Fisheries management; problems - solutions Sarah B. M. Kraak University College Cork Marine...
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Transcript of Fisheries management; problems - solutions Sarah B. M. Kraak University College Cork Marine...
Fisheries management;problems - solutions
Sarah B. M. Kraak
University College CorkMarine Institute
Ireland
Problems in fisheries management
Fig. from Fulton et al. 2011. Human behaviour: the key source of uncertainty in fisheries management. Fish & Fisheries.
• The regulations are viewed by the fishers as opposing rather than supporting their interests and this manifests itself as a reduced compliance to ‘the letter’ as well as ‘the spirit’ of the regulations.
• sustainability
Solon (Athenian statesman and lawmaker, c. 638 BC–558 BC).
He was challenged by the problem how his countrymen’s greed could be kept
within bounds by means of laws.
He resolved that he should frame his laws in such a way as to make it to
everybody’s advantage to follow them to the letter and the spirit.
‘perverse’ incentives
• By-catch limits / catch composition rules as percentage:
– E.g. a lower cod percentage may be achieved by increasing the catches of other species … promoting use of smaller mesh gears…
‘perverse’ incentives
• Landings quota rather than catch quota (discarding is legal):
– discarding of overquota catch in mixed demersal fisheries.
Fishing effort
Species A
Species B
TAC or quota
TAC or quota
Fishing effort
Species A
Species B
TAC or quota
TAC or quota
Fishing effort
Species A
Species B
TAC or quota
TAC or quota
Fig. modified from Ulrich et al. 2011. Reconciling single-species TACs in the North Sea demersal fisheries using the Fcube mixed-fisheries advice framework. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Real Time Incentives (RTI)
• Each vessel gets an (annual) quota of RTI credits;– RTI-credits or RTIs can be seen as fishing-impact
equivalents
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Real Time Incentives
The fisher is free to fish where and when he wants, given the tariffs…
No catch/landingsQUOTA
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Real Time Incentives
0.1 RTI 0.5 RTI 1 RTI 2 RTIs 5 RTIs Closed
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Discards of vulnerable sharks and rays/skates
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Discards of vulnerable sharks and rays/skates
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Real Time Incentives
• RTI system does not prescribe and forbid
• allows fishers to fish wherever and whenever they want
• ‘costs’ internalized and have to be ‘paid’ by the fishers (in ‘reduced fishing opportunities’)
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Real Time
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Advantage• Costs of ‘overfishing’ and other costs to ecosystem
are internalized: fishers have to take them into account in their business decisions– no perverse incentives
Kraak et al. 2012. 21st century fisheries management: A spatiotemporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science