuneiform specialists, we provide encodings precisely for signs whose meanings are not yet known, or not fully known, just as for Linear B (Unicode 10040 to 1005D). Having them encoded will assist analysis of texts which use them.

15. For the large bodies of cuneiform texts, we expect those entering the data on computers to be

trained professional experts, able to recognize distinctions and make choices as needed. As with any technical field, advances may lead to the correction of readings and even sign identifications in particular texts, but this is simply normal progress of science. It has no implications for our encoding.

16. If we have a sign from an earlier time period which can be securely unified with a sign from

a later time period which is its primary lineal descendent, then as with all other unifications, no additional encoded character is appropriate. (Possible error: failure to encode a sign which turns out to be distinctive. Such a newly discovered distinction can be added later. But we do want to avoid the generation of encoded data which has later to be changed, whenever reasonably possible, so if a distinction is highly probable, we should encode it now.)

17. If a catalog listing of a sign does not make a distinction where it should, if it merges what we

already know to be two distinct signs, then we make the distinction (by 5. Above). If some of the instances lumped under one catalog listing are known to be unifiable with a later or earlier sign, then (by the preceding paragraph) we do unify them. If other instances lumped under one catalog listing are known to be distinct from other signs in our list, then we encode them separately, devising some practical workable new sign name as needed. (Possible error if we fail to recognize a distinction – as in the preceding item.) Example: ZATU catalog sign Z565 called "U2". According to a discussion by expert Cale Johnson, this catalog listing conflates two distinct signs, one of them indeed unifiable with the later sign "U2", the other distinct from that and not continued in later signs. So the newer sign might be called Z565b or Z565a, as the experts prefer.

18. We do not let ourselves be confused by mere *names*. Giving an old sign the same name as

a known later sign does not constitute evidence that the two are lineal descendents. If we have evidence that two signs are not lineal descendents, we do not unify them. If the older sign is securely attested and clear in at least some of its instances, unless the older sign can be identified with *some* later sign, we must seriously consider adding a distinct encoded sign to our list. (For examples from the early Uruk stages, please after late 1st February see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ZATUSignTriage.htm . )

19. If an identification of a an earlier sign with a later sign is probably false, and there is no other

known valid unification with another later sign, then we can usefully consider encoding it separately. Quite a number of examples of this will be noted on the web page just mentioned. (Possible error: two encoded signs are later found to be mere variants of each other. Over-distinction in the encoded data brings with it no information loss. At most, a tiny number of encoded signs would later go out of active new use. Older data using them, to the extent not corrected by its expert custodians, is still readable.)

No Serious Practical or Time Limitations The task laid out in this paper is already nearly complete. Lists of signs which need to be added are generally already complete. For my own contributions, I am mostly in process of eliminating some mere variant signs and others which are too insecure to encode now, using the available published tools and any expert comments available. I will complete these contributions without fail by the end of February, 2004, and most of them by February 15th. Any expert contributions will of course be reflected in modified lists. With materials already so fully sorted and controlled for quality through the combined efforts of the entire assyriological tradition, including additions by participants in our current activities, it will be simple for experts to review a nearly-final list, as Steve Tinney has pointed out. They look for the items of most interest to them, items to which their specialized knowledge is most

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relevant. To the extent that experts in certain time periods can find even as much as a day free in the next four months, they can warn us of any errors they know in the sources we have available, can tell us of additional distinctions needed, or perhaps in a very few cases tell us of distinctions we have made that are very probably not warranted. Many of the issues of fact and principle, and many of the signs which are documented in this paper were proposed via general statements and in part via lists of particular signs already in October and November 2003. This current paper is new in its comprehensiveness and in listing signs in a format with pseudo-code-point labels added for easier comparability with N2664(R). One illustration and accompanying tables: Gudea F.4 (please expand to larger size if possible) Pages from the web site http://www.CuneiformSigns.org, namely SignSpacingCorrelate.htm TwoApproaches.htm ReplaceSigns.htm AddSigns.htm BorgerAdds.htm ZATUSignTriage.htm (after 2 February)

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Pleasechoose from thecategories below

Cuneiform SignsAnalysis and reports to support an international standard for computer encoding of the

Cuneiform writing system

Research on the development of Cuneiform signs

Sign or SignSequence?

Spacing andLine Breaks

Kerning forIGI, SAL?

Atomic Signsby Comparing

Times

Containertypes

Type "SIGNover SIGN"

Fara Signs notyet identified

Two approaches to encoding Cuneiform signs are here contrasted.One(A) is based on Ken Whistler's approach, on the left, treating as "characters" sometimes signs,sometimes parts of recognized signs which do not divide into parts in actual usage. The other, on theright, respects the 150 year tradition of assyriological scholarship. The two differ greatly in thesimplicity of implementation, in how dependent cuneiform users will be on others, vs. in how directand simple usage will be. The comparisons below are a sincere attempt is to be fair, but my choice is clearly in favor of theapproach on the right, for the reasons of greater simplicity there given. Anyone who thinks thecomparison can be made more fair please email Lloyd Anderson with suggestions on what to add orchange. The comparison in the third line, concerning avoidance of identical surface forms, is the chiefadvantage which I think is claimed by advocates of approach A, but I am not sure how to state it in away which is satisfactory to various people's preferences. Given the complex alternative spellingsneeded in any case for searching cuneiform, I'm not sure there is much difference here even if therewere any significant difference in similar surface forms with distinct character sequences. Evidence used by the approach on the right includes prominently the following. This evidence is notused slavishly, but with discretion, and any knowledge from experts explaining particular cases istaken into consideration. The two sorts of evidence noted here are highly correlated (see chart), presumably because the assyriologists who determined what are the distinctive "signs" of the scripttook into account the very behavior of the signs which is most normally diagnostic of status as singlesign vs. as sequence of signs.

1. The distinction between signs, compounds (sign sequences), and components of single signs aremade by the assyriological tradition. This accumulated knowledge is respected unless there is clearindication not to. This was the original basis for encoding adopted by the small ICE group.

2. Where there is enough space available to see space between signs, as in the Gudea statues, (that is inregisters where they are not crushed together), single traditional signs are normally kept together socomponents of the single sign are at least almost touching, or do touch or overlap. By contrast,compound signs ("diri" compounds and other lexical items) are not kept so close together, thuscontrasting in those same texts. Single signs normally are not split into parts across indents (what therest of the world means by line breaks; not talking here about register breaks).

A BEncoding as characters sometimes the traditional signs, sometimes parts of the traditional signs

Encoding as characters the traditional "signs" ofcuneiform, as distinct from compounds or sign components..


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Neither approach encodes what are traditionally regarded as sign sequences as single characters. (same)

Belief that this approach avoids having two identical surface forms resulting from distinctsequences of coded characters.

Belief that there will be few or no such cases in normal use and normal spacing, because surfaceforms differ more often than thought byproponents of approach A.

It is expected that inputting is done by knowledgeable assyriologists. (same)

Keeping what are traditionally single signs together requires extensive use of "combininggrapheme joiner".

Characters (traditional single signs) are kept together by default, as one would expect, keepingtheir form, but allowing justification spacebetween characters. No special devices needed.

The special joiner is needed in the *normal* cases even to keep traditional signs together, not just inthe exceptional cases.

A special joiner would be needed only in exceptional cases, where a document editor mightwant to control flow to be other than its default.

A word-joiner is needed when one wishes to keep words together contrary to normal flow of text,precisely as in the other approach.

(same)

Fonts are more complex to create, as extensive kerned forms, ligatured forms, fused forms andsingle glyphs substituting for sequences of "characters". Even when kerning and ligaturing arenot the appropriate analyses.

Fonts are far simpler to create. Normally one character corresponds to one font element (glyph).

True ligatures like AN+EN or AN+AG or EN+MEor SHU+LAGAB, which vary between signsequence and ligatured substitute for that sequencecarrying the same function, must be built into fontsin both approaches.

(same)

Input methods are more complex, requiring large numbers of extra elements like "combininggrapheme joiner" to be generated.

Input methods are simpler, so more users and semi-programmers can design their own for specialtime periods.

Sorting tables by various preferences are more complex, since they will more often have to takeaccount of sequences of characters (oftencomponents of traditional signs rather than singletraditional signs).

Sorting tables by various preferences are simpler, since sort position can be specified for eachtraditional sign.

Code table order (and binary sort order) is by alphabetical order of sign names. Keeps togethersigns with the same first named components.

Good idea, with the difference noted immediately below.

Sign names are decomposition descriptions of glyphic forms, so names are based on componentsof glyphs to the maximum degree possible.

Keep traditional sign names for familiarity as the official names of the code standard, or use themost structurally revealing sign names. But ordersigns in code table and binary sort order by the same method as in the other proposal, so thosewith the same components are kept together.


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Searching in assyriology must consider multiple possible spellings as soon as one goes beyond thesimplest default.

(same)

Makes relation of readings with characters more complex.

The "readings" of cuneiform writing are correlatedwith the traditional signs and sequences of signs.They are not *as generally and universally*correlated with components which are fragments of signs. Despite some signs.being *named* bytheir components, that is a separate question.

A belief that the "characters" of a script are whatever the encoders decide they are. Relativelyless interest in empirical evidence about distinctiveunits of a script using standard linguistic criteriafor what is distinctive.

A belief that the distinctive units of a communication system like a language or a scriptare normally and effectively determined by usingempirical evidence and standard reasoning, so that the resulting understanding is most structurallyappropriate and simplest. (There can be borderlinecases allowing two radically different analyses, butthe majority of communicaton systems present nomajor problems of analysis of that type.)

Home

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Times

Containertypes



Signs which need to be deleted or replaced, and a few of the neededadditions Information on this page is available free of any restrictions. It is intended to assist preparation of aproposal to Unicode for a standard encoding of Cuneiform. For a selection of signs which need to beADDED, please click here. In the following sign names, I retain the traditional cuneiformist naming system, so that the list will bemost usable to specialists who we believe should be able to evaluate this, but add some clarity ofdistinctions. Here are differences from naming practices in N2664(R).

( ) parentheses -- not used in N2664 -- clarifies grouping of sign components, can simply be dropped

Lowercase rather than uppercase -- distinguishes SIGN component names from other descriptors

x -- rendered as "TIMES" in N2664 -- relation of container to infix, or overlap of components, etc.

+ -- used only when discussing true ligatures, which are not to be encoded. Not = "PLUS" in N2664

. period -- rendered as space in N2664 -- ambiguous in Cuneiform names, separates either signs ormere components

paired -- rendered as "SIGN OVER SIGN" in N2664, but the two SIGN are always identical (1exception)

Entries in the Tables:The entry "fragment" means that the fragmentation of a single sign into parts must then be fixed bylinking the parts together again, by kerning, and often in addition by substituting a single glyph for thepurported sequence of parts. A very indirect way of not encoding the actual characters of Cuneiform.The entry "sequence" in quotes means that the sign has been misanalyzed as a sequence.

If there is no independent sign ("no"), it means further that the supposed component does not evenexist in that way, in addition to not being a part of a particular sign which N2664 intended it torepresent. "Yes" entries are omitted, since any sign proposd to be added "Add" is attested as anindependent sign.

The entry "does not occur elsewhere" means that the purported sign does not occur as a component ofother signs than the one which replaces it in these listings of needed changes. It is possible that acomponent might occur in several distinct signs, yet not be attested as an independent sign, and thisentry is to allow the possibility of distinguishing those cases. This entry is based on the best


2 of 6 2/1/2004 4:52 PM

information I have been able to gather from standard sources. It may in one or two instances not becorrect. Proposal N2664 does not permit us to judge that, because of its mixture of the real and theartificial.

Traditional sign catalogs are abbreviated respectively "B", "L", "C" "G" "F", and "Z" -- Borger's mostrecent, Labat's standard, "Classical" Font by Steve Tinney, Gudea font by Margret Studt, Fara (LAK)and Uruk (ZATU) lists. Attestation in these lists for the most part should be taken to imply status as asingle sign, since the 150 years of scholarship has been very well done, and these lists certainly do tryin general to distinguish between single signs and sequences of signs. Borger's is the most recent andcomprehensive, and his work is rather universally respected. Ellermeier has also recently published acomprehensive catalog. Citations in this column are normally only B and L. Occasionally othercitations show that a sign is unitary in origin, not compound, or that it has an earlier form in which it iscomplex, with parts overlapping or infixed, and that later scribes reanalyzed these into glyphic partsmore familiar to them (a process noted in N2664R). These citations are not attempting to becomprehensive, but only sufficient to document judgement of professionals that a single sign is inquestion or illustrations which make that self-evident. I obviously do not include examples where Ibelieve such judgements were wrong, but can list them separately at a later date. Any proposal shouldhighlight such a list of exclusions so the assyriological community can see what is omitted and judgewhether those choices are correct.

Arbitrary Fragmentation into Non-Existent ComponentsThis first example shows how far wrong proposal N2664 went. It is partly corrected in N2664R (seeillustrations there), but the name used for the real sign falsely implies the sign is composite. In thiscase there are not even any independently existing signs to use as components for it. Artificial oneswere invented in order to permit decomposition. This should be one of several indicators that thefundamental conception of N2664 was wrong, and that many other problems are present (they are).

N2664Code Point

Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed

Glyph Frag-mentor sequence

Is there an indep. sign?

? Add Delete Rename

Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and comments

Tradi- tional List?

12309 U OVER U fragment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no

1230AU reversed OVER U reversed

fragment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no

U over U U reversed over U reversed

Add &Rename

MASHGI / BARGI (rare, but at least unitary)

B713,L474

Fragmentation into Wrong Components; Omission of UnitaryContainer & SignIn this section I give a set of five lines each to illustrate three sets of signs. Most of the individual signswith infixes were proposed for addition in the N2664R corrrectionn to N2664, but the independent


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signs were omitted, and those independent signs are also the container for the complex signs withinfixes. The infixation is into the unitary sign, not into the artificial component of it which wasfragmented in N2664. There are thus three signs added here beyond N2664R, TUR3, HUBUR, andUTUA2. These unitary signs were probably omitted from N2664 purely because there happen to existsingle signs which look like the glyphic parts of these single signs. The names TUR3 and UTUA2 arethe only names given in Labat for these signs. While the name HUBUR used below is not a commonone, and not in Labat, that name could be replaced by any other unitary name, so as to not bemisleading as to sign structure.

A sign list intended for human use can perfectly well include more commonly known names, reflectingthe language of glyph description used to name many signs.

N2664Code Point




? Add Delete Rename

Single Sign Name (not signsequence) and comments

Tradi- tional List?

-- NUN LAGAR "seq" Add

TUR3 (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R) EarlyLabat examples and also Fara and Uruk examples allshow there is a single signhere, this is not a mere sequence.

B145 L87a F77 Z563

121FB LAGAR TIMES SAL


NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL

Add & Rename

TUR3 x SAL (or SHILAM)

B147 L87b

NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL OVER NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL

Add & Rename

(TUR3 x SAL) paired (or SHILAM paired) B147a

(Four more pairs to delete and add like the two above.Already done in N2664R,except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of the independentsign and container.)

-- NUNUZ AB2 "seq" Add

HUBUR (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R)

B615

12017 AB2 x ASHGAB



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NUNUZ AB2 x ASHGAB

Add & Rename HUBUR x ASHGAB B619

L394c

12019 AB2 x BI fragment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no

NUNUZ AB2 x BI Add &

Rename HUBUR x BI B621 L394d

(Eight more pairs to delete and add like the two above.Already done in N2664R,except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of the independentsign and container.)

-- DAG KISIM5 "seq" Add

UTUA2 (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R)

B439,L281

121A4 KISIM5 x GIR2

fragment no Delete no

DAG KISIM5 x GIR2

Add &Rename

UTUA2 x GIR2 (infixationis into a unitary container,not into a part of it)

B440

121AA KISIM5 x LA

fragment no Delete no

DAG KISIM5 x LA

Add &Rename

UTUA2 x LA (infixation isinto a unitary container, notinto a part of it)

B441,L282

(Approx. 20 more pairs to delete and add like the two above. Already done inN2664R, except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of theindependent sign and container.)

Fragmentation; Glyph Description Instead of Standard Names andUnitary SignsThis example shows the disregard of the standards of the standard names of the field, and how N2664would have forced a known sign to be encoded wrongly as a sequence, before the revision N2664R.Consequences include incorrect spacing and glyphic forms, and incorrect line breaks. Even after the


5 of 6 2/1/2004 4:52 PM

revision, many signs are fragmented this way. A long list is in preparation, examples here are merelyselected from the few corrected in N2664R.

N2664Code Point




? Add Delete Rename


Tradi- tional List?

add ## AN OVER AN

fragment Rename NAB B246

L129

-- AN OVER AN AN "seq" yes Wrong glyphic shape and

line breaks.

AN THREE TIMES Add &

Rename MUL B247 L129a

-- IGI RI "seq" yes

Wrong glyphic shape and line breaks. Gudea form fused, elements not at allseparated.

IGI RI Add & Rename

AR (standard syllabary sign) No other name is adequate to the range ofshapes (Gudea included).

B726 L451 G

-- U GUD "seq" yes

U GUD Add & Rename

UL (basic syllabary sign) orSHU4 x GUD

B698 L441 G, F

There are many more signs of this type ("U" x SIGN = SHU4 x SIGN). "U" actshere as a container, just like the "roof" radical inChinese characters, the section beginning with U+219BA. In Cuneiform,the so-called "U" as container is not a separatecharacter spaced apart from the other components in the same character. It is also notthe same as the number signU, as can be seen bylooking to older forms.Under our principles of distinguishing signs in


6 of 6 2/1/2004 4:52 PM

splits and mergers, we needa name for it different from the name of the numbersign '10'. SHU4 is an existing name for it, and emphasizes the relation toSHU2, which had the same origin, while yet distinguishing them.

Untitled Document http://www.cuneiformsigns.org/AddSigns.htm

1 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM









Times

Containertypes



Signs Which Need to Be AddedInformation on this page is available free of any restrictions. It is intended to assist preparation of aproposal to Unicode for a standard encoding of Cuneiform.

For Name Format and Table Entries, please see the top of the page ReplaceSigns,click here.

Sign Forms Which Demonstrate Need for a Sign, where late scribalreanalyses into more familiar components do not cover the repertoireof needed signs.The type of IGI.RI, IGI.RU and signs including SAL are in the third table on this page. Examples onthis page do *not* include those where naming may contribute to incorrect unification with a wrongearlier sign form.

N2664Code Point




? Add Delete Rename


Tradi- tional List?

-- GAD.KID2.UR2 seq. late dissolution of earlier sign UMBIN

UMBIN yes Add

For Old and Middle Babylonian the sequence analysis doesnot work, the sign is unitary; Classic Sumerian some form of "leg" x KID2, or in oneform partly dissolved into GAD.(DU x KID2).

B160 L92b


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AKKIL yes Add

AKKIL (unitary) = ?? xKID2 (the analysis (GAD.SI) x KID2would represent the earlier form decently, see analysis of containers whichsurround an infix on left and right only)

B159L92a

-- SHE.NAGA seq was a single sign in Gudea, Fara, Uruk

B293vL375aZ381

-- SHU.KAD2 seq

yes Add KAD4 single sign as seen in Gudea

B568 L354b

-- SH.KAD3 seq

yes Add KAD5 single sign as seen in Gudea

B569 L354b

GA.DUN3 seq disproved for the following

yes Add

IL2 Classic Sumerian and Uruk show its lower part as LU2 not DUN3, variation whichcan only be captured byencoding entire sign

B493 L320

MA2.KASKAL seq disproved by Gudea andUruk for following:

yes Add UD5 (UDU with teats, 'nanny goat')

B203 L122b

SU.AB seq

yes Add ABZU in Gudea either ligatured or fused F292


3 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

Signs Which Did Not Undergo Historical Reanalysis, But WhoseParts are Components, Not Separate Signs in Sequence. The "Cover"Containers x Infixes.Container signs here are SHU4 and SHU2. The obvious analog in Han CJK characters is the "roof"radical, U+219BA and following. The two cuneiform signs SHU4 and SHU2 had the same source,with significance 'cover' or 'vault of heaven' and the like. That sign later split, and only SHU4 mergedlater visually with the number sign U. But it is not here called "U", despite that being the usual namefor the component SHU4 as seen in time periods after Fara (where there was fluctuation). Probably nosign begins with the true number sign U.

Uruk shows the true container nature for those signs which are known that early (noted below), sincefor "infixed" URI3 and partly for AN and EN, the "cover" wraps around three sides of the infixedportion just as does the accepted container NINDA2. In NeoAssyrian, these signs are very unlikely tobe split across line breaks (the container is so narrow), or to have extra white space within the singlesign between their components. So there is probably no evidence whatsoever that they are sequencesof SIGNS rather than combinations of components. There is thus no justification for fragmenting them.We are not limited in the number of signs we can encode for cuneiform, within the limits of what wecould conceivably want.

N2664Code Point




? Add Delete Rename


Tradi- tional List?

-- U.AD seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x AD = GIR4 L430

-- U.BURU14 seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x BURU14 = SHIBIR

B666 L413

-- U.DIM seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x DIM = GAKKUL3

B667 L415a

-- U.(DIM x KUR) seq

yes Add Rename

(SHU4 x DIM) x KUR = GAKKUL (grouping?)

B668 L416

-- U.(DIM x SHE) seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x DAR = GAKKUL (this was L416v


4 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

early distinct from the preceding, later merged)

-- U.DAR seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x DAR B670

L418

-- U.E2 seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x E2 = SHITA4 (Components touch in Uruk form)

B699 L442 Z535

-- U.GA seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x GA = UTU2 B700

L443

-- U.GAN seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x GAN = SHAGAN L428

-- U.GAR seq

12278 yes Add Rename SHU4 x GAR = PAD B746

L469

-- U.GIR3 (= U.PIRIG) seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x GIR3 (or PIRIG) = KUSHU

B710 L448

-- U.GUD seq

N2664R yes Add

Rename SHU4 x GUD = UL B698 L441

-- U.GUR seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x GUR B669

L417

-- U.ITI seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x ITI B664

L414

-- U.KA seq


5 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

yes Add Rename SHU4 x KA = UGU B663

L412

-- U.MU seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x MU = UDUN B665

L415

-- U.SAG seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x SAG B671

L419

-- U.UD.KID seq

yes Add Rename

SHU4 x (UD.KID) = NIGIN3

B707 L447a

-- U.ZAG seq

yes Add Rename SHU4 x ZAG B700a

-- SHU2.AN seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x AN = EN2 (Uruk form has SHU2 partly surrounding AN)

B870 L546 Z138

--SHU2.AN lig.(SHAR2 x GAD)

seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x AN lig.(SHAR2 x GAD) = KESH3

B871

-- SHU2.ASH2 seq

yes Add Rename SHU2 x ASH2 = GIBIL B875

L548

-- SHU2.DUN4 seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x DUN4 = SHUDUN

B876 L549

-- SHU2.ESH seq

yes Add Rename SHU2 x ESH = LIL3 B879

L553


6 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

-- SHU2.KISAL seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x KISAL (in Faramistaken for SHU4 ?)

B877 L550

-- SHU2.MUL seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x MUL = KUNGA

B872 L547

-- SHU2.NAGA seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x NAGA = SHEG8

B873 L551

-- SHU2.NE seq

yes Add Rename SHU2 x NE = LIL5 B874

L552

-- SHU2. (SHE.KU.KAK) seq

yes Add Rename

SHU2 x (SHE.KU.KAK) = SHEG9

B878 L551v

-- SHU2.UR SHESHIG seq

1212F yes Add Rename

SHU2 x (UR sheshig) = HUL2

B880 L550a

Sign Forms Which Demonstrate Need for a Sign, where late scribalreanalyses into more familiar components separate componentswhich were fused in earlier usage.The use of "x" here can be considered like other uses in that the overlap of components, or theirpenetration into each other's bounding boxes, means that they are not renderable as a simple sequenceof glyphs.

Near the end of this subsection are included six items which may be demonstrable as single signs, butabout which judgement is not passed at this time (blank instead of "no" or "yes" in the column "Is therean indep. sign?"). It is conceivable that judgement will be possible within the next few months.

N2664Code

Sign Name for sign to be

Glyph Frag-ment

Is there

? Add Delete

Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and

Tradi- tional


7 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

Point deleted or renamed

or sequence

an indep. sign?

Rename comments List?

IGI+MIN ligature ?

IGI + MIN or IGI x MIN ? Does the form alternate with a sequence IGI.MIN,as appears to be shown inLabat449 ? If not, probably a unitary sign.

B724a L449

-- IGI.RI seq

N2664R yes already

IGI x RI = AR more evidently a single sign in Gudea and Fara

B726 L451 F422

-- IGI.RU seq

yes Add

IGI x RU = PAD3 more evidently a single sign in Gudea, Fara, and Uruk(RU with IGI inside)

B725 L450 F423

-- IGI.UM (IGI.DUB ?) seq

yes Add IGI x UM (or IGI x DUB)= AGRIG

B727 L452

-- IGI.DIB = U3 seq

yes Add IGI x DIB (Components touch in Gudea, Fara)

B731 L455

? IGI x LU (if distinct from IGI x DIB)

-- IGI.TUG2 or IGI.SHE3 seq

yes AddIGIx TUG2 or IGI x SHE3 (Components touchin Gudea and later)

B732 L455 F434

-- IGI.ERIM seq

yes Add IGI x ERIM (Componentstouch in Fara)

B729 B730 L454


8 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

-- IGI.PUR2 seq

yes Add IGI x PUR2 (Componentstouch in Fara) F425

-- IGI.SHE3 or .KAR2? seq

yes AddIGI x SHE3 (or IGI x KAR2 ?) (Components touch in Fara)

F426

-- IGI.E2 seq

yes AddIGI x E2 = U6 (Components touch in Fara)

B728 L449 F429

-- IGI.SHID seq

yes Add IGI x SHID (Components touch in Fara) F430

-- IGI.LAGAB seq

yes AddIGI x LAGAB (Components touch in Fara)

F431

-- IGI.NI seq

yes Add IGI x NI F435

-- IGI.ZI seq

yes Add IGI x ZI L452

-- IGI.UR seq

yes Add

IGI x UR = HUL (looser connection of componentsthan many signs above inthis list; one early attestation has parts side-by-side, analog of theUruk combinations that often correspond to later complex signs)

B733 L456 F428 U

Examples treated differently by Labat, not given separate numbers,

All under L449


9 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

and shown without such close joins as the other signs above. IGI.DU,IGI.KAK

-- NE.RU seq

yes Add NE x RU (RU with NE inside: RU x NE ?)

L172b Z144

-- NI.RU seq

yes Add NI x RU (RU with NI inside: RU x NI ?) Z

-- KUR.RU seq

yes Add RU with KUR inside = SHURUPPAK Z544a

RU with THREE STROKES (perhaps alternate of preceding)

Z544b

-- SAL.SI seq

12088 yes already

EL = SIKIL (SAL nested into SI in Classic, Gudea, Fara, and Uruk; fused inNeoAssyrian)

B899 L564

-- SAL.KUR seq

yes Add SAL x KUR (later also read GEME2)

B890 L558

-- SAL.SHE3 seq

-- SAL.TUG2 seq

yes Add SAL x SHE3 B897

-- SAL.SHU2 seq

Z

-- SAL.Z751 seq

SAL x Z751 Z

-- SAL.LAGAR seq


10 of 10 2/1/2004 4:53 PM

SAL x LAGAR Ellerm.

-- SAL.KAB or SAL.HUB2 seq

SAL x KAB or SAL x HUB2 Ellerm.

-- SAL.ME seq

SAL x ME Ellerm.

-- SAL.TUK seq

SAL x TUK Ellerm.

-- SAL.ASH2 seq

12366 ZUM yes already

SAL x "comb" = ZUM (appears as SAL x ASH2 in NeoAssyrian, but notelsewhere)

B884 L555

yes AddSame as above, with LAGAB around the ASH2

B885

12061 DAM yes already Looks like SAL x something, not analyzable

B889 L557

-- SAL.NAM2 seq

yes Add SAL x NAM2 = NIN B886 L556

-- SAL.MA seq no SAL + MA (ligature?) read mim-ma

B888 L556

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e of

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eria

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e.H

ome

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itled

Doc

umen

tht

tp://

ww

w.c

unei

form

sign

s.org

/ZA

TUSi

gnTr

iage

.htm

1 of

11

2/1/

2004

9:3

9 PM

Plea

sech

oose

fr

om th

eca

tego

ries

belo

w

Cun

eifo

rm S

igns

Ana

lysi

s and

repo

rts to

supp

ort a

n in

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ard

for c

ompu

ter e

ncod

ing

of th

eC

unei

form

writ

ing

syst

em

Res

earc

h on

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f Cun

eifo

rm si

gns

Sign

or S

ign

Sequ

ence

?Sp

acin

g an

dLi

ne B

reak

sK

erni

ng fo

rIG

I, SA

L?

Ato

mic

Sig

nsby

Com

parin

gTi

mes

Con

tain

erty

pes

Type

"SI

GN

over

SIG

N"

Fara

Sig

ns n

otye

t ide

ntifi

ed

Uru

k II

I and

IV si

gns i

n th

e Ze

iche

nlis

te d

er A

rcha

isch

en T

exte

aus

Uru

k --

Dis

tingu

ishi

ng S

ecur

ely

Iden

tifia

ble

Sign

s fro

m In

secu

re It

ems

For s

igns

num

bere

d in

the

rang

e Z0

01 to

Z19

9, w

hich

hav

e be

en m

ost f

ully

sorte

d, th

e re

sults

stat

istic

ally

at t

his p

oint

are

:

64 se

cure

ly u

nifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns, s

o do

not

war

rant

enc

odin

g (c

ateg

ory

4)38

inse

cure

sign

s, ba

dly

atte

sted

or n

ot c

lear

ly d

istin

guis

habl

e, so

do

not w

arra

nt e

ncod

ing

at le

ast a

tth

is ti

me

(cat

egor

y 7)

****

****

***

83 se

cure

ly d

istin

guis

habl

e co

mpl

ex si

gns n

ot u

nifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns, s

o *d

o* w

arra

nt e

ncod

ing

(cat

egor

y 5a

)17

secu

rely

dis

tingu

isha

ble

sim

ple

sign

s not

uni

fiabl

e w

ith la

ter s

igns

, so

*do*

war

rant

enc

odin

g(c

ateg

ory

5b)

Con

tent

s:1.

Intro

dis

cuss

ion

2. S

ign

num

bers

whi

ch lu

mp

two

or m

ore

dist

inct

sign

s (Ex

ampl

es fr

om e

xper

t dis

cuss

ions

by

Cal

eJo

hnso

n an

d Pi

otr S

tein

kelle

r.)3.

Sig

ns n

umbe

rs w

rong

ly id

entif

ied

with

late

r sig

ns, s

ome

of w

hich

are

secu

rely

iden

tifie

d di

stin

ctsi

gns a

nd w

arra

nt e

ncod

ing

(Inc

ludi

ng a

full

list o

f cha

nges

to th

e ZA

TU li

st p

ropo

sed

in e

xper

t rev

iew

of Z

ATU

by

Piot

r Ste

inke

ller)

4. S

ign

num

bers

whi

ch a

re se

cure

ly u

nifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns a

nd th

us d

o no

t war

rant

any

dis

tinct

enco

ding

.5.

Sig

n nu

mbe

rs w

hich

are

secu

rely

iden

tifia

ble

as d

istin

ct si

gns,

not u

nifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns, s

ow

arra

nt d

istin

ct e

ncod

ing

now

.6.

Sig

n nu

mbe

rs w

hich

are

bor

derli

ne a

nd w

arra

nt fu

rther

con

side

ratio

n in

a se

cond

tier

.7.

Sig

n nu

mbe

rs w

hich

are

inse

cure

and

do

not c

urre

ntly

war

rant

enc

odin

g.

1. In

tro d

iscu

ssio

nTh

e fo

llow

ing

list i

s in

proc

ess.

The

mos

t sys

tem

atic

and

rece

nt p

arts

of t

his t

riage

wor

k ar

e ca

tego

ries

4., 5

., an

d 7

belo

w.

The

lists

do

not y

et re

flect

add

ition

al in

form

atio

n fr

om si

gns n

umbe

red

beyo

nd Z

771

(pro

vide

d by

Engl

und

on C

D).

Nor

info

rmat

ion

from

ATU

. For

any

sign

s for

whi

ch re

adin

gs o

r ide

ntifi

catio

n w

ithla

ter s

igns

are

unc

erta

in, t

he n

ames

can

be

sim

ply

"Z##

#" w

ith th

e in

divi

dual

sign

num

bers

subs

titut

edfo

r the

"##

#", j

ust a

s for

und

ecip

here

d si

gns i

n th

e Li

near

B p

ortio

n of

Uni

code

4.0

.

Aut

horit

ies:

Unt

itled

Doc

umen

tht

tp://

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TUSi

gnTr

iage

.htm

2 of

11

2/1/

2004

9:3

9 PM

The

publ

icat

ion

ZATU

has

bee

n re

view

ed b

y Pi

otr S

tein

kelle

r, w

ho p

ublis

hed

a de

taile

d cr

itiqu

e of

iden

tific

atio

ns. T

o th

e ex

tent

pos

sibl

e hi

s crit

ique

has

mos

tly b

een

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt. T

he la

ck o

f an

expl

icit

com

men

t in

this

sum

mar

y tri

age

does

*no

t* im

ply

acce

ptan

ce o

f all

othe

r rea

ding

s(id

entif

icat

ions

) pub

lishe

d in

ZA

TU. F

onts

are

not

pro

duce

d fr

om il

lust

ratio

ns in

ZA

TU, b

ut ra

ther

from

cle

arer

.eps

imag

es o

n a

CD

supp

lied

mor

e re

cent

ly b

y R

ober

t Eng

lund

, whi

ch in

clud

es so

me

addi

tiona

l num

bere

d si

gns a

nd a

dditi

onal

imag

es (u

sual

ly a

ppro

xim

atel

y or

pre

cise

ly d

escr

ibed

or

iden

tifie

d by

thei

r file

nam

es).

The

secu

rity

of id

entif

icat

ions

of s

igns

in Z

ATU

is o

f cou

rse

judg

edfr

om v

ario

us a

utho

ritie

s in

addi

tion

to S

tein

kelle

r, es

peci

ally

thes

e tw

o: *

Arc

haic

Boo

kkee

ping

* by

Han

s J. N

isse

n, P

eter

Dam

erow

, and

Rob

ert K

. Eng

lund

. Uni

vers

ity o

f Chi

cago

Pre

ss 1

993;

*Mes

opot

amie

n. S

pätu

ruk-

Zeit

und

Früh

dyna

stis

che

Zeit*

, by

Jose

f Bau

er, r

ober

t K. E

nglu

nd, a

ndM

anfr

ed K

rebe

rnik

. Orb

is B

iblic

us e

t Orie

ntal

is 1

60/1

, Uni

vers

itäts

verla

g Fr

eibu

rg S

chw

eiz

u.V

ende

nhoe

ck &

Rup

rech

t, G

øttin

gen.

1998

.

Dec

iphe

rmen

t of "

read

ings

" is

not

cru

cial

to e

ncod

ing.

In fa

ct it

will

pro

babl

y be

nefit

from

the

abili

tyto

han

dle

data

via

a st

anda

rd e

ncod

ing,

muc

h m

ore

than

an

enco

ding

cou

ld b

enef

it fr

om w

aitin

g fo

rne

w te

xt d

isco

very

or a

naly

sis t

o yi

eld

new

read

ings

.

From

am

ong

the

sign

s for

whi

ch Z

ATU

cla

ims o

r sug

gest

s an

iden

tific

atio

n, th

ose

shou

ld b

e en

code

dw

hich

are

hig

hly

freq

uent

or c

lear

stan

ding

alo

ne. F

or C

onta

iner

x In

fix si

gns,

thos

e sh

ould

be

enco

ded

who

se c

ompo

nent

s are

cle

arly

kno

wn

and

reco

gniz

able

in th

e co

mpl

ex, e

ven

if th

e sp

ecifi

c co

mpl

exits

elf o

ccur

s onl

y a

few

tim

es, o

r onl

y on

ce. I

f the

com

pone

nts a

re n

ot c

lear

ly id

entif

iabl

e, th

enco

mpl

ex si

gns s

houl

d be

om

itted

. 2.

Sig

n nu

mbe

rs w

hich

lum

p tw

o or

mor

e di

stin

ct si

gns

(Exa

mpl

es fr

om e

xper

t dis

cuss

ions

by

Cal

e Jo

hnso

n an

d la

ter a

lso

Piot

r Ste

inke

ller.)

Exam

ple:

ZA

TU c

atal

og si

gn Z

565

calle

d "U

2". A

ccor

ding

to a

dis

cuss

ion

by e

xper

t Cal

e Jo

hnso

n,th

is c

atal

og li

stin

g co

nfla

tes t

wo

dist

inct

sign

s, on

e of

them

inde

ed u

nifia

ble

with

the

late

r sig

n "U

2",

the

othe

r dis

tinct

from

that

and

not

con

tinue

d in

late

r sig

ns. S

o th

e ne

wer

sign

mig

ht b

e ca

lled

Z565

bor

Z56

5a, a

s the

exp

erts

pre

fer.

Giv

en Jo

hnso

n's c

omm

enta

ry, t

here

is c

lear

ly ju

stifi

catio

n fo

r enc

odin

gon

e ad

ditio

nal s

ign.

2.-3

. An

earli

er w

arni

ng li

st n

ot y

et so

rted

into

the

othe

r cat

egor

ies.

Sign

s who

se re

adin

gs m

ay p

erha

ps b

e ch

ange

d fr

om th

ose

prop

osed

in Z

ATU

, but

whi

ch w

arra

nt e

ncod

ing

if th

ey a

re n

ot u

nifie

d w

ithot

her k

now

n si

gns;

or w

hich

shou

ld b

e sp

lit in

to d

istin

ct (a

) vs.

(b)

As w

ith a

nyth

ing

else

, thi

s lis

t can

be

refin

ed b

y sp

ecia

lists

. Cha

nged

read

ings

*do

not

aff

ect

enco

ding

* un

less

they

cha

nge

the

stat

us o

f a si

gn (b

ecom

ing

unifi

able

with

a k

now

n si

gn, o

r cea

sing

tobe

uni

fiabl

e w

ith a

kno

wn

sign

).

Seve

ral o

f the

ani

mal

hea

dsZ0

01 A

but

not

ZA

Z019

AD

AB

, las

t tw

o in

Uru

k IV

may

be

a di

stin

ct si

gnZ0

26 n

ot A

LIM

but

rath

er a

cap

rid o

r cer

vid,

MA

indi

catin

g ca

ptiv

e ?

Z032

AN

$E fo

r the

Uru

k II

I for

ms

Z044

a EZ

EN [r

um] =

DU

RU

MZ0

44b

EZEN

[AN

] = U

G5

Z048

BA

N o

nly

for (

b) ?

Z060

Z071

DA

RA

3 +

KA

R2

rath

er +

$E3

Z147

E$D

A ?

ety

mol

ogic

ally

$IT

A li

gatu

red

with

GI$

Z1

49 "

fem

ale

kid"

Unt

itled

Doc

umen

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TUSi

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iage

.htm

3 of

11

2/1/

2004

9:3

9 PM

Z150

BA

D in

Uru

k IV

sinc

e no

EZE

N [B

AD

] occ

urs t

here

Z180

per

haps

= Z

173

GA

2 x

HA

(=K

UA

)Z1

84 "

chee

se"

Z215

GI p

hone

tic to

GIB

ILZ2

19 A

LIM

Z221

ALI

M g

unu

inst

eaad

of G

IR3

gunu

Z228

U$

inst

ead

of G

I$3

Z242

GU

L ?

perh

aps n

ot li

gatu

re o

f E2

with

TA

R b

ut ra

ther

with

LA

M ?

Z247

KA

L in

stea

d of

GU

RU

$Z2

48 K

AL

inst

ead

of G

UR

U$,

and

not

TA

R b

ut p

icto

rial r

olle

rs (d

ragg

ing

a lo

ad)

Z270

sepa

rate

(a) a

nd (b

); (a

) unc

erta

in u

nles

s ATU

reso

lves

itZ2

77 K

AB

and

TU

KU

Z278

KA

B +

TA

LLY

mar

k ?

Z295

KIS

AL

(b);

enco

de (a

) dis

tinct

lyZ2

97 A

N$E

not

KI$

(has

hing

is th

e m

ane

of th

e eq

uid

– m

ale)

Z328

dis

tingu

ish

(a) a

nd (b

)Z3

29 so

meo

ne (S

tein

kelle

r ? c

heck

that

) has

sugg

este

d IS

H-1

1Z3

57 si

ngle

read

ing

MA

$Z3

68 n

ot M

UN

? (a

nd o

mit

Z368

b)Z3

88 p

erha

ps $

E$ x

NA

?Z3

41 th

roug

h Z3

51Z4

11 d

istin

guis

h fo

ur d

istin

ct si

gns h

ere

Z414

NIR

in U

ruk

III a

nd o

ne e

xam

ple

in U

ruk

IV;

othe

rs p

erha

ps a

dis

tinct

sign

.Z4

23 N

UN

UZ,

NA

4, Z

A2

dist

ingu

ish

at le

ast (

a) a

nd (b

)Z4

38 S

AG

+ G

E$TU

or +

LA

M ?

Z442

SA

G$U

?Z4

45 d

istin

ct si

gns h

ere?

To

be sa

fe, e

ncod

e (a

) (b)

(c) d

istin

ctiv

ely?

Z452

Enc

ode

dist

ingu

ishi

ng (a

) (b)

(c) (

d) (e

), Z4

53Z4

82 e

ncod

e (a

) (b)

(c) d

istin

ctiv

ely

Z486

per

haps

SU

+ T

ALL

Y m

ark

?Z4

89 n

ot S

UG

5; p

erha

ps T

UN

3, D

UN

3, D

U5

Z499

$U

$IN

inst

ead

of S

USA

?Z5

06 $

AG

Ax

inst

ead

of $

AG

AM

. Not

from

DIG

+KU

GZ5

23 U

RI3

inst

ead

of $

E$ ?

Z526

enc

ode

(a) (

b) d

istin

ctiv

ely

Z534

Doe

s the

dis

tintio

n be

twee

n cu

rved

and

ang

led

form

s in

Uru

k IV

still

hol

d up

? If

so, e

ncod

e th

e tw

o se

para

tely

Z544

$U

RU

PPA

K, S

UD

3 di

stin

guis

h tw

o si

gn fo

rms ?

Z547

see

Z541

; "th

e po

ssib

le ra

nge

of g

raph

ic v

aria

tion

need

s fur

ther

cla

rific

atio

n"Pe

rhap

s enc

ode

(a) o

nly.

Z549

"N

ote

grap

hic

varia

tion

whe

n oc

curr

ing

in li

gatu

re w

ith o

ther

sign

s."Z5

66 a

lso

perh

aps H

UD

"m

orni

ng"

Z585

Are

the

GI o

n ea

ch si

de in

Uru

k II

I pho

netic

com

plem

ents

GI ?

Z587

per

haps

not

UR

gun

u bu

t UR

x $

E3 ?

Z595

$E$

rath

er th

an U

RI,

com

pare

Z38

8 pe

rhap

s $E$

x N

A ?

Z596

$E$

+A

B in

stea

d of

UR

I5Z6

01 p

erha

ps U

RU

+ T

ALL

Y m

arks

?Z6

04 p

erha

ps n

ot U

$ bu

t GI$

3Z6

05 U

$ +

TAR

? n

ot T

AR

Z613

per

haps

dis

tingu

ish

(a) a

nd (b

) ?Z6

16 d

istin

guis

h fir

st U

ruk

IV e

xam

ple

from

the

othe

rs

Unt

itled

Doc

umen

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unei

form

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s.org

/ZA

TUSi

gnTr

iage

.htm

4 of

11

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2004

9:3

9 PM

3. S

igns

num

bers

who

se id

entif

icat

ion

with

late

r sig

ns is

inco

rrec

t or

not s

ecur

e. S

ome

of th

ese

are

how

ever

secu

rely

iden

tifie

d as

dis

tinct

sign

s and

war

rant

enc

odin

g. S

ome

are

early

onl

y.(T

his s

ectio

n w

ill b

e ex

pand

ed to

incl

ude

a fu

ll lis

t of c

hang

es to

the

ZATU

list

pro

pose

d in

exp

ert

revi

ew o

f ZA

TU b

y Pi

otr S

tein

kelle

r.)

If id

entif

icat

ion

with

a si

gn re

quire

d in

any

cas

e fo

r lat

er p

erio

ds is

secu

re, t

hen

no in

depe

nden

ten

codi

ng is

nee

ded.

No

serio

us h

arm

is d

one

if an

iden

tific

atio

n is

late

r dis

cove

red

perm

ittin

gun

ifica

tion.

Z18

AD

?Z2

4 A

L, M

AH

?Z3

6 no

t ASA

R, S

ILI,

cont

rast

…"l

ater

dev

elop

s int

o U

RU

+ IG

I"Z3

9 do

not

enc

ode

Z49

BA

N$U

R ?

Z261

IDIG

NA

?Z2

95 *

not*

KIS

AL

xcep

t pos

sibl

y va

riant

(a)

Z298

KIS

IK ?

Z290

KIB

?Z3

23 *

not*

LA

GA

R, c

ompa

re Z

563

Z326

is p

roba

bly

a di

agra

m (m

ap),

not a

sign

; enc

ode

only

if a

s spe

cial

sym

bol?

Z341

thro

ugh

Z351

Z352

thro

ugh

Z354

Z361

MES

Z442

*no

t* S

AG

$U, r

athe

r Lab

at il

lust

ratio

nZ4

46 S

AR

x K

UA

?Z5

24 $

IDIM

Z541

$U

M ?

? In

Ear

ly D

ynas

tic m

erge

rs w

ith T

AG

Z54

7Z5

79 U

H3

Is th

e Ea

rly D

ynas

tic d

uplic

ate

adeq

uate

evi

denc

e fo

r ide

ntifi

catio

n?Z5

81 U

MB

IN ?

Z592

*no

t* U

R4

Z593

UR

5 ?

(BU

R w

ith S

HU

2 ab

ove

?)Z7

75 B

ALA

G ?

4. S

igns

whi

ch a

re se

cure

ly u

nifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns a

nd w

hich

do

not w

arra

nt a

sepa

rate

enc

odin

g. If

the

iden

tific

atio

n la

ter t

urns

out

not

to b

e se

cure

, ane

w si

gn c

an b

e re

cogn

ized

and

enc

oded

.

Z001

AZ0

06 A

2Z0

07 A

B (u

nles

s (b)

dis

tinct

?)Z0

08 A

B x

AZ0

09 A

B x

ASH

2Z0

12 A

B2

Z016

AB

RIG

pro

babl

y a

com

poun

d of

DU

and

Z01

5 (N

UN

x/+

ME)

.Z0

18 A

D (L

exic

al li

sts P

rofe

ssio

ns, T

rees

, Trib

ute(

?), P

lant

s; A

dm. (

a) 7

x, (b

) non

e)Z0

22 A

GA

R2

Z023

AK

Z024

AL

(Lex

Pre

fess

ions

, Tre

es, V

ocag

; Adm

. 30x

)Z0

25 A

LAN

(Lex

; Adm

. 12x

) Z0

28 A

MA

, DA

GA

LZ0

29 A

MA

R

Unt

itled

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umen

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TUSi

gnTr

iage

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5 of

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2004

9:3

9 PM

Z031

AN

, DIN

GIR

Z032

AN

SHE

(Uru

k II

I exa

mpl

es) (

Lexi

cal l

ists

Geo

g., T

ribut

e; A

dm. 1

1x)

Z033

API

NZ0

35 A

RA

TTA

(?) (

Adm

. 1x)

Z036

ASA

R, S

ILIG

; if d

oes d

evel

op in

to U

RU

x IG

I, th

en n

o se

para

te e

ncod

ing;

If th

at is

inco

rrec

t, m

ay n

eed

sepa

rate

enc

odin

g as

orig

inal

NIM

x IG

I ?Z0

37 A

SH, R

UM

, 1 (b

ut se

gmen

ting

out t

he u

ses a

s mar

ker o

f fie

ld le

ngth

or w

idth

)Z0

38 P

IRIG

x Z

A (A

dm. 2

x)Z0

40 B

A, I

GI (

not d

istin

guis

habl

e in

arc

haic

scrip

t)Z0

41 B

AD

Z048

b B

AN

(Z48

a a

diff

eren

t sig

n)Z0

51 B

AR

Z055

BIR

3 (c

omm

on ti

ll U

R d

yn.;

= ER

IM ?

)Z0

56 B

U a

nd B

U te

nuZ0

60 "

PUZU

R5"

, "B

U3"

or r

athe

r SU

M4

? (x

SH

E3 o

r x G

AN

2 te

nu ?

) (L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns, G

eog.

; Adm

. 8x)

= U

ET, L

AK

##

Z061

BU

LUG

(Lex

ical

list

Met

als;

Adm

3x)

Z062

BU

LUG

3 (L

exic

al li

sts P

rofe

ssio

ns; A

dm 1

x) =

UET

II, L

AK

##

Z063

BU

R (L

exic

al li

st M

etal

s; A

dm 7

x) =

ATU

, PI,

UET

II, L

AK

##

Z064

BU

R2,

USU

M (L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns, V

esse

ls; A

dm 2

1x m

ostly

text

ile a

ccou

nts)

= A

TU, U

ET, L

AK

##)

Z065

DA

(Lex

ical

man

y; A

dm 4

5x) =

ATU

, PI,

UET

II, L

AK

##

Z066

DA

H (A

dm. 3

x +

ATU

) = A

TU, P

I, LA

K #

#Z0

69 D

AR

Z070

DA

RA

3 (s

ee F

ara,

Gud

ea, e

tc.)

Z075

DI

Z078

DIM

Z079

DIN

Z080

DIN

tenu

Z081

DIS

H (b

ut se

gmen

ting

out t

he u

ses a

s mar

ker o

f fie

ld le

ngth

or w

idth

)Z0

82 D

UZ0

88 D

UG

(unl

ess n

eed

to d

istin

guis

h (a

,b))

Z1

05 D

UG

x K

UR

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

= P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

25 D

UG

UD

Z129

E2

Z134

EN

Z138

EN

2Z1

43 E

RIM

Z144

ER

IM23

= R

U w

ith N

E in

side

Z145

ER

IN (e

xclu

ding

four

of t

he fo

rms,

a se

para

te si

gn)

Z147

ESH

DA

Z150

EZE

NZ1

54 E

ZEN

x M

IR (o

r x N

IMG

IR)

Z159

GA

Z162

GA

2 (L

exic

al li

st O

ffic

ials

, Fo

od, V

ocab

., U

nide

nt.;

Adm

(a) 3

8x, (

b) 1

5x)

= A

TU, P

I, U

ET II

##

Z166

GA

2 x

DU

BZ1

83 G

A2

x U

4 (L

exic

al li

st F

ish

1x; A

dm. 9

x) =

LA

K #

Z186

GA

DZ1

88 G

AL

Z189

GA

LGA

= G

A2

x G

AR

Z190

GA

NZ1

95 G

AN

2Z1

96 G

AR

= N

IND

A

Unt

itled

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6 of

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9 PM

5. S

ign

num

bers

whi

ch a

re se

cure

ly id

entif

iabl

e as

dis

tinct

sign

s, no

tun

ifiab

le w

ith la

ter s

igns

, so

war

rant

dis

tinct

enc

odin

g no

w. T

his l

ist

curr

ently

cov

ers s

igns

from

the

rang

e Z0

01 to

Z19

9, a

nd th

en th

ose

from

am

ong

the

"uni

dent

ified

"Z6

20 a

nd fo

llow

ing.

Firs

t, C

onta

iner

-x-I

nfix

sign

s and

sim

ilar o

nes h

avin

g no

vel c

ombi

natio

ns o

f kno

wn

elem

ents

. Afte

rth

at, n

ovel

sing

le-c

ompo

nent

sign

s.

Con

tain

er-x

-Inf

ix si

gns w

hose

com

pone

nts a

re se

cure

ly id

entif

iabl

e w

ith la

ter s

igns

, or a

t lea

stre

cogn

izab

ly d

istin

ct a

nd c

lear

, but

whi

ch a

s a to

tal s

ign

are

not i

dent

ifiab

le w

ith la

ter s

igns

, and

thus

*do*

war

rant

sepa

rate

enc

odin

g, u

nles

s the

atte

stat

ions

are

dam

aged

or o

ther

wis

e to

o un

clea

r to

conf

irm. T

hose

whi

ch a

re a

ttest

ed o

nly

once

are

the

ones

whi

ch m

ost n

eed

to b

e ch

ecke

d. N

otes

from

the

ZATU

list

on

the

exis

tenc

e of

adm

inis

trativ

e at

test

atio

ns in

ATU

are

mer

ely

that

, do

not i

mpl

y th

atA

TU h

as y

et b

een

chec

ked.

Z002

A x

EN

(Adm

. onl

y as

in A

TU)

Z003

A x

SH

UB

UR

(Adm

. onl

y as

in A

TU)

Z004

A x

U A

dm. 1

xZ0

10 A

B x

Z65

9 ("

AR

KA

B")

= F

ara

LAK

542

Z011

"A

B.g

unu"

wro

ng n

ame

(not

UN

UG

); "=

PI37

4, U

ET II

334

"Z6

10 A

B2

with

ZA

TU75

5 la

ter w

ritte

n A

B2

with

KU

; "U

TUL"

; Z0

14 A

B2

with

one

stro

ke a

bove

(Adm

. onl

y as

in A

TU)

Z014

AB

2 w

ith tw

o st

roke

s abo

ve (s

ame

entry

) = A

TU #

#Z?

?? A

B2

+ A

B2

(if n

ot a

com

poun

d)

Z015

NU

N x

ME

or N

UN

+ M

E =

AB

GA

L (A

dm. 3

x) (i

f not

a li

gatu

re)

L

exic

al te

xts s

how

equ

ival

ent t

o N

UN

alo

ne (a

lso

ED)

Z019

AD

AB

(all

exam

ples

exc

ept l

ast t

wo

unde

r Uru

k IV

) = U

ET II

, ATU

##

Z020

AD

DA

( =

UET

II #

Z026

a "A

LIM

" as

DA

RA

3 x

MA

(Lex

ical

list

s Ves

sels

, Citi

es, G

eog.

, Tre

es)

=

UET

II, L

AL

##Z0

26b

PIR

IG x

MA

(onl

y if

lexi

cal a

ttest

atio

n is

secu

re)

Z034

AR

AR

MA

2 (s

ingl

e si

gn in

Uru

k IV

; AB

with

U4

abov

e in

Uru

k II

I)

(Le

x C

ities

; Adm

. 5x,

onc

e w

ith g

eogr

aphi

cal d

eter

min

ativ

e) =

ATU

, UET

II #

#Z0

42 B

AD

pai

red

(BA

D O

VER

BA

D)

Z043

a "B

AD

+DIS

H"

real

ly si

ngle

indi

visi

ble

sign

?) (Z

043b

esp

. com

pare

text

ile si

gns?

)

= A

TU, P

I, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z0

44a

EZEN

x A

SH ([

rum

]) =

DU

RU

M (L

exic

al li

st C

ities

)Z0

44b

EZEN

x A

N (A

dm. 2

x) =

UG

5 (A

dm. 2

x)

= U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z0

45 "

BA

HA

R2"

wro

ng n

ame?

(Lex

ical

list

Citi

es, P

lant

s, D

ogs;

Adm

19x

)

= A

TU, P

I, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z0

50 B

APP

IR (L

exic

al li

sts V

esse

ls, C

ities

; Adm

3x)

= A

tu, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z0

52a

"BA

RA

2" (L

exic

al P

ract

ice

list;

Adm

40x

)

= A

TU, U

ET II

, LA

K #

# (N

o se

para

te e

ncod

ing

yet f

or Z

052b

)Z0

53 "

BA

RA

3" =

E2

x K

ASK

AL

(Lex

ical

Pro

fess

ions

list

; Adm

. 5x)

=PI

, UET

II, L

AK

##

Z057

BU

x A

(Lex

ical

list

Geo

g.; A

dm. o

nly

as in

ATU

)Z0

58 N

A2

with

RI8

abo

ve (A

RIN

A ?

) (A

dm. 2

x an

d as

in A

TU)

Z059

DU

6 w

ith B

U a

ttach

ed a

bove

(Lex

ical

list

Pro

fess

ions

, Dog

s; A

dm 9

x)Z0

68 K

ASK

AL

with

BU

atta

ched

abo

ve (A

dm. 2

x)Z0

72 S

HEG

9 x

SHE

?? (A

dm. O

nly

as in

ATU

)Z0

90 D

UG

x A

NSH

E (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls) =

LA

K#

Z091

DU

G x

ASH

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

; Adm

.(a) 2

5x, (

b) 7

2x, (

c) 1

3x) =

ATU

, PI,

LAK

##

Z093

DU

G x

BA

(or D

UG

x IG

I ?) (

Lexi

cal l

ist F

oods

; Adm

1x)

Z096

DU

G x

DIN

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

3x,

Adm

. 3x)

= L

AK

#Z0

97 D

UG

x G

A (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x) =

PI,

LAK

##

Unt

itled

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umen

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7 of

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9:3

9 PM

Z098

DU

G x

GES

HTU

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

= L

AK

#Z0

99 D

UG

x M

I (=

GI6

) (Le

xica

l lis

t Ves

sels

1x)

= P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

00 D

UG

x G

ISH

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

, Foo

d) =

LA

K #

#Z1

01 D

UG

x H

I (Le

xica

l lis

t Ves

sels

1x)

= A

TU, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z1

02 D

UG

x H

I gun

u (O

nly

as in

ATU

)Z1

03 D

UG

x K

ASK

AL

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

= P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

04 D

UG

x H

A (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x) =

LA

K #

Z106

DU

G x

LA

M (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x) =

LA

K #

Z107

DU

G x

LA

MK

UR

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

= L

AK

#Z1

08 D

UG

x M

ASH

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x;

Adm

. 2x

and

as in

ATU

) = A

TU, P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

09 D

UG

x N

AG

A (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x; A

dm. o

nly

as in

ATU

)Z1

10 D

UG

x S

A (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x)Z1

11 D

UG

x (S

A w

ith G

I) (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x) =

Z112

DU

G x

SI4

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

= P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

13 D

UG

x S

IG2

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

Z114

DU

G x

SIG

7 (o

r x IG

I ene

rget

ic) (

Lexi

cal l

ist V

esse

ls 5

x) =

LA

K #

#Z1

15 D

UG

x S

UH

UR

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

Z116

DU

G x

SU

KU

D (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x; A

dm. o

nly

as in

ATU

)Z1

17 D

UG

x S

HA

H2

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x;

Adm

. 1x)

= L

AK

#Z1

18 D

UG

x S

HE

((Le

xica

l lis

t Ves

sels

1x;

Adm

. 1x)

= A

TU, P

I, LA

K #

#Z1

19 D

UG

x (N

AM

with

SH

E at

tach

ed) (

Lexi

cal l

ist V

esse

ls 1

x)Z1

20 D

UG

x T

AK

4 (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x)Z1

21 D

UG

x T

I (Le

xica

l lis

t Ves

sels

1x)

Z122

DU

G x

U2

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x;

Adm

. 3x)

(per

haps

split

as U

2 is

split

?)Z1

23 D

UG

x U

H3

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

Z124

DU

G x

Z76

4 (L

exic

al li

st V

esse

ls 1

x)Z1

30 E

2 x

KU

R (L

exic

al li

st U

nide

nt. 2

x; A

dm. 8

x) =

LA

K #

Z131

E2

x di

agon

al li

ne (L

exic

al li

st C

ities

1x;

Adm

. 3x)

= L

AK

#Z1

32 D

U w

ith U

4 (L

exic

al li

st O

ffic

ials

1x;

Adm

. 3x)

= A

TU?,

UET

II #

#)Z1

35 E

N x

NU

N (L

exic

al li

st V

ocab

., U

nide

nt. 2

x; A

dm. 2

9x) =

ATU

, PI #

#Z1

35 E

N e

nerg

etic

("gu

nu")

(Adm

. 10x

) = A

TU #

Z139

EN

DIB

= E

N+M

E w

ith M

U (L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns 1

x; A

dm. 1

x)Z1

40 E

NG

IZ =

EN

with

GI (

Lexi

cal l

ist P

rofe

ssio

ns 1

x; A

dm. 2

x) =

UET

IIZ1

42 E

NLI

L, N

IBR

U (L

exic

al li

st C

ities

1x)

Z151

EZE

N x

EN

(Adm

. 1x)

= A

TU #

Z156

EZE

N x

SU

(Uru

k IV

ex.

) (Le

xica

l lis

t Geo

g. 1

x; A

dm. 3

x) =

UET

IIZ1

57 E

ZEN

x (U

2.A

) (A

dm. 3

x U

ruk

III (

Uru

k IV

not

cle

ar))

Z160

GA

x U

(Lex

ical

list

Ves

sels

1x)

Z151

GA

x Z

753

(Adm

. 60x

) "N

early

alw

ays w

ritte

n as

a li

gatu

re"

(mea

ning

wha

t?)

Z163

GA

2 x

AB

Z167

GA

2 x

GIR

(Adm

. 3x

fish

acco

unt)

Z169

(GA

2 x

SHE3

) x G

UD

(Adm

. 3x)

= U

ET II

#Z1

70 G

A2

x H

I (A

dm. 1

x, fi

sh a

ccou

nt) =

ATU

#Z1

71 G

A2

x (H

I.SU

HU

R) (

Adm

. 2x

fish

acco

unt)

Z172

GA

2 x

KU

3 (A

dm. 1

x)Z1

73 G

A2

x K

U6

(Lex

ical

list

Fis

h 1x

?; A

dm. 9

x)Z1

74 G

A2

x (K

U6

x K

U6)

(Adm

. 1x)

= L

AK

#Z1

76 G

A2

x M

ASH

(Adm

. 1x)

Z177

GA

2 x

NA

GA

(Adm

. 1x)

Z178

GA

2 x

NI (

or x

GA

R) (

Adm

. 2x)

Z1

79 G

A2

x SU

HU

R (A

dm. 3

x or

6x)

=A

TU #

Z180

GA

2 x

SUK

UD

(Lex

ical

list

Fis

h 1x

; Adm

. 2x

in fi

sh a

ccou

nt) =

ATU

#Z1

82 G

A2

x U

(Adm

. onl

y as

in A

TU)

Z185

Z73

7 x

BU

R G

AB

UR

RA

(Lex

ical

list

Citi

es 1

x; A

dm. 1

x) =

ATU

, PI,

LAK

##

Z187

GA

D x

SH

E3 (A

dm. 7

x, 6

of t

hose

in te

xtile

acc

ount

s)Z1

91 G

AN

x (G

ISH

.DIN

) (A

dm. 2

x)

Unt

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8 of

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2004

9:3

9 PM

Z192

GA

N x

LA

GA

B (A

dm. 3

x, in

acc

ount

s of f

ruits

)Z1

93 G

AN

x N

E (A

dm. 2

x)Z1

94 G

AN

x S

HE

(Adm

. 1x)

Z197

GA

R g

unu

(Lex

ical

list

Foo

d 1x

; Adm

. 1x)

= A

TU #

#

Fully

inde

pend

ent s

igns

secu

rely

iden

tifia

ble

/ dis

tingu

isha

ble,

yet

not

iden

tifia

ble

with

late

r sig

ns, a

ndth

us p

resu

mpt

ivel

y sh

ould

be

enco

ded

unle

ss a

ttest

atio

n is

for s

ome

othe

r rea

son

wea

k

Z071

SH

EG9

varia

nt?

(Adm

. 2x

and

as in

ATU

)Z5

19 S

HEG

9 (A

dm. 2

x an

d as

in A

TU; L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns 1

x)Z0

73 D

AR

A4a

(Lex

ical

list

Pro

fess

ions

, Cat

tle; A

dm. 9

x)Z0

73 D

AR

A4c

(Adm

. 28x

)

Cle

ar a

ssoc

iatio

n in

Adm

. with

shee

p / w

ool;

dist

inct

ion

/ ide

nt. n

ot c

ompl

ete?

Z077

DIL

MU

N (L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns; M

etal

, Geo

g.; A

dm. 9

x) =

ATU

, UET

II, L

AK

##

Z083

DU

6 (L

exic

al li

st P

rofe

ssio

ns, C

ities

, Pla

nts;

Adm

. 10x

) = A

TU, P

I, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z0

86 D

UB

, UM

, KIS

HIB

(at l

east

one

of a

ny v

aria

nts d

istin

guis

habl

e;

(

Lexi

cal l

ist P

rofe

ssio

ns ,

Tree

s, B

irds;

Adm

. 72x

) = A

T, P

I, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z1

26 D

UR

(?) (

Adm

. 34x

) = A

TU, P

I, U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z1

27 D

UR

2 (L

exic

al li

st C

ities

, Geo

g., T

rees

, Bird

s, Fi

sh, V

ocab

.; A

dm. 1

5x)

Z128

E (?

) (A

dm. 5

x) (A

dm. a

s sub

scrip

t in

field

surv

eyin

g te

xts 2

x) =

ATU

, UET

II, L

AK

##

Z133

ED

IN (L

exic

al li

st M

etal

s 1x,

Kis

h 1x

) = U

ET II

, LA

K #

#Z1

49 E

SHG

AR

(Adm

. 12x

) = A

TU, U

TE II

, LA

K #

#Z1

58 E

ZIN

U (L

exic

al li

st C

ities

, Geo

g.; A

dm. 1

2x) =

ATU

, LA

K #

#Z1

84 G

A'A

R "

chee

se"

Lexi

cal l

ists

Met

als,

Ves

sels

pas

sim

; etc

.; A

dm. 1

7x)

R

otat

ions

are

mer

ely

grap

hic

varia

nts

Z198

GA

R3

(Adm

. 2x)

= A

TU, U

ET II

, LA

K #

##Z1

99 G

AR

A2

"cre

am"?

(Eng

lund

) (Le

xica

l lis

t Trib

ute;

Adm

. 23x

)

DU

G.g

unu?

= U

ET II

, LA

K #

#

DO

enc

ode

thes

e fr

om a

mon

g th

e "u

nide

ntifi

ed".

Z624

(4 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z625

(2 a

dmin

istra

tive

occu

rren

ces i

n m

etal

s acc

ount

, 7 in

text

itles

acc

ount

)Z6

28 (6

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

29 (9

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

44 (2

0 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts,

12 in

text

ile a

ccou

nts)

Z647

(17

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

48 (3

0 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z649

(21

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

51 (9

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

52 th

roug

h Z6

57 (=

Z65

1 as

con

tain

er x

infix

es.

I

nfix

ed p

arts

are

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

acco

rdin

g to

dra

win

gs)

Z652

1x,

Z65

3 15

x, Z

654

14x,

Z65

5 1x

, Z65

6 1x

, Z65

7 1x

)

Z658

(9 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z659

(15

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s, al

so a

s inf

ixed

ele

men

t)Z6

61 (A

TU; =

Z65

9 +

num

eral

s)Z6

62 (1

3 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts,

10 o

f tho

se in

text

ile a

ccou

nts)

Z663

(2 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts;

= Z

662

+ U

)Z6

76 (8

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

86 (2

8 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z694

(45

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z6

97 (1

7 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z714

(10

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

15 (=

Z71

4 x

HI.g

unu;

1 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z716

(= R

U w

ith Z

714

in it

; 1 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Unt

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9 of

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9:3

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Z718

(3 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts;

one

lexi

cal t

ext p

aral

lel)

Z719

(3 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts,

in te

xtile

acc

ount

s)Z7

28 (9

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s, al

l in

fish

acco

unts

)Z7

35 (6

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

37 (a

new

"co

ntai

ner"

sign

)Z7

38 th

roug

h Z7

48 (=

Z73

7 as

con

tain

er x

infix

es.

I

nfix

ed p

arts

are

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

acco

rdin

g to

dra

win

gs

Exc

eptin

g Z7

42, h

ere

omitt

ted.

C

orre

spon

ding

spel

lings

in E

D o

rthog

raph

y ar

e kn

own.

)Z7

38 1

x, Z

739

3x, Z

740

ATU

, Z74

1 2x

, Z74

3 12

x, Z

744

1x, Z

745

ATU

,Z7

46 1

x, Z

747

Lexi

cal,

Z748

ATU

, Z18

5 1x

)

Z749

(16

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

50 (9

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

51 (6

occ

urre

nces

in a

dmin

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

52 (4

8 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z753

(59

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s, al

so a

s inf

ix)

Z755

(ATU

3 te

xts)

Z756

(6 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z757

(2 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z758

(7 o

ccur

renc

es in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z759

(14

occu

rren

ces i

n ad

min

istra

tive

text

s)Z7

60 (1

6 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts)

Z762

(a n

ew "

cont

aine

r" si

gn; 1

1 oc

curr

ence

s in

adm

inis

trativ

e te

xts w

ith

No

infix

. Z76

3 1x

with

cle

ar in

fix)

7. S

ign

num

bers

whi

ch d

o no

t cur

rent

ly w

arra

nt e

ncod

ing.

All

thos

e lis

ted

as "

unid

entif

ied"

(num

bers

ZA

TU62

0 up

to Z

771)

shou

ld a

lso

be o

mitt

ed fr

omen

codi

ng a

t thi

s tim

e, w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

that

som

e no

ted

in a

sepa

rate

list

bel

ow a

re se

cure

eno

ugh

toen

code

. In

addi

tion

to th

e oc

curr

ence

s men

tione

d, fo

r som

e si

gns t

here

are

add

ition

al il

lust

ratio

nssu

pplie

d on

Eng

lund

's C

D fo

r occ

urre

nces

not

prin

ted

in Z

ATU

. The

re a

re a

lso

earli

er c

itatio

ns in

ATU

I.

Do

not e

ncod

e th

ese

(and

do

not c

onsi

der t

hem

iden

tifie

d w

ith a

sign

kno

wn

from

late

r per

iods

)

Z005

Z013

Z017

not

fully

pre

serv

ed a

nyw

here

?Z0

21 A

G2

?Z0

27 A

M ?

Z030

Z037

(as m

easu

re o

f len

gth

or w

idth

, tre

at a

s dia

gram

not

as a

sign

???;

N

ot n

umer

al u

sage

exc

ept a

s tal

ly m

ark?

)Z0

39Z0

48a

not B

AN

Z049

"B

AN

$UR

" w

rong

nam

e? (L

exic

al li

st T

rees

; Adm

. Onl

y as

in A

TU)

(

Is th

is o

ne k

now

n m

ainl

y fr

om P

roto

-Ela

mite

? –

see

A. B

. p.

Z052

b (b

ut d

o en

code

Z52

a)Z0

54 (B

IR?)

Z061

BU

LUG

?Z0

67 ?

Z073

b (b

ut d

o en

code

Z73

a an

d Z7

3c, d

istin

ct fr

om e

ach

othe

r)Z0

74 (1

x)Z0

76

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10 o

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2004

9:3

9 PM

Z081

(as f

or Z

37)

Z084

Z085

Z087

Z089

(inf

ixed

sign

not

iden

tifia

ble

with

hig

h pr

obab

ility

)Z0

92 (i

nfix

ed si

gn n

ot id

entif

iabl

e w

ith h

igh

prob

abili

ty)

Z094

(inf

ixed

sign

not

iden

tifia

ble

with

hig

h pr

obab

ility

)Z0

95 (i

nfix

ed si

gn n

ot id

entif

iabl

e w

ith h

igh

prob

abili

ty)

Z102

Z133

Z136

Z142

mor

e th

an o

ne si

gn in

illu

stra

tion

Z143

mor

e th

an o

ne si

gn in

illu

stra

tion

Z148

?Z1

52 u

ncle

arZ1

55 u

ncle

arZ1

64 ?

Z165

Z168

GA

2 x

GIS

H te

nuZ1

75 (i

nfix

ed si

gn n

ot id

entif

iabl

e w

ith h

igh

prob

abili

ty)

Z181

= A

TU, P

I ##

Z222

Z229

Z231

may

rem

ain

func

tiona

lly a

tran

spar

ent c

ompo

und,

or m

ay fu

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Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script - … · It appears that the cuneiform writing...

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Transcript of Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script - … · It appears that the cuneiform writing...