In Celebration of the 150 th Meeting of the Caribbean Fishery Management Council
Fishery management FMSP Stock Assessment Tools Training Workshop Bangladesh 19 th - 25 th September...
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Transcript of Fishery management FMSP Stock Assessment Tools Training Workshop Bangladesh 19 th - 25 th September...
Fishery management
FMSP Stock Assessment Tools
Training Workshop
Bangladesh
19th - 25th September 2005
Purpose of talk
To introduce a framework for fishery management based on the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
Complements Chapters 1-2 of FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 487, as published by FMSP project R8360
Chapters 1-2
Content
Fishery management systems - a framework
The new international legal regime
The precautionary approach
Adaptive management
Goals and operational objectives
Indicators and reference points
Decision control rules
Management measures
Tying it all together - Management plans
Fishery management systems
A fishery management system is the overall combination of policies, legal arrangements, stock assessment methodologies, reference points, management measures, and monitoring and enforcement arrangements used to manage a fishery.
Chapter 2
The management context
The legal regime• Domestic laws• International agreements
Management approach to uncertainty
• Precautionary or adaptive management? Or both?
Management scope• Single or multi-species?• Ecosystem approach?
Property rights• Use rights?• Control rights?
Stakeholder roles in management
• State or community control?• Co-management?
Fishery scale• Industrial or artisanal?• Economically important?
Management capacity• Technical skills, staff, funds?
Sections 1.1 and 2.1 – 2.4
Fishery Policy
Define management intentions• Policy goals and operational objectives (biological,
ecological, economic, social, other sectors)Section 2.5.1
Stock assessment process
Data/Inputs
Intermediate parameters
Indicators Reference points
Management advice in terms of risk,
allowing for uncertainty
Chapters 3 and 4 and Parts 2 and 3
Management process
Fishery Management Plan
Define management standardsFor each operational objective:• Conceptual reference points
(target, limit, precautionary)• Indicators • Technical reference points
Set management measures• Decision control rules defined by
reference points and harvesting strategy• Management strategy, comprising
one or more control measures (inputs; outputs; technical, ecological etc)
Monitoring Control and Surveillance
Sections 2.5.2 – 2.5.5
Figure 1.1
A framework for fishery management (FTP 487)
The new international legal regime
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
Chapter 17 of UNCED’s Agenda 21
1995 UN ‘Fish Stocks Agreement’
1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
Section 1.1
The precautionary approachAll fishery managers face many uncertainties:
• Current state of fish stocks? Long term potential? Effect of environment, climate and other species?
FAO Code of Conduct advises that:• 7.5.1 States should apply the precautionary approach widely to
conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources in order to protect them and preserve the aquatic environment. The absence of adequate scientific information should not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures.
• 7.5.2 In implementing the precautionary approach, States should take into account, inter alia, uncertainties relating to the size and productivity of the stocks, reference points, stock condition in relation to such reference points, levels and distribution of fishing mortality and the impact of fishing activities, including discards, on non-target and associated or dependent species, as well as environmental and socio-economic conditions.
Section 2.1.2
A precautionary management process
A management system should be developed with stakeholders, including the following elements:
• Goals and operational objectives• Performance indicators and reference points• Harvesting strategies and decision control rules, including
precautionary reference points allowing for uncertainty• Management measures and overall management strategy
– See FAO FTP 487 Chapter 2– and Cochrane, 2002 for further details
Section 2.5
Adaptive management
Too much precaution may provide little information about the dynamics of the fish stock (don’t know MSY until it has been exceeded!)
Adaptive management – ‘learning by doing’ – uses an experimental approach to reduce uncertainty and find good management solutions
Can be ‘passive’ (using natural variation) or ‘active’ – need to create good ‘contrast’ in treatments to get results
Most useful in inshore and inland resources, with high levels of natural diversity and where resource can be split into separate stock units
Guidelines developed by FMSP projects R7335 and R7834 (on http://www.fmsp.org website)
Section 2.1.3
Goals and operational objectives (1/3)
Goals set the specific priorities for each fishery
Operational objectives’ like OVIs in a logical framework should be precise, measurable, realistic and achievable
Some objectives will be incompatible – need to accept tradeoffs
Section 2.3.1
Goals and operational objectives (2/3)
Need to consider four subsets of goals: biological; ecological; economic and social
For sustainable development, give first priority to biology
Section 2.3.1
Examples of goals and op. objectives (3/3)
Section 2.3.1
Goals Operational Objectives
Biological To maintain the target species at or above the levels necessary to ensure their continued productivity
To maintain the stock at all times above 50% of its mean unexploited level
Ecological To minimise the impacts of fishing on the physical environment and on non-target (bycatch), associated and dependent species
To maintain all non-target, associated and dependent species above 50% of their mean biomass levels in the absence of fishing activities
Economic To maximise the net incomes of the participating fishers
To stabilise net income per fisher at a level above the national minimum desired income
Social To maximise employment opportunities for those dependent on the fishery for their livelihoods
To include as many of the existing participants in the fishery as is possible given the biological, ecological and economic objectives listed above
Indicators and reference points
Set indicators and reference points for each operational objective
An indicator is a specific state, or variable, which can be monitored in a system such as a fishery to give a measure of the state of the system at any given time (Cochrane, 2002)
A reference point is an estimated value derived from an agreed scientific procedure and/or an agreed model which corresponds to a state of the resource and/or of the fishery and can be used as a guide for fisheries management
Indicators and ‘RP’s should be used in combination to express the operational objectives in ways that can be measured in quantitative fisheries assessments.
Section 2.5.2
Indicators
Quantitative measures of the state of the fishery
(one required for each objective)
Often fall into one of three categories
The catch of fish
The size of the fish stock (the ‘biomass’)
The amount of fishing (the ‘pressure’ on the stock)
In the short term, each of these are directly related to each other as ….. C = F x B
Catch
Fishing effort Stock size (biomass)
Catch
Fishing effort
Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
or
Stock size (biomass)
Long term (equilibrium) relationships
between Catch, Effort and Stock size Indicators
(not directly related!)
Reference points
Give the point to aim at (target) or to avoid (limit) for each indicator and objective
Can estimate using stock assessment tools (e.g. FMSY, F0.1) (or set as arbitrary, but agreed values, e.g. C=450mt)
You will provide management advice by comparing current values of indicators and reference points, e.g.:
If Fnow > FMSY ‘Over-fishing’
If Fnow > F0.1 Potential over-fishing
If Fnow < F2/3 MSYAssumed to be sustainable
Indicators & Reference Points - examples
• Operational objective - to maintain stock at all times above 50% of its mean unexploited level
• Reference point - 50% of the carrying capacity, K, as estimated by the Schaefer production model (i.e. above BMSY) using X data and Y fitting method
• Indicator - stock size • Performance indicator - stock size as a percentage of the
chosen reference point (e.g. B / BMSY)
• As another example, YPR is an indicator, while F0.1 and Fmax are reference points that are based on YPR
Section 2.5.2
Reference points
Conceptual reference points – used in defining the decision control rules, e.g.
• Limit reference points (LRPs, e.g. Blim, Flim)
• Target reference points (TRPs)
• Precautionary reference points or buffers (e.g. Bpa, Fpa)
Technical reference points – mathematical expressions used to clearly define each conceptual reference point
• E.g. FMSY, F0.1, BMSY, MBAL etc (see later)
Section 2.3.2
Target or limit reference points?(defining the objectives and control rules)
Target RP - aim here, slightly above or below both OK
Indicator X
Limit RP - avoid danger zone below here
Indicator X
E.g. Catch rateE.g. Catch rate E.g. spawning stock size E.g. spawning stock size
BMSY Stock size this year
FMSY
If Bnow < BMSY, no fishing allowed next year (danger zone)
Fishing mortality rate to be allowed next year
If Bnow > BMSY, fishing allowed at rate of FMSY next year
Decision control rules – a simple example
Section 2.3.3
Precautionary reference points
Such points were adopted in response to the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (see point 5 of Annex II), to help make sure that the LRPs are avoided.
Define the point at which managers should take action, to avoid the LRPs being reached.
The distance by which the precautionary point is removed from the LRP is usually set according to:• the uncertainty in the data • and the risk tolerance of the manager.
Section 2.3.4
And ‘precautionary’ reference points...
Limit
RP
Indicator X
Take action at the Precautionary RP to avoid the risk of getting to the Limit RP
Precautionary
RP
Blim BpaStock size this year
Flim
Fpa
Fishing mortality rate to be allowed next year
If Bnow > Bpa, fishing allowed at rate of Fpa next year
If Bnow < Blim, no fishing allowed next year (danger zone)
If Blim < Bnow < Bpa, fishing allowed next year at a rate below Fpa, as set by the sliding scale
Decision control rules – a ‘precautionary’ example
Using ref. pts. to monitor the state of the fishery
The precautionary plotused by ICES (North Atlantic)
Axes reversed, now:X-axis: pressureY-axis: state
Note definitions:overfishing vs overfished
Section 2.3.2
Fpa Flim
Bpa
Blim
TARGET ZONE
BUFFER ZONE
OVERFISHED
OVERFISHING
HIGH RISK ZONE
Fishing mortality rate
Sto
ck s
ize
(bio
mas
s)
19901991
1992
1993
1994
1998 19961997
19951999
2000
Reference points andAnnex II of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement
4. Management strategies shall seek to maintain or restore populations of harvested stocks, and where necessary associated or dependent species, at levels consistent with previously agreed precautionary reference points. Such reference points shall be used to trigger pre-agreed conservation and management action. Management strategies shall include measures which can be implemented when precautionary reference points are approached.
5. Fishery management strategies shall ensure that the risk of exceeding limit reference points is very low. If a stock falls below a limit reference point or is at risk of falling below such a reference point, conservation and management action should be initiated to facilitate stock recovery. Fishery management strategies shall ensure that target reference points are not exceeded on average.
Section 2.3.2
Bangladesh signed 1995, not
yet ratified (?)
India ratified 2003, now bound
to comply
FAO Guidance on Indicators
Most reference points and control rule systems have so far been set up using age-based stock assessments, e.g. VPA etc, and using spawning stock biomass to set F
FAO however emphasise the generality of these proposals, with a ‘basket’ of reference points needed for biological, ecological, economic and social goals
See FAO ‘sustainable development reference system’• FAO. 1999. Indicators for sustainable development of marine
capture fisheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No. 8. Rome, FAO. 1999. 68p.
Section 2.3.2
Management measures
1. Input controls (fishing effort restrictions)2. Output controls (catch limits)3. Technical measures (size limits, closed seasons, closed
areas etc) 4. Ecological and integrated management
Input and output controls often vary between years, depending on harvesting strategy and state of stock
Technical measures usually fixed, or updated every few years based on long-term assessments
Sections 2.3.5 and 5.4
Management plans
The full fishery management system for each fishery unit should be agreed in advance with stakeholders and clearly described in a management plan
This should identify the goals, objectives, reference points, decision control rules, monitoring methods, management measures etc, ...
.... in addition to specifying clearly the roles, rights and responsibilities of the fishery management authority and any other interested parties.
see e.g. FAO, 1997; Die, 2002
Sections 2.3 and 2.4
Phase I
Where are you now?
Phase II
Where do you want to be?
Phase III
How are you going to get there?
Time
Phase IV
How will you know you are there?
Plan
Do
ReviewNew plan
Do
ReviewNew plan
etc
Process for developing a management plan
See new guidebooks from FMSP project R8468
Summary of the management plan
Purpose Goals Objectives Management Standards
Management Measures
Indicator Reference Point
Management Measures
Decision Control Rules
Biological
Ecological
Social
Economic
How to quantify the goals and objectives
How to achieve the goals and objectives
Phase II
Where do you want to be?
Phase III
How are you going to get there?
Summary – elements of the fishery system
ContextLegal regimeApproach to uncertainty – precautionary, adaptive or bothManagement scope (single species, multi-species or ecosystem) and geographic areaControl rights (co-management, decision making and stakeholder roles)Allocation of use rights in the fishery (access to fishing, or rights to catches)Fishery scale – industrial or artisanal, economically important?
PolicyGoals and operational objectives (biological, economic, social, ecological)
Management ProcessDecision control rule framework – conceptual and precautionary reference pointsTechnical reference points and indicators to be used, stock assessment
methodologies and tools, and the data requiredHarvesting strategy and management measures
See Part 1 summary tables