Fisher Regulator Handbook - Technical - ACD AmericaK - 1 K The Technical Reference section includes...

K - 1

KK

The Technical Reference section includes articles coveringregulator theory, sizing, selection, overpressure protection,noise, freezing, and other topics relating to regulators. Thissection begins with the basic theory of a regulator and endswith conversion tables and other informative charts. If there’ssomething you need to know about a regulator that’s notcovered in this section, please contact your Fisher SalesRepresentative or contact your nearest Fisher Sales Office.

INLET PRESSURELOADING PRESSUREOUTLET PRESSUREATMOSPHERICA PRESSURE

Technical

KK

Straight Stem Style Direct-Operated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2Lever Style Direct-Operated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3Loading Style (Two-Path Control) Pilot-Operated . . . . . K-4Unloading Style Pilot-Operated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-5

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6Types of Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6

Direct-Operated (Self-Operated) Regulators . . . . . . K-6Pilot-Operated Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6

Specific Regulator Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6Pressure Reducing Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-7Backpressure Regulators and Relief Valves . . . . . . K-7Pressure Switching Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-7Vacuum Regulators and Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-7

Pressure Reducing Regulator Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-8Backpressure Regulator Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-10Relief Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-10

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-11Regulator Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-11Essential Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-11

Restricting Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Measuring Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Loading Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12

Regulator Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Increasing Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Decreasing Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Weights versus Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12Spring Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13Equilibrium with a Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13

Spring as Loading Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13Throttling Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13Regulator Operation and P2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14

Regulator Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14Setpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14Droop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14Lockup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14

Spring Rate and Regulator Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15Spring Rate and Droop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15Effect on Plug Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15Light Spring Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15

Diaphragm Area and Regulator Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . K-15Restricting Element and Regulator Performance . . . . . K-16

Critical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-16Orifice Size and Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-16Orifice Size and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Orifice Size, Lockup, and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Orifice Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Increasing P1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17

Factors Affecting Regulator Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Performance Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17

Design Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17Improving Regulator Accuracy with a Pitot Tube K-17Decreased Droop (Boost) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-18

Improving Performance with a Lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-18

Pilot-Operated Regulator Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Regulator Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Identifying Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Setpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Spring Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Pilot Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19

Gain and Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-19Restrictions, Response Time, and Gain . . . . . . . . . K-20

Loading and Unloading Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-20Two-Path Control (Loading Design) . . . . . . . . . . . K-20Two-Path Control Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-20Unloading Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Unloading Control Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21

Performance Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Lockup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21

Two-Path Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21Unloading Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-23

K-i

Technical

KK

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-24The Fisher Regulator Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-24

Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-24The Role of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-24

Sizing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-24General Sizing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25

Body Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Pressure Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Wide-Open Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Outlet Pressure Ranges and Springs . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Inlet Pressure Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Orifice Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Speed of Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Turn-Down Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25

Sizing Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25Problem 1: Industrial Plant Gas Supply . . . . . . . . K-26Problem 2: Steam Space Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-26Problem 3: High Pressure Water Supply . . . . . . . . K-27Problem 4: Corrosive Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-28

Methods of Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-29Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-29Monitoring Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-30Working Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-30Series Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-30Shutoff Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-31Relief Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-31Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-32

Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33Maximum Pressure Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33

Downstream Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33Main Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33

Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34

Pressure Buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34Periodic Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34

Cost versus Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34Installation and Maintenance Considerations . . . K-34

Pop Type Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-34Typical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-35

Direct-Operated Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-35Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-35Product Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-36Pitot Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-36Typical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-36

Pilot-Operated Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-36Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-37Product Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-37Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-37Typical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-37

Internal Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-38Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-38Product Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-38Performance and Typical Applications . . . . . . . . . K-38

Selection and Sizing Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39Maximum Allowable Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39Regulator Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39Maximum Allowable System Pressure . . . . . . . . . . K-39Determining Required Relief Valve Flow . . . . . . . . K-39Determine Constant Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39

Selecting Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-40Regulator Lockup Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-40Applicable Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-40

Sizing and Selection Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-40

Series Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-42Upstream Wide-Open Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-42Downstream Wide-Open Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-43Upstream Versus Downstream Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . K-43Working Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-43Sizing Monitor Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-44

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-45Sizing for Liquid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-45

Viscosity Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-45

K-ii

Technical

KK

Predicting Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-47Predicting Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-47Flashing and Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-47Choked Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-48

Sizing for Gas or Steam Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-51Universal Gas Sizing Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-51General Adaptation for Steam and Vapors . . . . . . K-52Equation Form for Steam Below 1000 psig . . . . . . K-52

Vacuum Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-54Vacuum Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-54Vacuum Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-54

Vacuum Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-54Vacuum Breakers (Relief Valves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-55Vacuum Regulator Installation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . K-56Vacuum Breaker Installation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-57Gas Blanketing in Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-59Features of Fisher’s Vacuum Regulators and Breakers K-59

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-60Reducing Freezing Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-60

Heat the Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-60Antifreeze Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-60Equipment Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-61System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-61Water Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-61

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-61

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-62Elastomers: Chemical Names and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . K-62General Properties of Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-63Fluid Compatibility of Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-64Compatibility of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-65

!" #$%&

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-67The Basics of Sulfide Stress Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-68

Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-69Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-69

Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-69Nonferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70

Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70Stress Relieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70Composition Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-71

Regulators Rated for Low Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . K-73Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-73Low Temperature Fisher Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-73

'

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-74Economic Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-74Environmental Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-74Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-75Corrosion Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-75

Regulator Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-76

()(

Pressure Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-78Pressure Conversion - Pounds per Square Inch

(PSI) to Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-78Volume Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-78Volume Rate Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-79Mass Conversion—Pounds to Kilograms . . . . . . . . . . K-79Temperature Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-79Area Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-79Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . K-79Conversion Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-80Other Useful Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-80Converting Volumes of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-80Fractional Inches to Millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-81Length Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-81Whole Inch-Millimeter Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-81Metric Prefixes and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-81Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-81

K-iii

Technical

KK

Length Equivalents - Fractional and DecimalInches to Millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-82

Temperature Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-83A.P.I. and Baumé Gravity Tables and Weight Factors . . K-86Characteristics of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-87Recommended Standard Specifications for Valve

Materials Pressure-Containing Castings . . . . K-88Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-91Physical Constants of Various Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-92Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-94Properties of Saturated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-94Properties of Saturated Steam—Metric Units . . . . . . . K-97Properties of Superheated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-98Determine Velocity of Steam in Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-101Recommended Steam Pipe Line Velocities . . . . . . . . . K-101Typical Condensation Rates in Insulated Pipes . . . . . K-101Typical Condensation Rates without Insulation . . . . K-101Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipes . . . . K-102Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipes . . . . . . K-104Average Properties of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-106Orifice Capacities for Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-106Standard Domestic Propane Tank Specifications . . . . K-106Approximate Vaporization Capacities of

Propane Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-106Pipe and Tubing Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-107

Vapor Pressures of Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-107Converting Volumes of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-107BTU Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-107Capacities of Spuds and Orifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-108Kinematic Viscosity - Centistokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-111Specific Gravity of Typical Fluids vs.

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-112Effect of Inlet Swage On Critical Flow

Cg Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-113ANSI Face-To-Face Dimensions for

Flanged Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-114Seat Leakage Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-114Class VI Seat Leakage Allowable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-114Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Valve Bodies . . . . K-115Diameter of Bolt Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-116Wear and Galling Resistance Chart of Material

Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-117Equivalent Lengths of Pipe Fittings and Valves . . . . K-117Pipe Data: Carbon and Alloy Steel—Stainless Steel . K-118American Pipe Flange Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-120DIN Cast Steel Flange Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-120DIN Standards - DIN Cast Steel Valve Ratings . . . . . K-121Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-122Standard Twist Drill Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-122

K-iv

Technical

K - 2

KK

Type 95H

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

ADJUSTING SCREW

LOCKNUT

SPRING SEAT

SPRING CASE

DIAPHRAGM HEAD

PITOT TUBE

ORIFICE

PLUG GUIDE

VALVE PLUG SPRING

PLUG

STEM

Technical

K - 3

KK

BODY

ADJUSTING SCREW

DIAPHRAGM HEAD

STEM

ORIFICE

SPRING

LEVERVALVE DISC

PUSHER POST

DIAPHRAGM

VENT

Type Y690A

Technical

K - 4

KK

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE


TRAVEL INDICATOR

CONTROL LINE

1098 ACTUATOR

PILOT

SUPPLY PRESSURE

INLINE FILTER

BALANCED EGR TRIM

!"#

Type 1098-EGR

Technical

K - 5

KK

Type EZR

2RUN

STA

RT

46

8

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE


TYPE 161EB PILOT

TYPE 252 PILOTSUPPLY FILTER

TYPE 112RESTRICTOR

Technical

K - 6

KK

Instrument engineers agree that the simpler a system is the better it is,as long as it provides adequate control. In general, regulators aresimpler devices than control valves. Regulators are self-contained, self-operated control devices which use energy from the controlled systemto operate whereas control valves require external power sources,transmitting instruments, and control instruments.

This section describes the various types of regulators. All regulators fitinto one of the following two categories:

1. Direct-Operated (also called Self-Operated)

2. Pilot-Operated

!" #

Direct-operated regulators are widely used where outlet pressure is lessthan 1 psig (0,069 bar) and as a first-stage rough cut for higher outletpressures. This 10 to 20 percent change is typical, although finer controlcan be achieved depending on the specific application requirements.

In operation, a direct-operated, pressure reducing regulator senses thedownstream pressure through either internal pressure registration or anexternal control line. This downstream pressure opposes a spring whichmoves the diaphragm and valve plug to change the size of the flow paththrough the regulator.

Pilot-operated regulators are preferred for high flow rates or whereprecise pressure control is required. A popular type of pilot-operatedsystem uses two-path control. In two-path control, the main valvediaphragm responds quickly to downstream pressure changes, causingan immediate correction in the main valve plug position. At the sametime, the pilot diaphragm diverts some of the reduced inlet pressure tothe other side of the main valve diaphragm to control the final position-ing of the main valve plug. Two-path control results in fast response.

Figure 1. Type 627 Direct-Operated Regulatorand Operational Schematic

Figure 2. Type 1098-EGR Pilot-Operated Regulatorand Operational Schematic

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE


Within the broad categories of direct-operated and pilot-operatedregulators fall virtually all of the general regulator designs, including:

• Pressure reducing regulators

• Backpressure regulators

• Pressure relief valves

• Pressure switching regulators

• Vacuum regulators and breakers

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE


Technical

K - 7

KK

VACUUM BEING

CONTROLLED

HIGHER

VACUUM SOURCEVACUUM

PUMP

A pressure reducing regulator maintains a desired reduced outletpressure while providing the required fluid flow to satisfy a downstreamdemand. The pressure which the regulator maintains is the outletpressure setting (setpoint) of the regulator.

Three-way switching valves direct inlet pressure from one outlet portto another whenever the sensed pressure exceeds or drops below apreset limit.

$% &'

Vacuum regulators and vacuum breakers are devices used to controlvacuum. A vacuum regulator maintains a constant vacuum at theregulator inlet with a higher vacuum connected to the outlet. Duringoperation, a vacuum regulator remains closed until a vacuum decrease (arise in absolute pressure) exceeds the spring setting and opens the valvedisk. A vacuum breaker prevents a vacuum from exceeding a specifiedvalue. During operation, a vacuum breaker remains closed until anincrease in vacuum (a decrease in absolute pressure) exceeds the springsetting and opens the valve disk.

Figure 3. Type 63-EG Backpressure Regulator/Relief Valveand Operational Schematic

Figure 4. Type Y690VB Vacuum Breaker andType Y695VR Vacuum Regulator Operational Schematics

&' "$(

A backpressure regulator maintains a desired upstream pressure byvarying the flow in response to changes in upstream pressure. Apressure relief valve limits pressure buildup (prevents overpressure) atits location in a pressure system. The relief valve opens to prevent arise of internal pressure in excess of a specified value. The pressure atwhich the relief valve begins to open pressure is the relief pressuresetting.

Relief valves and backpressure regulators are the same devices. Thename is determined by the application. Fisher relief valves are notASME safety relief valves.

)* $(

Pressure switching valves are used in pneumatic logic systems. Thesevalves are for either two-way or three-way switching. Two wayswitching valves are used for on/off service in pneumatic systems.

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE


VACUUM REGULATOR COLOR KEY

VACUUM BREAKER COLOR KEY

VACUUM

BEING LIMITED

VACUUM

PUMP

INLET PRESSURE

CONTROL PRESSURE (VACUUM)


ATMOSPHERE ORPOSITIVE PRESSURE

INLET PRESSURE



Technical

K - 8

KK

This section describes the procedure normally used to select regulatorsfor various applications. For most applications, there is generally a widechoice of regulators that will accomplish the required function. Thevendor and the customer, working together, have the task of decidingwhich of the available regulators is best suited for the job at hand. Theselection procedure is essentially a process of elimination wherein theanswers to a series of questions narrow the choice down to a specificregulator.

To begin the selection procedure, it’s necessary to define what theregulator is going to do. In other words, what is the control application?The answer to this question will determine the general type of regulatorrequired, such as:

• Pressure reducing regulators

• Backpressure regulators

• Pressure relief valves

• Vacuum regulators

• Vacuum breaker

The selection criteria used in selecting each of these general regulatortypes is described in greater detail in the following subsections.

The majority of applications require a pressure reducing regulator.Assuming the application calls for a pressure reducing regulator, thefollowing parameters must be determined:

• Outlet pressure to be maintained

• Inlet pressure to the regulator

• Capacity required

• Shutoff capability required

• Process fluid

• Process fluid temperature

• Accuracy required

• Pipe size required

• End connection style

• Material requirements

• Control lines

• Stroking speed

• Overpressure protection

+,

For a pressure reducing regulator, the first parameter to determine is therequired outlet pressure. When the outlet pressure is known, it helpsdetermine:

• Spring requirements

• Casing pressure rating

• Body outlet rating

• Orifice rating and size

• Regulator size

"*

The next parameter is the inlet pressure. The inlet pressure (minimumand maximum) determines the:

• Pressure rating for the body inlet

• Orifice pressure rating and size

• Main spring (in a pilot-operated regulator)

• Regulator size

If the inlet pressure varies significantly, it can have an effect on:

• Accuracy of the controlled pressure

• Capacity of the regulator

• Regulator style (two-stage or unloading)

-.

The required flow capacity influences the following decisions:

• Size of the regulator

• Orifice size

• Style of regulator (direct-operated or pilot-operated)

*"" +-

The required shutoff capability determines the type of disk material:

• Standard disk materials are nitrile and neoprene, these materialsprovide the tightest shutoff.

• Other materials, such as nylon, teflon (TFE), fluoroelastomer(FKM), and ethylenepropylene (EPDM), are used when standardmaterial cannot be used; but, these usually do not shut off as tight.

• Metal disks are used in high temperatures and when elastomers arenot compatible with the process fluid; however, tight shutoff istypically not achieved.

Technical

K - 9

KK

Each process fluid has its own set of unique characteristics in terms ofits chemical composition, corrosive properties, impurities, flammabil-ity, hazardous nature, toxic effect, explosive limits, and molecularstructure. In some cases special care must be taken to select the propermaterials that will come in contact with the process fluid.

%

Fluid temperature may determine the materials used in the regulator.Standard regulators use nitrile or neoprene elastomers that are good for atemperature range of -20° to 180°F (-29° to 82°C). Temperatures aboveand below this range may require special materials, such as stainlesssteel, ethylenepropylene (EPDM), or perfluoroelastomer (FFKM).

-.

The accuracy requirement of the process determines the acceptabledroop (also called proportional band or offset). Regulators fall into thefollowing groups as far as droop is concerned:

• Rough cut group. This group generally includes many first-stagerough cut direct-operated regulators. This group usually has thehighest amount of droop; however, some designs are very accurate,especially the low-pressure gas or air types, such as house serviceregulators, which incorporate a relatively large diaphragm casing.

• Close control group. This group usually includes pilot-operatedregulators. They provide high accuracy over a large range of flows.

Applications that require close control include these examples:

• Burner control where the fuel/air ratio is critical to burnerefficiency and the gas pressure has a significant effect onthe fuel/air ratio

• Metering devices, such as gas meters, which require constantinput pressures to ensure accurate measurement

/.

If the pipe size is known, it gives the specifier of a new regulator a moredefined starting point. If, after making an initial selection of a regulator,the regulator is larger than the pipe size, it usually means that an error hasbeen made either in selecting the pipe size or the regulator, or indetermining the original parameters (such as pressure or flow) requiredfor regulator selection. In many cases, the outlet piping needs to be largerthan the regulator for the regulator to reach full capacity.

-

In general, the following end connections are available for the indicatedregulator sizes:

• NPT screwed or socket weld: 2-inch (DN 50) and smaller

• Butt weld: 1-inch (DN 25) and larger

• Flanged: 1-inch (DN 25) and larger

Note: Not all end connections are available for all regulators.

.,

The regulator construction materials are generally dictated by theapplication. Standard materials are:

• Aluminum

• Cast iron or ductile iron

• Steel

• Bronze and brass

• Stainless steel

Special materials required by the process can have an effect on the typeof regulator that can be used. Oxygen service, for example, requiresspecial materials, and requires that no oil or grease be in the regulator.

For pressure registration, control lines are connected downstream of apressure reducing regulator, and upstream of a backpressure regulator.Typically large direct-operated regulators have external control lines,while small direct-operated regulators have internal registration instead ofa control line. Most pilot-operated regulators have external control lines,but this should be confirmed for each regulator type considered.

'

Stroking speed is often an important selection criteria. Direct-operatedregulators are very fast, while pilot-operated regulators are slightlyslower. Both types are faster than most control valves. When speed iscritical, techniques can be used to decrease stroking time.

(

The need for overpressure protection should always be considered.Overpressure protection is generally provided by an external relief valve,or in some regulators, by an internal relief valve. For some regulators,

Technical

K - 10

KK

internal relief is an option that you must choose at the time of pur-chase. The capacity of internal relief is usually limited in comparisonwith a separate relief valve.

%

When a regulator is being selected to replace an existing regulator, theexisting regulator can provide the following information:

• Style of regulator

• Size of regulator

• Type number of the regulator

• Special requirements for the regulator, such as downstream pressuresensing through a control line versus internal pressure registration

The price of a regulator is only a part of the cost of ownership.Additional costs include installation and maintenance. In selecting aregulator, you should consider all of the costs that will accrue over thelife of the regulator. The regulator with a low initial cost may not be themost economical in the long run. For example, a direct-operatedregulator is generally less expensive, but a pilot-operated regulator mayprovide more capacity per dollar. To illustrate, a 2-inch (DN 50) pilot-operated regulator can have the same capacity and a lower price than a3-inch (DN 80), direct-operated regulator.

Figure 5. Backpressure Regulator/Relief Valve Applications

MAIN VALVE

VENT VALVE B

BLOCK VALVE A

MAIN PRESSURE LINE

NONRESTRICTIVEVENTS AND PIPING

ALTERNATE PILOTEXHAUST PIPING

PILOT

CONTROL LINE

Relief Pressure Control at Relief Valve Inlet

MAIN VALVE

VENT VALVE B

BLOCK VALVE A

MAIN PRESSURE LINE

NONRESTRICTIVEVENTS AND PIPING


PILOT

CONTROL LINE

EQUALIZINGVALVE C

HAND VALVE D

Relief Pressure Control at Main Line

BLOCK VALVE AVENT VALVE B

MAIN VALVE

VENT VALVE D


VENT VALVE C

PILOTCONTROLLINE

Backpressure Control

&0

Backpressure regulators control the inlet pressure rather than the outletpressure. The selection criteria for a backpressure regulator is exactlythe same as for a pressure reducing regulator.

$$

An external relief valve is a form of backpressure regulator. A reliefvalve opens when the inlet pressure exceeds a set value. Relief isgenerally to atmosphere. The selection criteria is the same as for apressure reducing regulator.

Technical

K - 11

KK

Pressure regulators have become very familiar items over the years,and nearly everyone has grown accustomed to seeing them in factories,public buildings, by the roadside, and even on the outside of their ownhomes. As is frequently the case with such familiar items, we have atendency to take them for granted. It’s only when a problem develops,or when we are selecting a regulator for a new application, that weneed to look more deeply into the fundamentals of the regulator’soperation.

Regulators provide a means of controlling the flow of a gas or otherfluid supply to downstream processes or customers. An ideal regulatorwould supply downstream demand while keeping downstreampressure constant; however, the mechanics of direct-operated regulatorconstruction are such that there will always be some deviation (droopor offset) in downstream pressure.

The service regulator mounted on the meter outside virtually everyhome serves as an example. As appliances such as a furnace or stovecall for the flow of more gas, the service regulator responds bydelivering the required flow. As this happens, the pressure should beheld constant. This is important because the gas meter, which is thecash register of the system, is often calibrated for a given pressure.

Direct-operated regulators have many commercial and residential uses.Typical applications include industrial, commercial, and domestic gasservice, instrument air supply, and a broad range of applications inindustrial processes.

Regulators automatically adjust flow to meet downstream demand.Before regulators were invented, someone had to watch a pressuregauge for pressure drops which signaled an increase in downstreamdemand. When the downstream pressure decreased, more flow wasrequired. The operator then opened the regulating valve until the gaugepressure increased, showing that downstream demand was being met.

Direct-operated regulators have three essential elements:

• A restricting element—a valve, disk, or plug

• A measuring element—generally a diaphragm

• A loading element—generally a spring

MEASURINGELEMENT

Figure 1. Direct-Operated Regulators

TYPE 630

TYPE S250 TYPE S400

!

A pressure reducing regulator must satisfy a downstream demand whilemaintaining the system pressure within certain acceptable limits. Whenthe flow rate is low, the regulator plug or disk approaches its seat andrestricts the flow. When demand increases, the plug or disk moves awayfrom its seat, creating a larger opening and increased flow. Ideally, aregulator should provide a constant downstream pressure whiledelivering the required flow.

Figure 2. Three Essential Elements

WEIGHT(LOADINGELEMENT)

RESTRICTINGELEMENT

Technical

K - 12

KK

"

The regulator’s restricting element is generally a disk or plug that canbe positioned fully open, fully closed, or somewhere in between tocontrol the amount of flow. When fully closed, the disk or plug seatstightly against the valve orifice or seat ring to shut off flow.

"

The measuring element is usually a flexible diaphragm that sensesdownstream pressure (P2). The diaphragm moves as pressure beneathit changes. The restricting element is often attached to the diaphragmwith a stem so that when the diaphragm moves, so does the restrictingelement.

"

A weight or spring acts as the loading element. The loading elementcounterbalances downstream pressure (P2). The amount of unbalancebetween the loading element and the measuring element determines theposition of the restricting element. Therefore, we can adjust the desiredamount of flow through the regulator, or setpoint, by varying the load.Some of the first direct-operated regulators used weights as loadingelements. Most modern regulators use springs.

To examine how the regulator works, let’s consider these values for adirect-operated regulator installation:

• Upstream Pressure (P1) = 100 psig

• Downstream Pressure (P2) = 10 psig

• Pressure Drop Across the Regulator (P) = 90 psi

• Diaphragm Area (AD) = 10 square inches

• Loading Weight = 100 pounds

Let’s examine a regulator in equilibrium as shown in Figure 3. Thepressure acting against the diaphragm creates a force acting up to100 pounds.

Diaphragm Force (FD) = Pressure (P2) x Area of Diaphragm (AD)or

FD = 10 psig x 10 square inches = 100 pounds

The 100-pound weight acts down with a force of 100 pounds, so all theopposing forces are equal, and the regulator plug remains stationary.

"

If the downstream demand increases, P2 will drop. The pressure on thediaphragm drops, allowing the regulator to open further. Suppose inour example P2 drops to 9 psig. The force acting up then equals 90pounds (9 psig x 10 square inches = 90 pounds). Because of theunbalance of the measuring element and the loading element, therestricting element will move to allow passage of more flow.

"

If the downstream demand for flow decreases, downstream pressureincreases. In our example, suppose P2 increases to 11 psig. The forceacting up against the weight becomes 110 pounds (11 psig x 10 squareinches = 110 pounds). In this case, unbalance causes the restrictingelement to move up to pass less flow or lockup.

#$%

One of the problems with weight-loaded systems is that they are slowto respond. So if downstream pressure changes rapidly, our weight-loaded regulator may not be able to keep up. Always behind, it may

At Equilibrium

Figure 3. Elements

100 LBAREA = 10 IN2

P2 = 10 PSIGP1 = 10 PSIG

FW = 100 LB

FD = 100 LB

FD = (P2 x AD) = (10 PSIG)(10 IN2) = 100 LB

Open

100 LBAREA = 10 IN2


FW = 100 LB

FD = 90 LB

FD = (P2 x AD) = (9 PSIG)(10 IN2) = 90 LB

Technical

K - 13

KK

become unstable and cycle—continuously going from the fully open tothe fully closed position. There are other problems. Since the amount ofweight controls regulator setpoint, the regulator is not easy to adjust.The weight will always have to be on top of the diaphragm. So, let’sconsider using a spring. By using a spring instead of a weight, regulatorstability increases because a spring has inertia.

We choose a spring for a regulator by its spring rate (K). K representsthe amount of force necessary to compress the spring one inch. Forexample, a spring with a rate of 100 pounds per inch needs 100 poundsof force to compress it one inch, 200 pounds of force to compress ittwo inches, and so on.

&'"($

Instead of a weight, let’s substitute a spring with a rate of 100 poundsper inch. And, with the regulator’s spring adjustor, we’ll wind in one inchof compression to provide a spring force (FS) of 100 pounds. Thisamount of compression of the regulator spring determines setpoint, orthe downstream pressure that we want to hold constant. By adjustingthe initial spring compression, we change the spring loading force, so P2will be at a different value in order to balance the spring force.

Now the spring acts down with a force of 100 pounds, and the down-stream pressure acts up against the diaphragm producing a force of 100pounds (FD = P2 x AD). Under these conditions the regulator hasachieved equilibrium; that is, the plug or disk is holding a fixed position.

By using a spring instead of a fixed weight, we gain better control andstability in the regulator. The regulator will now be less likely to gofully open or fully closed for any change in downstream pressure (P2).In effect, the spring acts like a multitude of different weights.

$)"

Assume we still want to maintain 10 psig downstream. Consider whathappens now when downstream demand increases and pressure P2drops to 9 psig. The diaphragm force (FD) acting up is now 90 pounds.

FD = P2 x AD

FD = 9 psig x 10 in2

FD = 90 pounds

We can also determine how much the spring will move (extend) whichwill also tell us how much the disk will travel. To keep the regulator inequilibrium, the spring must produce a force (FS) equal to the force ofthe diaphragm. The formula for determining spring force (FS) is:

FS = (K)(X)

where K = spring rate in pounds/inch and X = travel or compressionin inches.

We know FS is 90 pounds and K is 100 pounds/inch, so we can solvefor X with:

X = FS ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ KX = 90 pounds ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ 100 pounds/inchX = 0.9 inch

The spring, and therefore the disk, has moved down 1/10-inch, allowingmore flow to pass through the regulator body.

AREA = 10 IN2

P1 = 10 PSIG

Spring as Element

At Equilibrium

FS = FDFS = (K)(X)

FD = (P2)(AD)

FS

FD

(TO KEEP DIAPHRAGMFROM MOVING)FD = (10 PSIG)(102) = 100 LB

FS = (100LB/IN)(X) = 100 LBX = 1-INCH COMPRESSION

FS = 90 LB

FD = 90 LB

P1 = 100 PSIG P2 = 9 PSIG

0.1-INCH

Figure 4. Spring as Element

Figure 5. Plug Travel

Technical

K - 14

KK

*

Now we see the irony in this regulator design. We recall that thepurpose of an ideal regulator is to match downstream demand whilekeeping P2 constant. But for this regulator design to increase flow, theremust be a change in P2.

+

We can check the performance of any regulating system by examiningits characteristics. Most of these characteristics can be best describedusing pressure versus flow curves as shown in Figure 6.

"

We can plot the performance of an ideal regulator such that no matterhow the demand changes, our regulator will match that demand (withinits capacity limits) with no change in the downstream pressure (P2).This straight line performance becomes the standard against which wecan measure the performance of a real regulator.

The constant pressure desired is represented by the setpoint. But noregulator is ideal. The downward sloping line on the diagram representspressure (P2) plotted as a function of flow for an actual direct-operatedregulator. The setpoint is determined by the initial compression of theregulator spring. By adjusting the initial spring compression you changethe spring loading force, so P2 will be at a different value in order tobalance the spring force. This establishes setpoint.

Droop, proportional band, and offset are terms used to describe thephenomenon of P2 dropping below setpoint as flow increases. Droop isthe amount of deviation from setpoint at a given flow, expressed as apercentage of setpoint. This “droop” curve is important to a userbecause it indicates regulating (useful) capacity.

,

Capacities published by regulator manufacturers are given for differentamounts of droop. Let’s see why this is important.

Let’s say that for our original problem, with the regulator set at 10 psig,our process requires 200 scfh (standard cubic feet per hour) with nomore than a 1 psig drop in setpoint. We need to keep the pressure at orabove 9 psig because we have a low limit safety switch set at 9 psigthat will shut the system down if pressure falls below this point.Figure 6 illustrates the performance of a regulator that can do the job.And, if we can allow the downstream pressure to drop below 9 psig,the regulator can allow even more flow.

The capacities of a regulator published by manufacturers are generallygiven for 10 percent droop and 20 percent droop. In our example, thiswould relate to flow at 9 psig and at 8 psig.

,

The accuracy of a regulator is determined by the amount of flow it canpass for a given amount of droop. The closer the regulator is to the idealregulator curve (setpoint), the more accurate it is.

-

Lockup is the pressure above setpoint that is required to shut theregulator off tight. In many regulators, the orifice has a knife edge whilethe disk is a soft material. Some extra pressure, P2, is required to forcethe soft disk into the knife edge to make a tight seal. The amount ofextra pressure required is lockup pressure. Lockup pressure may beimportant for a number of reasons. Consider the example above where alow pressure limit switch would shut down the system if P2 fell below9 psig. Now consider the same system with a high pressure safety cutout switch set a 10.5 psig. Because our regulator has a lockup pressureof 11 psig, the high limit switch will shut the system down before theregulator can establish tight shutoff. Obviously, we’ll want to select aregulator with a lower lockup pressure.

Figure 6. Typical Performance Curve

As the flow rate approaches zero, P2 increases steeply. Lockup is the term appliedto the value of P2 at zero flow.

LOCKUP

SETPOINT

DROOP(OFFSET)

WIDE-OPEN

P2

FLOW

Technical

K - 15

KK

.

Using our initial problem as an example, let’s say we now need theregulator to flow 300 scfh at a droop of 10 percent from our originalsetpoint of 10 psig. Ten percent of 10 psig = 1 psig, so P2 cannot dropbelow 10 - 1, or 9 psig. Our present regulator would not be accurateenough. For our regulator to pass 300 scfh, P2 will have to drop to 8psig, or 20% droop.

One way to make our regulator more accurate is to change to a lighterspring rate. To see how spring rate affects regulator accuracy, let’sreturn to our original example. We first tried a spring with a rate of 100pounds/inch. Let’s substitute one with a rate of 50 pounds/inch. Tokeep the regulator in equilibrium, we’ll have to initially adjust thespring to balance the 100 pound force produced by P2 acting on thediaphragm. Recall how we calculate spring force:

FS = K (spring rate) x X (compression)

Knowing that FS must equal 100 pounds and K = 50 pounds/inch, wecan solve for X, or spring compression, with:

X = FS ÷÷÷÷÷ K, or X = 2 inches

So, we must wind in 2-inches of initial spring compression to balancediaphragm force, FD.

%

We saw before that with a spring rate of 100 pounds/inch, when P2dropped from 10 to 9 psig, the spring relaxed (and the valve disktraveled) 0.1 inch. Now let’s solve for the amount of disk travel withthe lighter spring rate of 50 pounds per inch. The force produced by thediaphragm is still 90 pounds.

FD = P2 x AD

To maintain equilibrium, the spring must also produce a force of 90pounds. Recall the formula that determines spring force:

FS = (K)(X)

Because we know FS must equal 90 pounds and our spring rate (K) is50 pounds/inch, we can solve for compression (X) with:

X = FS ÷÷÷÷÷ K

X = 90 pounds ÷÷÷÷÷ 50 pounds/inchX = 1.8-inches

To establish setpoint, we originally compressed this spring 2 inches.Now it has relaxed so that it is only compressed 1.8 inches, a change of0.2 inch. So with a spring rate of 50 pounds/inch, the regulatorresponded to a 1 psig drop in P2 by opening twice as far as it did with aspring rate of 100 pounds/inch. Therefore, our regulator is now moreaccurate because it has greater capacity for the same change in P2. Inother words, it has less droop or offset. Using this example, it is easyto see how capacity and accuracy are related and how they are relatedto spring rate.

$

Experience has shown that choosing the lightest available spring ratewill provide the most accuracy (least droop). For example, a springwith a range of 35 to 100 psig is more accurate than a spring with arange of 90 to 200 psig. If you want to set your regulator at 100 psig,the 35 to 100 psig spring will provide better accuracy.

"

While a lighter spring can reduce droop and improve accuracy, using toolight a spring can cause instability problems. Fortunately, most of thework in spring selection is done by regulator manufacturers. Theydetermine spring rates that will provide good performance for a givenregulator, and publish these rates along with other sizing information.

/ .

$"

Until this point, we have assumed the diaphragm area to be constant. Inpractice, the diaphragm area changes with travel. We’re interested inthis changing area because it has a major influence on accuracy anddroop.

Diaphragms have convolutions in them so that they are flexible enoughto move over a rated travel range. As they change position, they alsochange shape because of the pressure applied to them. Consider theexample shown in Figure 7. As downstream pressure (P2) drops, thediaphragm moves down. As it moves down, it changes shape anddiaphragm area increases because the centers of the convolutionsbecome further apart. The larger diaphragm area magnifies the effect ofP2 so even less P2 is required to hold the diaphragm in place. This iscalled diaphragm effect. The result is decreased accuracy becauseincremental changes in P2 do not result in corresponding changes inspring compression or disk position.

Technical

K - 16

KK

$"

To better understand the effects of changing diaphragm area, let’scalculate the forces in the exaggerated example given in Figure 7. First,assume that the regulator is in equilibrium with a downstream pressureP2 of 10 psig. Also assume that the area of the diaphragm in thisposition is 10 square inches. The diaphragm force (FD) is:

FD = (P2)(AD)FD = (10 psi) (10 square inches)FD = 100 pounds

Now assume that downstream pressure drops to 9 psig signaling theneed for increased flow. As the diaphragm moves, its area increases to11 square inches. The diaphragm force now produced is:

FD = (9 psi) (11 square inches)FD = 99 pounds

The change in diaphragm area increases the regulator’s droop. While it’simportant to note that diaphragm effect contributes to droop, dia-phragm sizes are generally determined by manufacturers for differentregulator types, so there is rarely a user option.

$"0%,

Also of interest is the fact that increasing diaphragm size can result inincreased sensitivity. A larger diaphragm area will produce more forcefor a given change in P2. Therefore, larger diaphragms are often usedwhen measuring small changes in low-pressure applications. Serviceregulators used in domestic gas service are an example.

SETPOINT

WIDE-OPEN

FLOW

P2

Figure 8. Critical Flow

+

+(

While changing the orifice size can increase capacity, a regulator canpass only so much flow for a given orifice size and inlet pressure, nomatter how much we improve the unit’s accuracy. As you can see inFigure 8, after the regulator is wide-open, reducing P2 does not result inhigher flow. This area of the flow curve identifies critical flow. Toincrease the amount of flow through the regulator, the flowing fluidmust pass at higher and higher velocities. But, the fluid can only go sofast. Holding P1 constant while deceasing P2, flow approaches amaximum which is the speed of sound in that particular gas, or its sonicvelocity. Sonic velocity depends on the inlet pressure and temperaturefor the flowing fluid. Critical flow is generally anticipated whendownstream pressure (P2) approaches a value that is less than or equalto one-half of inlet pressure, P1.

0,

One way to increase capacity is to increase the size of the orifice. Thevariable flow area between disk and orifice depends directly on orificediameter. Therefore, the disk will not have to travel as far with a largerorifice to establish the required regulator flow rate, and droop isreduced. Sonic velocity is still a limiting factor, but the flow rate atsonic velocity is greater because more gas is passing through thelarger orifice.

Stated another way, a given change in P2 will produce a larger change inflow rate with a larger orifice than it would with a smaller orifice.However, there are definite limits to the size of orifice that can be used.Too large an orifice makes the regulator more sensitive to fluctuatinginlet pressures. If the regulator is overly sensitive, it will have atendency to become unstable and cycle.

Figure 7. Changing Diaphragm Area

DIAPHRAGM EFFECT ON DROOP

A = 10 IN2

FD1

A = 11 IN2

FD2

WHEN P2 DROPS TO 9

FD = P2 x A

FD1 = 10 x 10 = 100 LB

FD2 = 9 x 11 = 99 LB

CRITICAL FLOW

Technical

K - 17

KK

0',

One condition that results from an oversized orifice is known as the“bathtub stopper” effect. As the disk gets very close to the orifice, theforces of fluid flow tend to slam the disk into the orifice and shut offflow. Downstream pressure drops and the disk opens. This causes theregulator to cycle—open, closed, open, closed. By selecting a smallerorifice, the disk will operate farther away from the orifice so theregulator will be more stable.

01-1#

A larger orifice size also requires a higher shutoff pressure, or lockuppressure. In addition, an oversized orifice usually produces faster wearon the valve disk and orifice because it controls flow with the disk nearthe seat. This wear is accelerated with high flow rates and when there isdirt or other erosive material in the flowstream.

Experience indicates that using the smallest possible orifice is generallythe best rule-of-thumb for proper control and stability.

2

Regulator capacity can be increased by increasing inlet pressure (P1).

+++ .

As we have seen, the design elements of a regulator—the spring,diaphragm, and orifice size—can affect its accuracy. Some of theseinherent limits can be overcome with changes to the regulator design.

""

The three curves in Figure 9 summarize the effects of spring rate,diaphragm area, and orifice size on the shape of the controlled pressure-flow rate curve. Curve A is a reference curve representing a typicalregulator. Curve B represents the improved performance from eitherincreasing diaphragm area or decreasing spring rate. Curve C representsthe effect of increasing orifice size. Note that increased orifice size alsooffers higher flow capabilities. But remember that too large an orificesize can produce problems that will negate any gains in capacity.

,

The sine wave in Figure 10 might be what we see if we increaseregulator sensitivity beyond certain limits. The sine wave indicatesinstability and cycling.

Figure 9. Increased Sensitivity

3

All direct-operated regulators have performance limits that result fromdroop. Some regulators are available with features designed to overcomeor minimize these limits.

"%,($'

In addition to the changes we can make to diaphragm area, spring rate,orifice size, and inlet pressure, we can also improve regulator accuracyby adding a pitot tube. Internal to the regulator, the pitot tube connectsthe diaphragm casing with a low-pressure, high velocity region withinthe regulator body. The pressure at this area will be lower than P2further downstream. By using a pitot tube to measure the lowerpressure, the regulator will make more dramatic changes in response toany change in P2. In other words, the pitot tube tricks the regulator,causing it to respond more than it would otherwise.

Figure 10. Cycling

SETPOINT

AB

C

FLOW

P2

SETPOINT

TIME

P2

FLOW INCREASED

Technical

K - 18

KK

")"

For example, we’ll establish setpoint by placing a gauge downstreamand adjusting spring compression until the gauge reads 10 psig for P2.Because of the pitot tube, the regulator may actually be sensing a lowerpressure. When P2 drops from 10 psig to 9 psig, the pressure sensedby the pitot tube may drop from 8 psig to 6 psig. Therefore, theregulator opens further than it would if it were sensing actual down-stream pressure.

"%"($%

The lever style regulator is a variation of the simple direct-operatedregulator. It operates in the same manner, except that it uses a lever togain mechanical advantage and provide a high shutoff force.

In earlier discussions, we noted that the use of a larger diaphragm canresult in increased sensitivity. This is because any change in P2 willresult in a larger change in diaphragm force. The same result is obtainedby using a lever to multiply the force produced by the diaphragm asshown in Figure 13.

The main advantage of lever designs is that they provide increased forcefor lockup without the extra cost, size, and weight associated withlarger diaphragms, diaphragm casings, and associated parts.

Figure 11. Pitot Tube


SENSE PRESSURE HERE

4!5

The pitot tube offers one chief advantage for regulator accuracy, itdecreases droop. As we see in Figure 12, the diaphragm pressure, PD,must drop just as low with a pitot tube as without to move the disk farenough to supply the required flow. But the solid curve shows that P2does not decrease as much as it did without a pitot tube. In fact, P2may increase. This is called boost instead of droop. So the use of apitot tube, or similar device, can dramatically improve droop character-istics of a regulator.

Figure 12. Performance with Pitot Tube

PRESSURE

SETPOINTP2

PD

FLOW

Figure 13. Lever Style Regulator

PIVOT POINT

P2 = DOWNSTREAM PRESSUREPD = PRESSURE UNDER DIAPHRAGM

Technical

K - 19

KK

In the evolution of pressure regulator designs, the shortcomings of thedirect-operated regulator naturally led to attempts to improve accuracyand capacity. A logical next step in regulator design is to use what weknow about regulator operation to explore a method of increasingsensitivity that will improve all of the performance criteria discussed.

Analysis of pilot-operated regulators can be simplified by viewingthem as two independent regulators connected together. The smaller ofthe two is generally the pilot.

We may think of the pilot as the “brains” of the system. Setpointand many performance variables are determined by the pilot. Itsenses P2 directly and will continue to make changes in PL on themain regulator until the system is in equilibrium. The main regulatoris the “muscle” of the system, and may be used to control large flowsand pressures.

Notice that the pilot uses a spring-open action as found in direct-operated regulators. The main regulator, shown in Figure 1, uses aspring-close action. The spring, rather than loading pressure, is used toachieve shutoff. Increasing PL from the pilot onto the main diaphragmopens the main regulator.

!

Because the pilot is the controlling device, many of the performancecriteria we have discussed apply to the pilot. For example, droop isdetermined mainly by the pilot. By using very small pilot orifices andlight springs, droop can be made small. Because of reduced droop, wewill have greater usable capacity. Pilot lockup determines the lockupcharacteristics for the system. The main regulator spring provides tightshutoff whenever the pilot is locked up.

"""

#

While increased gain (sensitivity) is often considered an advantage, italso increases the gain of the entire pressure regulator system. If thesystem gain is too high, it may become unstable. In other words, theregulator may tend to oscillate; over-reacting by continuously openingand closing. Pilot gain can be modified to tune the regulator to thesystem. To provide a means for changing gain, every pilot-operatedregulator system contains both a fixed and a variable restriction. Therelative size of one restriction compared to the other can be varied tochange gain and speed of response.

To improve the sensitivity of our regulator, we would like to be able tosense P2 and then somehow make a change in loading pressure (PL) thatis greater than the change in P2. To accomplish this, we can use a devicecalled a pilot, or pressure amplifier.

The major function of the pilot is to increase regulator sensitivity. If wecan sense a change in P2 and translate it into a larger change in PL, ourregulator will be more responsive (sensitive) to changes in demand. Inaddition, we can significantly reduce droop so its effect on accuracy andcapacity is minimized.

The amount of amplification supplied by the pilot is called “gain.” Toillustrate, a pilot with a gain of 20 will multiply the effect of a 1 psichange on the main diaphragm by 20. For example, a decrease in P2opens the pilot to increase PL 20 times as much.

Figure 1. Pilot-Operated Regulator

MAINREGULATOR

UPSTREAM PRESSURE, P1

DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE, P2

LOADING PRESSURE, PL


PILOTREGULATOR

Technical

K - 20

KK

"""""

A loading pilot-operated design (Figure 2), also called two-pathcontrol, is so named because the action of the pilot loads PL onto themain regulator measuring element. The variable restriction, or pilotorifice, opens to increase PL.

An unloading pilot-operated design (Figure 3) is so named because theaction of the pilot unloads PL from the main regulator.

PILOTFLOW

PILOTFLOW

P2

P1

PL

VARIABLERESTRICTION

SMALLERFIXEDRESTRICTION

LARGERFIXED

RESTRICTION

VARIABLERESTRICTION

P2

P1

PL

P2 P2

TO M

AIN

RE

GU

LATO

R

TO M

AIN

RE

GU

LATO

R

Figure 2. Fixed Restrictions and Gain(Used on Two-Path Control Systems)

Figure 3. Unloading Systems

$%$

Consider the example shown in Figure 2 with a small fixed restriction.Decreasing P2 will result in pressure PL increasing. Increasing P2 willresult in a decrease in PL while PL bleeds out through the small fixedrestriction.

If a larger fixed restriction is used with a variable restriction, the gain(sensitivity) is reduced. A larger decrease in P2 is required to increasePL to the desired level because of the larger fixed restriction.

& ' ()

In two-path control systems (Figure 4), the pilot is piped so that P2 isregistered on the pilot diaphragm and on the main regulator diaphragmat the same time. When downstream demand is constant, P2 positionsthe pilot diaphragm so that flow through the pilot will keep P2 and PLon the main regulator diaphragm. When P2 changes, the force on top ofthe main regulator diaphragm and on the bottom of the pilot diaphragmchanges. As P2 acts on the main diaphragm, it begins repositioning themain valve plug. This immediate reaction to changes in P2 tends tomake two-path designs faster than other pilot-operated regulators.Simultaneously, P2 acting on the pilot diaphragm repositions the pilotvalve and changes PL on the main regulator diaphragm. This adjust-ment to PL accurately positions the main regulator valve plug. PL onthe main regulator diaphragm bleeds through a fixed restriction until theforces on both sides are in equilibrium. At that point, flow through theregulator valve matches the downstream demand.

& ' !

The primary advantages of two-path control are speed and accuracy.These systems may limit droop to less than one percent. They arewell suited to systems with requirements for high accuracy, largecapacity, and a wide range of pressures.

PILOTFLOW

FIXEDRESTRICTION

VARIABLERESTRICTION

P2P1

PL P2

TO M

AIN

RE

GU

LATO

R

Figure 4. Two-Path Control

VARIABLERESTRICTION

FLOW

FIXED RESTRICTION





Technical

K - 21

KK

Unloading systems (Figure 5) locate the pilot so that P2 acts only onthe pilot diaphragm. P1 constantly loads under the regulator diaphragmand has access to the top of the diaphragm through a fixed restriction.

When downstream demand is constant, the pilot valve is open enoughthat PL holds the position of the main regulator diaphragm. Whendownstream demand changes, P2 changes and the pilot diaphragmreacts accordingly. The pilot valve adjusts PL to reposition and holdthe main regulator diaphragm.

!

Unloading systems are not quite as fast as two-path systems, and theycan require higher differential pressures to operate. However, they aresimple and more economical, especially in large regulators. Unloadingcontrol is used with popular elastomer diaphragm style regulators.These regulators use a flexible membrane to throttle flow.

*+"++,

Because of their high gain, pilot-operated regulators are extremelyaccurate. Droop for a direct-operated regulator may be in the range of10 to 20 percent whereas pilot-operated regulators are between oneand three percent with values under one percent possible.

Pilot-operated designs provide high capacity for two reasons. First, wehave shown that capacity is related to droop. And because droop canbe made very small by using a pilot, capacity is increased. In addition,the pilot becomes the “brains” of the system and controls a larger,sometimes much larger, main regulator. This also allows increased flowcapabilities.

-

The lockup characteristics for a pilot-operated regulator are the lockupcharacteristics of the pilot. Therefore, with small orifices, lockuppressures can be small.

Pilot-operated regulators should be considered whenever accuracy,capacity, and/or high pressure are important selection criteria. Theycan often be applied to high capacity services with greater economythan a control valve and actuator with controller.

./"

In some designs (Figure 7), the pilot and main regulator are separatecomponents. In others (Figure 8), the system is integrated into asingle package. All, however, follow the basic design conceptsdiscussed earlier.

DO

WN

ST

RE

AM

PR

ES

SU

RE

(P

2)

HIGH CAPACITY

FLOW RATE

MINIMALDROOP

Figure 6. Pilot-Operated Regulator Performance Figure 5. Unloading Control

FIXEDRESTRICTION

MAIN REGULATORDIAPHRAGM





Technical

K - 22

KK

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE


LOADING PRESSURE

Figure 8. Type 99, Typical Two-Path Controlwith Integrally Mounted Pilot

0123

The schematic in Figure 7 illustrates the Type 1098-EGR regulator’soperation. It can be viewed as a model for all two-path, pilot-operatedregulators. The pilot is simply a sensitive direct-operated regulator usedto send loading pressure to the main regulator diaphragm.

Identify the inlet pressure (P1). Find the downstream pressure (P2).Follow it to where it opposes the loading pressure on the mainregulator diaphragm. Then, trace P2 back to where it opposes thecontrol spring in the pilot. Finally, locate the route of P2 between thepilot and the regulator diaphragm.

Changes in P2 register on the pilot and main regulator diaphragms atthe same time. As P2 acts on the main diaphragm, it begins reposition-ing the main valve plug. Simultaneously, P2 acting on the pilotdiaphragm repositions the pilot valve and changes PL on the mainregulator diaphragm. This adjustment in PL accurately positions themain regulator valve plug.

As downstream demand is met, P2 rises. Because P2 acts directly onboth the pilot and main regulator diaphragms, this design provides fastresponse.

22

The schematic in Figure 8 illustrates another typical two-path controldesign, the Type 99. The difference between the Type 1098-EGR andthe Type 99 is the integrally mounted pilot of the Type 99.

The pilot diaphragm measures P2. When P2 falls below the pilotsetpoint, the diaphragm moves away from the pilot orifice and allowsloading pressure to increase. This loads the top of the main regulatordiaphragm and strokes the main regulator valve open further.

Figure 7. Type 1098-EGR, Typical Two-Path Control

INLET PRESSURE

OUTLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE


, P1, P2

, PL

, P1, P2

, PL

Technical

K - 23

KK

2RU

N

STA

R

T

46

8

"""

Unloading designs incorporate a molded composition diaphragm thatserves as the combined loading and restricting component of the mainregulator. Full upstream pressure (P1) is used to load the regulatordiaphragm when it is seated. The Type 399A shown in Figure 9incorporates an elastomeric valve closure member.

Unloading regulator designs are slower than two-path controlsystems because the pilot must first react to changes in P2 beforethe main regulator valve moves. Recall that in two-path designs, thepilot and main regulator diaphragms react simultaneously.

P1 passes through a fixed restriction and fills the space above theregulator diaphragm. This fixed restriction may be adjusted toincrease or decrease regulator gain. P1 also fills the cavity below theregulator diaphragm. Because the surface area on the top side of thediaphragm is larger than the area exposed to P1 below, the diaphragmis forced down against the cage to close the regulator.

When downstream demand increases, the pilot opens. When thepilot opens, regulator loading pressure escapes downstream muchfaster than P1 can bleed through the fixed restriction. As pressureabove the regulator diaphragm decreases, P1 forces the diaphragmaway from its seat.

When downstream demand is reduced, P2 increases until it’s highenough to compress the pilot spring and close the pilot valve. Asthe pilot valve closes, P1 continues to pass through the fixedrestriction and flows into the area above the main regulatordiaphragm. This loading pressure, PL, forces the diaphragm backtoward the cage, reducing flow through the regulator.

Figure 9. Type 399A, Typical Elastomer Element Design

INLET PRESSURE, P1

OUTLET PRESSURE, P2


Technical

K - 24

KK

Those who are new to the regulator selection and sizing process areoften overwhelmed by the sheer number of regulator types availableand the seemingly endless lists of specifications in manufacturer’sliterature. This handbook is designed to assist you in selecting aregulator that fits your application’s specific needs.

!

While it may seem obvious, the first step is to consider the applicationitself. Some applications immediately point to a group of regulatorsdesigned specifically for that type of service. The Fisher RegulatorHandbook is divided into applications sections to help identifyregulators that are designed for specific applications. Within eachsection there is an Application Map, Quick Selection Guide, anApplication Guide, and Product Pages. The Application Map showssome of the common applications and the regulators that are used inthose applications. The Quick Selection Guide lists the regulators byapplication, and provides important selection information about eachregulator. The Application Guide explains the applications covered inthe section and it also explains many of the application considerations.The Product Pages provide specific details about the regulators that aresuitable for the applications covered in the section. To begin selectinga regulator, turn to the Quick Selection Guide in the appropriateapplication section.

"#

Quick Selection Guides identify the regulators with the appropriatepressure ratings, outlet pressure ranges, and capacities. These guidesquickly narrow the range of potentially appropriate regulators. Thechoices identified by using a Quick Selection Guide can be narrowedfurther by using the Product Pages to find more information about eachof the regulators.

Identifying the regulators that can pass the required flow narrows thepossible choices further. When evaluating flow requirements, considerthe minimum inlet pressure and maximum flow requirements. Again,this worst case combination ensures that the regulator can pass therequired flow under all anticipated conditions.

After one or more regulators have been identified as potentiallysuitable for the service conditions, consult specific Product Pages tocheck regulator specifications and capabilities. The application

requirements are compared to regulator specifications to narrow therange of appropriate selections. The following specifications can beevaluated in the Product Pages:

• Product description and available sizes

• Maximum inlet and outlet pressures (operating and emergency)

• Outlet pressure ranges

• Flow capacity

• End connection styles

• Regulator construction materials

• Accuracy

• Pressure registration (internal or external)

• Temperature capabilities

After comparing the regulator capabilities with the applicationrequirements, the choices can be narrowed to one or a few regulators.Final selection may depend upon other factors including specialrequirements, availability, price, and individual preference.

$%&

Finally, evaluate any special considerations, such as the need forexternal control lines, special construction materials, or internaloverpressure protection. While overpressure protection may beconsidered during sizing and selection, it is not covered in this section.

'()$

Experience in the form of knowing what has worked in the past, andfamiliarity with specific products, has great value in regulator sizingand selection. Knowing the regulator performance characteristicsrequired for a specific application simplifies the process. For example,when fast speed of response is required, a direct-operated regulatormay come to mind; or a pilot-operated regulator with an auxiliary, largecapacity pilot to speed changes in loading pressure.

*"

Sizing equations are useful when sizing pilot-operated regulators andrelief valves. They can also be used to calculate the wide-open flow ofdirect-operated regulators. Use the capacity tables or curves in thishandbook when sizing direct-operated regulators and relief/backpressure regulators. The sizing equations are in the Valve SizingCalculations section.

Technical

K - 25

KK

*

The following are intended to serve only as guidelines when sizingpressure reducing regulators. When sizing any regulator, consult withexperienced personnel or the regulator manufacturer for additionalguidance and information relating to specific applications.

+

Regulator body size should never be larger than the pipe size.However, a properly sized regulator may be smaller than the pipeline.

Be certain that the regulator is available in materials that are compatiblewith the controlled fluid and the temperatures used. Also, be sure thatthe regulator is available with the desired end connections.

While regulators are sized using minimum inlet pressures to ensure thatthey can provide full capacity under all conditions, pay particularattention to the maximum inlet and outlet pressure ratings.

,-$.

The capacity of a regulator when it has failed wide-open is usuallygreater than the regulating capacity. For that reason, use the regulatingcapacities when sizing regulators, and the wide-open flow rates onlywhen sizing relief valves.

$

If two or more available springs have published outlet pressure rangesthat include the desired pressure setting, use the spring with the lowerrange for better accuracy. Also, it is not necessary to attempt to stayin the middle of a spring range, it is acceptable to use the full publishedoutlet pressure range without sacrificing spring performance or life.

+

Of course, the need for accuracy must be evaluated. Accuracy isgenerally expressed as droop, or the reduction of outlet pressureexperienced as the flow rate increases. It is stated in percent, inches

of water column, or pounds per square inch. It indicates the differencebetween the outlet pressure at low flow rates and the outlet pressureat the published maximum flow rate. Droop is also called offset orproportional band.

The regulator inlet pressure used for sizing should be measureddirectly at the regulator inlet. Measurements made at any distanceupstream from the regulator are suspect because line loss can signifi-cantly reduce the actual inlet pressure to the regulator. If the regulatorinlet pressure is given as a system pressure upstream, some compensa-tion should be considered. Also, remember that downstream pressurealways changes to some extent when inlet pressure changes.

(&

The recommended selection for orifice size is the smallest diameterthat will handle the flow. This can benefit operation in several ways:instability and premature wear may be avoided, relief valves may besmaller, and lockup pressures may be reduced.

$($

Direct-operated regulators generally have faster response to quick flowchanges than pilot-operated regulators.

-.

Within reasonable limits, most soft-seated regulators can maintainpressure down to zero flow. Therefore, a regulator sized for a highflow rate will usually have a turndown ratio sufficient to handlepilot-light sized loads during periods of low demand.

*/

Regulator selection and sizing generally requires some subjectiveevaluation and decision making. For those with little experience, thebest way to learn is through example. Therefore, these exercisespresent selection and sizing problems for practicing the process ofidentifying suitable regulators.

Technical

K - 26

KK

0120

In this exercise, we need to select and size a regulator controlling steamto a space heater used to heat an area of a plant. The applicationparameters are:

• Inlet pressure, P1 = 125 psig

• Outlet pressure setting, P2 = 10 psig

• Flow, Q = 500 pounds per hour (pph)

• Droop = 20% or less

"#

Turn to the Steam section. Find the Pressure Reducing RegulatorQuick Selection Guide. From the Quick Selection Guide, we find thatthere are three possible choices:

• 95L Series

• Type 92C

• 95H Series

Under the product number on the Quick Selection Guide is the pagenumber of the Product Page. Look at the flow capacities of each of thepossible choices. From the Product Pages we found the following:

• By looking at the Type 95L capacity table, we find that in therequired outlet pressure range there is not a listed flow capacity. Wewill have to interpolate the flow capacity using the 100 and 200 inletpressure flow capacities, 440 and 600 pph. The interpolated flowcapacity is 480 pph. The following steps were used to find theinterpolated flow capacity:

Q = 95,000 SCFH

P2 = 1 PSIG

GA

S SU

PPLY

= 3

0-40

PSI

G

METER

INDUSTRIAL PLANT

Figure 1. Natural Gas Supply

032 4

Our first problem is to select a regulator to supply reduced pressurenatural gas to meet the needs of a small industrial plant. The regulatedgas is metered before entering the plant. The selection parameters are:

• Minimum inlet pressure, P1min = 30 psig

• Maximum inlet pressure, P1max = 40 psig

• Outlet pressure setting, P2 = 1 psig

• Flow, Q = 95,000 scfh

• Accuracy, droop = 10% or less

"#

Turn to the Natural Gas section. Find the Commercial/IndustrialQuick Selection Guide. From the Quick Selection Guide, we find thatthere are three possible choices:

• Type 133

• Type 1098-EGR

• Type 99

Under the product number on the Quick Selection Guide is the pagenumber of the Product Page. Look at the flow capacities of each of thepossible choices. From the Product Pages we found the following:

• At 30 psig inlet pressure and 10% droop, the Type 133 has aflow capacity of 90,000 scfh. This regulator does not meet therequired flow capacity.

• At 30 psig inlet pressure, the Type 1098-EGR has a flowcapacity of 131,000 scfh. By looking at the Proportional Band(Droop) table, we see that the Type 6352 pilot with the yellow pilotspring and the green main valve has 0.05 psig droop. This regulatormeets the selection criteria.

• At 30 psig inlet pressure, The Type 99 has a flow capacity of39,000 scfh. This regulator does not meet the required flow capacity.

We find that the Type 1098-EGR meets the selection criteria.

Technical

K - 27

KK

1. Subtract the 100 psig capacity from the 200 psig capacity

600 - 440 = 160

2. Divide the difference by the number of steps from 100 to 200

160 ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ 4 = 40

3. Add the result to the lower capacity

440 + 40 = 480

Inlet Pressure, psig Interpolated Capacities, pph100 440125 480150 520175 580200 600

The interpolated capacities show that the Type 95L does not meet theflow capacity requirement of this application; however, it is so closethat it may prove worthwhile to examine the actual flow capacityrequirements of the application.

• From the capacity tables we find that a 1/2-inch Type 92C with10% droop has a flow capacity of 550 pph at 100 psig and 600 pph at150 psig. By interpolating, we find that the flow capacity at 125 psigwould be 575 pph. This regulator meets the required specifications ofthe application.

• Looking at the Type 95H capacity tables we find that a 1-1/2 or2-inch body would meet the required application specifications.

For this application, all of the possible selections may be suitable.The final selection will depend upon the actual flow requirements ofthe system and other factors, such as the price and availability of theregulators, regulator type and construction, process conditions, andpersonal preference.

052 , 4

For this exercise we want to select a regulator to control a highpressure water supply to a water-powered hydraulic system. Theapplication parameters are:

• Inlet pressure, P1 = 600 psig

• Outlet pressure, P2 = 400 psig

• Flow, Q = 20 gallons per minute (gpm)

"#

Turn to the Liquid section. Find the Pressure Reducing RegulatorQuick Selection Guide. From the Quick Selection Guide, we find thatthere are two possible choices:

• 95H Series

• 627W Series

Under the product number on the Quick Selection Guide is the pagenumber of the Product Page. Look at the flow capacities of each of thepossible choices. From the Product Pages we find the following:

• From looking at the specifications and maximum pressures of the95H Series, we find that the Type 95HP meets the application’spressure parameters. Looking at the Type 95HP capacity tables, wefind that a 1/2-inch body has a flow capacity of 22 gpm at 20% droopand a 3/4-inch body has a flow capacity of 33 gpm at 10% droop.This regulator is available in two sizes that meet the applicationspecifications.

• By looking at the specifications on the first page of the 627WSeries, we see that the Type 627WH provides the desired outletpressure. Using the Type 627WH capacity table, we see that the 1-inch body at 500 psig inlet pressure has a flow capacity of 19 gpm andwith 750 psig inlet pressure the flow capacity is 27 gpm. Byinterpolating, we find that at 400 psig inlet pressure this regulator willflow at 21 gpm. This regulator meets the application specifications.

We can see that both of these regulators meet the requirements of theapplication. In this case, the final selection will depend upon otherfactors including special requirements, availability, price, individualpreference, and installation and maintenance considerations.

STEAM SPACEHEATER

Q = 500 POUNDS PER HOUR

P2 = 10 PSIG

STEA

M L

INE

P1

= 12

5 PS

IG

Figure 2. One Steam Space Heater

Technical

K - 28

KK

0627

In this exercise, we will select a regulator for a low-pressure gassystem. This is corrosive gas that requires Hastelloy C wetted metalparts and ethylenepropylene (EPDM) or teflon (TFE or PTFE)elastomer parts. The application parameters are:

• Minimum inlet pressure = 60 psig

• Maximum inlet pressure = 125 psig

• Outlet pressure = 7-inches w.c.

• Flow, Q = 200 SCFH

• Specific Gravity = 0.9 at 60°F

"#

Turn to the Process Gases section. We go to the Process Gasessection because this application requires special materials. Find thePressure Reducing Regulators Quick Selection Guide. From the QuickSelection Guide, we find that the following regulators meet thepressure and flow requirements:

• Y690 Series

• Type Y692

• Type 1098-EGR

• Type 99

However, we need to make sure these regulators are available in thematerials that this application requires. There is a Material Availabil-ity Chart as part of the Application Guide. This chart allows you toquickly identify the regulators that are available in the materialsrequired for your application.

By looking at this chart, we find that two of the regulators meet theapplication’s material requirements:

• Type Y690

• Type Y692

Under the product number on the Quick Selection Guide is the pagenumber of the Product Page. Look at the flow capacities of each of thepossible choices. The capacities in this section are shown in scfh of air(1.0 specific gravity at 60°F). We need to keep in mind that thespecific gravity of the gas affects the regulator’s flow capacity.Because the specific gravity of the gas in this application is onlyslightly lower than the specific gravity of air, it should not signifi-cantly affect the flow capacity; however, when there is a largerdifference you will need to make the necessary flow rate conversions.From the Product Pages we found the following:

• The Y690 Series Construction Materials table shows that theregulator body and diaphragm case are available in Hastelloy C and theelastomeric parts are available in ethylenepropylene (EPDM) andPTFE (teflon). From the Maximum Operating Inlet Pressure table, wefind that there are two spring ranges that provide the desired outletpressure and we need to use a 1/8-inch orifice to meet our inletpressure specification. Next, we check the Capacity tables to makesure this regulator meets our flow requirements. The first outletpressure range, found in the Type Y690 Capacities table, does notshown an outlet pressure setting of 7-inches w.c. For now, we willmove on to the next outlet pressure range shown in the Type Y690Hand Y690M Capacities for 3/4-inch Body table. We see that thisregulator meets our flow requirements at both the maximum andminimum inlet pressures.

• By looking at the specifications of the Type Y692, we see thatthis regulator is only available in 1-1/2 and 2-inch bodies. Thisregulator more than meets our requirements; however, it would beoversized for this application.

In this case, the best choice for our application is the Type Y690.

Technical

K - 29

KK

Overpressure protective devices are of vital concern. Safety codes andcurrent laws require their installation each time a pressure reducingstation is installed that supplies gas from any system to anothersystem with a lower maximum allowable operating pressure.

The most commonly used methods of overpressure protection, notnecessarily in order of use or importance, include:

• Relief Valves (Figure 1)

• Monitors (Figures 2 and 3)

• Series Regulation (Figure 4)

• Shutoff (Figure 5)

The pop type relief valve is the simplest form of relief. Pop reliefvalves tend to go wide-open once the pressure has exceeded its setpoint by a small margin. The setpoint can drift over time, and becauseof its quick opening characteristic the pop relief can sometimes becomeunstable when relieving, slamming open and closed. Many have a non-adjustable setpoint that is set and pinned at the factory.

If more accuracy is required from a relief valve, the direct-operatedrelief valve would be the next choice. They can throttle better than apop relief valve, and tend to be more stable, yet are still relatively simple.Although there is less drift in the setpoint of the direct-operated reliefvalve, a significant amount of buildup is often required to obtain therequired capacity.

The pilot-operated relief valves have the most accuracy, but are alsothe most complicated and expensive type of relief. They use a pilot todump loading pressure, fully stroking the main valve with very littlebuildup above setpoint. They have a large capacity and are available inlarger sizes than other types of relief.

Many times, internal relief will provide adequate protection for adownstream system. Internal relief uses a relief valve built into theregulator for protection. If the pressure builds too far above thesetpoint of the regulator, the relief valve in the regulator opens up,allowing excess pressure to escape through the regulator vent.

The relief valve is considered to be the most reliable type of overpres-sure protection because it is not subject to blockage by foreign objects inthe line during normal operations. It also imposes no decrease in theregulator capacity which it is protecting, and it has the added advan-tage of being its own alarm when it vents. It is normally reasonable incost and keeps the customer in service despite the malfunction of thepressure reducing valve.

When the relief valve blows, it could possibly create a hazard in thesurrounding area by venting. The relief valve must be sized carefullyto relieve the gas or fluid that could flow through the pressure reducingvalve at its maximum inlet pressure and in the wide-open position,assuming no flow to the downstream. Therefore, each applicationmust be sized individually. The requirement for periodic testing ofrelief valves also creates an operational and/or public relationsproblem.

Figure 1. Relief Valve Schematic

!!

A relief valve is a device that vents process fluid to atmosphere tomaintain the pressure downstream of the regulator below the safemaximum pressure. Relief is a common form of overpressureprotection typically used for low to medium capacity applications.(Note: Fisher relief valves are not ASME safety relief valves.)

"#$ #$

The basic types of relief valves are:

• Pop type

• Direct-operated relief valves

• Pilot-operated relief valves

• Internal relief valves

Technical

K - 30

KK

%%!

Monitoring is overpressure control by containment. When theworking pressure reducing valve ceases to control the pressure, asecond regulator installed in series, which has been sensing thedownstream pressure, goes into operation to maintain the downstreampressure at a slightly higher than normal pressure. The monitoringconcept is gaining in popularity, especially in low-pressure systems,because very accurate relay pilots permit reasonably close settings ofthe working and monitoring regulators.

The two types of wide-open monitoring are upstream and downstreammonitoring. One question often asked is, “Which is better, upstreamor downstream monitoring?” Using two identical regulators, there isno difference in overall capacity with either method.

When using monitors to protect a system or customer who may attimes have zero load, a small relief valve is sometimes installeddownstream of the monitor system with a setpoint just above themonitor. This allows for a token relief in case dust or dirt in thesystem prevents bubble tight shutoff of the regulators.

The major advantage is that there is no venting to atmosphere. Duringan overpressure situation, monitoring keeps the customer on line andkeeps the downstream pressure relatively close to the setpoint of theworking regulator. Testing is relatively easy and safe. To perform aperiodic test on a monitor, increase the outlet set pressure of theworking device and watch the pressure to determine if the monitortakes over.

Compared to relief valves, monitoring generally requires a higher initialinvestment. Monitoring regulators are subject to blocking, which iswhy filters or strainers are specified with increasing frequency.Because the monitor is in series, it is an added restriction in the line.This extra restriction can sometimes force one to use a larger, moreexpensive working regulator.

&'%

A variation of monitoring overpressure protection that overcomessome of the disadvantages of a wide-open monitor is the “workingmonitor” concept wherein a regulator upstream of the workingregulator uses two pilots. This additional pilot permits the monitoringregulator to act as a series regulator to control an intermediate pressureduring normal operation. In this way, both units are always operatingand can be easily checked for proper operation. Should the down-stream pressure regulator fail to control, however, the monitoring pilottakes over the control at a slightly higher than normal pressure andkeeps the customer on line. This is pressure control by containmentand eliminates public relations problems.

Figure 3. Working Monitor Schematic

Figure 4. Series Regulation Schematic

Figure 2. Monitoring Regulators Schematic

Another disadvantage related to monitoring installations is that there isno way of knowing for certain that a stand-by wide-open monitor willwork if required. In many cases, the monitor will be examined morefrequently than other forms of overpressure protection.

%!

Series regulation is also overpressure protection by containment in thattwo regulators are set in the same pipeline. The first unit maintains aninlet pressure to the second valve that is within the maximumallowable operating pressure of the downstream system. Under thissetup, if either regulator should fail, the resulting downstream pressuremaintained by the other regulator would not exceed the safe maximumpressure.

This type of protection is normally used where the regulator station isreducing gas to a pressure substantially below the maximum allowable

Technical

K - 31

KK

operating pressure of the distribution system being supplied. Seriesregulation is also found frequently in farm taps and in similar situa-tions within the guidelines mentioned above.

Again, nothing is vented to atmosphere.

Because the intermediate pressure must be cut down to a pressure thatis safe for the entire downstream, the second-stage regulator often hasvery little pressure differential available to create flow. This cansometimes make it necessary to increase the size of the secondregulator significantly. Another drawback occurs when the first-stageregulator fails and no change in the final downstream pressure is noticedbecause the system operates in what appears to be a “normal” mannerwithout benefit of protection. Also, the first-stage regulator andintermediate piping must be capable of withstanding and containingmaximum upstream pressure.

The second-stage regulator must also be capable of handling the fullinlet pressure in case the first-stage unit fails to operate. In case thesecond-stage regulator fails, its actuator will be subjected to theintermediate pressure set by the first-stage unit. The second-stageactuator pressure ratings should reflect this possibility.

By shutting off the customer completely, the safety of the down-stream system is assured. Again, there is no public relations problemor hazard from venting gas or other media.

The customer may be shut off because debris has temporarily lodgedunder the seat of the operating regulator, preventing tight shutoff. Asmall relief valve can take care of this situation.

On a distribution system with a single supply, using a slam-shut canrequire two trips to each customer, the first to shut off the servicevalve, and the second visit after the system pressure has been restoredto turn the service valve back on and re-light the appliances. In theevent a shutoff is employed on a service line supplying a customerwith processes such as baking, melting metals, or glass making, thepotential economic loss could dictate the use of an overpressureprotection device that would keep the customer online.

Another problem associated with shutoffs is encountered when the gaswarms up under no-load conditions. For instance, a regulator locked upat approximately 7-inches w.c. could experience a pressure rise ofapproximately 0.8-inches w.c. per degree Fahrenheit rise, which couldcause the high-pressure shutoff to trip when there is actually noequipment failure.

Figure 5. Shutoff SchematicFigure 6. Relief Monitor Schematic

The shutoff device also accomplishes overpressure protection bycontainment. In this case, the customer is shut off completely until thecause of the malfunction is determined and the device is manually reset.Many gas distribution companies use this as an added measure ofprotection for places of public assembly such as schools, hospitals,churches, and shopping centers. In those cases, the shutoff device is asecondary form of overpressure protection. Shutoff valves are alsocommonly used by boiler manufacturers in combustion systems.

!

Another concept in overpressure protection for small industrial andcommercial loads, up to approximately 10,000 cubic feet per hour,incorporates both an internal relief valve and a monitor. In this device,the relief capacity is purposely restricted to prevent excess venting ofgas in order to bring the monitor into operation more quickly. The netresult is that the downstream pressure is protected, in some cases to lessthan 1 psig. The amount of gas vented under maximum inlet pressureconditions does not exceed the amount vented by a domestic relieftype service regulator.

Technical

K - 32

KK

With this concept, the limitation by regulator manufacturers of inletpressure by orifice size, as is found in “full relief” devices, is over-come. Downstream protection is maintained, even with abnormallyhigh inlet pressure. Public relations problems are kept to a minimumby the small amount of vented gas. Also, the unit does not requiremanual resetting, but can go back into operation automatically.

Dust or dirt can clear itself off the seat, but if the obstruction to thedisk closing still exists when the load goes on, the customer would bekept online. When the load goes off, the downstream pressure willagain be protected. During normal operation, the monitoring portionof the relief monitor is designed to move slightly with minor fluctua-tions in downstream pressure or flow.

(

From the foregoing discussion, it becomes obvious that there are manydesign philosophies available and many choices of equipment to meetoverpressure protection requirements. Also, assume the overpressure

device will be called upon to operate sometime after it is installed. Theoverall design must include an analysis of the conditions created whenthe protection device operates.

The accompanying table shows:

• What happens when the various types of overpressure protec-tion devices operate

• The type of reaction required

• The effect upon the customer or the public

• Some technical conditions

These are the general characteristics of the various types of safetydevices. From the conditions and results shown, it is easier to decidewhich type of overpressure equipment best meets your needs.Undoubtedly, compromises will have to be made between theconditions shown here and any others which may govern youroperating parameters.

noitcetorPerusserprevOfosepyT

SNOITSEUQECNAMROFREP FEILERGNIKROWROTINOM

ROTINOMSEIRES

NOITALUGERFFOTUHS

FEILERROTINOM

?enilnonoitacilppaspeeK SEY SEY SEY SEY ON SEY

?erehpsomtaotgnitneV SEY ON ON ON ON RONIM

?noitareporetfaderiuqergnitteserlaunaM ON ON ON ON SEY ON

?rotalugerfoyticapacsecudeR ON SEY SEY SEY ON ON

?noitarepolamrongnirudgnikrowyltnatsnoC ON SEY ON SEY ON SEY

?noitca”ycnegreme“sdnameD SEY ON ON ON SEY EBYAM

ecnamrofrepfossollaitrapetacidnistrahcerusserpfoecnallievruslliW?secivederusserprevofo

ON SEY EBYAM SEY ON ON

dnadeliafsahrotalugeretacidnistrahcerusserpfoecnallievruslliW?lortnocnisiecivedytefas

SEY SEY SEY SEY SEY SEY

Technical

K - 33

KK

Overpressure protection is a primary consideration in the design ofany piping system. The objective of overpressure protection is tomaintain the pressure downstream of a regulator at a safe maximumvalue.

Pressure reducing regulators have different pressure ratings which referto the inlet, outlet, and internal components. The lowest of theseshould be used when determining the maximum allowable pressure.

Piping is limited in its ability to contain pressure. In addition to anyphysical limitations, some applications must also conform to one ormore applicable pressure rating codes or regulations.

Relief involves maintaining the pressure downstream of a regulator at asafe maximum pressure using any device that vents fluid to a lowerpressure system (often the atmosphere). Relief valve exhaust must bedirected or piped to a safe location. Relief valves perform thisfunction. They are considered to be one of the most reliable types ofoverpressure protection available and are available in a number ofdifferent types. Fisher relief valves are not ASME safety relief valves.

NATURAL G

AS

TRANSMISSIO

N LINE REGULATOR

RELIEF VALVE

RELIEF VALVEREGULATOR

Type 289 Direct-Operated

Type 627 with Internal ReliefType 289P-6358 Pilot-Operated

H200 Series Pop Type

In the system shown in Figure 1, a high-pressure transmission systemdelivers natural gas through a pressure reducing regulator to a lowerpressure system that distributes gas to individual customers. Theregulators, the piping, and the devices that consume gas are protectedfrom overpressure by relief valves. The relief valve’s setpoint isadjusted to a level established by the lowest maximum pressure ratingof any of the lower pressure system components.

!

Overpressure occurs when the pressure of a system is above thesetpoint of the device controlling its pressure. It is evidence of somefailure in the system (often the upstream regulator), and it can causethe entire system to fail if it’s not limited. To implement overpressureprotection, the weakest part in the pressure system is identified andmeasures are taken to limit overpressure to that component’s maximumpressure rating. The most vulnerable components are identified byexamining the maximum pressure ratings of the:

• downstream equipment

• low-pressure side of the main regulator

• piping

The lowest maximum pressure rating of the three is the maximumallowable pressure.

!"#$#

The downstream component (appliance, burner, boiler, etc.) with thelowest maximum pressure rating sets the highest pressure that all thedownstream equipment can be subjected to. Figure 2. Types of Relief Valves

Figure 1. Distribution System

Technical

K - 34

KK

%

Relief valves are popular for several reasons. They do not block thenormal flow through a line. They do not decrease the capacities of theregulators they protect. And, they have the added advantage of beingan alarm if they vent to atmosphere.

%

Relief valves are available in four general types. These include:pop type, direct-operated, pilot-operated, and internal relief valves.

&'

A relief valve has a setpoint at which it begins to open. For the valveto fully open and pass the maximum flow, pressure must build up tosome level above the setpoint of the relief valve. This is known aspressure buildup over setpoint, or simply, buildup.

''

Initial costs are only a part of the overall cost of ownership. Mainte-nance and installation costs must also be considered over the life of therelief valve. For example, internal relief may be initially more economi-cal than an external relief valve. However, maintaining a regulator withinternal relief requires that the system be shut down and the regulatorisolated. This may involve additional time and the installation ofparallel regulators and relief valves if flow is to be maintained to thedownstream system during maintenance operations.

(

The most simple type of relief valve is the pop type. They are usedwherever economy is the primary concern and some setpoint drift isacceptable.

PRESSURE BUILDUP

RELIEF VALVE SETPOINT

FLOW

PR

ES

SU

RE

LOADINGSPRING

POPPET

SOFT DISK

SEAT RING

Figure 3. Pressure Buildup

Figure 4. Pop Type Relief Valve Construction and Operation

'

A relief valve installed in a system that normally performs withindesign limits is very seldom exercised. The relief valve sits and waitsfor a failure. If it sits for long periods it may not perform as expected.Disks may stick in seats, setpoints can shift over time, and smallpassages can become clogged with pipeline debris. Therefore, periodicmaintenance and inspection is recommended. Maintenance require-ments may influence the selection of a relief valve.

#

Given several types of relief valves to choose from, selecting one typeis generally based on the ability of the valve to provide adequateprotection at the most economical cost. Reduced pressure buildup andincreased capacity generally come at an increased price.

Closed Closed Wide-Open

Pop type relief valves are essentially on-off devices. They operate ineither the closed or wide-open position. Pop type designs registerpressure directly on a spring-opposed poppet. The poppet assemblyincludes a soft disk for tight shutoff against the seat ring. When theinlet pressure increases above setpoint, the poppet assembly ispushed away from the seat. As the poppet rises, pressure registersagainst a greater surface area of the poppet. This dramatically increasesthe force on the poppet. Therefore, the poppet tends to travel to thefully open position reducing pressure buildup.

&'

Recall that pressure buildup relates capacity to pressure; increasingcapacity requires some increase in pressure. In throttling relief valves,pressure buildup is related to accuracy. In pop type relief valves,buildup over setpoint results largely because the device is a restrictionto flow rather than the spring rate of the valve’s loading spring.

Technical

K - 35

KK

)'

The setpoint of a pop type valve cannot be adjusted by the user. Thespring is initially loaded by the manufacturer. A pinned spring retainerkeeps the spring in position. This is a safety measure that preventstampering with the relief valve setpoint.

%

This type of relief valve may be used where venting to the atmosphereis acceptable, when the process fluid is compatible with the soft disk,and when relief pressure variations are allowable. They are often usedas inexpensive token relief. For example, they may be used simply toprovide an audible signal of an overpressure condition.

These relief valves may be used to protect against overpressurestemming from a regulator with a minimal amount of seat leakage.Unchecked, this seat leakage could allow downstream pressure to buildto full P1 over time. The use of a small pop type valve can be installedto protect against this situation.

These relief valves are also commonly installed with a regulator in anatural gas system farm tap, in pneumatic lines used to operate airdrills, jackhammers, and other pneumatic equipment, and in manyother applications.

'

Pop type relief valves use few parts. Their small size allows installa-tion where space is limited. Also, low initial cost, easy installation,and high capacity per dollar invested can result in economical systemrelief.

!'

The setpoint of a pop type relief valve may change over time. The softdisk may stick to the seat ring and cause the pop pressure to increase.

As an on-off device, this style of relief valve does not throttle flowover a pressure range. Because of its on-off nature, this type of reliefvalve may create pressure surges in the downstream system.

If the relief valve capacity is significantly larger than the failedregulator’s capacity, the relief valve may over-compensate each time itopens and closes. This can cause the downstream pressure system tobecome unstable and cycle. Cycling can damage the relief valve anddownstream equipment.

! * !

Compared to pop type relief valves, direct-operated relief valvesprovide throttling action and may require less pressure buildup toopen the relief valve.

DIAPHRAGMSPRING

VALVE

VENT

FLOW

SYSTEM PRESSURE LOWER-PRESSURE SYSTEM(USUALLY ATMOSPHERE)

Figure 5. Direct-Operated Relief Valve Schematic

A schematic of a direct-operated relief valve is shown in Figure 5. Itlooks like an ordinary direct-operated regulator except that it sensesupstream pressure rather than downstream pressure. And, it uses aspring-close rather than a spring-open action. It contains the sameessential elements as a direct-operated regulator:

• A diaphragm that measures system pressure

• A spring that provides the initial load to the diaphragm and isused to establish the relief setpoint

• A valve that throttles the relief flow

+

As the inlet pressure rises above the setpoint of the relief valve, thediaphragm is pushed upward moving the valve plug away from theseat. This allows fluid to escape.

&'

As system pressure increases, the relief valve opens wider. This allowsmore fluid to escape and protects the system. The increase in pressure

Technical

K - 36

KK

CONTROLLINE

PILOT

RESTRICTIONMAIN RELIEFVALVE

PILOTEXHAUST

CONTROLLINE

PILOT

RESTRICTION

MAIN RELIEFVALVEPILOT

EXHAUST

ELASTOMERICELEMENT

INLET PRESSURE LOADING PRESSURE EXHAUST

ELASTOMERIC ELEMENT MAIN VALVE

PLUG AND SEAT RING MAIN VALVE

above the relief setpoint that is required to produce more flow throughthe relief valve is referred to as pressure buildup. The spring rate andorifice size influence the amount of pressure buildup that is required tofully stroke the valve.

!

,

The relief valve shown in Figure 6 includes a pitot tube to reducepressure buildup. When the valve is opening, high fluid velocitythrough the seat ring creates an area of relatively low pressure. Lowpressure near the end of the pitot tube draws fluid out of the volumeabove the relief valve diaphragm and creates a partial vacuum whichhelps to open the valve. The partial vacuum above the diaphragmincreases the relief valve capacity with less pressure buildup oversetpoint.

often pass high flow rates with minimal pressure buildup. Direct-operated relief valves can provide good accuracy within their designcapacities.

#

The purchase price of a direct-operated relief valve is typically lower thanthat of a pilot-operated design of the same size. However, pilot-operateddesigns may cost less per unit of capacity at very high flow rates.

* !

Pilot-operated relief valves utilize a pair of direct-operated reliefvalves; a pilot and a main relief valve. The pilot increases the effect ofchanges in inlet pressure on the main relief valve.

LOADING SPRING

PITOT TUBE

DIAPHRAGM

VALVE DISK

SEAT RING

Figure 7. Pilot-Operated Designs

Figure 6. Type 289 Relief Valve with Pitot Tube

%

Direct-operated relief valves are commonly used in natural gas systemssupplying commercial enterprises such as restaurants and laundries,and in industry to protect industrial furnaces and other equipment.

&'

Some direct-operated relief valves require significant pressure buildupto achieve maximum capacity. Others, such as those using pitot tubes,

MAINREGULATOR

EXHAUST

MAIN REGULATOREXHAUST

FLOW

FLOW

Technical

K - 37

KK

The operation of a pilot-operated relief valve is quite similar to theoperation of a pilot-operated pressure reducing regulator. In normaloperation, when system pressure is below setpoint of the relief valve,the pilot remains closed. This allows loading pressure to register ontop of the main relief valve diaphragm. Loading pressure on top of thediaphragm is opposed by an equal pressure (inlet pressure) on thebottom side of the diaphragm. With little or no pressure differentialacross the diaphragm, the spring keeps the valve seated. Notice that alight rate spring may be used because it does not oppose a largepressure differential across the diaphragm. The light-rate springenables the main valve to travel to the wide-open position with littlepressure buildup.

When the inlet pressure rises above the relief setpoint, the pilot springis compressed and the pilot valve opens. The open pilot bleeds fluidout of the main valve spring case, decreasing pressure above the mainrelief valve diaphragm. If loading pressure escapes faster than it can bereplaced through the restriction, the loading pressure above the mainrelief valve diaphragm is reduced and the relief valve opens. Systemoverpressure exhausts through the vent.

!

If inlet pressure drops back to the relief valve setpoint, the pilotloading spring pushes the pilot valve plug back against the pilot valveseat. Inlet pressure again loads the main relief valve diaphragm andcloses the main valve.

The control line connects the pilot with the pressure that is to belimited. When overpressure control accuracy is a high priority, thecontrol line tap is installed where protection is most critical.

!

+%!

This relief valve is a direct-operated relief valve with a pilot attached(Figure 8). The pilot is a modified direct-operated relief valve, the inletpressure loads the diaphragm and flows through a restriction to supplyloading pressure to the main relief valve diaphragm.

During normal operation, the pilot is closed allowing loading pressureto register above the main relief valve’s diaphragm. This pressure isopposed by inlet pressure acting on the bottom of the diaphragm.

If inlet pressure rises above setpoint, the pilot valve opens, exhaustingthe loading pressure. If loading pressure is reduced above the mainrelief valve diaphragm faster than it is replaced through the pilot fixedrestriction, loading pressure is reduced and inlet pressure below thediaphragm will cause the main regulator to open.

If inlet pressure falls below the relief set pressure, the pilot spring willagain close the pilot exhaust, increasing loading pressure above themain relief valve diaphragm. This increasing loading pressure causesthe main valve to travel towards the closed position.

#

Pilot-operated relief valves are able to pass large flow rates with aminimum pressure buildup.

%

Pilot-operated relief valves are used in applications requiring highcapacity and low pressure buildup.

RELIEF VALVESPRING CASE

PILOT

REGISTRATIONHOLE

RESTRICTION

SUPPLYPORT

PILOT ADJUSTINGSCREW

LOCKNUT

EXHAUST IS VENTEDTO ATMOSPHERE ORCONNECTED TO MAINVALVE EXHAUST

PILOTCONTROL LINE

Figure 8. Pilot-Operated Relief Valve

EXHAUST

INLET

EXHAUST

INLET

LOADING

EXHAUST

Technical

K - 38

KK

#&'

The use of a pilot to load and unload the main diaphragm and the light-rate spring enables the main valve to travel wide-open with littlepressure buildup over setpoint.

+

The sensitive pilot produces smooth throttling action when inletpressure rises above setpoint. This helps to maintain a steadydownstream system pressure.

Regulators that include internal relief valves may eliminate therequirement for external overpressure protection.

The regulator shown in Figure 9 includes an internal relief valve. Therelief valve has a measuring element (the main regulator diaphragm), aloading element (a light spring), and a restricting element (a valve seatand disk). The relief valve assembly is located in the center of theregulator diaphragm.

&'

Like other spring-loaded designs, internal relief valves will only openwider if the inlet pressure increases. The magnitude of pressurebuildup is determined by the spring rates of the loading spring plus themain spring. Both springs are considered because they act together toresist diaphragm movement when pressure exceeds the relief valvesetpoint.

')#

A typical internal relief regulator construction is shown in Figure 9.The illustration on the left shows the regulator with both the reliefvalve and regulator valve in the closed position. The illustration on theright shows the same unit after the inlet pressure has increased abovethe relief valve setpoint. The diaphragm has moved off the relief valveseat allowing the excess pressure to exhaust through the vent.

#'%

This design is available in configurations that can protect manypressure ranges and flow rates. Internal relief is often used inapplications such as farm taps, industrial applications where atmo-spheric exhaust is acceptable, and house service regulators.

Figure 9. Internal Relief Design

Regulators that include internal relief valves often eliminate the requirement for external overpressure protection. The illustration on the left shows the regulator with both the relief valve and the regulator valve in theclosed position. The illustration on the right shows the same unit after P2 has increased above the relief valve setpoint. The diaphragm has moved off the relief valve seat allowing flow (excess pressure) to exhaustthrough the screened vent.

RELIEF VALVE CLOSED

MAIN VALVE CLOSED

RELIEF VALVE CLOSED

MAIN VALVE CLOSED

LARGE OPENING FOR RELIEF

Technical

K - 39

KK

&'

Relief setpoint is determined by a combination of the relief valve andregulator springs; this design generally requires significant pressurebuildup to reach its maximum relief flow rate. For the same reason,internal relief valves have limited relief capacities. They may providefull relief capacity, but should be carefully sized for each application.

Internal relief has a distinct advantage when there is not enough spacefor an external relief valve.

#

Because a limited number of parts are simply added to the regulator,this type of overpressure protection is relatively inexpensive com-pared to external relief valves of comparable capacity.

Because the relief valve is an integral part of the regulator’s diaphragm,the regulator must be taken out of service when maintenance isperformed. Therefore, the application should be able to tolerate eitherthe inconvenience of intermittent supply, or the expense of parallelregulators and relief valves.

!-.

There are a number of common steps in the relief valve selection andsizing process. For every application, the maximum pressure condi-tions, the wide-open regulator flow capacity, and constant downstreamdemand should be determined. Finally, this information is used toselect an appropriate relief valve for the application.

)##",

Downstream equipment includes all the components of the system thatcontain pressure; household appliances, tanks, tools, machines, outletrating of the upstream regulators, or other equipment. The componentwith the lowest maximum pressure rating establishes the maximumallowable system pressure.

Pressure reducing regulators upstream of the relief valve have ratingsfor their inlet, outlet, and internal components. The lowest ratingshould be used when determining maximum allowable pressure.

Piping pressure limitations imposed by governmental agencies,industry standards, manufacturers, or company standards should beverified before defining the maximum overpressure level.

)##",%#

The smallest of the pressure ratings mentioned above should be usedas the maximum allowable pressure. This pressure level should not beconfused with the relief valve setpoint which must be set below themaximum allowable system pressure.

!# $' "

A relief valve must be selected to exhaust enough flow to prevent thepressure from exceeding the maximum allowable system pressure. Todetermine this flow, review all upstream components for the maximumpossible flow that will cause overpressure. If overpressure is causedby a pressure reducing regulator, use the regulator’s wide-open flowcoefficient to calculate the required flow of the relief valve. Thisregulator’s wide-open flow is larger than the regulating flow used toselect the pressure reducing regulator.

Sizing equations have been developed to standardize valve sizing.Refer to the Valve Sizing Calculations section to find these equationsand explanations on how they are used.

!#!#'

In some applications, the required relief capacity can be reduced bysubtracting any load that is always on the system. This procedureshould be approached with caution because it may be difficult topredict the worst-case scenario for downstream equipment failures. Itmay also be important to compare the chances of making a mistake inpredicting the level of continuous flow consumption with the potentialnegative aspects of an error. Because of the hazards involved, reliefvalves are often sized assuming no continuous flow to downstreamequipment.

Technical

K - 40

KK

.

$' #

We have already reviewed the variables required to calculate theregulator’s wide-open flow rate. In addition, we need to know the typeand temperature of the fluid in the system, and the size of the piping.Finally, if a vent stack will be required, any additional buildup due tovent stack resistance should be considered.

/

A relief valve setpoint is adjusted to a level higher than the regulator’slockup pressure. If the relief valve setpoint overlaps lockup pressureof the regulator, the relief valve may open while the regulator is stillattempting to control the system pressure.

'%

Once the size, relief pressure, and flow capacity are determined, wecan identify a number of potentially suitable relief valves using theQuick Selection Guide in the front of each application section in thishandbook. These selection guides give relief set (inlet) pressures,capacities, and type numbers. These guides can then be furthernarrowed by reviewing individual product pages in each section.

Final selection is usually a matter of compromise. Relief capacities,buildup levels, sensitivity, throttling capabilities, cost of installationand maintenance, space requirements, initial purchase price, and otherattributes are all considered when choosing any relief valve.

,

The relief valves installed in some applications must meet governmen-tal, industry, or company criteria.

-.!

To gain a better understanding of the selection and sizing process, itmay be helpful to step through a typical relief valve sizing exercise.

#

We’ll assume that we need to specify an appropriate relief valve for aregulator serving a large plant air supply. There is sufficient space toinstall the relief valve and the controlled fluid is clean plant air that canbe exhausted without adding a vent stack.

#'

The plant supervisor wants the relief valve to throttle open smoothlyso that pressure surges will not damage instruments and equipment inthe downstream system. This will require the selection of a relief valvethat will open smoothly. Plant equipment is periodically shut downbut the air supply system operates continuously. Therefore, the reliefvalve must also have the capacity to exhaust the full flow of theupstream system.

#

The regulator used is 1 inch in size with a 3/8-inch orifice. The initialsystem parameters of pressure and flow were determined when theregulator was sized for this application.

#

The plant maintenance engineer has determined that the relief valveshould begin to open at 20 psig, and downstream pressure should notrise above 30 psig maximum allowable system pressure.

"%

The wide-open regulator flow is calculated to be 23,188 scfh.

Technical

K - 41

KK

0/.'

Find the Relief Valve Quick Selection Guide in the Air section of thishandbook; it gives relief set (inlet) pressures and comparative flowcapacities of various relief valves. Since this guide is used to identifypotentially suitable relief valves, we can check the relief set (inlet)pressures closest to 20 psig and narrow the range of choices. We findthat two relief valves have the required flow capacity at our desiredrelief set (inlet) pressure.

'

If we look at the product pages for the potential relief valves, we findthat a 1-inch 289H provides the required capacity within the limits ofpressure buildup specified in our initial parameters.

+/%

Capacity curves for the 1-inch Type 289H with this spring are shownin Figure 10. By following the curve for the 20 psig setpoint to thepoint where it intersects with the 30 psig division, we find that ourrelief valve can handle more than the 23,188 scfh required.

CAPACITIES IN THOUSANDS OF SCFH (m³/h(n)) OF AIR

INL

ET

PR

ES

SU

RE

, PS

IG

INL

ET

PR

ES

SU

RE

, BA

R

A-15 PSIG (1,0 BAR)1D751527022

B-10 PSIG (0,69 BAR)1D751527022

C-4 PSIG (0,28 BAR)D-1 PSIG (0,069 BAR)

1F782697052

1-INCH TYPE 289HVENT SCREEN INSTALLED

50 PSIG (3,4 BAR)1D745527142

40 PSIG (2,8 BAR)1D745527142

30 PSIG (2,1 BAR)1D745527142

20 PSIG (1,4 BAR)1D751527022

A

B

C

D

0

0 7.75(0,208)

15.5(0,415)

23.3(0,624)

31(0,831)

38.8(1,04)

46.5(1,25)

54.3(1,46)

62(1,66)

40

50

70

60

10

30

20

0

2,8

3,4

4,8

4,1

0,69

2,1

1,4

Figure 10. Type 289H Flow Capacities

Technical

K - 42

KK

SETPOINT = 10 PSIG

SETPOINT = 15 PSIG

P1100 PSIG

P210 PSIG

PINTERMEDIATE

A B

MONITOR REGULATOR WORKER REGULATOR

Series regulation is one of the simplest systems used to provideoverpressure protection by containment. In the example shown inFigure 1, the inlet pressure is 100 psig, the desired downstreampressure is 10 psig, and the maximum allowable operating pressure(MAOP) is 40 psig. The setpoint of the downstream regulator is10 psig, and the setpoint of the upstream regulator is 30 psig.

Because of the problem in maintaining close control of P2, seriesregulation is best suited to applications where the regulator station isreducing pressure to a value substantially below the maximumallowable operating pressure of the downstream system. Farm taps area good example. The problem of low-pressure drop across the secondregulator is less pronounced in low flow systems.

The only difference in configuration between series regulation andmonitors is that in monitor installations, both regulators sensedownstream pressure, P2. Thus, the upstream regulator must have acontrol line.

SETPOINT = 30 PSIG SETPOINT = 10 PSIG

P1100 PSIG

P210 PSIG

PINTERMEDIATE30 PSIG

A B

Figure 1. Series Regulation

! "#

If regulator B fails, downstream pressure (P2) is maintained at thesetpoint of regulator A less whatever drop is required to pass therequired flow through the failed regulator B. If regulator A fails, theintermediate pressure will be 100 psig. Regulator B must be able towithstand 100 psig inlet pressure.

$

Either direct-operated or pilot-operated regulators may be used in thissystem. Should regulator A fail, PIntermediate will approach P1 so theoutlet rating and spring casing rating of regulator A must be highenough to withstand full P1. This situation may suggest the use of arelief valve between the two regulators to limit the maximum value ofPIntermediate.

$

A problem with series regulation is maintaining tight control of P2 ifthe downstream regulator fails. In this arrangement, it is oftenimpractical to have the setpoints very close together. If they are, thepressure drop across regulator B will be quite small. With a smallpressure drop, a very large regulator may be required to pass thedesired flow.

In wide-open monitor systems, both regulators sense downstream pressure. Setpoints may be veryclose to each other. If the worker regulator fails, the monitor assumes control at a slightly highersetpoint. If the monitor regulator fails, the worker continues to provide control.

Figure 2. Wide-Open Upstream Monitor

"#%

In the example shown in Figure 2, assume that P1 is 100 psig, and thedesired downstream pressure, P2, is 10 psig. Also assume that themaximum allowable operating pressure of the downstream system is20 psig; this is the limit we cannot exceed. The setpoint of thedownstream regulator is set at 10 psig to maintain the desired P2 andthe setpoint of the upstream regulator is set at 15 psig to maintain P2below the maximum allowable operating pressure.

#

When both regulators are functioning properly, regulator B holds P2 atits setpoint of 10 psig. Regulator A, sensing a pressure lower than itssetpoint of 15 psig tries to increase P2 by going wide-open. Thisconfiguration is known as an upstream wide-open monitor whereupstream regulator A monitors the pressure established by regulator B.Regulator A is referred to as the monitor or standby regulator whileregulator B is called the worker or the operator.

Technical

K - 43

KK

&'!

If regulator B fails open, regulator A, the monitor, assumes control andholds P2 at 15 psig. Note that pressure PIntermediate is now P2 pluswhatever drop is necessary to pass the required flow through the failedregulator B.

(#$

Wide-open monitoring systems may use either direct- or pilot-operated regulators, the choice of which is dependent on other systemrequirements. Obviously, the upstream regulator must have externalregistration capability in order to sense downstream pressure, P2.

In terms of ratings, PIntermediate will rise to full P1 when regulator Afails, so the body outlet of regulator A and the inlet of regulator Bmust be rated for full P1.

The difference between upstream and downstream monitor systems(Figure 3) is that the functions of the two regulators are reversed. Inother words, the monitor, or standby regulator, is downstream of theworker, or operator. Systems can be changed from upstream todownstream monitors, and vice-versa, by simply reversing thesetpoints of the two regulators.

&!

If the worker, regulator A, fails in an open position, the monitor,regulator B, senses the increase in P2 and holds P2 at its setpoint of 15psig. Note that PIntermediate is now P1 minus whatever drop is takenacross the failed regulator A.

%

The decision to use either an upstream or downstream monitor systemis largely a matter of personal preference or company policy.

In normal operation, the monitor remains open while the worker isfrequently exercised. Many users see value in changing the systemfrom an upstream to a downstream monitor at regular intervals, muchlike rotating the tires on an automobile. Most fluids have someimpurities such as moisture, rust, or other debris, which may depositon regulator components, such as stems, and cause them to becomesticky or bind. Therefore, occasionally reversing the roles of theregulators so that both are exercised is sometimes seen as a means ofensuring that protection is available when needed. The job of switchingis relatively simple as only the setpoints of the two regulators arechanged. In addition, the act of changing from an upstream to adownstream monitor requires that someone visit the site so there is anopportunity for routine inspection.

)

Working monitors (Figure 4) use design elements from both seriesregulation and wide-open monitors. In a working monitor installation,the two regulators are continuously working as series regulators to taketwo pressure cuts.

SETPOINT = 10 PSIG

SETPOINT = 15 PSIG

P1100 PSIG

P210 PSIG

PINTERMEDIATE

A B

MONITOR REGULATORWORKER REGULATOR

The only difference between upstream wide-open monitor systems and downstream wide-openmonitor systems is the role each regulator plays. Workers and monitors may be switched bysimply reversing the setpoints.

Figure 3. Wide-Open Downstream Monitor

#

Again, assume an inlet pressure of 100 psig and a controlled pressure(P2) of 10 psig. Regulator A is now the worker so it maintains P2 atits setpoint of 10 psig. Regulator B, the monitor, is set at 15 psig andso remains open.

SETPOINT = 10 PSIG

MONITOR PILOT(SETPOINT—15 PSIG)

P1100 PSIG

P210 PSIG

PINTERMEDIATE45 PSIG

WORKER PILOT(SETPOINT—45 PSIG)

Figure 4. Working Monitor

Working monitor systems must use a pilot-operated regulator as the monitor, which is always in theupstream position. Two pilots are used on the monitor regulator; one to control the intermediatepressure and one to monitor the downstream pressure. By taking two pressure drops, bothregulators are allowed to exercise.

Technical

K - 44

KK

*#

The downstream regulator may be either direct- or pilot-operated. It isinstalled just as in a series or wide-open monitor system. Its setpointcontrols downstream pressure, P2.

#

The upstream regulator must be a pilot-operated type because it usestwo pilots; a monitor pilot and a worker pilot. The worker pilot isconnected just as in series regulation and controls the intermediatepressure PIntermediate. Its setpoint (45 psig) is at some intermediatevalue that allows the system to take two pressure drops. The monitorpilot is in series ahead of the worker pilot and is connected so that itsenses downstream pressure, P2. The monitor pilot setpoint (15 psig)is set slightly higher than the normal P2 (10 psig).

#

When both regulators are performing properly, downstream pressure isbelow the setting of the monitor pilot, so it is fully open trying to raisesystem pressure. Standing wide-open, the monitor pilot allows theworker pilot to control the intermediate pressure, PIntermediate at45 psig. The downstream regulator is controlling P2 at 10 psig.

*#!

If the downstream regulator fails, the monitor pilot will sense theincrease in pressure and take control at 15 psig.

#!

If the upstream regulator fails, the downstream regulator will remain incontrol at 10 psig. Note that the downstream regulator must be ratedfor the full system inlet pressure P1 of 100 psig because this will be itsinlet pressure if the upstream regulator fails. Also note that the outletrating of the upstream regulator, and any other components that areexposed to PIntermediate, must be rated for full P1.

+

The difficult part of sizing monitor regulators is that PIntermediate isneeded to determine the flow capacity for both regulators. BecausePIntermediate is not available, other sizing methods are used to determinethe capacity. There are three methods for sizing monitor regulators:estimating flow when pressure drop is critical, assuming PIntermediate tocalculate flow, and the Fisher Monitor Sizing Program.

#!**,$

If the pressure drop across both regulators from P1 to P2 is critical(assume PIntermediate = P1 - P2/2 + P2, P1 - PIntermediate > P1, andPIntermediate - P2 > 1/2 PIntermediate), and both regulators are the sametype, the capacity of the two regulators together is 70 to 73 percent ofa single regulator reducing the pressure from P1 to P2.

##

#!*

Assume PIntermediate is halfway between P1 and P2. Guess a regulatorsize. Use the assumed PIntermediate and the Cg for each regulator tocalculate the available flow rate for each regulator. If PIntermediate wascorrect, the calculated flow through each regulator will be the same. Ifthe flows are not the same, change PIntermediate and repeat the calcula-tions. (PIntermediate will go to the correct assumed pressure wheneverthe flow demand reaches maximum capacity.)

!, -#

Fisher offers a Monitor Sizing Program on the Fisher Regulator CD.Call your Fisher Sales Representative to request a copy.

Technical

K - 45

KK

Improper valve sizing can be both expensive and inconvenient. A valvethat is too small will not pass the required flow, and the process will bestarved. An oversized valve will be more expensive, and it may lead toinstability and other problems.

The days of selecting a valve based upon the size of the pipeline aregone. Selecting the correct valve size for a given application requires aknowledge of process conditions that the valve will actually see inservice. The technique for using this information to size the valve isbased upon a combination of theory and experimentation.

Using the principle of conservation of energy, Daniel Bernoulli foundthat as a liquid flows through an orifice, the square of the fluid velocityis directly proportional to the pressure differential across the orificeand inversely proportional to the specific gravity of the fluid. Thegreater the pressure differential, the higher the velocity; the greater thedensity, the lower the velocity. The volume flow rate for liquids can becalculated by multiplying the fluid velocity times the flow area.

By taking into account units of measurement, the proportionalityrelationship previously mentioned, energy losses due to friction andturbulence, and varying discharge coefficients for various types oforifices (or valve bodies), a basic liquid sizing equation can be writtenas follows:

Q = C P / Gv ∆ (1)

where:

Q = Capacity in gallons per minute

Cv = Valve sizing coefficient determined experimentally for eachstyle and size of valve, using water at standard conditionsas the test fluid

∆P = Pressure differential in psi

G = Specific gravity of fluid (water at 60°F = 1.0000)

Thus, Cv is numerically equal to the number of U.S. gallons of water at60°F that will flow through the valve in one minute when the pressuredifferential across the valve is one pound per square inch. Cv varieswith both size and style of valve, but provides an index for comparingliquid capacities of different valves under a standard set of conditions.

To aid in establishing uniform measurement of liquid flow capacitycoefficients (Cv) among valve manufacturers, the Fluid ControlsInstitute (FCI) developed a standard test piping arrangement, shown inFigure 1. Using such a piping arrangement, most valve manufacturers

develop and publish Cv information for their products, making itrelatively easy to compare capacities of competitive products.

To calculate the expected Cv for a valve controlling water or otherliquids that behave like water, the basic liquid sizing equation abovecan be re-written as follows:

C = Q GPv ∆

(2)

Viscous conditions can result in significant sizing errors in using thebasic liquid sizing equation, since published Cv values are based on testdata using water as the flow medium. Although the majority of valveapplications will involve fluids where viscosity corrections can beignored, or where the corrections are relatively small, fluid viscosityshould be considered in each valve selection.

Fisher has developed a nomograph (Figure 2) that provides a viscositycorrection factor (Fv). It can be applied to the standard Cv coefficientto determine a corrected coefficient (Cvr) for viscous applications.

!

Using the Cv determined by the basic liquid sizing equation and theflow and viscosity conditions, a fluid Reynolds number can be foundby using the nomograph in Figure 2. The graph of Reynolds numbervs. viscosity correction factor (Fv) is used to determine the correctionfactor needed. (If the Reynolds number is greater than 3500, thecorrection will be ten percent or less.) The actual required Cv (Cvr) isfound by the equation:

C = F Cvr v v (3)

From the valve manufacturer’s published liquid capacity information,select a valve having a Cv equal to or higher than the required coefficient(Cvr) found by the equation above.

Figure 1. Standard FCI Test Piping for Cv Measurement

PRESSUREINDICATORS∆∆∆∆∆P ORIFICE

METER

INLET VALVE TEST VALVE LOAD VALVEFLOW

Technical

K - 46

KK

Figure 2. Nomograph for Determining Viscosity Correction

"#$%

Use this nomograph to correct for the effects of viscosity. When assem-bling data, all units must correspond to those shown on the nomograph. Forhigh-recovery, ball-type valves, use the liquid flow rate Q scale designatedfor single-ported valves. For butterfly and eccentric disk rotary valves, usethe liquid flow rate Q scale designated for double-ported valves.

"#$%#

1. Single-Ported Valves: NR = 17250

Q

C v csν

2. Double-Ported Valves: NR = 12200

Q

C v csν

"#$%$

1. Lay a straight edge on the liquid sizing coefficient on Cv scale and flowrate on Q scale. Mark intersection on index line. Procedure A uses value ofCvc; Procedures B and C use value of Cvr.

2. Pivot the straight edge from this point of intersection with index line toliquid viscosity on proper ν scale. Read Reynolds number on NR scale.

3. Proceed horizontally from intersection on NR scale to proper curve, andthen vertically upward or downward to Fv scale. Read Cv correction factor onFv scale.

3000

3,000

4,000

6,000

8,00010,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

60,000

80,000100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

600,000

800,0001,000,000

1 2 3 4 6

CV CORRECTION FACTOR - FV

RE

YN

OL

DS

NU

MB

ER

- N

R

VIS

CO

SIT

Y -

SA

YB

OL

T S

EC

ON

DS

UN

IVE

RS

AL

LIQ

UID

FL

OW

RA

TE

- G

PM

(S

ING

LE

PO

RT

ED

ON

LY

)

LIQ

UID

FL

OW

CO

EF

FIC

IEN

T-

CV

CV

Q

INDEX FVHR

8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200

1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200

2000

2,000

1,000

2,000

2,000

3,000

3,000

4,000

4,000

6,000

6,000

8,000

8,000

10,000

10,000

800

600

400300

200

10080

60

40

30

20

108

6

4

3

2

1

1,000

1,000

2,000

2,000

3,000

3,000

4,000

4,000

6,000

6,000

8,000

8,000

10,000

10,000

20,000

20,000

30,000

30,000

40,000

40,000

60,000

60,000

80,000

80,000

100,000

100,000

200,000

300,000400,000

800

800

600

600

400

400

300

300

200

200

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

3532.6

30

20

1086

43

2

1

.8

.6

.4

.3

.2

.1.08

.06

.04

.03

.02

.01

1,000

1,000

800600

800

600

400

300

200

10080

60

40

30

20

400300

200

1008060

4030

20

10

10

8

8

6

6

4

4

3

3

2

2

1.8

.6

.4

.2

.1

.3

1.8.6

.4

.3

.2

.1.08.06

.04

.04

.06

.08

.03

.03

.02

.02

.01

.01

.008

.008.006

.006.004

.004.003

.003.002

.002

.001

.001.0008

.0008.0006

.0006.0004

.0004.0003

.0003.0002

.0002

.0001

.0001

1000800

600

400300

200

10080

60

40

30

20

108

6

4

3

2

1.8

.6

.4

.3

.2

.1

.08

.06

.04

.03

.02

.01

KIN

EM

AT

IC V

ISC

OS

ITY

- C

EN

TIS

TO

KE

SC

S

FOR PREDICTING PRESSURE DROP

FOR SELECTING VALVE SIZE

FOR PREDICTING FLOW RATE

LIQ

UID

FL

OW

RA

TE

- G

PM

(D

OU

BL

E P

OR

TE

D O

NL

Y)

CV CORRECTION FACTOR - FV

Technical

K - 47

KK

$ ! &

Select the required liquid sizing coefficient (Cvr) from themanufacturer’s published liquid sizing coefficients (Cv) for the styleand size valve being considered. Calculate the maximum flow rate(Qmax) in gallons per minute (assuming no viscosity correction required)using the following adaptation of the basic liquid sizing equation:

Q = C P / Gmax vr ∆ (4)

Then incorporate viscosity correction by determining the fluidReynolds number and correction factor Fv from the viscosity correctionnomograph and the procedure included on it.

Calculate the predicted flow rate (Qpred) using the formula:

Q = QFpredmax

v(5)

$ ! $ '

Select the required liquid sizing coefficient (Cvr) from the publishedliquid sizing coefficients (Cv) for the valve style and size beingconsidered. Determine the Reynolds number and correct factor Fv fromthe nomograph and the procedure on it. Calculate the sizing coefficient(Cvc) using the formula:

C = CFvc

vr

v(6)

Calculate the predicted pressure drop (∆Ppred) using the formula:

∆Ppred vc = G (Q /C )2 (7)

(!

The occurrence of flashing or cavitation within a valve can have asignificant effect on the valve sizing procedure. These two relatedphysical phenomena can limit flow through the valve in many applica-tions and must be taken into account in order to accurately size a valve.Structural damage to the valve and adjacent piping may also result.Knowledge of what is actually happening within the valve may permitselection of a size or style of valve which can reduce, or compensatefor, the undesirable effects of flashing or cavitation.

The “physical phenomena” label is used to describe flashing andcavitation because these conditions represent actual changes in the form

of the fluid media. The change is from the liquid state to the vaporstate and results from the increase in fluid velocity at or just down-stream of the greatest flow restriction, normally the valve port. Asliquid flow passes through the restriction, there is a necking down, orcontraction, of the flow stream. The minimum cross-sectional area ofthe flow stream occurs just downstream of the actual physicalrestriction at a point called the vena contracta, as shown in Figure 3.

To maintain a steady flow of liquid through the valve, the velocity mustbe greatest at the vena contracta, where cross sectional area is the least.The increase in velocity (or kinetic energy) is accompanied by asubstantial decrease in pressure (or potential energy) at the venacontracta. Further downstream, as the fluid stream expands into alarger area, velocity decreases and pressure increases. But, of course,downstream pressure never recovers completely to equal the pressurethat existed upstream of the valve. The pressure differential (∆P) thatexists across the valve is a measure of the amount of energy that wasdissipated in the valve. Figure 4 provides a pressure profile explainingthe differing performance of a streamlined high recovery valve, such as aball valve and a valve with lower recovery capabilities due to greaterinternal turbulence and dissipation of energy.

Regardless of the recovery characteristics of the valve, the pressuredifferential of interest pertaining to flashing and cavitation is the

Figure 3. Vena Contracta

Figure 4. Comparison of Pressure Profiles forHigh and Low Recovery Valves

VENA CONTRACTA

RESTRICTION

FLOW

FLOW

P1 P2

P1

P2

P2

P2

HIGH RECOVERY

LOW RECOVERY

P1

Technical

K - 48

KK

differential between the valve inlet and the vena contracta. If pressureat the vena contracta should drop below the vapor pressure of the fluid(due to increased fluid velocity at this point) bubbles will form in theflow stream. Formation of bubbles will increase greatly as venacontracta pressure drops further below the vapor pressure of the liquid.At this stage, there is no difference between flashing and cavitation, butthe potential for structural damage to the valve definitely exists.

If pressure at the valve outlet remains below the vapor pressure of theliquid, the bubbles will remain in the downstream system and theprocess is said to have “flashed.” Flashing can produce serious erosiondamage to the valve trim parts and is characterized by a smooth,polished appearance of the eroded surface. Flashing damage is normallygreatest at the point of highest velocity, which is usually at or near theseat line of the valve plug and seat ring.

However, if downstream pressure recovery is sufficient to raise theoutlet pressure above the vapor pressure of the liquid, the bubbles willcollapse, or implode, producing cavitation. Collapsing of the vaporbubbles releases energy and produces a noise similar to what one wouldexpect if gravel were flowing through the valve. If the bubbles collapsein close proximity to solid surfaces, the energy released gradually wearsthe material leaving a rough, cinderlike surface. Cavitation damage mayextend to the downstream pipeline, if that is where pressure recoveryoccurs and the bubbles collapse. Obviously, “high recovery” valvestend to be more subject to cavitation, since the downstream pressure ismore likely to rise above the liquid’s vapor pressure.

()!&

Aside from the possibility of physical equipment damage due toflashing or cavitation, formation of vapor bubbles in the liquidflowstream causes a crowding condition at the vena contracta whichtends to limit flow through the valve. So, while the basic liquid sizingequation implies that there is no limit to the amount of flow through avalve as long as the differential pressure across the valve increases, therealities of flashing and cavitation prove otherwise. If valve pressuredrop is increased slightly beyond the point where bubbles begin toform, a choked flow condition is reached. With constant upstreampressure, further increases in pressure drop (by reducing downstreampressure) will not produce increased flow. The limiting pressuredifferential is designated ∆Pallow and the valve recovery coefficient (Km)is experimentally determined for each valve, in order to relate chokedflow for that particular valve to the basic liquid sizing equation. Km isnormally published with other valve capacity coefficients. Figures 4and 5 show these flow vs. pressure drop relationships.

Use the following equation to determine maximum allowable pressuredrop that is effective in producing flow. Keep in mind, however, that

the limitation on the sizing pressure drop, ∆Pallow, does not imply amaximum pressure drop that may be controlled by the valve.

∆Pallow m 1 c v = K (P - r P ) (8)

where:

∆Pallow = maximum allowable differential pressure for sizingpurposes, psi

Km = valve recovery coefficient from manufacturer’s literature

P1 = body inlet pressure, psia

rc = critical pressure ratio determined from Figures 7 and 8

Pv = vapor pressure of the liquid at body inlet temperature, psia(vapor pressures and critical pressures for many commonliquids are provided in the Physical Constants of Hydro-carbons and Physical Constants of Fluids tables; refer tothe Table of Contents on page K-i for the page number).

Figure 5. Flow Curve Showing Cv and Km

Figure 6. Relationship Between Actual ∆P and ∆P Allowable

CHOKED FLOW

PILOT OF EQUATION (1)

P1 = CONSTANT

∆∆∆∆∆P (ALLOWABLE)Cv

Q(gpm) Km

∆ P

∆ P

∆∆∆∆∆P (ALLOWABLE)

ACTUAL ∆∆∆∆∆P

PREDICTED FLOWUSING ACTUAL ∆∆∆∆∆P

Cv

Q(gpm)

ACTUALFLOW

Technical

K - 49

KK

After calculating ∆Pallow, substitute it into the basic liquid sizingequation Q v= C P / G∆ to determine either Q or Cv. If the actual ∆Pis less the ∆Pallow, then the actual ∆P should be used in the equation.

The equation used to determine ∆Pallow should also be used to calculatethe valve body differential pressure at which significant cavitation canoccur. Minor cavitation will occur at a slightly lower pressuredifferential than that predicted by the equation, but should producenegligible damage in most globe-style control valves.

Consequently, it can be seen that initial cavitation and choked flowoccur nearly simultaneously in globe-style or low-recovery valves.

However, in high-recovery valves such as ball or butterfly valves,significant cavitation can occur at pressure drops below that whichproduces choked flow. So while ∆Pallow and Km are useful in predictingchoked flow capacity, a separate cavitation index (Kc) is needed todetermine the pressure drop at which cavitation damage will begin (∆Pc)in high-recovery valves.

The equation can be expressed:

∆Pc c = K (P - P1 v ) (9)

This equation can be used anytime outlet pressure is greater than thevapor pressure of the liquid.

Addition of anti-cavitation trim tends to increase the value of Km. Inother words, choked flow and insipient cavitation will occur atsubstantially higher pressure drops than was the case without the anti-cavitation accessory.

*!++

The most common use of the basic liquid sizing equation is to deter-mine the proper valve size for a given set of service conditions. Thefirst step is to calculate the required Cv by using the sizing equation.The ∆P used in the equation must be the actual valve pressure drop or∆Pallow, whichever is smaller. The second step is to select a valve, fromthe manufacturer’s literature, with a Cv equal to or greater than thecalculated value.

Accurate valve sizing for liquids requires use of the dual coefficients ofCv and Km. A single coefficient is not sufficient to describe both thecapacity and the recovery characteristics of the valve. Also, use of theadditional cavitation index factor Kc is appropriate in sizing highrecovery valves, which may develop damaging cavitation at pressuredrops well below the level of the choked flow.

Figure 7. Critical Pressure Ratios for Water Figure 8. Critical Pressure Ratios for Liquid Other than Water

Use this curve for water. Enter on the abscissa at the water vapor pressure atthe valve inlet. Proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Move horizontally tothe left to read the critical pressure ratio, rc, on the ordinate.

Use this curve for liquids other than water. Determine the vapor pressure/critical pressure ratio by dividing the liquid vapor pressure at the valve inlet bythe critical pressure of the liquid. Enter on the abscissa at the ratio justcalculated and proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Move horizontally tothe left and read the critical pressure ratio, rc, on the ordinate.

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

CR

ITIC

AL

PR

ES

SU

RE

RA

TIO

—r c

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

VAPOR PRESSURE, PSIA

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

CR

ITIC

AL

PR

ES

SU

RE

RA

TIO

—r c

0 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.0

VAPOR PRESSURE, PSIACRITICAL PRESSURE, PSIA

Technical

K - 50

KK

*!+

Cv = valve sizing coefficient for liquid determined experimen-tally for each size and style of valve, using water atstandard conditions as the test fluid

Cvc = calculated Cv coefficient including correction for viscosity

Cvr = corrected sizing coefficient required for viscousapplications

∆P = differential pressure, psi

∆Pallow = maximum allowable differential pressure for sizingpurposes, psi

∆Pc = pressure differential at which cavitation damagebegins, psi

Fv = viscosity correction factor

G = specific gravity of fluid (water at 60°F = 1.0000)

Kc = dimensionless cavitation index used in determining ∆Pc

Km = valve recovery coefficient from manufacturer’s literature

P1 = body inlet pressure, psia

Pv = vapor pressure of liquid at body inlet temperature, psia

Q = flow rate capacity, gallons per minute

Qmax = designation for maximum flow rate, assuming no viscositycorrection required, gallons per minute

Qpred = predicted flow rate after incorporating viscositycorrection, gallons per minute

rc = critical pressure ratio

noitacilppAnoitauqEgniziSdiuqiLNOITAUQE NOITACILPPA

1.snoitidnocecivresfotesnevigarofezisevlavreporpenimretedotesU.noitauqegnizisdiuqilcisaB

).noitauqecisabsihtnideredisnoctoneraseitilibapacyrevocerevlavdnastceffeytisocsivtahtrebmemeR(

2 CdetcepxeetaluclacotesU v .retawekilevahebtahtsdiuqilrehtororetawgnillortnocevlavrof

3 CderiuqerlautcadnifotesU v .rotcafnoitcerrocytisocsivgnidulcniretfa)2(noitauqerof

4 .yrassecensinoitcerrocytisocsivongnimussaetarwolfmumixamdnifotesU

5 .noitcerrocrotcafytisocsivdna)4(noitauqenodesabetarwolflautcatciderpotesU

6 .)7(noitauqeniesuroftneiciffeocgnizisdetcerrocetaluclacotesU

7 .sdiuqilsuocsivrofporderusserptciderpotesU

8 .wolfgnicudorpnievitceffesitahtporderusserpelbawollamumixamenimretedotesU

9 .scitsiretcarahcyrevocerhgihhtiwevlavaninigeblliwnoitativachcihwtaporderusserptciderpotesU

Q = C P / Gv ∆

C = Q GPv ∆

C = F Cvr v v

Q = C P / Gmax vr ∆

Q = QFpredmax

v

C = CFvc

vr

v

∆Ppred vc = G (Q /C )2

∆Pallow m 1 c v = K (P - r P )

∆Pc c = K (P - P1 v )

Technical

K - 51

KK

##"

A sizing procedure for gases can be established based on adaptions ofthe basic liquid sizing equation. By introducing conversion factors tochange flow units from gallons per minute to cubic feet per hour and torelate specific gravity in meaningful terms of pressure, an equation canbe derived for the flow of air at 60°F. Since 60°F corresponds to 520°on the Rankine absolute temperature scale, and since the specificgravity of air at 60°F is 1.0, an additional factor can be included tocompare air at 60°F with specific gravity (G) and absolute temperature(T) of any other gas. The resulting equation can be written:

Q = . C P P

P

GTscfh v59 64520

11

∆ (A)

The equation shown above, while valid at very low pressure dropratios, has been found to be very misleading when the ratio of pressuredrop (∆P) to inlet pressure (P1) exceeds 0.02. The deviation of actualflow capacity from the calculated flow capacity is indicated in Figure 8and results from compressibility effects and critical flow limitations atincreased pressure drops.

Critical flow limitation is the more significant of the two problemsmentioned. Critical flow is a choked flow condition caused byincreased gas velocity at the vena contracta. When velocity at the venacontracta reaches sonic velocity, additional increases in ∆P by reducingdownstream pressure produce no increase in flow. So, after criticalflow condition is reached (whether at a pressure drop/inlet pressureratio of about 0.5 for glove valves or at much lower ratios for highrecovery valves) the equation above becomes completely useless. Ifapplied, the Cv equation gives a much higher indicated capacity thanactually will exist. And in the case of a high recovery valve whichreaches critical flow at a low pressure drop ratio (as indicated inFigure 8), the critical flow capacity of the valve may be over-estimatedby as much as 300 percent.

The problems in predicting critical flow with a Cv-based equation ledto a separate gas sizing coefficient based on air flow tests. Thecoefficient (Cg) was developed experimentally for each type and sizeof valve to relate critical flow to absolute inlet pressure. By includingthe correction factor used in the previous equation to compare air at60°F with other gases at other absolute temperatures, the critical flowequation can be written:

Q = C P 520 / GTcritical g 1 (B)

Figure 9. Critical Flow for High and Low RecoveryValves with Equal Cv

*

To account for differences in flow geometry among valves, equations(A) and (B) were consolidated by the introduction of an additionalfactor (C1). C1 is defined as the ratio of the gas sizing coefficient andthe liquid sizing coefficient and provides a numerical indicator of thevalve’s recovery capabilities. In general, C1 values can range fromabout 16 to 37, based on the individual valve’s recovery characteristics.As shown in the example, two valves with identical flow areas andidentical critical flow (Cg) capacities can have widely differing C1values dependent on the effect internal flow geometry has on liquidflow capacity through each valve. Example:

High Recovery Valve

Cg = 4680

Cv = 254

C1 = Cg/Cv

= 4680/254

= 18.4

Low Recovery Valve

Cg = 4680

Cv = 135

C1 = Cg/Cv

= 4680/135

= 34.7

∆P/P1

HIGH RECOVERY

LOW RECOVERY

Cv

Q ∆PP

= 0.151

∆PP

= 0.51

Technical

K - 52

KK

So we see that two sizing coefficients are needed to accurately sizevalves for gas flow—Cg to predict flow based on physical size or flowarea, and C1 to account for differences in valve recovery characteris-tics. A blending equation, called the Universal Gas Sizing Equation,combines equations (A) and (B) by means of a sinusoidal function, andis based on the “perfect gas” laws. It can be expressed in either of thefollowing manners:

Q = 520GT

C P SIN 59.64

C

PP

rad.scfh g 11 1

∆(C)

OR

Q = 520GT

C P SIN 3417C

P

P Deg.scfh g 1

1 1

∆(D)

In either form, the equation indicates critical flow when the sinefunction of the angle designated within the brackets equals unity. Thepressure drop ratio at which critical flow occurs is known as thecritical pressure drop ratio. It occurs when the sine angle reaches π/2radians in equation (C) or 90 degrees in equation (D). As pressuredrop across the valve increases, the sine angle increases from zero upto π/2 radians (90°). If the angle were allowed to increase further, theequations would predict a decrease in flow. Since this is not a realisticsituation, the angle must be limited to 90 degrees maximum.

Although “perfect gases,” as such, do not exist in nature, there are agreat many applications where the Universal Gas Sizing Equation, (C)or (D), provides a very useful and usable approximation.

#!', +!'

The density form of the Universal Gas Sizing Equation is the mostgeneral form and can be used for both perfect and non-perfect gasapplications. Applying the equation requires knowledge of oneadditional condition not included in previous equations, that being theinlet gas, steam, or vapor density (d1) in pounds per cubic foot.(Steam density can be determined from tables.)

Then the following adaptation of the Universal Gas Sizing Equationcan be applied:

Q = 1.06 d P C SIN 3417

C

PP

Deg.lb/hr 1 1 g1 1

∆(E)

' * +, +-&.///'

If steam applications do not exceed 1000 psig, density changes can becompensated for by using a special adaptation of the Universal GasSizing Equation. It incorporates a factor for amount of superheat indegrees Fahrenheit (Tsh) and also a sizing coefficient (Cs) for steam.Equation (F) eliminates the need for finding the density ofsuperheated steam, which was required in Equation (E). Atpressures below 1000 psig, a constant relationship exists betweenthe gas sizing coefficient (Cg) and the steam coefficient (Cs).This relationship can be expressed: Cs = Cg/20. For higher steampressure applications, use Equation (E).

Q =C P

1 + 0.00065T SIN

3417C

P

P Deg.lb/hr

s 1

sh 1 1

∆(F)

!+++

The Universal Gas Sizing Equation can be used to determine the flowof gas through any style of valve. Absolute units of temperature andpressure must be used in the equation. When the critical pressure dropratio causes the sine angle to be 90 degrees, the equation will predictthe value of the critical flow. For service conditions that would resultin an angle of greater than 90 degrees, the equation must be limited to90 degrees in order to accurately determine the critical flow.

Most commonly, the Universal Gas Sizing Equation is used todetermine proper valve size for a given set of service conditions. Thefirst step is to calculate the required Cg by using the Universal GasSizing Equation. The second step is to select a valve from themanufacturer’s literature. The valve selected should have a Cg whichequals or exceeds the calculated value. Be certain that the assumed C1value for the valve is selected from the literature.

It is apparent that accurate valve sizing for gases that requires use ofthe dual coefficient is not sufficient to describe both the capacity andthe recovery characteristics of the valve.

Proper selection of a control valve for gas service is a highly technicalproblem with many factors to be considered. Leading valve manufac-turers provide technical information, test data, sizing catalogs,nomographs, sizing slide rules, and computer or calculator programsthat make valve sizing a simple and accurate procedure.

Technical

K - 53

KK

C1 = Cg/Cv

Cg = gas sizing coefficient

Cs = steam sizing coefficient, Cg/20

Cv = liquid sizing coefficient

d1 = density of steam or vapor at inlet, pounds/cu. foot

G = gas specific gravity (air = 1.0)

P1 = valve inlet pressure, psia

∆P = pressure drop across valve, psi

Qcritical = critical flow rate, scfh

Qscfh = gas flow rate, scfh

Qlb/hr = steam or vapor flow rate, pounds per hour

T = absolute temperature of gas at inlet, degrees Rankine

Tsh = degrees of superheat, °F

!++

noitacilppAnoitauqEgniziSmaetSdnasaGNOITAUQE NOITACILPPA

A P/PD(porderusserpwolyrevtaylnoesU 1 .sselro20.0fosoitar)

B .erusserptelninevigatayticapacwolflacitircenimretedotylnoesU

C

D

RO.noitauqEgniziSsaGlasrevinU

ehtotgnirehdasagynarof,sevlavyrevocerwolrohgihrehtierofwolftciderpotesU.snoitidnocecivresynarednudna,swalsagtcefrep

Eropavynarof,snoitacilppagnizissagtcefrep-nonrotcefreprofwolftciderpotesU

.nwonksiytisneddiulfnehwnoitidnocecivresynata,maetsgnidulcni

F .sselrogisp0001sierusserptelninehwwolfmaetsenimretedotylnoesU

Q = 520GT

C P SIN 59.64

C

PP

rad.scfh g 11 1

∆

Q = C P 520 / GTcritical g 1

Q = . C P P

P

GTscfh v59 64520

11

∆

Q = 520GT

C P SIN 3417C

P

P Deg.scfh g 1

1 1

∆

Q = 1.06 d P C SIN 3417C

P

P Deg.lb/hr 1 1 g

1 1

∆

Q = C P

1 + 0.00065T SIN

3417C

P

P Deg.lb/hr

s 1

sh 1 1

∆

Technical

K - 54

KK

Vacuum regulators and vacuum breakers are widely used in processplants. However, there is little application information available fromregulator manufacturers. Conventional regulators and relief valves aresuitable for vacuum service if applied correctly. This section providesfundamentals and examples.

Just like there are pressure reducing regulators and pressure reliefvalves for positive pressure service, there are also two basic types ofvalves for vacuum service. The terms used for each are sometimesconfusing. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to ask furtherquestions to determine the required function of the valve. Fisher usesthe terms vacuum regulator and vacuum breaker to differentiatebetween the two types.

ABSOLUTEZERO

-14.7 PSIG(-1,01 BAR G),0 PSIA (0 BAR A)

ATMOSPHERIC

5 PSIG (0,34 BAR G) VACUUM,-5 PSIG (-0,34 BAR G),9.7 PSIA (0,67 BAR A)

0 PSIG (0 BAR G),14.7 PSIA (1,01 BAR A)

5 PSIG (0,34 BAR G),19.7 PSIA (1,36 BAR A)

POSITIVEPRESSURE

VACUUM

WHEN TANK PRESSURE INCREASES(MOVES TOWARD 0 PSIG (0 BAR)), REGULATOR OPENS

SPRING OPENED

VACUUMTANK

ATMOSPHERE

VACUUMPUMP

1 PSIG (0,069 BAR) = 27.7 INCHES OF WATER (69 mBAR) = 2.036 INCHES OF MERCURY1kg/cm2 = 10.01 METERS OF WATER = 0.7355 METERS OF MERCURY

Figure 1. Vacuum Terminology

Engineers use a variety of terminology to describe vacuum, whichcan cause some confusion. Determine whether the units are inabsolute pressure or gauge pressure (0 psi gauge (0 bar gauge) isatmospheric pressure).

• 5 psig (0,34 bar g) vacuum is 5 psi (0,34 bar) belowatmospheric pressure

• -5 psig (0,34 bar g) is 5 psi (0,34 bar) below atmospheric pressure.

• 9.7 psia (0,67 bar a) is 9.7 psi (0,67 bar) above absolute zero or5 psi (0,34 bar) below atmospheric pressure(14.7 psia - 5 psi = 9.7 psia (1,01 bar a - 0,34 bar = 0,67 bar a)).

Figure 2. Conventional Regulator used as a Vacuum Regulator

Vacuum regulators maintain a constant vacuum at the regulator inlet. Adecrease in this vacuum (increase in absolute pressure) beyond setpointregisters on the diaphragm and opens the disk. It depends on the valveas to which side of the diaphragm control pressure is measured. Openingthe valve plug permits a downstream vacuum of lower absolute pressurethan the upstream vacuum to restore the upstream vacuum to its originalsetting.

Besides the typical vacuum regulator, a conventional regulator can besuitable if applied correctly. Any pressure reducing regulator (spring toopen device) that has an external control line connection and anO-ring stem seal can be used as a vacuum regulator. Installation requiresa control line to connect the vacuum being controlled and the spring case.The regulator spring range is now a negative pressure range and the bodyflow direction is the same as in conventional pressure reducing service.

Technical

K - 55

KK

VACUUM

BEING LIMITED

VACUUM

PUMP

VACUUM BEING

CONTROLLED

HIGHER

VACUUM SOURCEVACUUM

PUMP

! "#$ %

Vacuum breakers are used in applications where an increase in vacuummust be limited. An increase in vacuum (decrease in absolute pressure)beyond a certain value causes the diaphragm to move and open thedisk. This permits atmospheric pressure, positive pressure, or anupstream vacuum that has higher absolute pressure than the down-stream vacuum, to enter the system and restore the controlled vacuumto its original pressure setting.

A vacuum regulator is a spring-to-close device, meaning that if there isno pressure on the valve the spring will push the valve plug into itsseat. Fisher Controls has various products to handle this application.Some valves are designed as vacuum breakers. Fisher relief valves canalso be used as vacuum breakers.

A conventional relief valve can be used as a vacuum breaker, as long asit has a threaded spring case vent so a control line can be attached. Ifinlet pressure is atmospheric air, then the internal pressure registrationfrom body inlet to lower casing admits atmospheric pressure to the lowercasing. If inlet pressure is not atmospheric, a relief valve in which thelower casing can be vented to atmosphere when the body inlet ispressurized must be chosen. In this case, Fisher uses the terminology‘blocked throat’ or ‘external registration with O-ring stem seal.’

WHEN TANK PRESSURE DECREASES(TOO MUCH VACUUM), VALVE OPENS

VACUUMTANK

ATMOSPHERIC OR POSITIVEPRESSURE

SPRING CLOSEDUNAVOIDABLELEAKAGE

Y695VR VACUUM REGULATOR

POSITIVE PRESSURE OR ATMOSPHERE,OR A LESSER VACUUM THAN THE

VACUUM BEING LIMITED

Y690VB VACUUM BREAKER

Figure 5. Typical Vacuum Breaker Installation

Figure 3. Typical Vacuum Regulator Installation

Figure 4. Conventional Relief Valve used as a Vacuum Breaker

A spring that normally has a range of 6 to 11-inches w.c. (15 to 27 mbar)positive pressure will now have a range of 6 to 11-inches w.c. (15 to 27mbar) vacuum (negative pressure). It may be expedient to benchset thevacuum breaker if the type chosen uses a spring case closing cap.Removing the closing cap to gain access to the adjusting screw will admitair into the spring case when in vacuum service.

ATMOSPHERE


OUTLET PRESSURE (VACUUM)


INLET PRESSURE



Technical

K - 56

KK

VACUUM BEING CONTROLLED HIGHER VACUUM SOURCE

ATMOSPHERICBLEED

FIXEDRESTRICTION

Y695VRMVACUUM REGULATOR

1098-EGRPRESSURE REDUCING REGULATOR

Figure 7. Type Y695VRM used with Type 1098-EGR in a Vacuum Regulator Installation

Figure 6. Type 133L

VACUUM BEINGREGULATED VACUUM SOURCE

&





LOADING PRESSURE



Technical

K - 57

KK


1098-EGRPRESSURE REDUCING REGULATOR

FIXEDRESTRICTION

Y690VBVACUUM BREAKER

VACUUM TANK

Figure 9. Type Y690VB used with Type 1098-EGR in a Vacuum Breaker Installation. If the positive pressure exceeds theType 1098-EGR casing rating, then a Type 67AF with a Type H800 relief valve should be added.

VACUUM TANKATMOSPHERICINLET ONLY

Figure 8. Type 1805

! " &

INLET PRESSURE


INLET PRESSURE

LOADING PRESSURE



VACUUM BEING LIMITED

Technical

K - 58

KK

VACUUM TANK

ATMOSPHERICINLET ONLY

PITOT TUBE SERVES TO REGISTERVACUUM ON TOP OF DIAPHRAGM(NO CONTROL LINE NEEDED)

TYPE 66R

VACUUM TANKATMOSPHERIC INLETPRESSURE

Figure 10. Type 289H Relief Valve used in a Vacuum Breaker Installation

If inlet is positive pressure:

• Select balancing diaphragm and tapped lowercasing construction.

• Leave lower casing open to atmospheric pressure.

Figure 11. Type 66R Relief Valve used in a Vacuum Breaker Installation

Figure 12. Type 66RR Relief Valve used in a Vacuum Breaker Installation

VACUUMTANK

MAINVALVEPLUG

TYPE 66RRATMOSPHERIC PRESSURELOADING PRESSUREOUTLET (CONTROLLED) PRESSURE

MAIN VALVEDIAPHRAGM

PILOT VALVE DISK

FIXED RESTRICTIONPILOTCONTROLSPRING

! " &

Technical

K - 59

KK

! "

When applications arise where the gas blanketing requirements are invacuum, a combination of a vacuum breaker and a regulator may beused. For example, in low inches of water column vacuum, a TypeY690VB vacuum breaker and a Type 66-112 vacuum regulator can beused for very precise control.

Vacuum blanketing is useful if you suspect vessel leakage to atmosphereand the material inside the vessel is harmful to the surrounding employ-ees or environment. If leakage were to occur, only outside air wouldenter the vessel because of the pressure differential in the tank.Therefore, any process vapors in the tank would be contained.

$ $$'( ! "

• Precision Control of Low Pressure Settings—Large diaphragmareas provide more accurate control at low pressure settings.Some of these regulators are used as pilots on our Tank Blanketingand Vapor Recovery Regulators. Therefore, they are designed tobe highly accurate, usually within 1-inch water column.

• Corrosion Resistance—Constructions are available in a variety ofmaterials for compatibility with corrosive process gases. Wideselection of elastomers compatible with flowing media.

• Rugged Construction—Diaphragm case and internal parts aredesigned to withstand vibration and shock.

• Wide Product Offering—Fisher Controls can offer either direct-operated or pilot-operated regulators.

• Fisher Advantage—Widest range of products and a provenhistory in the design and manufacture of process control equip-ment. A Sales Channel that offers local stock and support.

• Spare Parts—Low cost parts that are interchangeable with otherFisher Regulators in your plant.

• Easy Sizing and Selection—Most applications can be sizedutilizing the Fisher Sizing Program and sizing coefficients.

Figure 13. Example of Gas Blanketing in Vacuum

20-30 PSIG (1,4-2,1 BAR)NITROGEN OR OTHER GAS

VACUUM BREAKER TYPEY690VB SET TO OPEN AT-2-INCHES W.C. (-5 mBAR)

TO EXHAUST HEADER-9-INCHES W.C. (-22 mBAR)

VACUUM REGULATORTYPE 66-112 SET TO OPENAT -1-INCH W.C. (-2 mBAR)

CONTROL LINES

TANK — 1-INCH W.C. (2 mBAR)

Technical

K - 60

KK

Freezing has been a problem since the birth of the gas industry. Thisproblem will likely continue, but there are ways to minimize theeffects of the phenomenon.

There are two areas of freezing. The first is the formation of ice fromwater travelling within the gas stream. Ice will form when tempera-tures drop below 32°F (0°C).

The second is hydrate formation. Hydrate is a frozen mixture of waterand hydrocarbons. This bonding of water around the hydrocarbonmolecule forms a compound which can freeze above 32°F (0°C).Hydrates can be found in pipelines that are saturated with watervapor. It is also common to have hydrate formation in natural gas ofhigh BTU content. Hydrate formation is dependent upon operatingconditions and gas composition.

To minimize problems, we have several options.

1. Keep the fluid temperature above the freezing point byapplying heat.

2. Feed an antifreeze solution into the flow stream.

3. Select equipment that is designed to be ice-free in the regionswhere there are moving parts.

4. Design systems that minimize freezing effects.

5. Remove the water from the flow stream.

Obviously, warm water does not freeze. What we have to know iswhen heat is needed, then apply the heat.

Gas temperature is reduced whenever pressure is reduced. Thistemperature drop is about 1°F (1°C) for each 15 psi (2 bar) pressuredrop. Potential problems can be identified by calculating the tempera-ture drop and subtracting from the initial temperature. Usually groundtemperature, about 50°F (10°C) is the initial temperature. If apressure reducing station dropped the pressure from 400 to 250 psi(27 to 17 bar) and the initial temperature is 50°F (10°C), the finaltemperature would be 40°F (5°C).

50°F - (400-250 psi) (1°F/15 psi) = 40°F

(10°C - (27 - 17 bar) (1°C/2 bar) = 5°C)

In this case, a freezing problem is not expected. However, if the finalpressure was 25 psi (3 bar) instead of 250 psi (27 bar), the finaltemperature would be 25°F (-2°C). We should expect freezing in thisexample if there is any moisture in the gas stream.

We can heat the entire gas stream with line heaters where the situationwarrants. However, this does involve some large equipment andconsiderable fuel requirements.

Many different types of large heaters are on the market today. Someinvolve boilers that heat a water/glycol solution which is circulatedthrough a heat exchanger in the main gas line. Two important consider-ations are: (1) fuel efficiencies, and (2) noise generation.

In many cases, it is more practical to build a box around the pressurereducing regulator and install a small catalytic heater to warm theregulator. When pilot-operated regulators are used, we may find thatthe ice passes through the regulator without difficulty but plugs thesmall ports in the pilot. A small heater can be used to heat the pilotsupply gas or the pilot itself. A word of caution is appropriate.When a heater remains in use when it is not needed, it can overheat therubber parts of the regulator. They are usually designed for 180°F(82°C) maximum. Using an automatic temperature control thermostatcan prevent overheating.

!"

An antifreeze solution can be introduced into the flow stream where itwill combine with the water. The mixture can pass through thepressure reducing station without freezing. The antifreeze is drippedinto the pipeline from a pressurized reservoir through a needle valve.This system is quite effective if one remembers to replenish thereservoir. There is a system that allows the antifreeze to enter thepipeline only when needed. We can install a small pressure regulatorbetween the reservoir and the pipeline with the control line of thesmall regulator connected downstream of the pressure reducingregulator in the pipeline. The small regulator is set at a lower pressurethan the regulator in the pipeline. When the controlled pressure isnormal, the small regulator remains closed and conserves the antifreeze.When ice begins to block the regulator in the pipeline, downstreampressure will fall below the setpoint of the small regulator whichcauses it to open, admitting antifreeze into the pipeline as it is needed.When the ice is removed, the downstream pressure returns to normaland the small regulator closes until ice begins to re-form. This systemis quite reliable as long as the supply of the antifreeze solution ismaintained. It is usually used at low volume pressure reducingstations.

Technical

K - 61

KK

#"$%!&

We can select equipment that is somewhat tolerant of freezing if weknow how ice forms in a pressure reducing regulator. Since thepressure drop occurs at the orifice, this is the spot where we mightexpect the ice formation. However, this is not necessarily the case.Metal regulator bodies are good heat conductors. As a result, the body,not just the port, is cooled by the pressure drop. The moisture in theincoming gas strikes the cooled surface as it enters the body andfreezes to the body wall before it reaches the orifice. If the valve plugis located upstream of the orifice, there is a good chance that it willbecome trapped in the ice and remain in the last position. This iceoften contains worm holes which allow gas to continue to flow. In thiscase, the regulator will be unable to control downstream pressure whenthe flow requirement changes. If the valve plug is located downstreamof the port, it is operating in an area that is frequently ice-free. It mustbe recognized that any regulator can be disabled by ice if there issufficient moisture in the flow stream.

'%

We can arrange station piping to reduce freezing if we know when toexpect freezing. Many have noted that there are few reportedinstances of freezing when the weather is very cold (0°F (-18°C)).They have observed that most freezing occurs when the atmospherictemperature is between 35° and 45°F (2° and 7°C). When theatmospheric temperature is quite low, the moisture within the gasstream freezes to the pipe wall before it reaches the pressure reducingvalve which leaves only dry gas to pass through the valve. We cantake advantage of this concept by increasing the amount of piping thatis exposed above ground upstream of the pressure reducing valve.This will assure ample opportunity for the moisture to contact thepipe wall and freeze to the wall.

When the atmospheric temperature rises enough to melt the ice fromthe pipe wall, it is found that the operating conditions are notfavorable to ice formation in the pressure reducing valve. There maybe sufficient solar heat gain to warm the regulator body or lower flowrates which reduces the refrigeration effect of the pressure drop.

Parallel pressure reducing valves make a practical antifreeze system forlow flow stations such as farm taps. The two parallel regulators areset at slightly different pressures (maybe one at 50 psi (3 bar) and oneat 60 psi (4 bar)). The flow will automatically go through the regulatorwith the higher setpoint. When this regulator freezes closed, thepressure will drop and the second regulator will open and carry theload. Since most freezing instances occur when the atmospherictemperature is between 35° and 45°F (2° and 7°C), we expect the ice

in the first regulator to begin thawing as soon as the flow stops. Whenthe ice melts from the first regulator, it will resume flowing gas. Thesetwo regulators will continue to alternate between flowing and freezinguntil the atmospheric temperature decreases or increases, which willget the equipment out of the ice formation temperature range.

(% )!

Removing the moisture from the flow stream solves the problem offreezing. However, this can be a difficult task. Where moisture is asignificant problem, it may be beneficial to use a method of dehydra-tion. Dehydration is a process that removes the water from the gasstream. Effective dehydration removes enough water to preventreaching the dew point at the lowest temperature and highest pressure.

Two common methods of dehydration involve glycol absorption anddesiccants. The glycol absorption process requires the gas stream topass through glycol inside a contactor. Water vapor is absorbed by theglycol which in turn is passed through a regenerator that removes thewater by distillation. The glycol is reused after being stripped of thewater. The glycol system is continuous and fairly low in cost. It isimportant, however, that glycol is not pushed downstream with thedried gas.

The second method, solid absorption or desiccant, has the ability toproduce much drier gas than glycol absorption. The solid process hasthe gas stream passing through a tower filled with desiccant. Thewater vapor clings to the desiccant, until it reaches saturation.Regeneration of the desiccant is done by passing hot gas through thetower to dry the absorption medium. After cooling, the system isready to perform again. This is more of a batch process and willrequire two or more towers to keep a continuous flow of dry gas. Thedesiccant system is more expensive to install and operate than theglycol units.

Most pipeline gas does not have water content high enough to requirethese measures. Sometimes a desiccant dryer installed in the pilot gassupply lines of a pilot-operated regulator is quite effective. This isprimarily true where water is present on an occasional basis.

*

It is ideal to design a pressure reducing station that will never freeze,but anyone who has spent time working on this problem will acknowl-edge that no system is foolproof. We can design systems thatminimize the freezing potential by being aware of the conditions thatfavor freezing.

Technical

K - 62

KK

This section explains the uses and compatibilities of elastomerscommonly used by Fisher. The following tables provide the compat-ibility of the most common elastomers and metals to a variety ofchemicals and/or compounds.

!

" - Nitrile Rubber, also called Buna-N, is a copolymer of butadieneand acrylonitrile. Nitrile is recommended for: general purpose sealing,petroleum oils and fluids, water, silicone greases and oils, di-esterbased lubricants (such as MIL-L-7808), and ethylene glycol basedfluids (Hydrolubes). It is not recommended for: halogenated hydrocar-bons, nitro hydrocarbons (such as nitrobenzene and aniline), phos-phate ester hydraulic fluids (Skydrol, Cellulube, Pydraul), ketones(MEK, acetone), strong acids, ozone, and automotive brake fluid. Itstemperature range is - 60° to +225°F (-51° to +107°C), although thiswould involve more than one compound.

#$# - Ethylenepropylene rubber is an elastomer prepared fromethylene and propylene monomers. EPM is a copolymer of ethylene andpropylene, while EPDM contains a small amount of a third monomer(a diene) to aid in the curing process. EP is recommended for:phosphate ester based hydraulic fluids, steam to 400°F (204°C),water, silicone oils and greases, dilute acids, dilute alkalis, ketones,alcohols, and automotive brake fluids. It is not recommended for:petroleum oils, and di-ester based lubricants. Its temperature range is -60° to +500°F (-51° to +260°C) (The high limit would make use of aspecial high temperature formulation developed for geothermalapplications).

%& - This is a fluoroelastomer of the polymethylene type havingsubstituent fluoro and perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkoxy groups on thepolymer chain. Viton and Fluorel are the most common trade names.FKM is recommended for: petroleum oils, di-ester based lubricants,silicate ester based lubricants (such as MLO 8200, MLO 8515, OS-45), silicone fluids and greases, halogenated hydrocarbons, selectedphosphate ester fluids, and some acids. It is not recommended for:ketones, Skydrol 500, amines (UDMH), anhydrous ammonia, lowmolecular weight esters and ethers, and hot hydrofluoric andchlorosulfonic acids. Its temperature range is -20° to +450°F (-29° to+232°C) (Limited use at each end of the temperature range).

- This is chloroprene, commonly know as neoprene, which is ahomopolymer of chloroprene (chlorobutadiene). CR is recommendedfor: refrigerants (Freons, ammonia), high aniline point petroleum oils,mild acids, and silicate ester fluids. It is not recommended for:phosphate ester fluids and ketones. Its temperature range is -60° to+200°F (-51° to +93°C), although this would involve more than onecompound.

- This is natural rubber which is a natural polyisoprene, primarilyfrom the tree, Hevea Brasiliensis. The synthetics have all butcompletely replaced natural rubber for seal use. NR is recommendedfor automotive brake fluid, and it is not recommended for petroleumproducts. Its temperature range is -80° to +180°F (-62° to +82°C).

%' - This is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene;hence, it is sometimes called TFE/P rubber. Common trade names areAflas (3M Co.) and Fluoraz (Greene, Tweed & Co.). It is generallyused where resistance to both hydrocarbons and hot water arerequired. Its temperature range is +20° to +400°F (-7° to +204°C).

- This is commonly called Hydrin rubber, although that is a tradename for a series of rubber materials by B.F. Goodrich. CO is thedesignation for the homopolymer of epichlorohydrin, ECO is thedesignation for a copolymer of ethylene oxide and chloromethyloxirane (epichlorohydrin copolymer), and ETER is the designation forthe terpolymer of epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, and an unsaturatedmonomer. All the epichlorohydrin rubbers exhibit better heatresistance than nitrile rubbers, but corrosion with aluminum may limitapplications. Typical operating temperature ranges are -20° to +325°F(-29° to +163°C) for the CO and -55° to +300°F (-48° to +149°C) forthe ECO and ETER elastomers.

%%& - This is a perfluoroelastomer generally better known as Kalrez(DuPont) and Chemraz (Greene, Tweed). Perfluoro rubbers of thepolymethylene type have all substituent groups on the polymer chainof fluoro, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroalkoxy groups. The resultingpolymer has superior chemical resistance and heat temperatureresistance. This elastomer is extremely expensive and should be usedonly when all else fails. Its temperature range is 0° to +500°F (-18° to+260°C). Some materials, such as Kalrez 4079 can be used to 600°F(316°C).

%() - This is fluorosilicone rubber which is an elastomer that shouldbe used for static seals because it has poor mechanical properties. Ithas good low and high temperature resistance and is reasonablyresistant to oils and fuels because of its fluorination. Because of thecost, it only finds specialty use. Its temperature range is -80° to+350°F (-62° to +177°C).

() - This is the most general term for silicone rubber. Silicone rubbercan be designated MQ, PMQ, and PVMQ, where the Q designates anyrubber with silicon and oxygen in the polymer chain, and M, P, and Vrepresent methyl, phenyl, and vinyl substituent groups on thepolymer chain. This elastomer is used only for static seals due to itspoor mechanical properties. Its temperature range is -65° to +450°F(-54° to +232°C).

Technical

K - 63

KK

sremotsalEfoseitreporPlareneG

YTREPORPLARUTAN

REBBURS-ANUB ELIRTIN ENERPOEN LYTUB LOKOIHT ENOCILIS NOLAPYH NOTIV )2,1( -ERUYLOP

ENAHT )2(-YLOPCILYRCA )1(

-NELYHTE-LYPORPE

ENE )3(

elisneT,htgnertS)raB(isP

muGeruP )702(0003 )82(004 )14(006 )142(0053 )702(0003 )12(003054-002)13-41(

)672(0004 --- --- )7(001 ---

decrofnieR )013(0054 )702(0003 )672(0004 )142(0053 )702(0003 )301(0051 )67(0011 )303(0044 )951(0032 )844(0056 )421(0081 )271(0052

ecnatsiseRraeT tnellecxE riaF-rooP riaF dooG dooG riaF riaF-rooP tnellecxE dooG tnellecxE riaF rooP

ecnatsiseRnoisarbA tnellecxE dooG dooG tnellecxE riaF rooP rooP tnellecxE dooGyreV tnellecxE dooG dooG

thgilnuS:gnigAnoitadixO

rooPdooG

rooPriaF

rooPriaF

tnellecxEdooG

tnellecxEdooG

dooGdooG

dooGdooGyreV

tnellecxEdooGyreV

tnellecxEtnellecxE

tnellecxEtnellecxE

tnellecxEtnellecxE dooG

taeH)erutarepmeTmumixaM(

F°002)C°39(

F°002)C°39(

F°052)C°121(

F°002)C°39(

F°002)C°39(

F°041)C°06(

F°054)C°232(

F°003)C°941(

F°004)C°402(

F°002)C°39(

F°053)C°771(

F°053)C°771(

)flehS(citatS dooG dooG dooG dooGyreV dooG riaF dooG dooG --- --- dooG dooG

gnikcarCxelFecnatsiseR

tnellecxE dooG dooG tnellecxE tnellecxE riaF riaF tnellecxE --- tnellecxE dooG ---

teSnoisserpmoCecnatsiseR

dooG dooG dooGyreV tnellecxE riaF rooP dooG rooP rooP dooG dooG riaF

:ecnatsiseRtnevloSnobracordyHcitahpilAnobracordyHcitamorA

tnevloSdetanegyxOtnevloSdetanegolaH

rooPyreVrooPyreV

dooGrooPyreV

rooPyreVrooPyreV

dooGrooPyreV

dooGriaFrooP

rooPyreV

riaFrooPriaF

rooPyreV

rooProoPyreV

dooGrooP

tnellecxEdooGriaFrooP

rooProoPyreV

rooProoPyreV

riaFrooProoP

rooPyreV

tnellecxEdooGyreV

dooG---

dooGyreVriaFrooP

---

dooGrooProoProoP

rooPriaF---rooP

:ecnatsiseRliOliOlareniMenilinAwoLliOlareniMenilinAhgiH

stnacirbuLcitehtnySsetahpsohPcinagrO

rooPyreVrooPyreVrooPyreVrooPyreV

rooPyreVrooPyreVrooPyreVrooPyreV

tnellecxEtnellecxE

riaFrooPyreV

riaFdooG

rooPyreVrooPyreV

rooPyreVrooPyreV

rooPdooG

tnellecxEtnellecxE

rooProoP

rooPdooGriaFrooP

riaFdooGrooProoP

tnellecxEtnellecxE

---rooP

---------rooP

tnellecxEtnellecxE

riaFrooP

rooProoProoP

dooGyreV

:ecnatsiseRenilosaGcitamorA

citamorA-noNrooPyreVrooPyreV

rooPyreVrooPyreV

dooGtnellecxE

rooPdooG

rooPyreVrooPyreV

tnellecxEtnellecxE

rooPdooG

rooPriaF

dooGdooGyreV

riaFdooG

riaFrooP

riaFrooP

:ecnatsiseRdicA)%01rednU(detuliD

detartnecnoC )4(dooGriaF

dooGrooP

dooGrooP

riaFriaF

dooGriaF

rooProoPyreV

riaFrooP

dooGdooG

tnellecxEdooGyreV

riaFrooP

rooProoP

dooGyreVdooG

erutarepmeTwoL)mumixaM(ytilibixelF

F°56-)C°45-(

F°05-)C°64-(

F°04-)C°04-(

F°04-)C°04-(

F°04-)C°04-(

F°04-)C°04-(

F°001-)C°37-(

F°02-)C°92-(

F°03-)C°43-(

F°04-)C°04-(

F°01-)C°32-(

F°05-)C°54-(

sesaGotytilibaemreP riaF riaF riaF dooGyreV dooGyreV dooG riaF dooGyreV dooG dooG dooG dooG

ecnatsiseRretaW dooG dooGyreV dooGyreV riaF dooGyreV riaF riaF riaF tnellecxE riaF riaF dooGyreV

:ecnatsiseRilaklA)%01rednU(detuliD

detartnecnoCdooGriaF

dooGriaF

dooGriaF

dooGdooG

dooGyreVdooGyreV

rooProoP

riaFrooP

dooGdooG

tnellecxEdooGyreV

riaFrooP

rooProoP

tnellecxEdooG

ecneiliseR dooGyreV riaF riaF dooGyreV dooGyreV rooP dooG dooG dooG riaF rooPyreV dooGyreV

)mumixaM(noitagnolE %007 %005 %005 %005 %007 %004 %003 %003 %524 %526 %002 %005

maetshtiwesutonoD.1ainommahtiwesutonoD.2

.)C°941(F°003otsnoitacilppamaetserusserpwoldnasliociluardyhelbammalf-nondesabretsehtiwesU.sdiulfdesabmuelortephtiwesutonoD.3.dicaciruflusdnacirtinroftpecxE.4

Technical

K - 64

KK

sremotsalEfoytilibitapmoCdiulF

DIULFLAIRETAM

)RC(enerpoeN )RBN(elirtiN )MKF(remotsaleoroulF )MDPE(enelyporpenelyhtE )MKFF(remotsaleoroulfreP

)%03(dicAcitecAenotecA

tneibmA,riA))C°39(F°002(toH,riA

)lyhtE(lohoclA)lyhteM(lohoclA

)dloC()suordyhnA(ainommA

BCACAAA

CCABCAA

CCAACCC

AAAAAAA

AAAAAAA

)toH,saG(ainommAreeB

enezneB)edirolhCmuiclaC(enirB

saGeneidatuB)saG(enatuB

BACACA

CACACA

CABBBA

BACACC

AAAAAA

)diuqiL(enatuBedirolhcarteTnobraC

)yrD(enirolhC)teW(enirolhCsaGnevOekoC

CCCCC

ACCCC

AAABA

CCCCC

AAAAA

etatecAlyhtElocylGenelyhtE

11noerF21noerF22noerF

CACAA

CABAC

CAABC

BACBA

AAAAA

411noerF)evitomotuA(enilosaG

saGnegordyH)yrD(edifluSnegordyH)teW(edifluSnegordyH

ACAAB

ABA

A )1(

C

BAACC

ACAAA

AAAAA

)4-PJ(leuFteJ)KEM(enoteKlyhtElyhteM

EBTMsaGlarutaN

BCCA

ACCA

ACCA

CACC

AAAA

)%001ot05(dicAcirtiNnegortiN)leuF(liO

enaporP

CACB

CAAA

BAAA

CACC

AAAA

edixoiDrufluS)%05otpu(dicAcirufluS

)%001ot05(dicAcirufluS)tneibmA(retaW

)C°39/F°002ta(retaW

ABCAC

CCCAB

AAAAB

ABBAA

AAAAA

.serutarepmettohhtiwsnesrowecnamrofreP.1dednemmoceR-A

.noituachtiwdeecorP.tceffeetaredomotroniM-ByrotcafsitasnU-C

elbaliavatonnoitamrofnI-A/N

Technical

K - 65

KK

- continued -

slateMfoytilibitapmoCNOITAMROFNINOISORROC

diulF

lairetaM

nobraCleetS

tsaCnorI

00203Sro

00403SsselniatS

leetS

00613SsselniatS

leetSeznorB lenoM

yolletsaHB

yolletsaHC

temiruD02

muinatiT-tlaboC

esaB6yollA

00614SsselniatS

leetS

C044sselniatS

leetS

HP4-71sselniatS

leetS

edyhedlatecAeerFriA,dicAcitecAdetareA,dicAcitecA

sropaVdicAcitecAenotecA

ACCCA

ACCCA

ABAAA

ABAAA

ABABA

ABABA

LIAALIA

AAAAA

AAABA

LIAAAA

LIAAAA

ACCCA

ACCCA

ABBBA

enelytecAslohoclA

etafluSmunimulAainommA

edirolhCmuinommA

AACAC

AACAC

AAAAB

AAAAB

LIABCB

AABAB

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

LIAAAA

AALIAB

AACAC

AACAC

AALILILI

etartiNmuinommA)cisaBonoM(etahpsohPmuinommA

etafluSmuinommAetifluSmuinommA

enilinA

ACCCC

CCCCC

AABAA

AAAAA

CBBCC

CBACB

AAALIA

AAAAA

ABAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

CBCBC

BBCBC

LILILILILI

tlahpsAreeB

)lozneB(enezneBdicAciozneB

dicAciroB

ABACC

ABACC

AAAAA

AAAAA

ABAAA

AAAAA

AAALIA

AAAAA

AAAAA

LIAAAA

AAALIA

ABAAB

ABAAB

AAAALI

enatuB)enilaklA(edirolhCmuiclaC

etirolhcopyHmuiclaCdicAcilobraC

yrD,edixoiDnobraC

ABCBA

ABCBA

ACBAA

ABBAA

ACBAA

AABAA

AACAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

LIAAAA

ALILIAA

ACCLIA

ACCLIA

ALILILIA

teW,edixoiDnobraCediflusiDnobraC

edirolhcarteTnobraCdicAcinobraC

yrD,saGenirolhC

CABCA

CABCA

AABBB

AABBB

BCABB

ABAAA

AABAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAALIC

AALILIB

ABCAC

ABAAC

ALILIAC

teW,saGenirolhCdiuqiL,enirolhC

dicAcimorhCdicAcirtiC

saGnevOekoC

CCCLIA

CCCCA

CCCBA

CCBAA

CBCAB

CCABB

CCCAA

BAAAA

CBCAA

ACAAA

BBBLIA

CCCBA

CCCBA

CCCBA

etafluSreppoCliOdeesnottoC

etosoerCenahtE

rehtE

CAAAB

CAAAB

BAAAA

BAAAA

BACAA

CAAAA

LIAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AALIAA

LIAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

edirolhClyhtEenelyhtE

locylGenelyhtEedirolhCcirreFedyhedlamroF

CAACB

CAACB

AAACA

AAACA

AAACA

AAACA

AALICA

AALIBA

AAACA

AALIAA

AAABA

BAACA

BAACA

LIAALIA

dicAcimroFteW,noerF

yrD,noerFlarufruF

denifeR,enilosaG

LIBBAA

CBBAA

BBAAA

BAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

CAAAA

BAAAA

CLILIBA

CLILIBA

BLILILIA

dednemmoceR-A.noituachtiwdeecorP.tceffeetaredomotroniM-B

yrotcafsitasnU-CgnikcalnoitamrofnI-LI

Technical

K - 66

KK

)deunitnoc(slateMfoytilibitapmoCNOITAMROFNINOISORROC

diulF

lairetaM

nobraCleetS

tsaCnorI

00203Sro

00403SsselniatS

leetS

00613SsselniatS

leetSeznorB lenoM

yolletsaHB

yolletsaHC

temiruD02

muinatiT-tlaboC

esaB6yollA

00614SsselniatS

leetS

C044sselniatS

leetS

HP4-71sselniatS

leetS

esoculGdetareA,dicAcirolhcordyHeerfriA,dicAcirolhcordyHdetareA,dicAciroulfordyHeerfriA,dicAciroulfordyH

ACCBA

ACCCC

ACCCC

ACCBB

ACCCC

ACCCA

AAAAA

ABBAA

ACCBB

ACCCC

ABBBLI

ACCCC

ACCCC

ACCCLI

negordyHedixorePnegordyH

diuqiL,edifuSnegordyHedixordyHmuisengaM

yrucreM

ALICAA

AACAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

ACCBC

AACAB

ABAAA

ABAAA

AABAA

AAAAA

ALIAAA

ABCAA

ABCAA

ALILILIB

lonahteMenoteKlyhtElyhteM

kliMsaGlarutaN

dicAcirtiN

AACAC

AACAC

AAAAA

AAAAB

AAAAC

AAAAC

AAAAC

AAAAB

AAAAA

ALIAAA

AAAAC

AACAC

BACAC

AACAB

dicAcielOdicAcilaxO

negyxOdenifeR,sliOmuelorteP

detareA,dicAcirohpsohP

CCAAC

CCAAC

ABAAA

ABAAA

BBAAC

ABAAC

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

ABAAB

ABAAA

ABAAC

ABAAC

LILIAALI

eerFriA,dicAcirohpsohPsropaVdicAcirohpsohP

dicAcirciPedirolhCmuissatoP

edixordyHmuissatoP

CCCBB

CCCBB

ABAAA

ABAAA

CCCBB

BCCBA

AAAAA

ALIAAA

AAAAA

BBLIAA

ACLILILI

CCBCB

CCBCB

LILILILILI

enaporPnisoR

etartiNrevliSetatecAmuidoS

etanobraCmuidoS

ABCAA

ABCAA

AAABA

AAAAA

AACAA

AACAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

ALIAAA

AABAA

AABAB

AABAB

AALIAA

edirolhCmuidoSetamorhCmuidoSedixordyHmuidoS

edirolhcopyHmuidoSetaflusoihTmuidoS

CAACC

CAACC

BAACA

BAACA

AACC-B

C

AAAC-B

C

AAACA

AAAAA

AAABA

AAAAA

AAALILI

BABCB

BABCB

BAALILI

edirolhCsuonnatSdicAciraetS

)kcalB(rouqiLetafluSrufluS

yrD,edixoiDrufluS

BAAAA

BCAAA

CAAAA

AAAAA

CBCCA

BBAAA

AAAAB

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

LIBAAA

CBLIAB

CBLIAB

LILILIALI

yrD,edixoirTrufluS)detareA(dicAcirufuS)eerFriA(dicAcirufuS

dicAsuorufluSraT

ACCCA

ACCCA

ACCBA

ACCBA

ACBBA

ACBCA

BAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

ABBAA

ABBBA

BCCCA

BCCCA

LICCLIA

enelyhteorolhcirTenitnepruT

rageniVdeeFrelioB,retaW

dellitsiD,retaW

BBCBA

BBCCA

BAAAA

AAAAA

AABCA

ABAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AALIAA

AAAAA

BACBB

BACAB

LIAAALI

aeS,retaWseniWdnayeksihW

edirolhCcniZetafluScniZ

BCCC

BCCC

BACA

BACA

AACB

ABCA

AAAA

AAAA

AAAA

AAAA

AABA

CCCB

CCCB

ALILILI

dednemmoceR-A.noituachtiwdeecorP.tceffeetaredomotroniM-B

yrotcafsitasnU-CgnikcalnoitamrofnI-LI

Technical

K - 67

KK

The NACE Standard MR0175, “Sulfide Stress Corrosion CrackingResistant Metallic Materials for Oil Field Equipment” is widely usedthroughout the world. The standard specifies the proper materials,heat treat conditions and strength levels required to provide goodservice life in sour gas and oil environments. NACE (National Associa-tion of Corrosion Engineers) is a worldwide technical organizationwhich studies various aspects of corrosion and the damage that mayresult in refineries, chemical plants, water systems, and other industrialsystems.

!"#

MR0175 was first issued in 1975, but the origin of the document datesto 1959 when a group of engineers in Western Canada pooled theirexperience in successful handling of sour gas. The group organized asNACE committee T-1B and in 1963 issued specification 1B163,“Recommendations of Materials for Sour Service.” In 1965, NACEorganized the nationwide committee T-1F-1 which issued 1F166 in 1966and MR0175 in 1975. The specification is revised on an annual basis.

NACE committee T-1F-1 continues to have responsibility forMR0175. All revisions and additions must be unanimously approvedby the 500-plus member committee T-1, Corrosion Control inPetroleum Production. MR0175 is intended to apply only to oil fieldequipment, flow line equipment, and oil field processing facilities whereH2S is present. Only sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is addressed. Usersare advised that other forms of failure mechanisms must be consideredin all cases. Failure modes, such as severe general corrosion, chloridestress corrosion cracking, hydrogen blistering or step-wise cracking areoutside the scope of the document. Users must carefully consider theprocess conditions when selecting materials.

While the standard is intended to be used only for oil field equipment,industry has taken MR0175 and applied it to many other areasincluding refineries, LNG plants, pipelines, and natural gas systems.The judicious use of the document in these applications is constructiveand can help prevent SSC failures wherever H2S is present.

$%

The various sections of MR0175 cover the commonly available forms ofmaterials and alloy systems. The requirements for heat treatment,hardness levels, conditions of mechanical work, and post-weld heattreatment are addressed for each form of material. Fabricationtechniques, bolting, platings, and coatings are also addressed.

Figure 1. Sour Gas Systems

Figure 2. Sour Multiphase Systems

0.05PSIA

PARTIA

LPRESSURE

SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING REGION

265 PSIA TOTAL PRESSURE

15%

HS2

GRAINS H S PER 100 SCF2

MOL% H S

IN GAS2

PPM H S

IN GAS2

10,000

1 10 100 1000

1000

100

10

.0001

1

.001

10

.01

100

.1

1000

1

10,000

10

100,000

TO

TA

LP

RE

SS

UR

E,P

SIA

10PSIA

PARTIA

L

PRESSURE

0.05PSIA

PARTIA

LPRESSURE

SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING REGION

265 PSIA TOTAL PRESSURE

GRAINS H S PER 100 SCF2

MOL% H S

IN GAS2

PPM H S

IN GAS2

10,000

1 10 100 1000

1000

100

10

.0001

1

.001

10

.01

100

.1

1000

1

10,000

10

100,000T

OTA

LP

RE

SS

UR

E,P

SIA

Technical

K - 68

KK

Figures 1 and 2 taken from MR0175 define the sour systems whereSSC may occur. Low concentrations of H2S at low pressures areconsidered outside the scope of the document. The low stress levels atlow pressures or the inhibitive effects of oil may give satisfactoryperformance with standard commercial equipment. Many users,however, have elected to take a conservative approach and specifyNACE compliance any time a measurable amount of H2S is present.The decision to follow MR0175 must be made by the user based oneconomic impact, the safety aspects should a failure occur, and past fieldexperience. Legislation can impact the decision as well. MR0175 mustnow be followed by law for sour applications under several jurisdictions;Texas (Railroad Commission), off-shore (under U.S. MineralsManagement Service), and Alberta, Canada (Energy ConservationBoard).

!&' (')*

SSC develops in aqueous solutions as corrosion forms on a material.Hydrogen ions are a product of many corrosion processes (Figure 3).These ions pick up electrons from the base material producinghydrogen atoms. At that point, two hydrogen atoms may combine toform a hydrogen molecule. Most molecules will eventually collect,form hydrogen bubbles, and float away harmlessly. Some percentageof the hydrogen atoms will diffuse into the base metal and embrittlethe crystalline structure. When the concentration of hydrogenbecomes critical and the tensile stress exceeds the threshold level, SSCoccurs. H2S does not actively participate in the SSC reaction; sulfidespromote the entry of the hydrogen atoms into the base material.

In many instances, particularly among carbon and low alloy steels, thecracking will initiate and propagate along the grain boundaries. This iscalled intergranular stress cracking. In other alloy systems or underspecific conditions, the cracking will propagate through the grains.This is called transgranular stress corrosion cracking.

Sulfide stress cracking is most severe at ambient temperature, 20° to120°F (-7° to 49°C). Below 20°F (-7°C) the diffusion rate of thehydrogen is so slow that the critical concentration is never reached.Above 120°F (49°C) the diffusion rate is so fast that the hydrogenpasses through the material in such a rapid manner that the criticalconcentration is not reached. The occurrence of stress corrosioncracking above 120°F (49°C) is still likely and must be carefullyconsidered when selecting material. In most cases, the stress corrosioncracking will not be SSC but some other form. Chloride stresscorrosion cracking is likely in deep sour wells as most exceed 300°F(149°C) and contain significant chloride levels.

Figure 3. Schematic showing the generation on entry of hydrogenproducing sulfide stress cracking

Figure 4. Effect of hardness on time to failure of AISI 4140 steel boltsin H2S + water at 104°F (40°C) and 250 psi (17,2 bar)

H

H

H

H2

H

H

HH H+

H+

e-

e-

e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

M+

M+

M+ S-2

S-2

S-2

HHHH

H HH

H

100

80

60

40

20

00 100

TIME TO FAILURE IN HOURS

RANGE OF BOLT HARDNESS

BO

LT

FA

ILU

RE

SIN

CU

MU

LA

TIV

E

PE

RC

EN

T

Rc 55-57

Rc 39-43

Rc 34-38

Rc 27-33

1,000 10,000

Technical

K - 69

KK

The susceptibility of a material to SSC is directly related to itsstrength or hardness level. This is true for carbon steels, stainlesssteels, and nickel based alloys. When carbon or alloy steel is heattreated to progressively higher hardness levels, the time to failuredecreases rapidly for a given stress level (Figure 4). Years of fieldexperience have shown that good SSC resistance is obtained below 22HRC for the carbon and low alloy steels. SSC can still occur below 22HRC, but the likelihood of failure is greatly reduced.

+"

Carbon and low alloy steels have acceptable resistance to SSCprovided their processing is carefully monitored. The hardness mustbe less than 22 HRC. If welding or significant cold working is done,stress relief is required. Even though the base metal hardness of acarbon or alloy steel is less than 22 HRC, areas of the heat effectedzone will be harder. Post-weld heat treatment will eliminate theseexcessively hard areas.

ASME SA216 grades WCB and WCC are the most commonly usedbody casting materials. It is Fisher’s policy to stress relieve all WCBand WCC castings to MR0175 whether they have been welded or not.This eliminates the chance of a weld repair going undetected and notbeing stress-relieved.

ASME SA352 grades LCB and LCC are very similar to WCB andWCC. They are impact tested at -50°F (-46°C) to ensure goodtoughness in low temperature service. LCB and LCC are used in thenorthern U.S., Alaska, and Canada where temperatures commonly dropbelow the -20°F (-32°C) permitted for WCB. All LCB and LCCcastings to MR0175 are also stress-relieved.

"

Gray, austenitic, and white cast irons cannot be used for any pressureretaining parts, due to low ductility. Ferritic ductile iron to ASTM A395is acceptable when permitted by ANSI, API, or industry standards.

UNS S41000 stainless steel (410 stainless steel) and other martensiticgrades must be double tempered to a maximum allowable hardness levelof 25 HRC. Post-weld heat treatment is also required. S41600stainless steel is similar to S41000 with the exception of a sulfuraddition to produce free machining characteristics. Use of freemachining steels is not permitted by MR0175.

CA6NM is a modified version of the cast S41000 stainless steel.MR0175 allows its use, but specifies the exact heat treatment required.Generally, the carbon content must be restricted to 0.3 percentmaximum to meet the 23 HRC maximum hardness. Post-weld heattreatment is required for CA6NM.

The austenitic stainless steels have exceptional resistance to SSC in theannealed condition. The standard specifies that these materials must be22 HRC maximum and free of cold work to prevent SSC. The cast andwrought equivalents of 302, 304, 304L, 305, 308, 309, 310, 316, 316L,317, 321, and 347 are all acceptable per MR0175.

Post-weld heat treatment of the 300 Series stainless steels is notrequired. The corrosion resistance may be effected by welding.However, this can be controlled by using the low carbon grades, or lowheat input levels and low interpass temperatures.

Wrought S17400 (17-4PH) stainless steel is allowed, but must becarefully processed to prevent SSC. The standard now gives twodifferent acceptable heat treatments for S17400. One treatment is thedouble H1150 heat treatment which requires exposing the material at1150°F (621°C) for four hours followed by air cooling and then exposingfor another four hours at 1150°F (621°C). A maximum hardness level of33 HRC is specified. The second heat treatment is the H1150Mtreatment. First, the material is exposed for two hours at 1400°F(760°C), then air cooled and exposed for four hours at 1150°F(621°C). The maximum hardness level is the same for this condition.

CB7Cu-1 (Cast 17-4PH) is not approved per MR0175. However,many users have successfully applied it for trim parts in past years inthe same double heat treated conditions as the wrought form.

Two high strength stainless steel grades are acceptable for MR0175.The first is S66286 (grade 660 or A286) which is a precipitationhardening alloy with excellent resistance to SSC and general corrosion.The maximum hardness level permitted is 35 HRC.

The second material is S20910 (XM-19) which is commonly calledNitronic 50R. This high strength stainless steel has excellent resistanceto SSC and corrosion resistance superior to S31600 or S31700. Themaximum allowable hardness is 35 HRC. The “high strength”condition, which approaches 35 HRC, can only be produced by hotworking methods. Cold drawn S20910 is also acceptable for shafts,stems, and pins. It is our experience that the SSC resistance of S20910is far superior to S17400 or other austenitic stainless steels at similarhardness levels. The only other materials with similar stress crackingresistance at these strength levels are the nickel-based alloys which are,of course, much more expensive.

Technical

K - 70

KK

A few duplex stainless steels are now acceptable per MR0175.Wrought S31803 (2205) and S32550 (Ferralium 255) are acceptable to28 HRC. Wrought S32404 (Uranus 50) is acceptable to 20 HRC.Only one cast duplex stainless steel is acceptable, alloy Z6CNDU20.08M, NF A 320-55 French National Standard.

"""#

The final category in MR0175 is the nonferrous materials section. Ingeneral, the nickel-based alloys are acceptable to a maximum hardnesslevel of 35 HRC. All have excellent resistance to SSC. Commonly usedacceptable materials include nickel-copper alloys N04400 (alloy 400)and N04405 (alloy 405) and the precipitation hardening alloy N05500(K500). The nickel-iron-chromium alloys include alloys N06600 (alloy600) and N07750 (alloy X750). The acceptable nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys include alloys N06625 (alloy 625), and N10276(alloy C276). The precipitation hardening grade N07718 (alloy 718) isalso acceptable to 40 HRC. Where high strength levels are required alongwith good machinability, Fisher uses N05500, N07718, N07750, orN09925 (alloy 925). They can be drilled or turned, then age hardened.Several cobalt based materials are acceptable, including R30035 (alloyMP35N), R30003 (Elgiloy), and R30605 (Haynes 25 or L605).

Aluminum based and copper alloys may be used for sour service, butthe user is cautioned that severe corrosion attack may occur on thesematerials. They are seldom used in direct contact with H2S.

Several wrought titanium grades are now included in MR0175. Theonly common industrial alloy is R50400 (grade 2).

,*

Springs in compliance with NACE represent a difficult problem. Tofunction properly, springs must have very high strength (hardness)levels. Normal steel and stainless steel springs would be verysusceptible to SSC and fail to meet MR0175.

In general, very soft, low strength materials must be used. Of course,these materials produce poor springs. The two exceptions allowed arethe cobalt based alloys, such as R30003, which may be cold workedand hardened to a maximum hardness of 60 HRC and alloy N07750which is permitted to 50 HRC.

*

Coatings, platings, and overlays may be used provided the base metalis in a condition which is acceptable per MR0175. The coatings may

not be used to protect a base material which is susceptible to SSC.Coatings commonly used in sour service are chromium plating,electroless nickel (ENC) and ion nitriding. Overlays and castingscommonly used include CoCr-A (StelliteR or alloy 6), R30006 (alloy6B), and NiCr-C (ColmonoyR 6) nickel-chromium-boron alloys.Tungsten carbide alloys are acceptable in the cast, cemented, orthermally sprayed conditions. Ceramic coatings such as plasmasprayed chromium oxide are also acceptable.

ENC is often used by Fisher as a wear-resistant coating. As requiredby MR0175, it is applied only to acceptable base metals. ENC hasexcellent corrosion resistance in sour, salt containing environments.

(-*

Many people have the misunderstanding that stress relieving followingmachining is required by MR0175. Provided good machining practicesare followed using sharp tools and proper lubrication, the amount ofcold work produced is negligible. SSC resistance will not be affected.MR0175 actually permits the cold rolling of threads, provided thecomponent will meet the heat treat conditions and hardness require-ments specified for the given parent material. Cold deformationprocesses such as burnishing are also acceptable.

&(*

Bolting materials must meet the requirements of MR0175 when bolting isdirectly exposed to a sour environment. Standard ASTM A193 gradeB7 bolts or A194 grade 2H nuts can be used per MR0175 provided theyare outside of the sour environment. If the bolting will be deprivedatmospheric contact by burial, insulation, or flange protectors, thengrades of bolting such as B7 and 2H are unacceptable. The mostcommonly used fasteners for “exposed” applications are ASTM A193grade B7M bolts and A194 grade 2M nuts. They are tempered andhardness tested versions of the B7 and 2H grades. HRC 22 is themaximum allowable hardness.

Many customers use only B7M bolting for bonnet, packing box, andflange joints. This reduces the likelihood of SSC if a leak develops andgoes undetected or unrepaired for an extended time. It must beremembered, however, that use of lower strength bolting materials suchas B7M often requires pressure vessel derating.

,(

MR0175 does not address elastomer and polymer materials. However,the importance of these materials in critical sealing functions cannot be

Technical

K - 71

KK

overlooked. User experience has been successful with elastomers suchas nitrile, neoprene, fluoroelastomer (FKM), and perfluoroelastomer(FFKM). In general, fluoropolymers such as teflon (TFE) can beapplied without reservation within their normal temperature range.

Applicable ASTM, ANSI, ASME, and API standards are used alongwith MR0175 as they would normally be used for other applications.The MR0175 requires that all weld procedures be qualified to thesesame standards. Welders must be familiar with the procedures andcapable of making welds which comply.

."%% // ""

Special documentation of materials to MR0175 is not required by thestandard and NACE itself does not issue any type of a certification. Itis the producer’s responsibility to properly monitor the materials andprocesses as required by MR0175.

It is not uncommon for manufacturers to “upgrade” standardmanufactured components to MR0175 by hardness testing. Thisproduces a product which complies with MR0175, but which maynot provide the best solution for the long-term. If the constructionwas not thoroughly recorded at the outset, it may be difficult to getreplacement parts in the proper materials. The testing necessary toestablish that each part complies is quite expensive. And, due to the“local” nature of a hardness test, there is also some risk that“upgraded” parts do not fully comply.

With proper in-house systems, it is quite simple to confidentlyproduce a construction which can be certified to MR0175 withoutthe necessity of after manufacture testing. This eliminates manycostly extras and additionally provides a complete record of theconstruction for future parts procurement. An order entry, procure-ment, and manufacturing system which is integrated and highlystructured is required in order to confidently and automaticallyprovide equipment which complies.

Due to its hierarchical nature and its use by all company functions, theFisher system is ideal for items such as MR0175 which requires amoderate degree of control without undue cost. In order to illustratethe system used by Fisher, an example will be used.

Most products produced by Fisher (including products to MR0175)will be specified by a Fisher Standard (FS) number. These numbers(e.g. FSED-542) completely specify a standardized constructionincluding size, materials, and other characteristics. The FS number is

a short notation which represents a series of part groups (modules)describing the construction. One module may represent a 3-inchWCB valve body with ANSI Class 300 flanges, another may specifya certain valve plug and seat ring. The part numbers which make upthese modules are composed of a drawing number and a material/finish identifier. The drawing describes the dimensions and methodsused to make the part, while the material/finish reference considersmaterial chemistry, form, heat treatment, and a variety of othervariables. The part number definition also includes a very specific“material reference number” which is used to identify a materialspecification for purchase of materials. The material specificationincludes the ASME designation as well as additional qualifiers, asnecessary, to ensure compliance with specifications such as NACEMR0175.

For NACE compliant products, an FS number and a NACE optionare generally specified. The FS number establishes the standardconstruction variation. The option modifies the construction andmaterials to comply totally with MR0175 requirements. Theoption eliminates certain standard modules and replaces them withNACE suitable modules. Each part in a NACE suitable module hasbeen checked to assure that it complies to the specification in formand manufacturing method and that it is produced from an appro-priate material.

It is due to this top-to-bottom system integrity that Fisher can beconfident of MR0175 compliance without the need for extensive testwork. At each level of the system documentation, there are specificreferences to and requirements for compliance to MR0175. Further,since the construction is permanently documented at all levels ofdetail, it is possible to confidently and simply procure replacement partsat any future date.

Test documentation is available in a variety of forms, includingcertificates of compliance, hardness test data, chemical and physicaltest reports, and heat treat reports. Since these items will have somecost associated with them, it is important to examine the need fordocumentation in light of the vendor’s credibility and manufacturingcontrol systems. Fisher’s normal manufacturing processes andprocedures assure that all NACE specified products will complywithout the need for additional test expense.

Fisher has been producing equipment for a variety of sour conditionsand specifications since the mid-1950’s and has thousands of devicesin service. MR0175 has been shown to be an excellent technicalreference for solving the complex application problems found in thehandling of sour fluids. As more sour hydrocarbons are produced, itgrows in importance and applicability.

Technical

K - 72

KK

semanedarTdnasnoitangiseDlairetaMnommoChtiwsrebmuNSNUfonosirapmoCSREBMUNSNU EMANEDARTRONOITANGISEDLAIRETAM SREBMUNSNU EMANEDARTRONOITANGISEDLAIRETAM

08-31.5ASWA 6yollA,6etilletS,A-rCoC 20001N M2WC,WM21WC,CyollA,CyolletsaH

08-31.ASWA 6yonomloC,C-rCiN 67201N 672CyolletsaH

ecapsoreAdradnatShsitirB3RHseireS

501cinomiN 00250R mulatnaTeruPyllaciremmoC

)68266K(68266S 066edarG,682-A 30003R yoliglE

00440N C03M,1-53M,004yollA,004lenoM 40003R ravaH

50440N 504RyollA,lenoMR,504RlenoM 53003R N53PM

00550N 005K,lenoMK,005KlenoM 06203R 2062mrehtaruD

20060N 086yollAtemoryP,XyolletsaH 50603R 52yollAsenyaH,506L

70060N GyolletsaH 00405R,A05-iT,04IMR,2edarGmuinatiT

04-iTtobaC,2rGteMSLA

01160N rrocllA 00435R 21-edoCiT,21edarG

00660N 04yC,006yollA,006lenocnI 06265R ateB-ahplA,oM6-rZ4-nS2-1A6IMR

52660N CM6WC,526yollA,526lenocnI 04685R oM4-rZ4-rC6-V8-1A3-iT,44-6-83-iT,iTateB

58960N 3-GyolletsaH 00751S oM7-51,oM7-51HP

13070N 13temoryP 01902S 91MXedarGMTSA,NM5-iN31-rC22,05cinortiN

81770N 7lootoryP,817yollA,817lenocnI 00471S 036motsuC,HP4-71

05770N 057XyollA,057XlenocnI 00054S 054motsuC

02080N M7NC,02temoruD,02yollA,3-bc02retnepraC 91MXedarGMTSA,01902S NM5-iN31-rC22,05cinortiN

82080N 82orcinaS 2644.1NID,30813S 5022,5022FAS

00880N 008yollA,008yolocnI 05523S 552yollAmuilarreF

52880N 528yollA,528yolocnI 00054S 054motsuC

52990N 529yollA,529yolocnI M80.02UDNC6Z M05sunarU

Technical

K - 73

KK

In some areas of the world, regulators periodically operate in tempera-tures below -20°F (-29°C). These cold temperatures require specialconstruction materials to prevent regulator failure. Fisher offersregulator constructions that are RATED for use in service tempera-tures below -20°F (-29°C).

When selecting a regulator for extreme cold temperature service, thefollowing guidelines should be considered:

• The body material should be 300 Series stainless steel, LCC, orLCB due to low carbon or zero carbon content in the materialmakeup.

• Give attention to the casting bolts used. Generally, specialstainless steel bolting is required.

• Gaskets and O-rings may need to be addressed if providing aseal between two parts exposed to the cold.

• Special springs may be required in order to prevent fracturewhen exposed to extreme cold.

• Soft parts in the regulator that are also being used as a sealgasket between two metal parts (such as a diaphragm) mayneed special consideration. Alternate diaphragm materialsshould be used to prevent leakage caused by hardening andstiffening of the standard materials.

The following Fisher regulators have constructions readily availablethat are rated for use at temperatures below -20°F (-29°C):

• 1301 Series

• 627 Series

• Type 630

• 95 Series

• Type 1098-EGR

Please consult your Fisher Sales Representative for more informationon regulators for cold temperature applications.

Technical

K - 74

KK

Powder coating is the most exciting finishing method to be introducedin the past one hundred years. Powder coating offers significantperformance advantages, an excellent solution to meeting currentenvironmental regulations, a good balance of mechanical properties,and excellent corrosion resistance.

Powder coating systems save energy and virtually eliminate air andwater pollution because they are solvent-free. The need for air make-up and the high cost of heating is reduced, resulting in considerableenergy savings. Costly anti-pollution equipment and time and moneyspent dealing with state and federal regulatory agencies is also reduced.There is a major reduction in expensive and difficult disposal problemsbecause there is no liquid paint sludge to send to a hazardous wastesite. Because powder coatings do not require any flash-off time,conveyor racks can be more closely spaced; more parts coated perhour means a lower unit cost. In addition to the increased productionrate for a powder coating system, reject rates are much lower than in awet system.

The Clean Air Act of 1970 [U.S. Law] propelled powder coatingprocesses to the forefront of the industry. By eliminating volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), air pollution was reduced. To many major

Figure 1. ANSI 49 Gray Powder Paint with AluminumOxide Coated Fasteners

Figure 2. Inside and Outside Surfaces Coated for CorrosionProtection Eliminating the need for Chromate Conversion

coating companies, The Clean Air Act signaled the end of solvent-basedprocesses. Prior to that, the fluidized bed coating process was wellestablished and though the electrostatic powder spray process hadstarted to gain acceptance, powder coating processes in general werenot widespread or commercially accepted. The powder coating methodreceived more media attention between 1971 and 1975 than at any othertime, before or after. Powder coating processes, especially electrostaticpowder spray processes, are now universally accepted and specified asthe Best Available Control Technology (BACT) to reduce airpollution. While powder coatings have many process and performanceadvantages over conventionally applied coatings, it is the ecologicaladvantages that advance their growth and acceptance. Consider:

Powder Coatings Contain No Solvents or VOCs

• No VOC emissions to the atmosphere.

• Compliance with most environmental regulations.

• Permits may not be required or are typically easier to obtain fornew booth installations.

• Administrative costs of inspections, permits, sample testing,and record keeping are significantly reduced.

• Coating booth exhaust air is returned to the coating room.

• Less oven air is exhausted to the outside.

• Inherently safer and cleaner than solvent-based paint systems.

• No special transportation, storage, or handling techniques required.

Technical

K - 75

KK

Figure 3. Standard Liquid Paint Coating after ASTM B117500 Hour Salt Spray Test

Figure 4. Dry Powder Paint and Aluminum Oxide Coated Fastenersafter ASTM B117 500 Hour Salt Spray Test

Powder Coatings Reduce Waste and Present Few Hazards

• In most systems, powder coatings are collected and recycled.

• First pass transfer efficiency is high compared to conventionalliquid paint application.

• Almost all powder coatings are free of heavy metals.

• The Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations consider almost no powder coating a hazardous waste.

• In most states, disposal methods for waste powder are the same asfor non-hazardous industrial wastes.

The general purpose powder coating formulations, now widely used,have a long established reputation for providing an excellent balance ofmechanical properties including impact and abrasion resistance, andhardness. Resources now available allow for an even broader range offilm properties than ever before. Extra hardness, greater chemicalresistance, improved exterior gloss retention, and superior flexibility,though not necessarily in a single formulation, are all attainable. Thereare very few film properties available from liquid paint finishes thatcannot be achieved with powder; however, some film properties easilyattainable with powder are difficult or impossible to achieve withconventional wet paints.

While proper metal pretreatment is important for optimum corrosionresistance, a combination of pretreatment and powder coatings can

provide outstanding corrosion resistance. Powder has achieved a goodreputation due, in part, to its consistent delivery of high film builds andgood edge coverage. Also, powders provide high crosslink density, goodresistence to hydrolysis, low moisture and oxygen transmission rates,and films free from trace residual solvents.

Dry powder paint sucessfully passed the following ASTM specifiedtests:

• Salt Spray Test (500 hours)• Humidity Test (500 hours)• QUV Test (500 hours)• Test Fence (17 months)(test for gloss retention)• Impact Test (140 inch pounds)• Cold and High Temperature Test• Adhesion Test• Hardness Test• Flexibility Test• Chemical Resistance Tests:

- Gasoline (unleaded, 24 hour immersion test)- Mineral Spirits (24 hour immersion test)- Nitric Acid (10% solution spot test for blistering)- Hydrochloric Acid (10% solution spot test for blistering)- Sulfuric Acid (10% solution spot test for blistering)- Sodium Hydroxide (10% solution spot test for blistering)- Liquid Propane Soak Test- Anhydrous Ammonia Reactivity Test

Technical

K - 76

KK

1. All regulators should be installed and used in accordance withfederal, state, and local codes and regulations.

2. Adequate overpressure protection should be installed toprotect the regulator from overpressure. Adequateoverpressure protection should also be installed to protectall downstream equipment in the event of regulator failure.

3. Downstream pressures significantly higher than theregulator's pressure setting may damage soft seats andother internal parts.

4. If two or more available springs have published pressureranges that include the desired pressure setting, use thespring with the lower range for better accuracy.

5. The recommended selection for orifice diameters is thesmallest orifice that will handle the flow.

6. Most regulators shown in this handbook are generally suitablefor temperatures to 180°F (82°C). With high temperaturefluoroelastomers (if available), the regulators can be used fortemperatures to 300°F (149°C). Check the temperaturecapabilities to determine materials and temperature rangesavailable. Use stainless steel diaphragms and seats for highertemperatures, such as steam service.

7. The full advertised range of a spring can be utilized withoutsacrificing performance or spring life.

8. Regulator body size should never be larger than the pipesize. In many cases, the regulator body is one size smallerthan the pipe size.

9. Do not oversize regulators. Pick the smallest orifice size orregulator that will work. Keep in mind when sizing a stationthat most restricted trims that do not reduce the main portsize do not help with improved low flow control.

10. Speed of regulator response, in order:• Direct-operated• Two-path pilot-operated• Unloading pilot-operated• Control valve

Note: Although direct-operated regulators give the fastestresponse, all types provide quick response.

11. When a regulator appears unable to pass the published flowrate, be sure to check the inlet pressure measured at theregulator body inlet connection. Piping up to and away fromregulators can cause significant flowing pressure losses.

12. When adjusting setpoint, the regulator should be flowing atleast five percent of the normal operating flow.

13. Direct-operated regulators generally have faster response toquick flow changes than pilot-operated regulators.

14. Droop is the reduction of outlet pressure experienced bypressure-reducing regulators as the flow rate increases. It isstated as a percent, in inches of water column (mbar) or inpounds per square inch (bar) and indicates the differencebetween the outlet pressure setting made at low flow ratesand the actual outlet pressure at the published maximum flowrate. Droop is also called offset or proportional band.

15. Downstream pressure always changes to some extent wheninlet pressure changes.

16. Most soft-seated regulators will maintain the pressure withinreasonable limits down to zero flow. Therefore, a regulatorsized for a high flow rate will usually have a turndown ratiosufficient to handle pilot-light loads during off cycles.

17. Do not undersize the monitor set. It is important to realizethat the monitor regulator, even though it is wide-open, willrequire pressure drop for flow. Using two identical regulatorsin a monitor set will yield approximately 70 percent of thecapacity of a single regulator.

Technical

K - 77

KK

18. Diaphragms leak a small amount due to migration of gasthrough the diaphragm material. To allow escape of this gas,be sure casing vents (where provided) remain open.

19. Use control lines of equal or greater size than the control tapon the regulator. If a long control line is required, make itbigger. A rule of thumb is to use the next nominal pipe sizefor every 20 feet (6,1 meters) of control line. Small controllines cause a delayed response of the regulator, leading toincreased chance of instability. 3/8-Inch OD tubing is theminimum recommended control line size.

20. For every 15 psid (1,0 bar, differential) pressure differentialacross the regulator, expect approximately a one degree dropin gas temperature due to the natural refrigeration effect.Freezing is often a problem when the ambient temperature isbetween 30° and 45°F (-1° and 7°C).

21. A disk with a cookie cut appearance probably means you hadan overpressure situation. Thus, investigate further.

22. When using relief valves, be sure to remember that the reseatpoint is lower than the start-to-bubble point. To avoidseepage, keep the relief valve setpoint far enough above theregulator setpoint.

23. Vents should be pointed down to help avoid the accumulationof water condensation or other materials in the spring case.

24. Make control line connections in a straight run of pipe about10 pipe diameters downstream of any area of turbulence, suchas elbows, pipe swages, or block valves.

25. When installing a working monitor station, get as muchvolume between the two regulators as possible. This will givethe upstream regulator more room to control intermediatepressure.

26. Cutting the supply pressure to a pilot-operated regulatorreduces the regulator gain or sensitivity and, thus, mayimprove regulator stability. (This can only be used with twopath control.)

27. Regulators with high flows and large pressure drops generatenoise. Noise can wear parts which can cause failure and/orinaccurate control. Keep regulator noise below 110 dBA.

28. Do not place control lines immediately downstream of rotaryor turbine meters.

29. Keep vents open. Do not use small diameter, long vent lines.Use the rule of thumb of the next nominal pipe size every 10feet (6,1 meters) of vent line and 3 feet (0,91 meters) of ventline for every elbow in the line.

30. Fixed factor measurement (or PFM) requires the regulator tomaintain outlet pressure within ±1% of absolute pressure.For example: Setpoint of 2 psig + 14.7 psia = 16.7 psia x0.01 = ±0.167 psi. (Setpoint of 0,14 bar + 1,01 bar = 1,15bar x 0,01 = ±0,0115 bar.)

31. Regulating Cg (coefficient of flow) can only be used forcalculating flow capacities on pilot-operated regulators. Usecapacity tables or flow charts for determining a direct-operated regulator’s capacity.

32. Do not make the setpoints of the regulator/monitor too closetogether. The monitor can try to take over if the setpoints aretoo close, causing instability and reduction of capacity. Setthem at least one proportional band apart.

33. Consider a butt-weld end regulator where available to lowercosts and minimize flange leakages.

34. Do not use needle valves in control lines; use full-open valves.Needle valves can cause instability.

35. Burying regulators is not recommended. However, if youmust, the vent should be protected from ground moisture andplugging.

Technical

K - 78

KK

*NOTE: To use this table, see the shaded example. 25 psig (20 from the left column plus five from the top row) = 1,724 bar

raBothcnIerauqSrepsdnuoP-noisrevnoCerusserP )1(

REPSDNUOPERAUQS

HCNI

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RAB

0010203

000,0986,0973,1860,2

960,0857,0844,1731,2

831,0728,0715,1602,2

702,0698,0685,1572,2

672,0569,0556,1443,2

543,0430,1*427,1

314,2

414,0301,1397,1284,2

284,0271,1268,1155,2

255,0142,1139,1026,2

126,0013,1999,1986,2

04050607

857,2744,3731,4628,4

728,2615,3572,4469,4

698,2585,3572,4469,4

569,2456,3443,4330,5

430,3327,3314,4201,5

301,3297,3284,4171,5

271,3168,3155,4042,5

142,3039,3916,4903,5

903,3999,3886,4873,5

873,3860,4857,4744,5

0809001

615,5502,6598,6

585,5472,6469,6

456,5343,6330,7

327,5214,6201,7

297,5184,6171,7

168,5055,6932,7

929,5916,6803,7

899,5886,6773,7

760,6757,6644,7

631,6628,6515,7

monedivorpotstnioplamicedffodnuoR:etoN.tfelehtotnoitisopenotnioplamicedevom,slacsapageMottrevnocot;thgirehtotsnoitisopowttnioplamicedevom,slacsapolikottrevnocoT.1 ero.ycaruccafoeergedderisedehtnaht

stnelaviuqEerusserP

YLPITLUMREBMUN

FO

OTNIATBO

YBREPGKERAUQS

RETEMITNEC

REPSDNUOPHCNIERAUQS

EREHPSOMTA RABFOSEHCNIYRUCREM

SLACSAPOLIKFOSEHCNI

NMULOCRETAW

FOTEEFRETAWNMULOC

cerauqsrepgK m 1 22.41 8769.0 76089,0 69.82 760,89 50.493 48.23

hcnIerauqsrepsdnuoP 13070,0 1 40860.0 59860,0 630.2 598,6 7.72 903.2

erehpsomtA 2330,1 696.41 1 52310,1 29.92 523,101 41.704 39.33

raB 27910,1 8305.41 29689.0 1 35.92 001 651.204 315.33

yrucreMfosehcnI 35430,0 2194.0 24330.0 468330,0 1 4683,3 16.31 431.1

slacsapoliK 2791010,0 830541.0 6968900.0 10,0 3592.0 1 65120.4 31533.0

retaWfosehcnI 835200,0 1630.0 654200.0 94200,0 94370.0 942,0 1 3380.0

retaWfoteeF 5403,0 2334.0 74920.0 938920,0 9188.0 9389,2 21 1

5260.0=hcnierauqsrepecnuo1 hcnierauqsrepsdnuop

stnelaviuqEemuloV

YLPITLUMREBMUN

FO

OTNIATBO

YB

CIBUCSRETEMICED

)SRETIL(SEHCNICIBUC TEEFCIBUC TRAUQ.S.U NOLLAG.S.U NOLLAGLAIREPMI

LERRAB.S.U)MUELORTEP(

)sretiL(sretemiceDcibuC 1 4320.16 13530.0 86650.1 871462.0 380022,0 92600.0

sehcnIcibuC 93610,0 1 01x787.5 4- 23710.1 923400.0 606300,0 301000.0

teeFcibuC 713,82 8271 1 1229.92 55084.7 88822,6 1871.0

trauQ.S.U 63649,0 57.75 24330.0 1 52.0 2802,0 59500.0

nollaG.S.U 34587,3 132 86331.0 4 1 338,0 18320.0

nollaGlairepmI 47345,4 472.772 45061.0 82108.4 23002.1 1 77820.0

)muelorteP(lerraB.S.U 89,851 2079 6416.5 861 24 379,43 1

sretemitneccibuc000,000,1=retemcibuc1sretemitneccibuc0001=sretilillim0001=retil1

Technical

K - 79

KK

stnelaviuqEetaRemuloV

YLPITLUMFOREBMUN

OTNIATBO

YBSRETIL

ETUNIMREPSRETEMCIBUC

RUOHREPTEEFCIBUC

RUOHREPSRETIL

RUOHREPSNOLLAG.S.U

ETUNIMREPSLERRAB.S.U

YADREP

etuniMrepsretiL 1 60,0 9811.2 06 871462.0 750.9

ruoHrepsreteMcibuC 766,61 1 413.53 0001 304.4 151

ruoHrepteeFcibuC 9174,0 713820,0 1 713.82 7421.0 6472.4

ruoHrepsretiL 766610,0 100,0 413530.0 1 304400.0 151.0

etuniMrepsnollaG.S.U 587,3 3722,0 8020.8 3.722 1 82.43

yaDrepslerraB.S.U 4011,0 426600,0 49332.0 426.6 71920.0 1

salumroFnoisrevnoCytisocsiV-citameniK

ELACSYTISOCSIV FOEGNAR t, CES,YTISOCSIVCITAMENIK

SEKORTS

lasrevinUtlobyaS <23 <t 001 t 001>62200.0 t /59.1- t02200.0 t /53.1- t

loruFtlobyaS <52 <t 04 t 04>4220.0 t /48.1- t6120.0 t /06.0- t

1.oNdoowdeR <43 <t 001 t 001>62200.0 t /97.1- t74200.0 t /05.0- t

ytlarimdAdoowdeR --- 720.0 t /02- t

relgnE --- 74100.0 t /47.3- t

stnelaviuqEaerA

YLPITLUMREBMUN

FO

OTNIATBO

YB

ERAUQSSRETEM

ERAUQSSEHCNI

ERAUQSTEEF

ERAUQSSELIM

ERAUQSSRETEMOLIK

sreteMerauqS 1 99.9451 9367.01 01x168.3 7- 01x1 6-

sehcnIerauqS 2546000,0 1 01x449.6 3- 01x194.2 01- 01x254,6 01-

teeFerauqS 9290,0 441 1 01x785.3 8- 01x92,9 8-

seliMerauqS 9999852 --- 004,878,72 1 95,2

sretemoliKerauqS 0000001 --- 768,367,01 1683.0 1

sretemitnecerauqs00001=retemerauqs1sehcnierauqs55100.0=retemitnecerauqs10,0=retemillimerauqs1

salumroFnoisrevnoCerutarepmeT

MORFTREVNOCOT OT ALUMROFNIETUTITSBUS

suisleCseergeD tiehnerhaFseergeD 23+)5/9xC°(

suisleCseergeD nivleK )61.372+C°(

tiehnerhaFseergeD suisleCseergeD 9/5x)23-F°(

tiehnerhaFseergeD niknaRseergeD )96.954+F°(

*NOTE: To use this table, see the shaded example. 25 pounds (20 from the left column plus five from the top row) = 11,34 kilograms

smargoliKotsdnuoP-noisrevnoCssaM

SBL0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

smargoliK

0

01

02

03

00,0

45,4

70,9

16,31

54,0

99,4

35,9

60,41

19,0

44,5

89,9

25,41

63,1

09,5

34,01

79,41

18,1

53,6

98,01

24,51

72,2

08,6

*43,11

88,51

27,2

62,7

97,11

33,61

81,3

17,7

52,21

87,61

36,3

61,8

07,21

42,71

80,4

26,8

51,31

96,71

04

05

06

07

41,81

86,22

22,72

57,13

06,81

31,32

76,72

12,23

50,91

95,32

21,82

66,23

05,91

40,42

85,82

11,33

69,91

94,42

30,92

75,33

14,02

59,42

84,92

20,43

78,02

04,52

49,92

74,43

23,12

68,52

93,03

39,43

77,12

13,62

48,03

83,53

32,22

67,62

03,13

38,53

08

09

92,63

28,04

47,63

82,14

02,73

37,14

56,73

81,24

01,83

46,24

65,83

90,34

10,93

55,34

64,93

00,44

29,93

54,44

73,04

19,44

smargolik6354,0=dnuop1

Technical

K - 80

KK

stinUnoisrevnoCYLPITLUM YB NIATBOOT

emuloVretemitneccibuC 30160.0 sehcnicibuC

teefcibuC 5084.7 )SU(snollaGteefcibuC 613.82 sretiLteefcibuC 8271 sehcnicibuC

)SU(snollaG 7331.0 teefcibuC)SU(snollaG 587.3 sretiL)SU(snollaG 132 sehcnicibuC

sretiL 750.1 )SU(strauQsretiL 311.2 )SU(stniP

suoenallecsiMUTB 252.0 seirolaC

mrehticeD 000,01 UTBmargoliK 502.2 sdnuoP

ruoHttawoliK 2143 UTBsecnuO 53.82 smarGsdnuoP 6354.0 smargoliKsdnuoP 4295.354 smarGsdnuoP 195,12 UTBGPL

mrehT 000,001 UTBslbBIPA 24 )SU(snollaG

enaporPfosnollaG 9.62 HWKPH 647 HWK

)maetS(PH 814,24 UTBerusserP

retemitnecerauqsrepsmarG 2410.0 hcnierauqsrepsdnuoPyrucremfosehcnI 2194.0 hcnierauqsrepsdnuoPyrucremfosehcnI 331.1 retawfoteeF

retawfosehcnI 1630.0 hcnierauqsrepsdnuoPretawfosehcnI 5370.0 yrucremfosehcnIretawfosehcnI 1875.0 hcnierauqsrepsecnuOretawfosehcnI 402.5 toofrepsdnuoP

APK 001 RABretemitnecerauqsrepsmargoliK 22.41 hcnierauqsrepsdnuoP

retemerauqsrepsmargoliK 8402.0 tooferauqsrepsdnuoPhcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 40860.0 serehpsomtA

hcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 13070.0erauqsrepsmargoliK

retemitnechcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 541. APKhcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 630.2 yrucremfosehcnIhcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 703.2 retawfoteeFhcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 5.41 RABhcnierauqsrepsdnuoP 76.72 retawfosehcnI

htgneLsretemitneC 7393.0 sehcnI

teeF 8403.0 sreteMteeF 84.03 sretemitneCteeF 8.403 sretemilliMsehcnI 045.2 sretemitneCsehcnI 04.52 sretemilliM

retemoliK 4126.0 seliMsreteM 490.1 sdraYsreteM 182.3 teeFsreteM 73.93 sehcnI

)lacituan(seliM 0.3581 sreteM)etutats(seliM 0.9061 sreteM

sdraY 4419.0 sreteMsdraY 44.19 sretemitneC

saGfosemuloVgnitrevnoCMFCOTMFCROHFCOTHFC

:fowolFylpitluM yB :fowolFniatbOoT

riA

707.0 enatuB

092.1 saGlarutaN

808.0 enaporP

enatuB

414.1 riA

628.1 saGlarutaN

041.1 enaporP

saGlarutaN

577.0 riA

745.0 enatuB

526.0 enaporP

enaporP

732.1 riA

478.0 enatuB

895.1 saGlarutaN

snoisrevnoClufesUrehtOMORFTREVNOCOT OT YBYLPITLUM

enahteMfoteeFcibuC .U.T.B ).xorppa(0001

retaWfoteeFcibuC retaWfosdnuoP 4.26

seergeD snaidaR 54710,0

snollaG retaWfosdnuoP 633.8

smarG secnuO 2530.0

).hcem(rewopesroH etuniMrepsdnuoPtooF 000,33

).cele(rewopesroH sttaW 647

gK sdnuoP 502.2

reteMcibuCrepgK teeFcibuCrepsdnuoP 34260.0

sttawoliK rewopesroH 143.1

sdnuoP gK 6354,0

riAfosdnuoP)F°06&aisp7.41(

riAfoteeFcibuC 1.31

teeFcibuCrepsdnuoP reteMcibuCrepgK 4810,61

)saG(ruoHrepsdnuoP HFCS ytivarGcificepS÷1.31

)retaW(ruoHrepsdnuoP etuniMrepsnollaG 200.0

)saG(dnoceSrepsdnuoP HFCS ytivarGcificepS÷061,64

snaidaR seergeD 3.75

riAhfcS enaporPhfcS 18.0

riAhfcS enatuBhfcS 17.0

riAhfcS saGlarutaN6.0hfcS 92.1

hfcS .rHrepsreteM.uC 713820.0

Technical

K - 81

KK

sretemilliMotsehcnIlanoitcarF

HCNI0 61/1 8/1 61/3 4/1 61/5 8/3 61/7 2/1 61/9 8/5 61/11 4/3 61/31 8/7 61/51

mm

0123

0,04,528,052,67

6,10,724,258,77

2,36,820,454,97

8,42,036,550,18

4,68,132,756,28

9,73,337,851,48

5,99,433,067,58

1,115,639,163,78

7,211,835,369,88

3,417,931,565,09

9,513,147,661,29

5,719,243,867,39

1,915,449,963,59

6,020,644,178,69

2,226,740,374,89

8,322,946,470,001

4567

6,1010,7214,2518,771

2,3016,8210,4514,971

8,4012,0316,5510,181

4,6018,1312,7516,281

0,8014,3318,8512,481

5,9019,4313,0617,581

1,1115,6319,1613,781

7,2111,8315,3619,881

3,4117,9311,5615,091

9,5113,1417,6611,291

5,7119,2413,8617,391

1,9115,4419,9613,591

7,0211,6415,1719,691

2,2216,7410,3714,891

8,3212,9416,4710,002

4,5218,0512,6716,102

8901

2,3026,8220,452

8,4022,0326,552

4,6028,1322,752

0,8024,3328,852

6,9020,5324,062

1,1125,6329,162

7,2121,8325,362

3,4127,9321,562

9,5123,1427,662

5,7129,2423,862

1,9125,4429,962

7,0221,6425,172

3,2227,7421,372

8,3222,9426,472

4,5228,0522,672

0,7224,2528,772

sretemillim4,52=hcni1

*NOTE: To use this table, see the shaded example. 2-1/2 inches (2 from the left column plus 1/2 from the top row) = 63,5 millimeters

tebahplAkeerG

SPACREWOL

ESACKEERGEMAN

SPACREWOL

ESACKEERGEMAN

SPACREWOL

ESACKEERGEMAN

Α α ahplA Ι ι atoI Ρ ρ ohR

Β β ateB Κ κ appaK Σ σ amgiS

Γ γ ammaG Λ λ adbmaL Τ τ uaT

∆ δ atleD Μ µ uM Υ υ nolispU

Ε ε nolispE Ν ν uN Φ φ ihP

Ζ ζ ateZ Ξ ξ iX Χ χ ihC

Η η atE Ο ο norcimO Ψ ψ isP

Θ θ atehT Π π iP Ω ω agemO

slobmySdnasexiferPcirteMROTCAFNOITACILPITLUM XIFERP LOBMYS

01=0000000000000000001 81

01=0000000000000001 51

01=0000000000001 21

01=0000000001 9

01=0000001 6

01=0001 3

01=001 2

01=01 1

axeateparetagigagem

olikotcehaked

EPTGMkhad

01=1.0 1-

01=10.0 2-

01=100.0 3-

01=100000.0 6-

01=100000000.0 9-

01=100000000000.0 21-

01=100000000000000.0 51-

01=100000000000000000.0 81-

iceditnecillimorcimonanocipotmef

otta

dcmmnpfa

stnelaviuqEhtgneL

YLPITLUMREBMUN

FO

OTNIATBO

YB

sreteM sehcnI teeF sretemilliM seliM sretemoliK

sreteM 1 73.93 8082.3 0001 4126000.0 100,0

sehcnI 4520,0 1 3380.0 4,52 87510000.0 4520000,0

teeF 8403,0 21 1 8,403 4981000.0 8403000,0

sretemilliM 100,0 73930.0 8082300.0 1 4126000000.0 100000,0

seliM 53,9061 063,36 082,5 0539061 1 53906,1

sretemoliK 0001 073,93 38.0823 0000001 73126.0 1

sretemorcim000,000,1=mk100,0=mm0001=mc001=retem1

stnelaviuqEretemilliM-hcnIelohW

HCNI0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

mm

0 00,0 4,52 8,05 2,67 6,101 0,721 4,251 8,771 2,302 6,822

01 0,452 4,972 8,403 2,033 6,553 0,183 4,604 8,134 2,754 6,284

02 0,805 4,335 8,855 2,485 6,906 0,536 4,066 8,586 2,117 6,637

03 0,267 4,787 8,218 2,838 6,368 0,988 4,419 8,939 2,569 6,099

04 0,6101 4,1401 8,6601 2,2901 6,7111 0,3411 4,8611 8,3911 2,9121 6,4421

05 0,0721 4,5921 8,0231 2,6431 6,1731 0,7931 4,2241 8,7441 2,3741 6,8941

06 0,4251 4,9451 8,4751 2,0061 6,5261 0,1561 4,6761 8,1071 2,7271 6,2571

07 0,8771 4,3081 8,8281 2,4581 6,9781 0,5091 4,0391 8,5591 2,1891 6,6002

08 0,2302 4,7502 8,2802 2,8012 6,3312 0,9512 4,4812 8,9022 2,5322 6,0622

09 0,6822 4,1132 8,6332 2,2632 6,7832 0,3142 4,8342 8,3642 2,9842 6,4152

001 0,0452 4,5652 8,0952 2,6162 6,1462 0,7662 4,2962 8,7172 2,3472 6,8672

.mm4,52=hcni1noitalerehtnodesab,tcaxeeraelbatsihtniseulavllA:etoN

*NOTE: To use this table, see the shaded example. 25 inches (20 from the left column plus five from the top row) = 635 millimeters

Technical

K - 82

KK

sretemilliMotsehcnIlamiceDdnalanoitcarF-stnelaviuqEhtgneLSEHCNI

mmSEHCNI

mmSEHCNI

mmSEHCNI

mmsnoitcarF slamiceD snoitcarF slamiceD snoitcarF slamiceD snoitcarF slamiceD

49300. 1. 32. 248.5 2/1 05. 7.21 77. 855.91

78700. 2. 46/51 573432. 1359.5 15. 459.21 87. 218.91

10. 452. 22632. 0.6 18115. 0.31 23/52 52187. 8348.91

18110. 3. 42. 690.6 46/33 526515. 9690.31 04787. 0.02

46/1 526510. 9693. 4/1 52. 53.6 25. 802.31 97. 660.02

57510. 4. 62. 406.6 35. 264.31 46/15 578697. 6042.02

96910. 5. 46/71 526562. 9647.6 23/71 52135. 8394.31 08. 023.02

20. 805. 72. 858.6 45. 617.31 18. 475.02

26320. 6. 95572. 0.7 46/53 578645. 6098.31 61/31 5218. 5736.02

65720. 7. 82. 211.7 55. 079.31 28. 828.02

30. 267. 23/9 52182. 8341.7 81155. 0.41 77628. 0.12

23/1 52130. 8397. 92. 663.7 65. 422.41 46/35 521828. 4430.12

5130. 8. 46/91 578692. 6045.7 61/9 5265. 5782.41 38. 280.12

34531. 9. 03. 26.7 75. 874.41 48. 633.12

73930. 0.1 13. 478.7 46/73 521875. 4486.41 23/72 57348. 2134.12

40. 610.1 61/5 5213. 5739.7 85. 237.41 58. 095.12

46/3 578640. 6091.1 69413. 0.8 95. 689.41 46/55 573958. 1828.12

50. 72.1 23. 821.8 5095. 0.51 68. 448.12

60. 425.1 46/12 521823. 4433.8 23/91 57395. 2180.51 41668. 0.22

61/1 5260. 5785.1 33. 283.8 06. 42.51 78. 890.22

70. 877.1 43. 636.8 46/93 573906. 1874.51 8/7 578. 522.22

46/5 521870. 4489.1 23/11 57343. 2137.8 16. 494.51 88. 253.22

47870. 0.2 53. 98.8 26. 847.51 98. 606.22

80. 230.2 33453. 0.9 8/5 526. 578.51 46/75 526098. 9126.22

90. 682.2 46/32 573953. 1821.9 29926. 0.61 09. 068.22

23/3 57390. 2183.2 63. 441.9 36. 200.61 15509. 0.32

1. 45.2 73. 893.9 46. 652.61 23/92 52609. 8810.32

46/7 573901. 1877.2 8/3 573. 525.9 46/14 526046. 9172.61 19. 411.32

11. 497.2 83. 256.9 56. 015.61 29. 863.32

11811. 0.3 93. 609.9 23/12 52656. 8866.61 46/95 578129. 6541.32

21. 840.3 46/52 526093. 9129.9 66. 467.61 39. 226.32

8/1 521. 571.3 07393. 0.01 92966. 0.71 61/51 5739. 5218.32

31. 203.3 04. 61.01 76. 810.71 49. 678.32

41. 655.3 23/31 52604. 8813.01 46/34 578176. 6560.71 88449. 0.42

46/9 526041. 9175.3 14. 414.01 86. 272.71 59. 031.42

51. 018.3 24. 866.01 61/11 5786. 5264.71 46/16 521359. 4902.42

23/5 52651. 8869.3 46/72 578124. 6517.01 96. 625.71 69. 483.42

84751. 0.4 34. 229.01 07. 87.71 23/13 57869. 2606.42

61. 460.4 70334. 0.11 46/54 521307. 4958.71 79. 836.42

71. 813.4 61/7 5734. 5211.11 66807. 0.81 89. 298.42

46/11 578171. 6563.4 44. 671.11 17. 430.81 52489. 0.52

81. 275.4 54. 034.11 23/32 57817. 2652.81 46/36 573489. 1300.52

61/3 5781. 5267.4 46/92 521354. 4905.11 27. 882.81 99. 641.52

91. 628.4 64. 486.11 37. 245.81 1 00000.1 0004.52

58691. 0.5 23/51 57864. 2609.11 46/74 573437. 1356.81

2. 80.5 74. 839.11 47. 697.81

46/31 521302. 4951.5 44274. 0.21 30847. 0.91

12. 433.5 84. 291.21 4/3 57. 050.91

23/7 57812. 2655.5 46/13 573484. 1303.21 67. 403.91

22. 885.5 94. 644.21 46/94 526567. 9644.91

.ycaruccafoeergedderisedehtnahteromonedivorpotstnioplamicedffodnuoR:etoN

Technical

K - 83

KK

- continued -

snoisrevnoCerutarepmeT

C°C°NI.PMETEBOTF°RODETREVNOC

F° C°C°NI.PMETEBOTF°RODETREVNOC



F°

61,372- 96,954- 00,09- 031- 0.202- 8,71- 0 0.23 1,12 07 0.851

87,762- 054- 44,48- 021- 0.481- 7,61- 2 6.53 2,22 27 6.161

22,262- 044- 98,87- 011- 0.661- 6,51- 4 2.93 3,32 47 2.561

76,652- 034- 33,37- 001- 0.841- 4,41- 6 8.24 4,42 67 8.861

11,152- 024- 65,07- 59- 0.931- 3,31- 8 4.64 6,52 87 4.271

65,542- 014- 87,76- 09- 0.031- 2,21- 01 0.05 7,62 08 0.671

00,042- 004- 00,56- 58- 0.121- 1,11- 21 6.35 8,72 28 6.971

44,432- 093- 22,25- 08- 0.211- 0,01- 41 2.75 9,82 48 2.381

98,822- 083- 54,95- 57- 0.301- 98,8- 61 8.06 0,03 68 8.681

33,322- 073- 76,65- 07- 0.49- 87,7- 81 4.46 1,13 88 4.091

87,712- 063- 98,35- 56- 58- 76,6- 02 0.86 2,23 09 0.491

22,212- 053- 11,15- 06- 0.67- 65,5- 22 6.17 3,33 29 6.791

76,602- 043- 43,84- 55- 0.76- 44,4- 42 2.57 4,43 49 2.102

11,102- 033- 65,54- 05- 0.85- 33,3- 62 8.87 6,53 69 8.402

65,591- 023- 87,24- 54- 0.94- 22,2- 82 4.28 7,63 89 4.802

00,091- 013- 00,04- 04- 0.04- 11,1- 03 0.68 8,73 001 0.212

44,481- 003- 98,83- 83- 4.63- 0 23 6.98 3,34 011 0.032

98,871- 092- 87,73- 63- 8.23- 11,1 43 2.39 9,84 021 0.842

33,371- 082- 76,63- 43- 2.92- 22,2 63 8.69 4,45 031 0.662

35,961- 61,372- 96.954- 65,53- 23- 6.52- 33,3 83 4.001 0,06 041 0.482

98,861- 272- 6.754- 44,43- 03- 0.22- 44,4 04 0.401 6,56 051 0.203

87,761- 072- 0.454- 33,33- 82- 4.81- 65,5 24 6.701 1,17 061 0.023

22,261- 062- 0.634- 22,23- 62- 8.41- 76,6 44 2.111 7,67 071 0.833

76,651- 052- 0.814- 11,13- 42- 2.11- 87,7 64 8.411 2,28 081 0.653

11,151- 042- 0.004- 00,03- 22- 6.7- 98,8 84 4.811 8,78 091 0.473

65,541- 032- 0.283- 98,82- 02- 0.4- 0,01 05 0.221 3,39 002 0.293

00,041- 022- 0.463- 87,72- 81- 4.0- 1,11 25 6.521 9,89 012 0.014

44,431- 012- 0.653- 76,62- 61- 2.3 2,21 45 2.921 4,401 022 0.824

98,821- 002- 0.823- 65,52- 41- 8.6 3,31 65 8.231 0,011 032 0.644

33,321- 091- 0.013- 44,42- 21- 4.01 4,41 85 4.631 6,511 042 0.464

87,711- 081- 0.292- 33,32- 01- 0.41 6,51 06 0.041 1,121 052 0.284

22,211- 071- 0.472- 22,22- 8- 6.71 7,61 26 6.341 7,621 062 0.005

76,601- 061- 0.652- 11,12- 6- 2.12 8,71 46 2.741 2,231 072 0.815

11,101- 051- 0.832- 00,02- 4- 8.42 9,81 66 8.051 8,731 082 0.635

65,59- 041- 0.022- 98,81- 2- 4.82 0,02 86 4.451 3,341 092 0.566

Technical

K - 84

KK

- continued -

)deunitnoc(snoisrevnoCerutarepmeT




F°

1,12 07 0.851 4,402 004 0.257 4,454 058 0.2651

2,22 27 6.161 0,012 014 0.077 0,064 068 0.0851

3,32 47 2.561 6,512 024 0.887 6,564 078 0.8951

4,42 67 8.861 1,122 034 0.608 1,174 088 0.6161

6,52 87 4.271 7,622 044 0.428 7,674 098 0.4361

7,62 08 0.671 2,232 054 0.248 2,284 009 0.2561

8,72 28 6.971 8,732 064 0.068 8,784 019 0.0761

9,82 48 2.381 3,342 074 0.878 3,394 029 0.8861

0,03 68 8.681 9,842 084 0.698 9,894 039 0.6071

1,13 88 4.091 4,452 094 419 4,405 049 0.4271

2,23 09 0.491 0,062 005 0.239 0,015 059 0.2471

3,33 29 6.791 6,562 015 0.059 6,515 069 0.0671

4,43 49 2.102 1,172 025 0.869 1,125 079 0.8771

6,53 69 8.402 7,672 035 0.689 7,625 089 0.6971

7,63 89 4.802 2,282 045 0.4001 2,235 099 0.4181

8,73 001 0.212 8,782 055 0.2201 8,735 0001 0.2381

3,34 011 0.032 3,392 065 0.0401 3,345 0101 0581

9,84 021 0.842 9,892 075 0.8501 9,845 0201 0.8681

4,45 031 0.662 4,403 085 0.6701 4,455 0301 0.6881

0,06 041 0.482 0,013 095 0.4901 0,065 0401 0.4091

6,56 051 0.203 6,513 006 0.2111 6,565 0501 0.2291

1,17 061 0.023 1,123 016 0.0311 1,175 0601 0.0491

7,67 071 0.833 7,623 026 0.8411 7,675 0701 0.8591

2,28 081 0.653 2,233 036 0.6611 2,285 0801 0.6791

8,78 091 0.473 8,733 046 0.4811 8,785 0901 0.4991

3,39 002 0.293 3,343 056 0.2021 3,395 0011 0.2102

9,89 012 0.014 9,843 066 0.0221 9,895 0111 0.0302

4,401 022 0.824 4,453 076 0.8321 4,406 0211 0.8402

0,011 032 0.644 0,063 086 0.6521 0,016 0311 0.6602

6,511 042 0.464 6,563 096 0.4721 6,516 0411 4802

1,121 052 0.284 1,173 007 0.2921 1,126 0511 0.2012

7,621 062 0.005 7,673 017 0.0131 7,626 0611 0.0212

2,231 072 0.815 2,283 027 0.8231 2,236 0711 0.8312

8,731 082 0.635 8,782 037 0.6431 8,736 0811 0.6512

3,341 092 0.566 3,393 047 0.4631 3,346 0911 0.4712

Technical

K - 85

KK

)deunitnoc(snoisrevnoCerutarepmeT





F°

9,841 003 0.275 6,513 006 0.2111 2,284 009 0.2561 9,846 0021 0.2912

4,451 013 0.095 1,123 016 0.0311 8,784 019 0.0761 4,456 0121 0.0122

0,061 023 0.806 7,623 026 0.8411 3,394 029 0.8861 0,066 0221 0.8222

6,561 033 0.626 2,233 036 0.6611 9,894 039 0.6071 6,566 0321 0.6422

1,171 043 0.446 8,733 046 0.4811 4,405 049 0.4271 1,176 0421 0.4622

7,671 053 0.266 3,343 056 0.2021 0,015 059 0.2471 7,676 0521 0.2822

2,281 063 0.086 9,843 066 0.0221 6,515 069 0.0671 2,286 0621 0.0032

8,781 073 0.896 4,453 076 0.8321 1,125 079 0.8771 8,786 0721 0.8132

9,981 083 0.617 0,063 086 0.6521 7,625 089 0.6971 3,396 0821 0.6332

3,391 093 0.437 6,563 096 0.4721 2,235 099 0.4181 9,896 0921 0.4532

4,402 004 0.257 1,173 007 0.2921 8,735 0001 0.2381 4,407 0031 0.2732

0,012 014 0.077 7,673 017 0.0131 3,345 0101 0581 0,017 0131 0.0932

6,512 024 0.887 2,283 027 0.8231 9,845 0201 0.8681 6,517 0231 0.8042

1,122 034 0.608 8,782 037 0.6431 4,455 0301 0.6881 1,127 0331 0.6242

7,622 044 0.428 3,393 047 0.4631 0,065 0401 0.4091 7,627 0431 0.4442

2,232 054 0.248 9,893 057 0.2831 6,565 0501 0.2291 2,237 0531 0.2642

8,732 064 0.068 4,404 067 0.0041 1,175 0601 0.0491 8,737 0631 0.0842

3,342 074 0.878 0,014 077 0.8141 7,675 0701 0.8591 3,347 0731 0.8942

9,842 084 0.698 6,514 087 0.6341 2,285 0801 0.6791 9,847 0831 0.6152

4,452 094 419 1,124 097 0.4541 8,785 0901 0.4991 4,457 0931 0.4352

0,062 005 0.239 7,624 008 0.2741 3,395 0011 0.2102 0,067 0041 0.2552

6,562 015 0.059 2,234 018 0.0941 9,895 0111 0.0302 6,567 0141 0.0752

1,172 025 0.869 8,734 028 0.8051 4,406 0211 0.8402 1,177 0241 0.8852

7,672 035 0.689 3,344 038 0.6251 0,016 0311 0.6602 7,677 0341 0.4262

2,282 045 0.4001 9,844 048 0.4451 6,516 0411 4802 2,287 0441 0.4262

8,782 055 0.2201 4,454 058 0.2651 1,126 0511 0.2012 0,787 0541 0.2462

3,392 065 0.0401 0,064 068 0.0851 7,626 0611 0.0212 3,397 0541 0.2462

9,892 075 0.8501 6,564 078 0.8951 2,236 0711 0.8312 9,897 0741 0.8762

4,403 085 0.6701 1,174 088 0.6161 8,736 0811 0.6512 4,408 0841 0.6962

0,013 095 0.4901 7,674 098 0.4361 3,346 0911 0.4712 0,018 0941 0.4172

Technical

K - 86

KK

srotcaFthgieWdnaselbaTytivarGémuaBdna.I.P.A

.I.P.AytivarG

émuaBytivarG

cificepSytivarG

.S.U/sbLsnollaG

.S.U-snollaG

bL/

.I.P.AytivarG

émuaBytivarG

cificepSytivarG

.S.U/sbLsnollaG

.S.U-snollaG

bL/

.I.P.AytivarG

émuaBytivarG

cificepSytivarG

.S.U/sbLsnollaG

.S.U-snollaG

bL/

.I.P.AytivarG

émuaBytivarG

cificepSytivarG

.S.U/sbLsnollaG

.S.U-snollaG

bL/

0 742.01 0670.1 269.8 6111.0

1 322.9 9760.1 598.8 4211.0 13 87.03 8089.0 152.7 9731.0 16 64.06 1537.0 911.6 4361.0 18 52.08 9566.0 245.5 4081.0

2 891.8 9950.1 828.8 3311.0 23 77.13 4568.0 602.7 8831.0 26 54.16 3137.0 780.6 3461.0 28 42.18 8266.0 615.5 3181.0

3 371.7 0250.1 267.8 1411.0 33 67.233 2068.0 361.7 6931.0 36 44.26 5727.0 650.6 1561.0 38 32.28 7956.0 194.5 1281.0

4 841.6 3440.1 896.8 0511.0 43 57.33 0558.0 911.7 5041.0 46 34.36 8327.0 520.6 0661.0 48 22.38 6656.0 564.5 0381.0

5 421.5 6630.1 436.8 8511.0 53 37.43 8948.0 570.7 3141.0 56 24.46 1027.0 499.6 8661.0 58 02.48 6356.0 044.5 8381.0

6 990.4 1920.1 175.8 7611.0 63 27.53 8448.0 430.7 2241.0 66 14.56 5617.0 469.5 7761.0 68 91.58 6056.0 514.5 7481.0

7 470.3 7120.1 905.8 5711.0 73 17.63 8938.0 399.6 0341.0 76 04.66 8217.0 439.5 5861.0 78 81.68 6746.0 093.5 5581.0

8 940.2 3410.1 844.8 4811.0 83 07.73 8438.0 159.6 9341.0 86 93.76 3907.0 409.5 4961.0 88 71.78 6446.0 563.5 4681.0

9 520.1 1700.1 883.8 2911.0 93 96.83 9928.0 019.6 7441.0 96 73.86 7507.0 478.5 2071.0 98 61.88 7146.0 143.5 2781.0

01 00.01 0000.1 823.8 1021.0 04 86.93 1528.0 078.6 6541.0 07 63.96 2207.0 548.5 1171.0 09 51.98 8836.0 613.5 1881.0

11 99.01 0399.0 072.8 9021.0 14 76.04 3028.0 038.6 4641.0 17 53.07 8896.0 718.5 9171.0 19 41.09 0636.0 392.5 9881.0

21 89.11 1689.0 212.8 8121.0 24 66.14 5518.0 097.6 3741.0 27 43.17 3596.0 887.5 8271.0 29 31.19 1336.0 962.5 8981.0

31 79.21 2979.0 551.8 6221.0 34 56.24 9018.0 257.6 1841.0 37 33.27 9196.0 957.5 6371.0 39 21.29 3036.0 642.5 6091.0

41 69.31 5279.0 990.8 5321.0 44 46.34 3608.0 317.6 0941.0 47 23.37 6886.0 137.5 5471.0 49 11.39 5726.0 222.5 5191.0

51 59.41 9569.0 440.8 3421.0 54 36.44 7108.0 576.6 8941.0 57 13.47 2586.0 307.5 3571.0 59 01.49 7426.0 991.5 4291.0

61 49.51 3959.0 989.7 2521.0 64 26.54 2797.0 736.6 7051.0 67 03.57 9186.0 676.5 2671.0 69 90.59 0226.0 671.5 2391.0

71 39.61 9259.0 539.7 0621.0 74 16.05 7297.0 006.6 5151.0 77 92.67 7876.0 946.5 0771.0 79 80.69 3916.0 451.5 0491.0

81 29.71 5649.0 288.7 9621.0 84 06.05 3887.0 365.6 4251.0 87 82.77 4576.0 226.5 9771.0 89 70.79 6616.0 131.5 9491.0

91 09.81 2049.0 039.7 7721.0 94 95.05 9387.0 625.6 2351.0 97 72.87 2276.0 595.5 7871.0 99 60.89 9316.0 901.5 7591.0

02 98.91 0439.0 877.7 6821.0 05 85.05 6977.0 094.6 1451.0 08 62.97 0966.0 865.5 6971.0 001 50.99 2116.0 680.5 6691.0

12 88.02 9729.0 727.7 4921.0 15 75.05 3577.0 554.6 9451.0

22 78.12 8129.0 676.7 3031.0 25 55.15 1177.0 024.6 8551.0

32 68.22 9519.0 726.7 1131.0 35 45.25 9667.0 583.6 6651.0

42 58.32 0019.0 875.7 0231.0 45 35.35 8267.0 053.6 5751.0

52 48.42 2409.0 925.7 8231.0 55 25.45 7857.0 631.6 3851.0

62 38.52 4898.0 184.7 7331.0 65 15.55 7457.0 382.6 2951.0

72 28.62 7298.0 434.7 5431.0 75 05.65 7057.0 942.6 0061.0

82 18.72 1788.0 783.7 4531.0 85 94.75 7647.0 612.6 9061.0

92 08.82 6188.0 143.7 2631.0 95 84.85 8247.0 481.6 7161.0

03 97.92 2678.0 692.7 1731.0 06 74.95 9837.0 151.6 6261.0

The relation of Degrees Baume or A.P.I. to Specific Gravity is expressed by these formulas:

For liquids lighter than water: For liquids heavier than water:

Degrees Baume = 140

130140

130GG=

+Degrees Baume− Degrees Baume = 145

145 145145

−−G

G=Degrees Baume

Degrees A.P.I. =1415

13151415

1315− .

.. . . .

G=+Degrees A P I

G = Specific Gravity = ratio of weight of a given volume of oil at 60°F to the weight of the samevolume of water at 60°F.

The above tables are based on the weight of 1 gallon (U.S.) of oil with a volume of 231 cubicinches at 60°F in air at 760 mm pressure and 50% relative humidity. Assumed weight of 1 gallonof water at 60°F in air is 8.32828 pounds.

To determine the resulting gravity by mixing oils of different gravities:

D=md nd

m n1 2++

D = Density or Specific Gravity of mixturem = Proportion of oil of d1 densityn = Proportion of oil of d2 densityd1 = Specific gravity of m oild2 = Specific Gravity of n oil

Technical

K - 87

KK

stnemelEehtfoscitsiretcarahC

tnemelE lobmyScimotArebmuN

ssaMrebmuN )1(

tnioPgnitleM)C°(

tnioPgnilioB)C°(

tnemelE lobmyScimotArebmuN

ssaMrebmuN )1(

tnioPgnitleM)C°(

tnioPgnilioB)C°(

muinitcamunimulamuciremaynomitna

)muibits(nogra

cAlA

mAbS

rA

98315915

81

)722(72

)342(121

04

†00617.956

5.036

2.981-

7502

0831

7.581-

noenmuinutpen

lekcinmuiboin

negortin

eNpNiNbN

N

01398214

7

02)732(

8539

41

76.842-

554105±0052

68.902-

9.542-

00920073

8.591-

cinesraenitatsa

muirabmuilekreb

muillyreb

sAtAaBkBeB

33586579

4

57)012(

831)742(

9

semilbus 516ta

058

8721 ± 5

semilbus 516ta

0411

0792

muilebonmuimsonegyxo

muidallapsurohpsohp

oNsO

OdP

P

20167

86451

)352(291

6160113

00724.812-4.9451

0035>68.281-

0002

htumsibnorob

enimorbmuimdac

muiclac

iBBrBdCaC

385538402

9021197411

04

3.1720032

2.7-9.0238±248

5±0651055287.852±7670421

munitalpmuinotulpmuinolop

muissatopmuimydoesarp

tPuPoP

KrP

8749489195

591)242()902(

93141

5.3771

3.35049

0034

067

muinrofilacnobrac

muirecmuisecenirolhc

fCCeCsClC

896855571

)942(21041331

53

0553>4085.82

5±301-

00240041

0766.43-

muihtemorpmuinitcatorp

muidarnodar

muinehr

mPaPaRnReR

1619886857

)541()132()622()222(

781

00717-

06±761304118.16-

muimorhctlabocreppoc

muirucmuisorpsyd

rCoCuCmCyD

4272926966

259536

)842(461

098159413801

084200926332

muidohrmuidiburmuinehturmuiramasmuidnacs

hRbRuRmScS

5473442612

30158201251

54

3±66915.8305420031>0021

0052>0070072

0042

muinietsniemuibre

muiporuemuimrefeniruoulf

sErEuEmFF

998636001

9

)452(661351)252(

91

05±0511

322- 881-

muinelesnocilis

revlismuidos

muitnorts

eSiSgAaNrS

4341741183

0882701

3288

71202418.069

5.79008

88655320591

0880511

muicnarfmuinilodag

muillagmuinamreg

dlog

rFdGaGeGuA

7846132397

)322(851

9647791

87.925.8593601

389100720062

ruflusmulatnat

muitenhcetmuirullet

muibret

SaTcTeTbT

6137342556

23081)99(031951

05±6992

2545±723

0014.c

0931

muinfahmuileh

muimlohnegordyh

muidni

fHeHoH

HnI

27276194

0814

5611511

0071 )2(

272-

41.952-4.651

0023>9.862-

8.252-01±0002

muillahtmuirohtmuiluht

nitmuinatit

lThTmTnSiT

1809960522

502232961021

84

2035481

98.1320081

01±75410054

07220003>

enidoi

muidirrinori

notpyrkmunahtnal

I

rIeFrKaL

35

77626375

721

3916548931

7.311

454253516.651-

628

53.481

0084>00039.251-

netsgnut)marflow(

muinarumuidanav

nonexmuibretty

W

UVeXbY

47

29324507

481

83215231471

0733

3311.c0171211-0081

0095

00031.701-

muicnerwaldael

muihtilmuitetul

muisengam

wLbPiLuLgM

30128

31721

)752(802

7571

42

34.723681

156

02615±6331

7011

muirttycniz

muinocriz

YnZrZ

930304

984609

094174.914

7581

0052709

0092>

esenagnammuivelednem

yrucremmunedbylom

muimydoen

nMvMgHoMdN

52101

082406

55)652(

20289241

0621

78.83-01±0262

048

0091

85.6530084

foetartsewols(efil-flahtsegnolehthtiwepotosiehtetangisedsesehtnerapninwohssrebmunssaM.erutanninommoctsomepotosielbatsehtfotahtsinwohsrebmunssaM.1.epotosielbatsnunagnivahstnemeleesohtrof)yacedevitcaoidar

detaluclaC.2.nahtretaerG>

Technical

K - 88

KK

slairetaMevlaVrofsnoitacificepSdradnatSdednemmoceR sgnitsaCgniniatnoC-erusserP1 leetSnobraC

BCWedarG612AMTSA

F°0001otF°02-=egnar.pmeT)tnecreP(noitisopmoC

2 leetSnobraCBCLedarG253AMTSA

F°056otF°05-=egnar.pmeT612AMTSAsaemas:noitisopmoC

BCWedarG

11 norItsaCBssalC621AMTSA


21 norItsaCCssalC621AMTSA


CnM

PS

iS

xam03.0xam00.1xam50.0xam60.0xam06.0

PS

xam57.0xam21.0

PS

xam57.0xam21.0

3 leetSyloMemorhC5CedarG712AMTSA


4 leetSyloMnobraC1CWedarG712AMTSA


31 norIelitcuD51-54-06epyT593AMTSA


41 norI*tsiseR-iNelitcuDB2-DepyT934AMTSA


CnM

PS

iSrCoM

xam02.007.0ot04.0

xam50.0xam60.0xam57.0

05.6ot00.456.0ot54.0

CnM

PS

iSoM

52.008.0ot05.0


56.0ot54.0

CiS

P

nim00.3xam57.2xam80.0

CiSnM

PiNrC

xam00.300.3ot05.152.1ot07.0

xam80.000.22ot00.81

00.4ot57.2

5 leetSyloMemorhC6CWedarG712AMTSA


6 leetSyloMemorhC9CWedarG712AMTSA


51 eznorBevlaVdradnatS26BMTSA


61 eznorBniTA1yollA341BMTSA


CnM

PS

iSrCoM

xam02.008.0ot05.0


05.1ot00.156.0ot54.0

CnM

PiSrCoM

xam81.007.0ot04.0

xam50.0xam06.0

57.2ot00.202.1ot09.0

uCnSbPnZiNeF

P

00.68ot00.4800.6ot00.400.6ot00.400.6ot00.4


uCnSbPnZiNeF

P

00.98ot00.6800.11ot00.9

xam03.000.3ot00.1


7 31/2 leetSlekciN%3CLedarG253AMTSA


8 leetSyloMemorhC21CedarG712AMTSA


71 eznorBesenagnaMA8yollA741BMTSA


81 eznorBmunimulAC9yollA841BMTSA


CnM

PS

iSiN

xam51.008.0ot05.0


00.4ot00.3

CiSnMrCoM

PS

xam02.0xam00.1

56.0ot53.000.01ot00.8

02.1ot09.0xam50.0xam60.0

uCnSbPiNeFlAnMnZ

00.06ot00.55xam00.1xam04.0xam05.0

00.2ot04.005.1ot05.0

xam05.1redniameR

uClAeFnMiN

nim00.3805.11ot00.01

00.5ot00.305.0

xam05.2demanlatot.niM5.99=stnemele

9 leetSsselniatS403epyT8-FCedarG153AMTSA


01 leetSsselniatS613epyTM8-FCedarG153AMTSA


91 114yollA*lednoM)edarGelbadleW(


02 "B"yollAyloM-lekciN"B"yolletsaH(494AMTSA †)


CnMiS

SP

rCiN


00.12ot00.8100.11ot00.8

CnMiS

PS

rCiNoM


00.12ot00.8100.21ot00.9

00.3ot00.2

iNuC

CnMeF

SiSbN

nim00.0600.33ot00.62


xam510.000.2ot00.100.3ot00.1

rCeF

CiSoCnM

VoM

PS

iN

xam00.100.6ot00.4

xam21.0xam00.1xam05.2xam00.1

06.0ot02.000.03ot00.62

xam40.0xam30.0

redniameR

- continued -

Technical

K - 89

KK

slairetaMevlaVrofsnoitacificepSdradnatSdednemmoceR )deunitnoc(sgnitsaCgniniatnoC-erusserP12 "C"yollAemorhC-yloM-lekciN

"C"yolletsaH(494AMTSA † )


22 6.oNyollAdesab-tlaboCetilletS † 6.oN

)tnecreP(noitisopmoC

13 leetSsselniatS613epyT613epyT672AMTSA


23 leetSsselniatSL613epyTL613epyT672AMTSA


rCeF

WC

iSoCnM

VoM

PS

iN

05.71ot05.5105.7ot05.452.5ot57.3


04.0ot02.000.81ot00.61

40.030.0

redniameR

CnM

WiNrCoMeFeSoC

04.1ot09.000.1

00.6ot00.300.3

00.23ot00.6200.100.3

00.2ot04.0redniameR

CnM

PS

iSrCiNoM

xam80.0xam00.2

xam540.0xam030.0

xam00.100.81ot00.6100.41ot00.01

00.3ot00.2

CnM

PS

iSrCiNoM

xam30.0xam00.2

xam540.0xam030.0

xam00.100.81ot00.6100.41ot00.01

00.3ot00.2

32 raBmunimulA3T-11902yollA112BMTSA


42 raBssarBwolleY61BMTSA 1/2 draH




43 leetSsselniatSHP4-71epyT036edarG164AMTSA


iSeFuCnZiBbP

lA

xam04.0xam07.0

00.6ot00.5xam03.0

06.0ot02.006.0ot02.0

xam51.0stnemelErehtOredniameR

uCbPeFnZ

00.36ot00.0607.3ot05.2

xam53.0redniameR

CnM

PS

iSrClA

xam51.0xam00.1

xam040.0xam030.0

xam00.105.31ot05.11

03.0ot01.0

CnMiS

PS

rCbNuCiNeF


05.71ot05.5154.0ot50.000.5ot00.300.5ot00.3redniameR

52 raBssarBlavaN464wollA12BMTSA


62 raBleetSdedaeL41L21ISIA


53 raByollAreppoC-lekciN)*lenoMK(005KyollA


63 raB"B"yollAyloM-lekciN"B"yolletsaH(533BMTSA †)


uCnSbPnZ

00.26ot00.9500.1ot05.0

xam02.0redniameR

CnM

PS

bP

xam51.002.1ot08.090.0ot40.053.0ot52.053.0ot51.0

iNeFnMiS

CS

lAiTuC

00.07ot00.36xam00.2xam05.1xam00.1xam52.0xam10.0

00.4ot00.200.1ot52.0redniameR

rCeF

CiSoCnM

VoM

PS

iN

xam00.100.6ot00.4


04.0ot02.000.03ot00.62

xam520.0xam030.0redniameR

72 raBleetSnobraC8101edarG801AMTSA


82 leetSyloM-emorhC0414ISIAtlob7BedarG391AMTSArofelbatiuS(

)lairetam


73 raB"C"yollAemorhC-yloM-lekciN"C"yolletsaH(633BMTSA †)


CnM

PS

02.0ot51.009.0ot06.0

xam40.0xam50.0

CnM

PS

iSrCoMeF

34.0ot83.000.1ot57.0

xam530.0xam40.0

53.0ot02.001.1ot08.052.0ot51.0redniameR

rCeF

WC

iSoCnMaVoM

PS

iN

05.61ot05.4100.7ot00.405.4ot00.3


00.71ot00.5140.030.0

redniameR





CnM

PS

iSrCiN

xam51.0xam00.2

xam540.0xam030.0

xam00.100.91ot00.71

00.01ot00.8

CnM

PS

iSrCiN

xam80.0xam00.2

xam540.0xam030.0

xam00.100.02ot00.81

00.21ot00.8

Technical

K - 90

KK

sgnitsaCgniniatnoC-erusserPslairetaMevlaVrofsnoitacificepSdradnatSdednemmoceR

EDOCLAIRETAMNOITPIRCSEDDNA

SEITREPORPLACISYHPMUMINIM FOSULUDOMYTICITSALE

F°07TAISP( x 01 6)

ETAMIXORPPALLENIRB

SSENDRAHelisneT

)isP(

dleiYtnioP)isP(

.gnolE)%("2ni

noitcudeR)%(aerAfo

1 leetSnobraC BCWedarG612AMTSA 000,07 000,63 22 53 9.72 781-731

2 leetSnobraC BCLedarG253AMTSA 000,56 000,53 42 53 9.72 781-731

3 leetSyloMemorhC 5CedarG712AMTSA 000,09 000,06 81 53 4.72 .xaM142

4 leetSyloMnobraC 1CWedarG712AMTSA 000,56 000,53 42 53 9.92 .xaM512

5 leetSyloMemorhC 6CWedarG712AMTSA 000,07 000,04 02 53 9.92 .xaM512

6 leetSyloMemorhC 9CWedarG712AMTSA 000,07 000,04 02 53 9.92 .xaM142

7 leetSlekciN%2/13 3CLedarG253AMTSA 000,56 000,04 42 53 9.72 731

8 leetSyloMemorhC 21CedarG712AMTSA 000,09 000,06 81 53 4.72 042-081

9 leetSsselniatS403epyT 8-FCedarG153AMTSA 000,56 000,82 53 --- 0.82 041

01 leetSsselniatS613epyT M8-FCedarG153AMTSA 000,07 000,03 03 --- 3.82 071-651

11 norItsaC BssalC621AMTSA 000,13 --- --- --- --- 022-061

21 norItsaC CssalC621AMTSA 000,14 --- --- --- --- 022-061

31 norIelitcuD 51-54-06epyT593AMTSA 000,06 000,54 51 --- 62-32 702-341

41 norItsiseR-iNelitcuD )1( B2-DepyT934AMTSA 000,85 000,03 7 --- --- 112-841

51 eznorBevlaVdradnatS 26BMTSA 000,03 000,41 02 71 5.31 *56-55

61 eznorBniT A1yollA341BMTSA 000,04 000,81 02 02 51 *58-57

71 eznorBesenagnaM A8yollA741BMTSA 000,56 000,52 02 02 4.51 *89

81 eznorBmunimulA C9yollA841BMTSA 000,57 000,03 .nim21 21 71 051

91 114yollAlednoM )edarGelbadleW( 000,56 005,23 52 --- 32 071-021

02 "B"yollAyloM-lekciN )"B"yolletsaH(494AMTSA 000,27 000,64 6 --- --- ---

12 "C"yollAemorhC-yloM-lekciN )"C"yolletsaH(494AMTSA 000,27 000,64 4 --- --- ---

22 6.oNyollAesab-tlaboC 6.oNetilletS 000,121 000,46 2-1 --- 4.03 ---

32 raBmunimulA 3T-11902yollA112BMTSA 000,44 000,63 51 --- 2.01 59

42 raBssarBwolleY draH2/1-61BMTSA 000,54 000,51 7 05 41 ---

52 raBssarBlavaN 464yollA12BMTSA 000,06 000,72 22 55 --- ---

62 raBleetSdedaeL 41L21ISIA 000,97 000,17 61 25 --- 361

72 raBleetSnobraC 8101edarG801AMTSA 000,96 000,84 83 26 --- 341

82 leetSyloM-emorhC0414ISIA )lairetamtlob7BedarG391AMTSArofelbatiuS( 000,531 000,511 22 36 9.92 552

92 leetSsselniatS203epyT 203epyT672AMTSA 000,58 000,53 06 07 82 051

03 leetSsselniatS403epyT 403epyT672AMTSA 000,58 000,53 06 07 --- 941


23 leetSsselniatSL613epyT L613epyT672AMTSA 000,18 000,43 55 --- --- 641


43 leetSsselniatSHP4-71epyT 036edarG164AMTSA 000,531 000,501 61 05 92 543-572

53 raByollAreppoC-lekciN )lenoMK(005KyollA 000,001 000,07 53 --- 62 062-571

63 raB"B"yollAyloM-lekciN )"B"yolletsaH(533BMTSA 000,001 000,64 03 --- --- ---

73 raB"C"yollAyloM-lekciN )"C"yolletsaH(633BMTSA 00,001 000,64 02 --- --- ---

.daolgk005.1

Technical

K - 91

KK

snobracordyHfostnatsnoClacisyhP

.ON DNUOPMOC ALUMROFRALUCELOM

THGIEW

GNILIOBTATNIOPAISP696.41

)F°(

ROPAVTAERUSSERP

)AISP(F°001

GNIZEERFTATNIOPAISP696.41

)F°(

STNATSNOCLACITIRCYTIVARGCIFICEPS

AISP696.41TA

lacitirCerutarepmeT

)F°(

lacitirC)aisp(erusserP

,diuqiL )4,3(

F°06/F°06F°06tasaG

)1=riA( )1(

12345

enahteMenahtE

enaporPenatuB-nenatubosI

HC 4C2H6C3H8C4H 01C4H 01

340.61070.03790.44421.85421.85

96.852-84.721-

76.34-01.1309.01

)0005( )2(

)008( )2(

0916.152.27

64.692- )5(

98.792- )5(

48.503- )5(

50.712-92.552-

36.611-90.0910.60256.50389.472

8.7668.7073.6167.0551.925

3.0 )8(

4653.0 )7(

7705.0 )7(

4485.0 )7(

1365.0 )7(

9355.02830.15225.18600.28600.2

678

enatneP-nenatneposI

enatnepoeN

C5H 21C5H 21C5H 21

151.27151.27151.27

29.6921.2801.94

075.5144.02

9.53

15.102-38.552-

71.2

7.58301.96331.123

6.8844.0940.464

0136.07426.0

7695.0 )7(

1194.21194.21194.2

901112131

enaxeH-nenatneplyhteM-2enatneplyhteM-3

enaxehoeNenatublyhtemiD-3,2

C6H 41C6H 41C6H 41C6H 41C6H 41

871.68871.68871.68871.68871.68

27.55174.04198.54125.12163.631

659.4767.6890.6658.9404.7

85.931-36.442-

---27.741-83.991-

7.35438.534

3.84431.02492.044

9.6346.6341.3548.6445.354

0466.09756.09866.00456.04666.0

3579.23579.23579.23579.23579.2

4151617181910212

enatpeH-nenaxehlyhteM-2enaxehlyhteM-3

enatneplyhtE-3enatneplyhtnemiD-2,2

enatneplyhtemiD-4,2enatneplyhtemiD-3,3

enatpirT

C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61C7H 61

502.001502.001502.001502.001502.001502.001502.001502.001

71.90290.49123.79152.00245.47198.67119.68185.771

026.1172.2031.2210.2294.3292.3377.2473.3

50.131-98.081-

---84.181-68.091-36.281-10.012-

28.21-

8.21500.59487.30584.31532.77459.57458.50544.694

8.6935.6931.8043.9142.2049.6932.7244.824

2886.00386.07196.08207.02876.03776.06796.06496.0

6954.36954.36954.36954.36954.36954.36954.36954.3

223242526272829203

enatcO-nlytubosiDenatcoosIenanoN-nenaceD-n

enatnepolcyCenatnepolcyclyhteM

enaxeholcyCenaxeholcyclyhteM

C8H 81C8H 81C8H 81C9H 02C 01 H 22C5H 01C6H 21C6H 21C7H 41

232.411232.411232.411952.821682.241

531.07261.48261.48981.89

22.85293.82236.01274.30384.54356.02152.16192.77186.312

735.0101.1807.1971.07950.0

419.9305.4462.3906.1

81.07-70.231-72.161-

82.46-63.12-19.631-44.422-

77.3489.591-

22.46544.03564.91586.0161.2565.16453.9947.63572.075

6.0636.0634.273

2334038.3569.845

1955.305

8607.09796.02696.07127.02437.04057.06357.04387.00477.0

9349.39349.39349.32824.45219.45124.27509.27509.20093.3

13233343536373839304

enelyhtEeneporPenetuB-1

enetuB-2-siCenetuB-2-snarT

enetubosIenetneP-1

eneidatuB-2,1eneidatuB-3,1

enerposI

C2H4C3H6C4H8C4H8C4H8C4H8C5H 01C4H6C4H6C5H8

450.82180.24801.65801.65801.65801.65531.07290.45290.45911.86

26.451-09.35-57.0296.8385.3395.9139.5865.1560.4203.39

---4.62250.3645.5408.9404.36511.91

)02( )2(

)06( )2(

276.61

54.272- )5(

54.103- )5(

36.103- )5(

60.812-69.751-16.022-93.562-61.312-20.461-47.032-

85.849.6916.59273.42368.11355.29239.673

)933( )2(

603)214( )2(

8.927966385016595085095)356( )2(

826)4.855( )2(

---0225.0 )7(

3106.0 )7(

1726.0 )7(

0016.0 )7(

4006.0 )7(

546.0 )7(

856.0 )7(

2726.0 )7(

1686.0

6869.09254.12739.12739.12739.12739.15124.26768.16768.19153.2

142434445464748494

enelytecAenezneB

eneuloTenezneblyhtE

enelyX-oenelyX-menelyX-p

enerytSenazneblyporposI

C2H2C6H6C7H8C8H 01C8H 01C8H 01C8H 01C8H8C9H 21

830.62411.87141.29861.601861.601861.601861.601251.401591.021

911- )6(

71.67131.13261.77279.19214.28250.18292.39243.603

---422.3230.1173.0462.0623.0243.0)42.0( )2(

881.0

411- )5(

69.1449.831-19.831-

03.31-21.45-68.5501.32-28.041-

13.5922.25555.50642.156

0.57620.156

6.9460.6074.676

4.0984.0179.5955.3254.1456.3152.905

0854.564

516.0 )9(

4488.08178.08178.08488.07868.07568.00119.03668.0

0998.09696.22181.35566.35566.35566.35566.39595.38941.4

.seulavdetaluclaC.1.seulavdetamitsE-)(.2

.snobracordyhdetarutasriA.3.muucavnisthgiewmorfseulavetulosbA.4

.)tniopelpirt(erusserpnoitarutastA.5.tniopnoitamilbuS.6

taerusserpnoitarutaS.7 .F°06taenahtemrofeulavtnerappA.8 .F°06

.)tniopnoitamilbus(F°06/F°911,ytivargcificepS.9

Technical

K - 92

KK

- continued -

sdiulFsuoiraVfostnatsnoClacisyhP

DIULF ALUMROFRALUCELOM

THGIEW

TNIOPGNILIOB696.41TAF°(

)AISP

ROPAVERUSSERP

)GISP(F°07TA

LACITIRCERUTAREPMET

)F°(

LACITIRCERUSSERP

)AISP(

YTIVARGCIFICEPS

F°06/F°06diuqiL saG

dicAcitecA CH 2H3 3O 60.06 542 50.1

enotecA C3H6O 80.85 331 554 196 97.0 10.2

riA N2O2 79.82 713- 122- 745 ‡68.0 0.1

lyhtE,lohoclA C2H6O 70.64 371 3.2 )2( 074 529 497.0 95.1

lyhteM,lohoclA HC 4O 40.23 841 36.4 )2( 364 4711 697.0 11.1

ainommA HN 3 30.71 82- 411 072 6361 26.0 95.0

muinommAedirolhC )1( HN 4 lC 70.1

muinommAedixordyH )1( HN 4 HO 19.0

muinommAetafluS )1( HN( 4)2 OS 4 51.1

enilinA C6H7N 21.39 563 897 077 20.1

nogrA A 49.93 203- 881- 507 56.1 83.1

enimorB rB 2 48.951 831 575 39.2 25.5

muiclaCedirolhC )1( lCaC 2 32.1

edixoiDnobraC OC 2 10.44 901- 938 88 2701 108.0 )3( 25.1

ediflusiDnobraC SC 2 1.67 511 92.1 36.2

edixonoMnobraC OC 10.82 413- 022- 705 08.0 79.0

nobraCedirolhcarteT

lCC 4 48.351 071 245 166 95.1 13.5

enirolhC lC 2 19.07 03- 58 192 9111 24.1 54.2

dicAcimorhC H2 OrC 4 30.811 12.1

dicAcirtiC C6H8O7 21.291 45.1

etafluSreppoC )1( OSuC 4 71.1

rehtE C( 2H5)2O 21.47 43 47.0 55.2

edirolhCcirreF )1( lCeF 3 32.1

eniroulF F2 00.83 503- 003 002- 908 11.1 13.1

edyhedlamroF H2 OC 30.03 6- 28.0 80.1

dicAcimroF OCH 2H 30.64 412 32.1

larufruF C5H4O2 80.69 423 61.1

enirecylG C3H8O3 90.29 455 62.1

locylG C2H6O2 70.26 783 11.1

muileH eH 300.4 454- 054- 33 81.0 41.0

dicAcirolhcordyH lCH 74.63 511- 46.1

dicAciroulfordyH FH 10.02 66 9.0 644 29.0

negordyH H2 610.2 224- 004- 881 70.0 )3( 70.0

negordyHedirolhC

lCH 74.63 511- 316 521 8911 68.0 62.1

edifluSnegordyH H2S 70.43 67- 252 312 7031 97.0 71.1

lohoclAlyporposI C3H8O 90.06 081 87.0 80.2

liOdeesniL 835 39.0

dnuopmocfothgiewyb%52-noituloSsuoeuqA.1.2 001taaispnierusserpropaV oF.3 .tniopgnilioblamrontalm/mg,diuqilfoytisneD

Technical

K - 93

KK

)deunitnoc(sdiulFsuoiraVfostnatsnoClacisyhP

DIULF ALUMROFRALUCELOM

THGIEW

TNIOPGNILIOB696.41TAF°(

)AISP

ROPAVERUSSERP

)GISP(F°07TA

LACITIRCERUTAREPMET

)F°(

LACITIRCERUSSERP

)AISP(

YTIVARGCIFICEPS

F°06/F°06diuqiL saG

muisengaMedirolhC )1( lCgM 2 22.1

yrucreM gH 16.002 076 6.31 39.6

edimorBlyhteM HC 3 rB 59.49 83 31 673 37.1 72.3

edirolhClyhteM HC 3 lC 94.05 11- 95 092 969 99.0 47.1

enelahthpaN C 01 H8 61.821 424 41.1 34.4

dicAcirtiN ONH 3 20.36 781 5.1

negortiN N2 20.82 023- 332- 394 18.0 )3( 79.0

elbategeV,liO 49.0-19.0

negyxO O2 23 792- 181- 737 41.1 )3( 501.1

enegsohP lCOC 2 29.89 74 7.01 063 328 93.1 24.3

dicAcirohpsohP H3 OP 4 00.89 514 38.1

muissatoPetanobraC )1(

K2 OC 3 42.1

muissatoPedirolhC )1(

lCK 61.1

muissatoPedixordyH )1(

HOK 42.1

11tnaregirfeR lCC 3F 83.731 57 4.31 883 536 40.5

21tnaregirfeR lCC 2F2 39.021 22- 2.07 432 795 2.4

31tnaregirfeR FlCC 3 74.401 511- 7.854 48 165

12tnaregirfeR lCHC 2F 39.201 84 4.8 353 057 28.3

22tnaregirfeR FlCHC 2 84.68 14- 5.221 502 617

32tnaregirfeR FHC 3 20.07 911- 536 19 196

muidoSedirolhC )1(

lCaN 91.1

muidoSedixordyH )1(

HOaN 72.1

etafluSmuidoS )1( aN 2 OS 4 42.1

muidoSetaflusoihT )1(

aN 2 OS 3 32.1

hcratS C( 6H 01 O5 x) 05.1

snoituloSraguS )1( C 21 H 22 O 11 01.1

dicAcirufluS H2 OS 4 80.89 626 38.1

edixoiDrefluS OS 2 6.46 41 4.43 613 5411 93.1 12.2

enitnepruT 023 78.0

retaW H2O 610.81 212 2949.0 )2( 607 8023 00.1 26.0

edirolhCcniZ )1( lCnZ 2 42.1

etafluScniZ )1( OSnZ 4 13.1

dnuopmocfothgiewyb%52-noituloSsuoeuqA.1.2 001taaispnierusserpropaV oF.3 .tniopgnilioblamrontalm/mg,diuqilfoytisneD

Technical

K - 94

KK

retaWfoseitreporP

erutarepmeT)F°(retaWfo

noitarutaSsdnuoP(erusserP

hcnIerauqSrep)etulosbA

thgieWrepsdnuoP(

)nollaG

ytivarGcificepSF°06/F°06

noisrevnoC,rotcaF )1(

MPGot.rH/.sbL

23 5880.0 543.8 3100.1 99100.0

04 7121.0 543.8 3100.1 99100.0

05 1871.0 043.8 7000.1 99100.0

06 3562.0 433.8 0000.1 99100.0

07 1363.0 523.8 9899.0 00200.0

08 9605.0 413.8 6799.0 00200.0

09 2896.0 303.8 3699.0 00200.0

001 2949.0 982.8 6499.0 10200.0

011 8472.1 762.8 9199.0 10200.0

021 4296.1 352.8 1099.0 10200.0

031 5222.2 722.8 2789.0 20200.0

041 6888.2 702.8 8489.0 30200.0

051 817.3 281.8 8189.0 30200.0

061 147.4 651.8 6879.0 40200.0

071 299.5 721.8 2579.0 50200.0

081 015.7 890.8 7179.0 50200.0

091 933.9 860.8 1869.0 60200.0

002 625.11 930.8 6469.0 70200.0

012 321.41 500.8 5069.0 80200.0

212 696.41 699.7 4959.0 80200.0

022 681.71 279.7 6659.0 90200.0

042 969.42 109.7 0849.0 01200.0

062 924.53 228.7 6839.0 11200.0

082 302.94 647.7 4929.0 51200.0

003 310.76 266.7 4919.0 71200.0

053 36.431 234.7 8198.0 42200.0

004 13.742 271.7 6068.0 23200.0

054 6.224 298.6 0728.0 14200.0

005 8.086 355.6 3687.0 45200.0

055 2.5401 231.6 8537.0 17200.0

006 9.2451 466.5 6976.0 49200.0

007 7.3903 326.3 7434.0 06400.0

repsnollagniwolftnelaviuqetegotrotcafehtybruohrepsdnuopniwolfylpitluM.1.toofcibucrepsnollag84.7nodesabsinollagrepthgieW.etunim

maetSdetarutaSfoseitreporP

erusserPetulosbA muucaVsehcnI()gHfo

.pmeTt

(o )F

taeHehtfodiuqiL

).bL/UTB(

taeHtnetaLfo

noitaropavE).bL/UTB(

taeHlatoTfo

HmaetS g).bL/UTB(

cificepSemuloV

∇∇ ∇∇∇ cibuC().bL/.tF'PisP

sehcnIgHfo

02.052.003.053.004.054.0

14.015.016.017.018.029.0

15.9214.9213.9212.9211.9200.92

41.3503.9574.4639.8668.2783.67

12.1263.7225.2379.6398.0414.44

8.36013.06014.75019.45017.25017.0501

0.58017.78010.09019.19016.39011.5901

0.62513.53215.9301

5.8989.1975.807

05.006.007.008.009.0

20.122.134.136.138.1

09.8207.8294.8292.8290.82

85.9712.5880.0983.4942.89

06.7412.3570.8563.2612.66

8.84017.54019.24014.04013.8301

4.69019.89010.10118.20115.4011

4.1460.0459.6647.1144.863

0.12.14.16.18.1

40.244.258.262.366.3

88.7284.7270.7266.6262.62

47.10129.70162.31199.71132.221

07.9678.5702.1819.5841.09

3.63017.23016.92019.62015.4201

0.60116.80118.01118.21116.4111

6.3339.0820.3423.4128.191

0.22.24.26.28.2

70.484.498.492.507.5

58.5244.5230.5236.4222.42

80.62126.92198.23149.53197.831

99.3925.7997.00138.30186.601

2.22012.02013.81015.61018.4101

2.61117.71111.91113.02115.1211

37.37158.85183.64187.53156.621

0.35.30.45.40.5

11.631.741.861.981.01

18.3297.2287.1267.0247.91

84.14175.74179.25138.75142.261

73.90164.51168.02117.52131.031

2.31016.90014.60016.30010.1001

6.22111.52113.72113.92111.1311

17.81127.201

36.0961.1825.37

5.50.65.60.75.7

02.1122.2132.3152.4172.51

27.8107.7196.6176.5156.41

03.66160.07165.37158.67149.971

91.43169.73174.14167.44168.741

5.8992.6991.4991.2992.099

7.23112.43116.53119.63111.8311

42.7689.1605.7546.3592.05

0.85.80.95.90.01

92.6113.7123.8143.9163.02

36.3116.2106.1185.01

65.9

68.28146.58182.88108.09112.391

97.05175.35122.65157.85171.161

5.8898.6892.5896.3891.289

3.93114.04114.14113.24113.3411

43.7437.4404.2413.0424.83

0.110.210.310.41

04.2234.4274.6205.82

25.794.554.324.1

57.79169.10288.50265.902

37.56169.96119.37116.771

3.9796.6792.4799.179

0.54116.64111.84115.9411

41.5304.2360.0340.82

- continued -

Technical

K - 95

KK

- continued -

)deunitnoc(maetSdetarutaSfoseitreporPerusserP

)ISP( .pmeTt

)F°(

ehtfotaeHdiuqiL

).bL/UTB(

taeHtnetaLfo


taeHlatoTHmaetSfo g).bL/UTB(

cificepSemuloV

∇∇ ∇∇∇).bL/.tF.uC(

erusserP)ISP( .pmeT

t)F°(

ehtfotaeHdiuqiL

).bL/UTB(

taeHtnetaLfo



cificepSemuloV

∇∇ ∇∇∇).bL/.tF.uC(

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

696.410.510.610.710.810.91

0.03.03.13.23.33.4

00.21230.31223.61244.91214.22242.522

70.08111.18124.48165.78165.09124.391

3.0797.9696.7695.5696.3699.169

4.05118.05110.25111.35112.45113.5511

08.6292.6227.4293.3271.2280.12

0.570.670.770.870.97

3.063.163.263.363.46

06.70305.80304.90392.01361.113

34.77273.87203.97212.08221.182

5.4097.3091.3094.2097.109

9.18111.28114.28116.28118.2811

618.5347.5376.5406.5735.5

0.020.120.220.320.42

3.53.63.73.83.9

69.72275.03270.33294.53228.732

61.69197.89133.10287.30241.602

1.0694.8598.6592.5597.359

3.65112.75111.85110.95118.9511

980.02291.91573.81726.71839.61

0.080.180.280.380.48

3.563.663.763.863.96

30.21398.21347.31395.41324.513

20.28219.28297.38266.48235.582

1.1094.0097.9981.9985.898

1.38113.38115.38118.38110.4811

274.5804.5643.5582.5622.5

0.520.620.720.820.92

3.013.113.213.313.41

70.04252.24263.44214.64204.842

24.80226.01257.21238.41268.612

1.2597.0593.9499.7495.649

6.06113.16110.26117.26114.3611

303.61517.51071.51366.41981.41

0.580.680.780.880.98

3.073.173.273.373.47

52.61370.71388.71386.81384.913

93.68242.78280.88219.88247.982

8.7982.7985.6989.5983.598

2.48114.48116.48118.48111.5811

861.5111.5550.5100.5849.4

0.030.130.230.330.43

3.513.613.713.813.91

33.05222.25250.45248.55285.752

28.81237.02295.22214.42281.622

3.5490.4498.2496.1493.049

1.46117.46114.56110.66115.6611

647.31033.31049.21275.21622.21

0.090.190.290.390.49

3.573.673.773.873.97

72.02360.12338.12306.22363.323

65.09283.19281.29289.29287.392

7.4981.4985.3989.2983.298

3.58115.58117.58119.58111.6811

698.4548.4697.4747.4996.4

0.530.630.730.830.93

3.023.123.223.323.42

82.95259.06275.26261.46227.562

19.72206.92262.13298.23284.432

2.9390.8399.6398.5397.439

1.76116.76112.86117.86112.9611

898.11885.11492.11051.11057.01

0.590.690.790.890.99

3.083.183.283.383.48

21.42378.42316.52353.62380.723

65.49243.59221.69298.69256.792

7.1981.1985.0989.9884.988

2.68114.68116.68118.68110.7811

256.4606.4165.4715.4474.4

0.040.140.240.340.44

3.523.623.723.823.92

52.76247.86212.07246.17250.372

30.63255.73240.93215.04259.142

7.3396.2396.1396.0396.929

7.96112.07117.07111.17116.1711

894.01852.01920.01

018.9106.9

0.0010.1010.2010.3010.401

3.583.683.783.883.98

18.72335.82352.92369.92366.033

04.89251.99209.99246.00373.103

8.8882.8886.7881.7885.688

2.78114.78115.78117.78119.7811

234.4193.4053.4013.4172.4

0.540.640.740.840.94

3.033.133.233.333.43

44.47208.57231.77254.87247.972

63.34257.44221.64274.74297.842

6.8297.7297.6298.5299.429

0.27114.27119.27113.37117.3711

104.9902.9520.9848.8876.8

0.5010.6010.7010.8010.901

3.093.193.293.393.49

63.13350.23347.23324.33301.433

01.20328.20345.30362.40379.403

0.6884.5889.4883.4887.388

1.88112.88114.88116.88117.8811

232.4491.4751.4021.4480.4

0.050.150.250.350.45

3.533.633.733.833.93

10.18262.28294.38207.48209.582

90.05273.15236.25278.35290.552

0.4290.3292.2293.1295.029

1.47114.47118.47112.57116.5711

515.8953.8802.8260.8229.7

0.0110.1110.2110.3110.411

3.593.693.793.893.99

77.43344.53311.63377.63324.733

66.50373.60360.70357.70334.803

2.3886.2881.2886.1881.188

9.88110.98112.98114.98115.9811

940.4510.4189.3749.3419.3

0.550.650.750.850.95

3.043.143.243.343.44

70.78282.88273.98205.09216.192

03.65205.75276.85228.95269.062

6.9198.8199.7191.7193.619

9.57113.67116.67119.67113.7711

787.7656.7925.7704.7982.7

0.5110.6110.7110.8110.911

3.0013.1013.2013.3013.401

70.83327.83363.93399.93326.043

11.90397.90364.01321.11387.113

6.0880.0885.9780.9784.878

7.98118.98110.09111.09112.0911

288.3058.3918.3887.3857.3

0.060.160.260.360.46

3.543.643.743.843.94

17.29297.39258.49209.59249.692

90.26202.36203.46283.56254.662

5.5197.4199.3191.3193.219

6.77119.77112.87115.87118.8711

571.7460.7759.6358.6257.6

0.0210.1210.2210.3210.421

3.5013.6013.7013.8013.901

52.14388.14305.24311.34327.343

44.21301.31357.31304.41340.513

9.7784.7789.6784.6789.578

4.09115.09117.09118.09119.0911

827.3996.3076.3246.3416.3

0.560.660.760.860.96

3.053.153.253.353.45

79.79299.89299.99289.00369.103

05.76255.86285.96206.07216.192

6.1198.0191.0194.9097.809

1.97114.97117.97110.08113.0811

556.6065.6864.6873.6192.6

0.5210.6210.7210.8210.921

3.0113.1113.2113.3113.411

33.44349.44345.54331.64337.643

86.51313.61349.61375.71391.813

4.5789.4784.4789.3784.378

1.19112.19113.19115.19116.1911

785.3065.3335.3705.3184.3

0.070.170.270.370.47

3.553.653.753.853.95

29.20388.30338.40367.50386.603

16.27206.37275.47245.57294.672

9.7092.7095.6098.5091.509

6.08118.08111.18113.18116.1811

602.6421.6440.6669.5098.5

0.0310.1310.2310.3310.431

3.5113.6113.7113.8113.911

23.74309.74384.84360.94346.943

18.81334.91340.02356.02352.123

9.2785.2780.2785.1780.178

7.19119.19110.29111.29112.2911

554.3034.3504.3183.3753.3

Technical

K - 96

KK

)deunitnoc(maetSdetarutaSfoseitreporPerusserP

)ISP( .pmeTt

)F°(

ehtfotaeHdiuqiL

).bL/UTB(

taeHtnetaLfo



cificepSemuloV

∇∇ ∇∇∇).bL/.tF.uC(

erusserP)ISP( .pmeT

t)F°(

ehtfotaeHdiuqiL

).bL/UTB(

taeHtnetaLfo



cificepSemuloV

∇∇ ∇∇∇).bL/.tF.uC(

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

0.5310.6310.7310.8310.931

3.0213.1213.2213.3213.421

12.05387.05353.15319.15374.253

58.12354.22350.32346.32332.423

6.0781.0786.9681.9687.868

4.29115.29116.29117.29119.2911

333.3013.3782.3462.3242.3

0.0040.0240.0440.0640.084

3.5833.5043.5243.5443.564

95.44493.94420.45405.85428.264

0.4244.9246.4347.9346.444

5.0872.5770.0779.4679.957

5.40216.40216.40216.40215.4021

3161.11601.16550.14900.10769.0

0.0410.1410.2410.3410.441

3.5213.6213.7213.8213.921

20.35375.35321.45376.45312.553

28.42304.52389.52365.62331.723

2.8687.7682.7687.6683.668

0.39111.39112.39113.39114.3911

022.3891.3771.3551.3431.3

0.0050.0250.0450.0650.085

3.5843.5053.5253.5453.565

10.76470.17410.57458.87485.284

4.9441.4546.8540.3644.764

0.5571.0574.5478.0471.637

4.40212.40210.40218.30215.3021

8729.05187.08758.05628.03797.0

0.5410.6410.7410.8410.941

3.0313.1313.2313.3313.431

67.55392.65338.65363.75398.753

07.72372.82338.82393.92359.923

8.5683.5689.4685.4680.468

5.39116.39118.39119.39110.4911

411.3490.3470.3450.3430.3

0.0060.0260.0460.0660.086

3.5853.5063.5263.5463.566

12.68457.98412.39485.69488.994

6.1747.5748.9748.3847.784

6.1372.7277.2273.8170.417

2.30219.20215.20211.20217.1021

8967.00447.08917.01796.07576.0

0.0510.2510.4510.6510.851

3.5313.7313.9313.1413.341

24.85364.95394.06325.16335.263

15.03316.13307.23397.33368.433

6.3687.2688.1589.0680.068

1.49113.49115.49117.49119.4911

510.3779.2049.2409.2968.2

0.0070.0270.0470.0670.087

3.5863.5073.5273.5473.567

01.30552.60543.90563.21533.505

5.1943.5940.9946.2052.605

7.9074.5072.1071.7969.296

2.10217.00212.00217.99111.9911

4556.02636.00816.07006.03485.0

0.0610.2610.4610.6610.861

3.5413.7413.9413.1513.351

35.36335.46315.56384.66354.763

39.53389.63320.83350.93370.043

2.9583.8585.7586.6587.558

1.59113.59115.59117.59118.5911

438.2108.2867.2637.2507.2

0.0080.0280.0480.0680.088

3.5873.5083.5283.5483.568

32.81580.12588.32536.62533.925

7.9052.3156.6150.0253.325

9.8868.4868.0868.6768.276

6.89110.89114.79118.69111.6911

7865.08355.06935.00625.00315.0

0.0710.2710.4710.6710.871

3.5513.7513.9513.1613.361

14.86353.96392.07322.17341.273

90.14301.24301.34390.44360.543

9.4581.4583.3584.2586.158

0.69112.69114.69115.69117.6911

576.2546.2616.2785.2955.2

0.0090.0290.0490.0690.089

3.5883.5093.5293.5493.569

89.13595.43561.73586.93571.245

6.6258.9250.3352.6353.935

8.8669.4660.1661.7563.356

4.59117.49110.49113.39116.2911

6005.06884.02774.03664.07554.0

0.0810.2810.4810.6810.881

3.5613.7613.9613.1713.371

60.37369.37368.47357.57346.673

30.64300.74369.74329.84368.943

8.0580.0582.9484.8486.748

9.69110.79112.79113.79115.7911

235.2505.2974.2454.2924.2

0.00010.05010.00110.05110.0021

3.5893.53013.58013.53113.5811

16.44575.05513.65568.16522.765

4.2450.0554.7556.4565

7.175

4.9469.9364.0360.1267.116

8.19119.98118.78116.58114.3811

6544.08124.01004.02083.0

916.00.0910.2910.4910.6910.891

3.5713.7713.9713.1813.381

15.77383.87342.97301.08359.083

97.05327.15346.25355.35364.453

8.6481.6483.5485.4487.348

6.79118.79119.79111.89112.8911

404.2083.2653.2333.2013.2

0.05210.00310.05310.00410.0541

3.53213.58213.53313.58313.5341

24.27564.77553.28501.78537.195

6.8754.5851.2957.8952.506

4.2062.3950.4857.4755.565

0.18116.87111.67114.37117.0711

0543.03923.08413.02103.04882.0

0.0020.5020.0120.5120.022

3.5813.0913.5913.0023.502

97.18368.38309.58398.78368.983

63.55385.75377.95319.16320.463

0.3480.1482.9384.7386.538

4.89117.89110.99113.99116.9911

882.2432.2381.2431.2780.2

0.00510.00610.00710.00810.0091

3.58413.58513.58613.58713.5881

32.69509.40651.31630.12685.826

6.1161.4263.6363.8461.066

3.6550.8356.9151.1054.284

9.76111.26119.55114.94114.2411

5672.08452.04532.09712.01202.0

0.5220.0320.5320.0420.542

3.0123.5123.0223.5223.032

97.19386.39345.59373.79381.993

90.66331.86341.07321.27380.473

8.3380.2383.0385.8288.628

9.99111.00214.00216.00219.0021

2240.22999.19759.13819.13088.1

0.00020.00120.00220.00320.0042

3.58913.58023.58123.58223.5832

28.53677.24664.94619.55621.266

7.1763.3868.4965.6074.817

4.3641.4444.4249.3047.283

1.53114.72112.91114.01111.1011

8781.06471.05261.03151.07041.0

0.0520.5520.0620.5620.072

3.5323.0423.5423.0523.552

59.00407.20424.40411.60487.704

00.67398.77367.97306.18324.383

1.5284.3288.1281.0285.818

1.10213.10215.10217.10219.1021

8348.16808.18477.12247.17017.1

0.00520.00620.00720.00820.0092

3.58423.58523.58623.58723.5882

31.86649.37655.97699.48662.096

6.0370.3472.6571.0774.587

5.0632.7331.2137.4826.352

1.19012.08013.86018.45010.9301

7031.03121.03211.05301.07490.0

0.5720.0820.5820.0920.592

3.0623.5623.0723.5723.082

34.90450.11456.21432.41497.514

12.58389.68337.88364.09361.293

9.6183.5187.3181.2185.018

1.20213.20214.20216.20217.2021

4086.11156.18226.14595.19865.1

0.00030.00130.00232.6023

3.58923.58033.58135.1913

63.59613.00711.50704.507

5.2080.5284.2787.209

8.7121.861

0.260.0

3.02011.3994.4397.209

8580.03570.00850.03050.0

0.0030.0230.0430.0630.083

3.5823.5033.5233.5433.563

33.71492.32479.82404.43406.934

48.39393.00466.60476.21454.814

0.9080.3081.7974.7978.587

8.20214.30217.30211.40213.4021

3345.15844.15463.15982.12222.1

Technical

K - 97

KK

)cirteM(maetSdetarutaSfoseitreporP

K,ERUTAREPMET RAB,ERUSSERPm,EMULOV 3 gk/ gk/Jk,YPLAHTNE )Kxgk(/Jk,YPORTNE

desnednoC ropaV desnednoC ropaV desnednoC ropaV

051 11-03.6 3-370.1 9+55.9 6.935- 3722 781.2- 45.61

061071081091002

01-27.79-92.78-83.57-32.36-26.1

3-470.13-670.13-770.13-870.13-970.1

8+26.98+80.17+55.16+27.25+96.5

7.525-7.115-8.794-8.384-5.764-

19220132823274326632

601.2-620.2-749.1-868.1-987.1-

94.5175.4167.3130.6183.21

012022032042052

6-10.75-56.25-19.84-27.34-95.7

3-180.13-280.13-480.13-580.13-780.1

5+93.14+38.34+81.13+70.43+25.1

2.154-0.534-3.614-1.004-5.813-

48323042124204429542

117.1-336.1-555.1-874.1-004.1-

97.1102.1197.0153.01459.9

552062562072

51.372

3-32.13-69.13-60.33-96.43-11.6

3-780.13-880.13-980.13-090.13-190.1

4.6592.2164.0044.5623.602

8.963-5.063-2.153-6.933-5.333-

86427742684269422052

163.1-323.1-182.1-692.1-122.1-

867.9095.9164.9552.9851.9

51.372572082582092

11600.079600.009900.078310.071910.0

3-000.13-000.13-000.13-000.13-100.1

3.6027.1814.031

4.997.96

0.08.78.828.947.07

20525052415232522352

000.0820.0401.0871.0152.0

851.9901.9098.8758.8047.8

592003503013513

71620.013530.021740.012260.023180.0

3-200.13-300.13-500.13-700.13-900.1

49.1531.9309.7239.2228.71

6.195.2114.3313.4512.571

14520552955286527752

323.0393.0264.0035.0795.0

726.8025.8714.8813.8422.8

023523033533043

35010.015310.091710.076120.031720.0

3-110.13-310.13-610.13-810.13-120.1

89.3160.11

28.890.747.5

1.6910.7129.7328.8528.972

68525952406231622262

946.0727.0197.0458.0619.0

151.8640.8269.7188.7408.7

543053553063563

2733.03614.00015.09026.04157.0

3-420.13-720.13-030.13-430.13-830.1

386.4648.3081.3546.2212.2

7.0037.1237.2437.3637.483

03629362746255623662

779.0830.1790.1651.1412.1

927.7756.7885.7125.7654.7

07351.373

573083583

0409.03310.15180.19682.13325.1

3-140.13-440.13-540.13-940.13-350.1

168.1976.1475.1733.1241.1

8.5041.9148.6240.8442.964

17626762976278624962

172.1703.1823.1483.1934.1

493.7653.7333.7572.7812.7

093004014024034

497.1554.2203.3073.4996.5

3-850.13-760.13-770.13-880.13-990.1

089.0137.0355.0524.0133.0

4.0949.2356.5756.8168.166

20726172927224723572

494.1506.1807.1018.1119.1

361.7850.7959.6568.6577.6

044054064074084

333.7913.917.1155.4109.71

3-011.13-321.13-731.13-251.13-761.1

162.0802.0761.0631.0111.0

3.5072.9475.3972.8384.388

46723772287298725972

110.2901.2502.2103.2593.2

986.6706.6825.6154.6773.6

094005015025035

38.1204.6266.1307.7385.44

3-481.13-302.13-222.13-442.13-862.1

2290.06770.01360.05250.05440.0

1.9296.579320117019111

99721082208210828972

974.2185.2376.2567.2658.2

213.6332.6361.6390.6320.6

045055065075085

83.2591.1680.1761.2815.49

3-492.13-323.13-553.13-293.13-334.1

5730.07130.09620.08220.03910.0

07110221372182314831

29724872277275727372

849.2930.3231.3522.3123.3

359.5288.5808.5337.5456.5

095006016026526

3.8015.3213.7311.9511.961

3-284.13-145.13-216.13-507.13-877.1

3610.07310.05110.04900.05800.0

34416051375174617961

71722862146288525552

914.3025.3726.3147.3508.3

965.5084.5813.5952.5191.5

036536046546

13.746

1.9719.0917.2022.5122.122

3-658.13-539.13-570.23-153.23-071.3

5700.06600.07500.05400.02300.0

43713871148113917012

51526642104229227012

578.3059.3730.4322.4344.4

511.5520.5219.4237.4344.4

Technical

K - 98

KK

- continued -

maetSdetaehrepuSfoseitreporPERUSSERP

)ISP( .TAS.PMET

t

(F°—ERUTAREPMETLATOT t)

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

°063 °004 °044 °084 °005 °006 °007 °008 °009 °0001 °0021

696.41 0.0 00.212 ∇hg

30.331.1221

86.439.9321

23.638.8521

69.736.7721

87.831.7821

68.248.4331

49.642.3831

00.153.2341

70.553.2841

31.951.3351

52.765.7361

0.02 3.5 69.722 ∇hg

12.423.0221

34.522.9321

56.622.8521

68.721.7721

64.826.6821

74.134.4331

74.439.2831

64.731.2341

54.041.2841

44.340.3351

14.944.7361

0.03 3.51 33.052 ∇hg

270.616.8121

798.619.7321

417.710.7521

825.812.6721

339.817.5821

59.028.3331

69.224.2831

69.4271.1341

59.628.1841

59.827.2351

39.232.7361

0.04 3.52 52.762 ∇hg

100.219.6121

826.215.6321

742.319.5521

269.312.5721

861.418.4821

886.511.3331

891.719.1831

207.813.1341

02.024.1841

07.124.2351

96.420.7361

0.05 3.53 10.182 ∇hg

755.92.5121

560.011.5321

765.017.4521

260.112.4721

903.119.3821

235.215.2331

447.314.1831

059.419.0341

251.611.1841

253.711.2351

747.918.6361

0.06 3.54 17.292 ∇hg

729.74.3121

753.86.3321

977.85.3521

691.92.3721

304.90.3821

724.018.1331

144.119.0831

944.215.0341

254.318.0841

454.419.1351

154.616.6361

0.07 3.55 29.203 ∇hg

267.65.1121

631.71.2321

205.73.2521

368.72.2721

140.80.2821

429.81.1331

697.94.0831

266.011.0341

425.115.0841

383.216.1351

790.413.6361

0.08 3.56 30.213 ∇hg

888.57.9021

022.67.0321

445.61.1521

268.61.1721

020.71.1821

797.75.0331

265.89.9731

223.97.9241

770.011.0841

038.013.1351

233.212.6361

0.09 3.57 72.023 ∇hg

802.57.7021

805.51.9221

997.58.9421

480.61.0721

522.61.0821

029.68.9231

306.74.9731

972.83.9241

259.88.9741

326.90.1351

959.019.5361

0.001 3.58 18.723 ∇hg

366.47.5021

739.46.7221

202.56.8421

264.50.9621

985.51.9721

812.61.9231

538.69.8731

644.79.8241

250.85.9741

656.88.0351

068.97.5361

0.021 3.501 52.143 ∇hg

448.36.1021

180.44.4221

703.40.6421

725.49.6621

636.42.7721

561.57.7231

386.58.7731

591.61.8241

207.68.8741

702.72.0351

212.83.5361

0.041 3.521 20.353 ∇hg

852.33.7911

864.31.1221

766.33.3421

068.37.4621

459.32.5721

314.44.6231

168.48.6731

103.52.7241

837.52.8741

271.67.9251

530.79.4361

0.061 3.541 35.363 ∇hg

------

800.36.7121

781.36.0421

953.34.2621

344.31.3721

948.30.5231

442.47.5731

136.44.6241

510.55.7741

693.51.9251

251.65.4361

0.081 3.561 60.373 ∇hg

------

946.20.4121

318.28.7321

969.22.0621

440.30.1721

114.35.3231

469.37.4731

011.46.5241

254.48.6741

297.46.8251

664.51.4361

0.002 3.581 97.183 ∇hg

------

163.23.0121

315.29.4321

656.28.7521

627.29.8621

060.31.2231

083.36.3731

396.38.4241

200.42.6741

903.40.8251

719.47.3361

0.022 3.502 68.983 ∇hg

------

521.25.6021

762.29.1321

004.24.5521

564.27.6621

277.27.0231

660.36.2731

253.30.4241

436.35.5741

319.35.7251

764.43.3361

0.042 3.522 73.793 ∇hg

------

6729.15.2021

260.28.8221

781.20.3521

742.25.4621

335.22.9131

408.25.1731

860.32.2341

723.38.4741

485.39.6251

390.49.2361

0.062 3.542 24.404 ∇hg

------

------

2888.17.5221

600.25.0521

360.23.2621

033.27.7131

285.24.0731

728.23.2241

760.32.4741

503.33.6251

677.35.2361

0.082 3.562 50.114 ∇hg

------

------

8837.14.2221

2158.19.7421

7409.10.0621

651.22.6131

293.24.9631

126.25.1241

548.25.3741

660.38.5251

405.31.2361

0.003 3.582 33.714 ∇hg

------

------

0906.11.9121

5617.13.5421

5767.16.7521

500.27.4131

722.23.8631

244.26.0241

256.28.2741

958.22.5251

962.37.1361

0.023 3.503 92.324 ∇hg

------

------

0594.16.5121

5895.16.2421

2746.12.5521

4378.12.3131

380.22.7631

582.28.9141

384.21.2741

876.27.4251

360.33.1361

0.043 3.523 79.824 ∇hg

------

------

1493.11.2121

1494.19.9321

0145.18.2521

9657.16.1131

2659.11.6631

741.20.9141

433.25.1741

815.21.4251

188.29.0361

0.063 3.543 04.343 ∇hg

------

------

1403.14.8021

2104.11.7321

4644.13.0521

3356.11.0131

1348.10.5631

520.21.8141

202.28.0741

673.25.3251

917.25.0361

∇ dnuoprepteefcibuc,emulovcificeps=hg dnuoprepUTB,maetsfotaehlatot=

Technical

K - 99

KK

- continued -

)deunitnoc(maetSdetaehrepuSfoseitreporPERUSSERP

)ISP( .TAS.PMET

t

(F°—ERUTAREPMETLATOT t)

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

°005 °045 °006 °046 °066 °007 °047 °008 °009 °0001 °0021

0.083 3.563 06.934∇γη

6163.17.7421

4444.11.3721

5065.15.8031

5436.10.1331

7076.10.2431

9147.18.3631

8118.13.5831

9419.13.7141

380.21.0741

942.20.3251

575.20.0361

0.004 3.583 95.444 ∇hg

1582.11.5421

2563.10.1721

0774.19.6031

0845.16.9231

7285.18.0431

8056.17.2631

7717.13.4831

1618.14.6141

7679.14.9641

431.24.2251

544.26.9261

0.024 3.504 93.944 ∇hg

8512.15.2421

5392.19.8621

4104.13.5031

7964.13.8231

0305.15.9331

4865.16.1631

4236.13.3831

7627.15.5141

2088.17.8641

130.29.1251

723.22.9261

0.044 3.524 20.454 ∇hg

6251.18.9321

2822.17.6621

7233.16.3031

4893.19.6231

6034.12.8331

4394.14.0631

9455.13.2831

4546.17.4141

5297.11.8641

8639.13.1251

022.28.8261

0.064 3.544 5.854 ∇hg

8490.10.7321

5861.15.4621

8962.10.2031

4333.14.5231

4463.19.6331

0524.13.9531

2484.13.1831

1175.18.3141

4217.14.7641

8058.17.0251

221.24.8261

0.084 3.564 28.264 ∇hg

7140.12.4321

8311.13.2621

2212.13.0031

7372.10.4231

8303.16.5331

2263.12.8531

3914.13.0831

1305.19.2141

0936.17.6641

0277.12.0251

330.20.8261

0.005 3.584 10.764 ∇hg

7299.03.1321

3360.10.0621

1951.16.8921

8812.16.2231

8742.12.4331

4403.10.7531

6953.13.9731

5044.11.2141

5175.10.6641

6996.16.9151

4059.16.7261

0.025 3.505 70.174 ∇hg

3749.03.8221

6610.17.7521

1011.19.6921

1861.11.1231

2691.19.2331

1152.18.5531

5403.12.8731

6283.12.1141

1905.13.5641

636.10.9151

3478.12.7261

0.045 3.525 10.574 ∇hg

2509.03.5221

3379.04.5521

6460.12.5921

1121.17.9131

5841.15.1331

7102.16.4531

5352.12.7731

1923.13.0141

4154.16.4641

7075.15.8151

9308.18.6261

0.065 3.545 58.874 ∇hg

9568.02.2221

0339.00.3521

4220.14.3921

5770.12.8131

1401.12.0331

8551.15.3531

0602.11.6731

4972.14.9041

8793.19.3641

2315.19.7151

5837.14.6261

0.085 3.565 85.284 ∇hg

1928.00.9121

4598.05.0521

0389.07.1921

8630.17.6131

7260.18.8231

1331.13.2531

9161.11.5731

1332.16.8041

9743.12.3641

6954.13.7151

6776.10.6261

0.006 3.585 12.684 ∇hg

7497.07.5121

2068.01.8421

3649.09.9821

8899.02.5131

1420.14.7231

2370.11.1531

7021.10.4731

9981.17.7041

3103.15.2641

6904.17.6151

8026.15.5261

0.026 0.506 57.984 ∇hg

4267.04.2121

2728.05.5421

8119.01.8821

3369.07.3131

0889.00.6231

8530.19.9431

1280.10.3731

4941.18.6041

7752.18.1641

8263.12.6151

6765.11.5261

0.046 3.526 12.394 ∇hg

9137.00.9021

3697.00.3421

5978.02.6921

9929.02.2131

1459.06.4231

8000.16.8431

9540.19.1731

5111.19.5041

8612.11.1641

0913.16.5151

8715.17.4261

0.066 3.546 85.694 ∇hg

2307.04.5021

0767.04.0421

1948.04.4821

5898.06.0131

2229.02.3231

9769.04.7431

9110.18.0731

9570.10.5041

4871.14.0641

8772.10.5151

9074.13.4261

0.086 3.566 88.994 ∇hg

9576.08.1021

5937.07.7321

5028.05.2821

0968.01.9031

2298.07.1231

9639.02.6431

0089.08.9631

4240.11.4041

3241.17.9541

0932.15.4151

9624.19.3261

0.007 3.586 01.305 ∇hg

------

4317.00.5321

4397.06.0821

1148.05.7031

9368.03.0231

7709.00.5431

8949.07.8631

8010.12.3041

2801.10.9541

4202.19.3151

3583.15.3261

0.057 3.537 68.015 ∇hg

------

0456.09.7221

9137.07.5721

8777.05.3031

6997.06.6131

4148.08.1431

3188.00.6631

1939.09.0041

0130.12.7541

6911.14.2151

2192.14.2261

0.008 3.587 32.815 ∇hg

------

5106.05.0221

9776.07.0721

3227.04.9921

3347.09.2131

3387.06.8331

5128.02.3631

3678.06.8931

3369.04.5541

0740.10.1151

8802.14.1261

0.058 3.538 62.525 ∇hg

------

6455.07.2121

1036.05.5621

2376.02.5921

4396.00.9031

0237.04.5331

5867.04.0631

9028.03.6931

7309.06.3541

0389.05.9051

0631.14.0261

0.009 3.588 89.135 ∇hg

------

4215.04.4021

3785.01.0621

4926.09.0921

1946.01.5031

3686.01.2331

5127.05.7531

6177.09.3931

6058.08.1541

2629.01.8051

4170.13.9161

0.059 3.539 24.835 ∇hg

------

0474.05.5911

9845.06.4521

1095.04.6821

2906.01.1031

3546.07.8231

3976.07.4531

5727.06.1931

1308.00.0541

3578.06.6051

6310.13.8161

0.0001 3.589 16.445 ∇hg

------

------

0415.08.8421

6455.09.1821

3375.00.7921

4806.03.5231

3146.07.1531

8786.02.9831

4067.02.8441

4928.01.5051

5169.03.7161


Technical

K - 100

KK

)deunitnoc(maetSdetaehrepuSfoseitreporPERUSSERP

)ISP( .TAS.PMET

t

(F°--ERUTAREPMETLATOT t)

etulosbA'P

eguaGP

°066 °007 °047 °067 °087 °008 °068 °009 °0001 °0011 °0021

0.0011 3.5801 13.655 ∇hg

0115.05.8821

5445.03.8131

5575.08.5431

4095.09.8531

9406.07.1731

1916.03.4831

1066.08.0241

6686.05.4441

3057.02.2051

7118.08.8551

6178.02.5161

0.0021 3.5811 22.765 ∇hg

6854.06.9721

9094.00.1131

6025.06.9331

7435.02.3531

4845.04.6631

7165.03.9731

3006.07.6141

0526.07.0441

3486.02.9941

2147.04.6551

7697.01.3161

0.0031 3.5821 64.775 ∇hg

9314.02.0721

4544.04.3031

9374.03.3331

4784.03.7431

4005.00.1631

1315.03.4731

6945.05.2141

8275.00.7341

4826.02.6941

6186.09.3551

3337.00.1161

0.0041 3.5831 01.785 ∇hg

3573.03.0621

2604.05.5921

8334.07.6231

8644.03.1431

3954.04.5531

4174.01.9631

1605.02.8041

1825.01.3341

5085.02.3941

5036.04.1551

9876.09.8061

0.0051 3.5841 32.695 ∇hg

3143.08.9421

9173.02.7821

9893.00.0231

4114.02.5331

5324.07.9431

2534.08.3631

4864.09.3041

3984.03.9241

0935.01.0941

2685.09.8451

8136.08.6061

0.0061 3.5851 09.406 ∇hg

2113.07.8321

7143.07.8721

2863.00.3131

4083.08.8231

1293.09.3431

4304.04.8531

3534.05.9931

3554.03.5241

7205.00.7841

4745.04.6451

6095.06.4061

0.0071 3.5861 51.316 ∇hg

2482.08.6221

8413.07.9621

0143.08.5031

9253.03.2231

3463.09.7331

3573.09.2531

1604.00.5931

3524.04.1241

6074.00.4841

2315.08.3451

2455.05.2061

0.0081 3.5871 30.126 ∇hg

7952.00.4121

7092.03.0621

6613.04.8921

4823.05.5131

5933.08.1331

2053.02.7431

1083.04.0931

6893.04.7141

1244.08.0841

8284.03.1451

8125.04.0061

0.0091 3.5881 85.826 ∇hg

1732.02.0021

8862.04.0521

7492.06.0921

3603.06.8031

1713.04.5231

7723.05.1431

8653.08.5831

7473.03.3141

5614.07.7741

6554.08.8351

9294.02.8951

0.0002 3.5891 28.536 ∇hg

1612.09.4811

9842.00.0421

8472.06.2821

3682.04.1031

2792.00.9131

4703.05.5331

8533.02.1831

2353.02.9041

5393.05.4741

1134.02.6351

8664.01.6951

0.0012 3.5802 77.246 ∇hg

2691.07.7611

6032.00.9221

7652.03.4721

2862.00.4921

9872.03.2131

0982.05.9231

7613.04.6731

7333.00.5041

7273.04.1741

9804.06.3351

3344.09.3951

0.0022 3.5812 64.946 ∇hg

8671.08.7411

5312.04.7121

0042.07.5621

4152.03.6821

1262.04.5031

1272.03.3231

4992.05.1731

9513.08.0041

8353.02.8641

7883.01.1351

8124.08.1951

0.0032 3.5822 19.556 ∇hg

5751.08.3211

8791.09.4021

7422.07.6521

2632.04.8721

8642.04.8921

7652.09.6131

5382.06.6631

7992.05.6931

5633.09.4641

3073.05.8251

3204.06.9851

0.0042 3.5832 21.266 ∇hg

------

8281.05.1911

5012.03.7421

1222.02.0721

7232.01.1921

5242.03.0131

9862.06.1631

8482.02.2931

7023.07.1641

4353.09.5251

3483.04.7851

0.0052 3.5842 31.866 ∇hg

------

6861.08.6711

3791.06.7021

0902.08.1621

6912.06.3821

4922.06.3031

5552.05.6531

0172.08.7831

1603.04.8541

9733.02.3251

8763.03.5851

0.0062 3.5852 49.376 ∇hg

------

9451.06.0611

9481.03.7221

7691.09.2521

4702.08.5721

2712.08.6921

1342.04.1531

4852.04.3831

6292.01.5541

6323.06.0251

6253.01.3851

0.0072 3.5862 55.976 ∇hg

------

5141.05.2411

2371.05.6121

3581.08.3421

0691.09.7621

9502.07.9821

5132.01.6431

6642.09.8731

1082.08.1541

3013.00.8151

5833.09.0851

0.0082 3.5872 99.486 ∇hg

------

1821.04.1211

2261.01.5021

5471.02.4321

4581.06.9521

3591.04.2821

8022.08.0431

6532.03.4731

5862.05.8441

9792.04.5151

4523.07.8751

0.0092 3.5882 62.096 ∇hg

------

3411.09.5901

7151.00.3911

4461.03.4221

4571.01.1521

3581.09.4721

8012.03.5331

4522.07.9631

7752.01.5441

4682.07.2151

2313.05.6751

0.0003 3.5892 63.596 ∇hg

------

4890.07.0601

6141.01.0811

8451.08.3121

0661.02.2421

0671.02.7621

4102.07.9231

9512.00.5631

6742.08.1441

7572.00.0151

8103.03.4751

0.0013 3.5803 13.007 ∇hg

------

------

0231.02.6611

6541.09.2021

1751.00.3321

2761.03.9521

6291.01.4231

0702.03.0631

2832.04.8341

7562.04.7051

1192.01.2751

0.0023 3.5813 11.507 ∇hg

------

------

6221.01.1511

9631.04.1911

6841.05.3221

9851.01.1521

3481.03.8131

6891.05.5531

3922.09.4341

3652.07.4051

1182.09.9651

2.6023 5.1913 04.507 ∇hg

------

------

0221.02.0511

3631.06.0911

0841.09.2221

3851.05.0521

8381.09.7131

1891.02.5531

8822.07.4341

7552.05.4051

6082.08.9651


Technical

K - 101

KK

Determine Velocity of Steam in Pipes:

Where: A = Nominal pipe section area =d = DiameterV = Specific volume from steam tablesin ft3/lb (m3/kg)

Velocity (ft/s) =(25)(A)

(V)π(d)2

4

Note: Specific volume changes with steam pressure andtemperature. Make sure to calculate velocities of inlet andoutlet piping of the regulator.

seiticoleVeniLepiPmaetSdednemmoceRNOITIDNOCMAETS )DNOCES/SRETEM(DNOCES/TEEF,YTICOLEV

,)rab0,1ot0(gisp51ot0detarutasdnayrD

)5,03(001

,)rab0,1(gisp51pudnadetarutasdnayrD

)3,35(571

,)rab8,31(gisp002pudnadetaehrepuS

)2,67(052

sepiPmaetSdetalusnInIsetaRnoitasnednoClacipyT

,ERUSSERP)RAB(GISP

NOITALUSNIFOSEHCNI2HTIWEPIPFOTOOFREP)RUOH/GK(RUOH/SDNUOPNISETAR

sehcnIniretemaiDepiP

4/3 1 2/1-1 2 3 4

)960,0(1 )900,0(20.0 )410,0(30.0 )410,0(30.0 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0

)43,0(5 )410,0(30.0 )410,0(30.0 )810,0(40.0 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0

)96,0(01 )410,0(30.0 )410,0(30.0 )810,0(40.0 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )230,0(70.0

)7,1(52 )410,0(30.0 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0 )630,0(80.0

)4,3(05 )810,0(40.0 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0 )140,0(90.0 )50,0(11.0

)2,5(57 )810,0(40.0 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0 )230,0(70.0 )50,0(11.0 )460,0(41.0

)9,6(001 )320,0(50.0 )320,0(50.0 )230,0(70.0 )630,0(80.0 )450,0(21.0 )860,0(51.0

)6,8(521 )320,0(50.0 )720,0(60.0 )230,0(70.0 )630,0(80.0 )950,0(31.0 )370,0(61.0

)3,01(051 )720,0(60.0 )720,0(60.0 )630,0(80.0 )140,0(90.0 )460,0(41.0 )770,0(71.0

)8,31(002 )720,0(60.0 )230,0(70.0 )630,0(80.0 )140,0(90.0 )860,0(51.0 )680,0(91.0

noitalusnItuohtiWsepiPmaetSnIsetaRnoitasnednoClacipyT

,ERUSSERP)RAB(GISP

RIATNEIBMA)C°22(F°27TAEPIPERABFOTOOFREP)RUOH/GK(RUOH/SDNUOPNISETAR

sehcnIniretemaiDepiP

4/3 1 2/1-1 2 3 4

)960,0(1 )50,0(11.0 )860,0(51.0 )590,0(12.0 )311,0(52.0 )2710(83.0 )902,0(64.0

)43,0(5 )460,0(41.0 )370,0(61.0 )1,0(22.0 )811,0(62.0 )6810(14.0 )722,0(05.0

)96,0(01 )860,0(51.0 )280,0(81.0 )901,0(42.0 )231,0(92.0 )20(44.0 )42,0(35.0

)7,1(52 )770,0(71.0 )1,0(22.0 )141,0(13.0 )361,0(63.0 )420(35.0 )592,0(56.0

)4,3(05 )1,0(22.0 )221,0(72.0 )771,0(93.0 )902,0(64.0 )9920(66.0 )673,0(38.0

)2,5(57 )811,0(62.0 )141,0(13.0 )402,0(54.0 )542,0(45.0 )9430(77.0 )274,0(40.1

)9,6(001 )231,0(92.0 )951,0(53.0 )722,0(05.0 )772,0(16.0 )930(68.0 )305,0(11.1

)6,8(521 )541,0(23.0 )771,0(93.0 )942,0(55.0 )803,0(86.0 )6240(49.0 )855,0(32.1

)3,01(051 )951,0(53.0 )191,0(24.0 )272,0(06.0 )633,0(47.0 )7640(30.1 )306,0(33.1

)8,31(002 )181,0(04.0 )222,0(94.0 )313,0(96.0 )763,0(18.0 )450(91.1 )86,0(05.1

Technical

K - 102

KK

- continued -

sepiPleetS04eludehcShguorhTretaWfowolFEGRAHCSID F°06TARETAWROFEPIP04ELUDEHCSNIYTICOLEVDNATEEF001REPPORDERUSSERP

snollaGrep

etuniM

.tFcibuCrep

dnoceS

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

"8/1 "4/12.0 644000.0 31.1 68.1 616.0 953.0 "8/3 "2/13.0 866000.0 96.1 22.4 429.0 309.0 405.0 951.0 713.0 160.0

"4/34.0 198000.0 62.2 89.6 32.1 16.1 276.0 543.0 224.0 680.05.0 11100.0 28.2 5.01 45.1 93.2 048.0 935.0 825.0 761.0 103.0 330.06.0 43100.0 93.3 7.41 58.1 92.3 10.1 157.0 336.0 042.0 163.0 140.08.0 87100.0 25.4 0.52 64.2 44.5 43.1 52.1 448.0 804.0 184.0 201.0 "1

1 32200.0 56.5 2.73 80.3 82.8 86.1 58.1 60.1 006.0 206.0 551.0 173.0 840.0 "4/1-12 64400.0 92.11 4.431 61.6 1.03 63.3 85.6 11.2 01.2 02.1 625.0 347.0 461.0 924.0 440.0 "2/1-13 86600.0 52.9 1.46 40.5 9.31 71.3 33.4 18.1 90.1 411.1 633.0 446.0 090.0 374.0 340.04 19800.0 33.21 2.111 27.6 9.32 22.4 24.7 14.2 38.1 94.1 565.0 858.0 051.0 036.0 170.05 41110.0 "2 04.8 7.63 82.5 2.11 10.3 57.2 68.1 538.0 370.1 322.0 887.0 401.06 73310.0 475.0 440.0

"2/1-280.01 9.15 33.6 8.51 16.3 48.3 32.2 71.1 92.1 903.0 349.0 541.0

8 28710.0 567.0 370.0 44.31 1.19 54.8 7.72 18.4 06.6 79.2 99.1 27.1 815.0 62.1 142.001 82220.0 659.0 801.0 076.0 640.0

"365.01 4.24 20.6 99.9 17.3 99.2 51.2 477.0 85.1 163.0

51 24330.0 34.1 422.0 10.1 490.0 30.9 6.12 75.5 63.6 22.3 36.1 73.2 557.002 65440.0 19.1 573.3 43.1 851.0 868.0 650.0 "2/1-3 30.21 8.73 34.7 9.01 92.4 87.2 61.3 82.152 07550.0 93.2 165.0 86.1 432.0 90.1 380.0 218.0 140.0

"482.9 7.61 73.5 22.4 49.3 39.1

03 48660.0 78.2 687.0 10.2 723.0 03.1 411.0 479.0 650.0 41.11 8.32 44.6 29.5 37.4 27.253 89770.0 53.3 50.1 53.2 634.0 25.1 151.0 41.1 170.0 288.0 140.0 99.21 2.23 15.7 09.7 25.5 46.304 21980.0 38.3 53.1 86.2 655.0 47.1 291.0 03.1 590.0 10.1 250.0 58.41 5.14 95.8 42.01 03.6 56.454 3001.0 03.4 76.1 20.3 866.0 59.1 932.0 64.1 711.0 31.1 460.0 76.9 08.21 90.7 58.505 4111.0 87.4 30.2 53.3 938.0 71.2 882.0 26.1 241.0 62.1 670.0 47.01 66.51 88.7 51.706 7331.0 47.5 78.2 20.4 81.1 06.2 64.0 59.1 402.0 15.1 701.0 "5 98.21 2.22 74.9 12.0107 0651.0 07.6 48.3 96.4 95.1 40.3 045.0 72.2 162.0 67.1 341.0 21.1 740.0 50.11 17.3108 2871.0 56.7 79.4 63.5 30.2 74.3 786.0 06.2 433.0 20.2 081.0 82.1 060.0 26.21 95.7109 5002.0 06.8 02.6 30.6 35.2 19.3 168.0 29.2 614.0 72.2 422.0 44.1 470.0 "6 02.41 0.22001 8222.0 65.9 95.7 07.6 90.3 43.4 50.1 52.3 905.0 25.2 272.0 06.1 090.0 11.1 630.0 877.51 9.62521 5872.0 79.11 67.11 83.8 17.4 34.5 16.1 60.4 967.0 51.3 514.0 10.2 531.0 93.1 550.0 27.91 4.14051 2433.0 63.41 07.61 50.01 96.6 15.6 42.2 78.4 80.1 87.3 085.0 14.2 091.0 76.1 770.0571 9983.0 57.61 3.22 37.11 79.8 06.7 00.3 86.5 44.1 14.4 477.0 18.2 352.0 49.1 201.0002 6544.0 41.91 8.82 24.31 86.11 86.8 78.3 94.6 58.1 40.5 589.0 12.3 323.0 22.2 031.0 "8522 3105.0 --- --- 90.51 36.41 77.9 38.4 03.7 23.2 76.5 32.1 16.3 104.0 05.2 261.0 44.1 340.0052 755.0 --- --- --- --- 58.01 39.5 21.8 48.2 03.6 64.1 10.4 594.0 87.2 591.0 06.1 150.0572 7216.0 --- --- --- --- 49.11 41.7 39.8 04.3 39.6 97.1 14.4 385.0 50.3 432.0 67.1 160.0003 4866.0 --- --- --- --- 00.31 63.8 47.9 20.4 65.7 11.2 18.4 386.0 33.3 572.0 29.1 270.0523 1427.0 --- --- --- --- 21.41 98.9 35.01 90.4 91.8 74.2 12.5 797.0 16.3 023.0 80.2 380.0

053 8977.0 --- --- --- --- 63.11 15.5 28.8 48.2 26.5 919.0 98.3 763.0 42.2 590.0573 5538.0 --- --- --- --- 71.21 81.6 54.9 52.3 20.6 5.01 61.4 614.0 04.2 801.0004 2198.0 --- --- --- --- 89.21 30.7 80.01 86.3 24.6 91.1 44.4 174.0 65.2 121.0524 9649.0 --- --- --- --- 08.31 98.7 17.01 21.4 28.6 33.1 27.4 925.0 37.2 631.0054 300.1 "01 --- --- --- --- 16.41 08.8 43.11 06.4 22.7 84.1 00.5 095.0 98.2 151.0574 950.1 39.1 450.0 --- --- --- --- 79.11 21.5 26.7 46.1 72.5 356.0 40.3 661.0005 411.1 30.2 950.0 --- --- --- --- 06.21 56.5 20.8 18.1 55.5 027.0 12.3 281.0055 522.1 42.2 170.0 --- --- --- --- 58.31 97.6 28.8 71.2 11.6 168.0 35.3 912.0006 733.1 44.2 380.0 --- --- --- --- 21.51 40.8 36.9 55.2 66.6 20.1 58.3 852.0056 844.1 46.2 790.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 34.01 89.2 22.7 81.1 71.4 103.0

Technical

K - 103

KK

)deunitnoc(sepiPleetS04eludehcShguorhTretaWfowolFEGRAHCSID F°06TARETAWROFEPIP04ELUDEHCSNIYTICOLEVDNATEEF001REPPORDERUSSERP

snollaGrep

etuniM

.tFcibuCrep

dnoceS

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

yticoleVrep.tF(

).ceS

erusserPporD)ISP(

"01 "21 "5 "6 "8007 065.1 58.2 211.0 10.2 740.0 --- --- --- --- 32.11 34.3 87.7 53.1 94.4 343.0057 176.1 50.3 721.0 51.2 450.0

"41--- --- --- --- 30.21 29.3 33.8 55.1 18.4 293.0

008 287.1 52.3 341.0 92.2 160.0 --- --- --- --- 38.21 34.4 88.8 57.1 31.5 344.0058 498.1 64.3 061.0 44.2 860.0 20.2 240.0 --- --- --- --- 46.31 00.5 44.9 69.1 54.5 794.0009 500.2 66.3 971.0 85.2 570.0 31.2 740.0 --- --- --- --- 44.41 85.5 99.9 81.2 77.5 455.0059 711.2 68.3 891.0 27.2 380.0 52.2 250.0 --- --- 42.51 12.6 55.01 24.2 90.6 316.00001 822.2 70.4 812.0 78.2 190.0 73.2 750.0

"61--- --- 40.61 48.6 01.11 86.2 14.6 576.0

0011 154.2 84.4 062.0 51.3 011.0 16.2 860.0 --- --- 56.71 32.8 22.21 22.3 50.7 708.00021 476.2 88.4 603.0 44.3 821.0 58.2 008.0 81.2 240.0 --- --- --- --- 33.31 18.3 07.7 849.00031 698.2 92.5 553.0 37.3 051.0 80.3 390.0 63.2 840.0 --- --- --- --- 34.41 54.4 33.8 11.10041 911.3 07.5 904.0 10.4 171.0 23.3 701.0 45.2 550.0 55.51 31.5 89.8 82.10051 243.3 01.6 664.0 03.4 591.0 65.3 221.0 27.2 360.0

"8166.61 58.5 26.9 64.1

0061 565.3 15.6 725.0 95.4 912.0 97.3 831.0 09.2 170.0 77.71 16.6 62.01 56.10081 010.4 23.7 366.0 61.5 672.0 72.4 271.0 72.3 880.0 85.2 050.0 99.91 73.8 45.11 80.20002 654.4 41.8 808.0 37.5 933.0 47.4 902.0 36.3 701.0 78.2 060.0

"0212.22 3.01 28.21 55.2

0052 075.5 71.01 42.1 71.7 515.0 39.5 123.0 45.4 361.0 95.3 190.0 30.61 49.30003 486.6 02.21 67.1 06.8 137.0 11.7 154.0 54.5 232.0 03.4 921.0 64.3 570.0

"4242.91 95.5

0053 897.7 42.41 83.2 30.01 289.0 03.8 706.0 53.6 213.0 20.5 371.0 40.4 101.0 44.22 65.70004 219.8 72.61 80..3 74.11 72.1 84.9 787.0 62.7 104.0 47.5 222.0 26.4 921.0 91.3 250.0 56.52 08.90054 30.01 13.81 78.3 09.21 06.1 76.01 099.0 71.8 305.0 64.6 082.0 02.5 261.0 95.3 560.0 78.82 2.210005 41.11 53.02 17.7 33.41 59.1 58.11 12.1 80.9 716.0 71.7 043.0 77.5 991.0 99.3 970.0 --- ---0006 73.31 14.42 47.6 02.71 77.2 32.41 17.1 98.01 778.0 16.8 384.0 39.6 082.0 97.4 111.0 --- ---0007 06.51 94.82 11.9 70.02 47.3 06.61 13.2 17.21 81.1 40.01 256.0 80.8 673.0 95.5 051.0 --- ---0008 28.71 --- --- 39.22 48.4 69.81 99.2 25.41 15.1 74.11 938.0 32.9 884.0 83.6 291.0 --- ---0009 50.02 --- --- 97.52 90.6 43.12 67.3 43.61 09.1 19.21 50.1 93.01 806.0 81.7 242.0 --- ---000,01 82.22 --- --- 66.82 64.7 17.32 16.4 51.81 43.2 43.41 82.1 45.11 937.0 89.7 492.0 --- ---000,21 47.62 --- --- 04.43 7.01 54.82 95.6 97.12 33.3 12.71 38.1 58.31 60.1 85.9 614.0 --- ---000,41 91.13 --- --- --- --- 91.33 98.8 24.52 94.4 80.02 54.2 61.61 34.1 71.11 265.0 --- ---000,61 56.53 --- --- --- --- --- --- 50.92 38.5 59.22 81.3 74.81 58.1 77.21 327.0 --- ---000,81 01.04 --- --- --- --- --- --- 86.23 13.7 28.52 30.4 77.02 23.2 63.41 709.0 --- ---000,02 65.44 --- --- --- --- --- --- 13.63 30.9 96.82 39.4 80.32 68.2 69.51 21.1 --- ---

ro--elbatehtninevigeulavehtflahenoyletamixorppasiporderusserpeht,epipfoteef05rof,suhT.htgnelehtotlanoitroporpsiporderusserpeht,teef001nahtrehtoshtgnelepiproF.cte,eulavnevigehtsemiteerht,teef003

.161egapnonoitanalpxeees,04eludehcSnahtrehtoepiprofsnoitaluclacroF.htgnelepipfotnednepednisidnaetarwolfnevigaroftnatsnocsiti,suht;aerawolflanoitcesssorcehtfonoitcnufasiyticoleV

.oCenarCfonoissimrephtiw,sdiulFfowolF,014.oNrepaPlacinhceTmorfdetcartxE

Technical

K - 104

KK

- continued -

sepiPleetS04eludehcShguorhTriAfowolF

RIAEERFQ'M

DESSERPMOCRIA

HCNIERAUQSREPSDNUOPNIRIAFOPORDERUSSERPSDNUOP001TARIAROFEPIP04ELUDEHCSFOTEEF001REPERUTAREPMETF°06DNAERUSSERPEGUAGHCNIERAUQSREP

repteeFcibuCF°06taetuniMaisp7.41dna

repteeFcibuCF°06taetuniM

gisp001dna"8/1 "4/1 "8/3 "2/1 "4/3 "1 "4/1-1 "2/1-1 "2

1 821.0 163.0 380.0 810.02 652.0 13.1 582.0 460.0 020.03 483.0 60.3 506.0 331.0 240.04 315.0 38.4 40.1 622.0 170.05 146.0 54.7 85.1 343.0 601.0 720.06 967.0 6.01 32.2 804.0 841.0 730.08 520.1 6.81 98.3 848.0 552.0 260.0 910.001 282.1 7.82 69.5 62.1 653.0 490.0 920.051 229.1 --- 0.31 37.2 438.0 102.0 260.002 365.2 --- 8.22 67.4 34.1 543.0 201.0 620.052 402.3 --- 6.53 43.7 12.2 625.0 651.0 930.0 910.003 548.3 --- --- 5.01 51.3 847.0 912.0 550.0 620.053 684.4 --- --- 2.41 42.4 00.1 392.0 370.0 530.004 621.5 --- --- 4.81 94.5 03.1 973.0 590.0 440.054 767.5 --- --- 1.32 09.6 26.1 474.0 611.0 550.005 804.6 5.82 94.8 99.1 875.0 941.0 760.0 910.006 096.7 "2/1-2 7.04 2.21 58.2 918.0 002.0 490.0 720.007 179.8 --- 5.61 38.3 01.1 072.0 621.0 630.008 52.01 910.0 --- 4.12 69.4 34.1 053.0 261.0 640.009 35.11 320.0 --- 0.72 52.6 08.1 734.0 302.0 850.0001 28.21 920.0 "3 2.33 96.7 12.2 435.0 742.0 070.0521 20.61 440.0 --- 9.11 93.3 528.0 083.0 701.0051 22.91 260.0 120.0 --- 0.71 78.4 71.1 735.0 151.0571 34.22 380.0 820.0 "2/1-3 --- 1.32 06.6 85.1 727.0 502.0002 36.52 701.0 630.0 --- 0.03 45.8 50.2 739.0 462.0522 48.82 431.0 540.0 220.0 9.73 8.01 95.2 91.1 133.0052 40.23 461.0 550.0 720.0 --- 3.31 81.3 54.1 404.0572 42.53 191.0 660.0 230.0 --- 0.61 38.3 57.1 484.0003 54.83 232.0 870.0 730.0 --- 0.91 65.4 70.2 375.0523 56.14 072.0 090.0 340.0 "4 --- 3.22 23.5 24.2 376.0053 78.44 313.0 401.0 050.0 --- 8.52 71.6 08.2 677.0573 60.84 653.0 911.0 750.0 030.0 --- 6.92 50.7 02.3 788.0004 62.15 204.0 431.0 460.0 430.0 --- 6.33 20.8 46.3 00.1524 74.45 254.0 151.0 270.0 830.0 --- 9.73 10.9 90.4 31.1054 76.75 705.0 861.0 180.0 240.0 --- --- 2.01 95.4 62.1574 88.06 265.0 781.0 980.0 740.0 --- 3.11 90.5 04.1005 80.46 326.0 602.0 990.0 250.0 --- 5.21 16.5 55.1055 94.07 947.0 842.0 811.0 260.0 --- 1.51 97.6 78.1006 09.67 788.0 392.0 931.0 370.0 "5 --- 0.81 40.8 12.2056 03.38 40.1 243.0 361.0 680.0 --- 1.12 34.9 06.2007 17.98 91.1 593.0 881.0 990.0 230.0 3.42 9.01 00.3057 21.69 63.1 154.0 412.0 311.0 630.0 9.72 6.21 44.3008 5.201 55.1 315.0 442.0 721.0 140.0 8.13 2.41 09.3058 9.801 47.1 675.0 472.0 441.0 640.0 "6 9.53 0.61 04.4009 3.511 59.1 246.0 503.0 061.0 150.0 2.04 0.81 19.4059 8.121 81.2 517.0 043.0 871.0 750.0 320.0 --- 0.02 74.5000,1 2.821 04.2 887.0 573.0 791.0 360.0 520.0 --- 1.22 60.6001,1 0.141 98.2 849.0 154.0 632.0 570.0 030.0 --- 7.62 92.7002,1 8.351 44.3 31.1 335.0 972.0 980.0 530.0 --- 8.13 36.8003,1 6.661 10.4 23.1 626.0 723.0 301.0 140.0 --- 3.73 1.01

Technical

K - 105

KK

)deunitnoc(sepiPleetS04eludehcShguorhTriAfowolF

RIAEERFQ'M

DESSERPMOCRIA

HCNIERAUQSREPSDNUOPNIRIAFOPORDERUSSERPSDNUOP001TARIAROFEPIP04ELUDEHCSFOTEEF001REPERUTAREPMETF°06DNAERUSSERPEGUAGHCNIERAUQSREP

repteeFcibuCF°06taetuniMaisp7.41dna

repteeFcibuCF°06taetuniM

gisp001dna"2/1-2 "3 "2/1-3 "4 "5 "6 "8 "01 "2

004,1 4.971 56.4 25.1 817.0 773.0 911.0 740.0 8.11005,1 2.291 13.5 47.1 428.0 134.0 631.0 450.0 5.31006,1 1.502 40.6 79.1 239.0 094.0 451.0 160.0 3.51008,1 7.032 56.7 05.2 81.1 616.0 391.0 570.0 3.91000,2 3.652 44.9 60.3 54.1 757.0 732.0 490.0 320.0 9.32005,2 4.023 7.41 67.4 52.2 71.1 663.0 341.0 530.0 3.73000,3 5.483 1.12 28.6 02.3 76.1 425.0 402.0 150.0 610.0005,3 6.844 8.82 32.9 33.4 62.2 907.0 672.0 860.0 220.0000,4 6.215 6.73 1.21 66.5 49.2 919.0 853.0 880.0 820.0 "21005,4 7.675 6.74 3.51 61.7 96.3 61.1 054.0 111.0 530.0000,5 8.046 --- 8.81 58.8 65.4 24.1 255.0 631.0 340.0 810.0000,6 0.967 --- 1.72 7.21 75.6 30.2 497.0 591.0 160.0 520.0000,7 1.798 --- 9.63 2.71 49.8 67.2 70.1 262.0 280.0 430.0000,8 5201 --- --- 5.22 7.11 95.3 93.1 933.0 701.0 440.0000,9 3511 --- --- 5.82 9.41 45.4 67.1 724.0 431.0 550.0000,01 2821 --- --- 2.53 4.81 06.5 61.2 625.0 461.0 760.0000,11 0141 --- --- --- 2.22 87.6 26.2 336.0 791.0 180.0000,21 8351 --- --- --- 4.62 70.8 90.3 357.0 432.0 690.0000,31 6661 --- --- --- 0.13 74.9 36.3 488.0 372.0 211.0000,41 4971 --- --- --- 0.63 0.11 12.4 20.1 613.0 921.0000,51 2291 --- --- --- --- 6.21 48.4 71.1 463.0 841.0000,61 1502 --- --- --- --- 3.41 05.5 33.1 114.0 761.0000,81 7032 --- --- --- --- 2.81 69.6 86.1 025.0 312.0000,02 3652 --- --- --- --- 4.22 06.8 10.2 246.0 062.0000,22 0282 --- --- --- --- 1.72 4.01 05.2 177.0 413.0000,42 6703 --- --- --- --- 3.23 4.21 79.2 819.0 173.0000,62 2333 --- --- --- --- 9.73 5.41 94.3 21.1 534.0000,82 8853 --- --- --- --- --- 9.61 40.4 52.1 505.0000,03 5483 --- --- --- --- --- 3.91 46.4 24.1 025.0

.oCenarCfonoissimrephtiw,sdiulFfowolF,014.oNrepaPlacinhceTmorfdetcartxE

Technical

K - 106

KK

enaporPfoseitreporPegarevAalumroF C3H8

)C°(F°,tnioPgnilioB )24-(44-

)00.1=riA(saGfoytivarGcificepS 35.1

)C°61(F°06tadiuqiLfonollaGrepsdnuoP 42.4

)C°61(F°06tasaGfonollaGrepUTB 745,19

saGfodnuoPrepUTB 195,12

)C°61(F°06tasaGfotooFcibuCrepUTB 6152

)C°61(F°06tadiuqiLfonollaGrep)C°61(F°06taropaVfoteeFcibuC 93.63

)C°61(F°06tadiuqiLfodnuoPrep)C°61(F°06taropaVfoteeFcibuC 745.8

nollaGrepUTB,tnioPgnilioBtanoitaziropaVfotaeHtnetaL 0.587

ataDnoitsubmoC

saGfotooFcibuC1nruBotderiuqeRriAfoteeFcibuC 68.32

)C°(F°,tnioPhsalF )401-(651-

)C°(F°,riAnierutarepmeTnoitingI0201ot029)945ot394(

)C°(F°,riAnierutarepmeTemalFmumixaM )9791(5953

erutxiMriAnisaGfoegatnecreP,ytilibammalfnIfostimiL

timiLrewoLta %4.2

timiLreppUta %6.9

)001=enatcOOSI(rebmuNenatcO 001revO

sknaTenaporPfoseiticapaCnoitaziropaVetamixorppASMETSYSKNATCITSEMODNIDIUQIL%04HTIWRUOHREPUTB

yticapaCretaWeziSknaTerutarepmeTriAgniliaverP

)C°7-(F°02 )C°61(F°06

021 800,532 297,714

051 403,092 690,615

002 082,143 027,606

052 080,604 029,127

523 001,415 009,739

005 230,436 861,721,1

0001 274,880,1 150,879,1

snoitacificepSknaTenaporPcitsemoDdradnatSyticapaC retemaiD htgneL thgieWknaT

)sretiL(snollaG )mm(sehcnI )mm(sehcnI )gK(sdnuoP

)454(021 )016(42 )7271(86 )131(882

)865(051 )016(42 )4312(48 )061(253

)757(002 )267(03 )7002(97 )012(364

)649(052 )267(03 )7832(49 )642(245

)0321(523 )267(03 )3203(911 )503(276

)3981(005 )049(73 )3203(911 )284(2601

)5873(0001 )1401(14 )7784(291 )009(3891

enaporProfseiticapaCecifirO

ROECIFIROEZISLLIRD

YTICAPACECIFIRO,RUOHREPUTB.C.WSEHCNI-11

ROECIFIROEZISLLIRD

YTICAPACECIFIRO,RUOHREPUTB.C.WSEHCNI-11

800. 915 15 13563

900. 656 05 24893

010. 218 94 16334

110. 189 84 38964

210. 9611 74 88005

08 0841 64 69235

97 8071 54 14645

87 0802 44 92206

77 9262 34 96346

67 9423 24 59017

57 1853 14 42947

47 9114 04 92087

37 8764 93 31508

27 1805 83 12738

17 5945 73 06878

07 5736 63 70229

96 4396 53 21389

86 3187 43 571001

76 0238 33 797301

66 8488 23 583901

56 5599 13 340711

46 53501 03 911431

36 52111 92 663051

26 53711 82 103061

16 76321 72 085861

06 80031 62 716571

95 06631 52 916181

85 33341 42 828781

75 62051 32 697291

65 27571 22 053002

55 93912 12 525502

45 03642 02 996012

35 96782 91 549322

25 50823 81 664332

6152=toofcibucrepUTB25.1=ytivarGcificepS

11=nmulocretawfosehcni,ecifirotaerusserP9.0=tneiciffeoCecifirO

Technical

K - 107

KK

snosirapmoCUTBSLEUFNOMMOC NOLLAGREP DNUOPREP

enaporP 745,19 195,12

enatuB 230,201 122,12

enilosaG 052,011 039,02

liOleuF 524,431 069,61

saGfosemuloVgnitrevnoCMFCOTMFCROHFCOTHFC

fowolFylpitluM yB fowolFniatbOoT

riA

707.0 enatuB

092.1 saGlarutaN

808.0 enaporP

enatuB

414.1 riA

628.1 saGlarutaN

041.1 enaporP

saGlarutaN

577.0 riA

745.0 enatuB

526.0 enaporP

enaporP

732.1 riA

478.0 enatuB

895.1 saGlarutaN

enaporPfoserusserPropaVerutarepmeT erusserP erutarepmeT erusserP erutarepmeT erusserP erutarepmeT erusserP

)C°(F° )raB(gisP )C°(F° )raB(gisP )C°(F° )raB(gisP )C°(F° )raB(gisP

)45(031 )81(752 )12(07 )8(901 )7-(02 )8,2(04 )92-(02- )96,0(01

)94(021 )61(522 )81(56 )9,6(001 )21-(01 )2(13 )23-(52- )55,0(8

)34(011 )41(791 )61(06 )6(29 )71-(0 )2(32 )43-(03- )43,0(5

)83(001 )21(271 )01(05 )5(77 )12-(5- )4,1(02 )73-(53- )12,0(3

)23(09 )01(941 )4(04 )4(36 )32-(01- )1(61 )04-(04- )960,0(1

)72(08 )9(821 )1-(03 )4(15 )62-(51- )1(31 )24-(44- )0(0

gniziSgnibuTdnaepiPSECNAILPPADNASROTALUGERERUSSERPWOLEGATSDNOCESROELGNISNEEWTEBGNIZISGNIBUTDNAEPIPENAPORP

roepiPgnibuT

teeF,htgneL

,eziSgnibuTreppoCLepyT,)retemaiDedisnI(retemaiDedistuO

roepiPgnibuT

teeF,htgneL

,eziSepiPlanimoN04eludehcS,)retemaiDedisnI(retemaiDedistuO

)513.0(8/3 )034.0(2/1 )545.0(8.5 )666.0(4/3 )587.0(8/7 )226.0(2/1 )428.0(4.3 )940.1(1 )083.1(4/1-1 )016.1(2/1-1 )760.2(2

01 94 011 602 843 635 01 192 806 6411 3532 5253 9876

02 43 67 151 932 863 02 002 814 887 7161 3242 6664

03 72 16 411 291 692 03 161 633 236 9921 6491 7473

04 32 25 79 461 352 04 731 282 145 1111 5661 7023

05 02 64 68 641 422 05 221 755 084 589 6741 2482

06 91 24 87 231 302 06 011 132 534 298 7331 5752

07 71 93 27 121 781 08 49 891 273 467 4411 4022

08 61 63 76 311 471 001 48 571 033 776 4101 4591

09 51 43 36 601 361 521 47 551 292 006 998 1371

001 41 23 95 001 451 051 76 141 562 445 518 9651

051 11 62 84 08

5.2ybedivid,ruohrepteefcibucniseiticapacottrevnocoTruohrepUTB000,1niseiticapaC-porderusserp.c.whcni-5.0adnagnittes.c.wsehcni-11nodesaberadetsilseiticapacenaporpdetulidnumumixaM:etoN

Technical

K - 108

KK

secifirOdnasdupSfoseiticapaC

LLIRDNOITANGISED

,RETEMAIDSEHCNI

,AERAERAUQSSEHCNI

0.1FOTNEICIFFEOCECIFIRONADNASAGLARUTANERUSSERPHGIHYTIVARG6.0FOHFCNISEITICAPAC

eguaGisP,erusserPmaertspU

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 21 41 61 81 02 52 03 04 05

0897

"46/18777

5310.05410.06510.00610.00810.0

341000.0361000.0191000.0102000.0432000.0

16.158.141.262.258.2

62.216.220.381.320.4

67.281.386.388.309.4

71.356.332.454.426.5

25.360.407.449.452.6

48.334.431.504.528.6

31.477.425.518.543.7

04.470.578.581.618.7

56.463.502.635.652.8

88.436.515.658.666.8

13.521.690.764.724.9

56.525.655.759.71.01

50.689.680.805.88.01

44.634.716.850.95.11

48.698.731.916.92.21

28.720.95.010.119.31

08.82.018.114.217.51

8.015.214.412.512.91

8.217.411.719.717.22

6757473727

0020.00120.05220.00420.00520.0

413000.0643000.0893000.0254000.0194000.0

35.398.374.480.525.5

79.484.580.761.787.7

50.676.676.717.864.9

59.656.708.80.019.01

27.715.887.92.111.21

34.892.97.012.212.31

70.90.015.111.312.41

56.97.014.219.311.51

2.013.210.317.410.61

8.018.116.314.518.61

7.119.218.418.613.81

5.217.318.519.714.91

3.317.419.611.918.02

2.416.510.814.021.22

0.516.611.916.125.32

2.710.918.127.429.62

4.913.125.426.723.03

7.321.620.031.430.73

0.829.035.533.048.34

17079686

"23/1

0620.00820.02920.00130.03130.0

135000.0616000.0076000.0537000.0567000.0

79.529.635.784.895.8

14.857.96.010.212.21

3.019.110.316.418.41

8.117.319.417.610.71

1.312.515.616.818.81

3.416.610.813.026.02

4.518.714.919.121.22

4.610.910.022.325.32

3.710.028.125.429.42

1.810.129.228.521.62

7.919.229.420.824.82

0.124.425.629.923.03

5.221.624.820.234.23

9.328.722.030.435.43

4.525.92-1.23

1.636.63

1.928.337.633.149.14

7.230.833.145.641.74

0.044.645.059.657.75

3.749.457.953.762.86

7666564636

0230.00330.00530.00630.00730.0

408000.0558000.0269000.0810100.0570100.0

30.906.98.015.111.21

8.216.313.512.611.71

5.515.616.817.918.02

8.719.813.126.228.32

8.911.127.321.525.62

6.120.329.524.729.82

3.327.428.724.921.13

7.423.626.923.131.33

1.626.723..131.339.43

4.722.928.237.437.63

9.928.137.538.739.93

8.138.331.833.045.24

0.432.637.044.245.54

2.635.834.349.544.84

5.839.040.647.844.15

0.448.646.257.558.85

5.947.252.957.262.66

6.064.465.277.670.18

7.172.677.587.098.59

2616069585

0830.00930.00040.00140.00240.0

431100.0591100.0752100.0023100.0583100.0

8.215.312.419.416.51

0.810.919.919.020.22

9.121.323.425.527.62

1.525.628.722.927.03

9.724.929.035.231.43

5.031.238.335.532.73

8.236.434.632.830.04

9.438.637.836.046.24

8.638.838.049.240.54

7.838.049.240.542.14

1.244.447.640.944.15

8.443.747.942.258.45

0.846.052.358.556.85

1.158.356.655.954.26

2.451.751.061.362.66

0.264.567.862.277.57

8.966.374.773.183.58

4.580.097.495.99501

101701211811421

7565

"46/35545

0340.05640.09640.00250.00550.0

254100.0896100.0

37100.021200.083200.0

3.611.915.918.328.62

0.329.624.726.337.73

0.828.234.339.049.54

1.236.733.839.647.25

7.538.146.241.255.85

0.936.545.640.759.36

0.241.940.053.168.86

7.442.252.352.562.37

2.741.552.658.863.77

5.949.750.953.271.18

9.350.362.467.873.88

4.751.764.868.381.49

4.168.172.376.98101

4.565.679.775.59801

4.962.187.28201411

4.978.296.49611231

4.98501701131741

011821131061081

031251551981212

35"61/1

251505

5950.05260.05360.00760.00070.0

87200.070300.071300.035300.058300.0

1.135.436.537.933.34

0.446.842.059.550.16

6.352.951.160.862.47

5.169.761.071.872.58

4.865.570.878.687.49

7.475.281.588.49401

3.088.886.19201211

4.584.494.79901911

3.097.99301511521

7.49501801121231

401411811131341

011221621041351

811031431051361

621931341951471

331741251961481

251861471391112

271981691812732

012232932662092

842472382513343

9484

"46/57464

0370.00670.01870.05870.00180.0

91400.045400.097400.048400.051500.0

1.740.158.354.459.75

4.669.179.576.676.18

8.085.783.293.392.99

7.29101601701411

301211811911721

311221921031931

121231431041941

921041841941951

631841651851861

341551461561671

651961871081191

661081091291402

871291302502812

981502612812232

102712922232642

922942262562282

852082592892713

613243163563883

473504724234954

54443424

"23/3

0280.00680.00980.05390.07390.0

82500.028500.022600.078600.009600.0

3.953.569.962.775.77

6.381.295.89901011

201311021331331

711921831251351

031341351961071

141751761581681

351961081991002

361971291212212

271981202322422

081991212432532

691612132552652

902032642272372

422642362192292

832262082013113

352872892923053

982913043673873

523953383324524

893934964815025

174915555216516

1404938373

0690.00890.05990.05101.00401.0

42700.045700.087700.090800.094800.0

3.187.484.789.094.59

511021421821531

041641051651461

161761271971881

871681291991902

591302902812822

012812522432642

322232932942162

532542352362672

742752562672092

962082982003513

782892803023633

603913923243953

623043153563383

643163273783604

693314624344464

644464974894325

645865585016046

546276396127757

- continued -

Technical

K - 109

KK

)deunitnoc(secifirOdnasdupSfoseiticapaC

LLIRDNOITANGISED

,RETEMAIDSEHCNI

,AERAERAUQSSEHCNI



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 21 41 61 81 02 52 03 04 05

63"46/7

534333

5601.04901.00011.00111.00311.0

19800.004900.005900.086900.030010.0

001601701901311

141941151451951

271281381781491

791802012412222

912132432832742

042352552062072

852272572082092

472982292892903

092503903513623

403123423033243

133943353953273

253273673383693

773893204014424

204424824634254

624944454364084

784415025035945

945975585695816

176807617927657

497838748368498

2313"8/1

0392

0611.00021.00521.05821.00631.0

75010.013110.072210.069210.033410.0

911721831641461

861971591602032

402812732052082

432052272782223

062872203913753

482403033843093

603723553573024

523843773993744

343763993124274

063683814244594

293024654184935

814744584215575

744874915845516

674015355485556

505145785026596

875916176907597

156696657897398

6972584296790011

2490101001106110031

82"46/9

726252

5041.0604100441.00741.05941.0

94510.035510.092610.079610.055710.0

471571381191791

642642852962872

992003413723933

343443163673883

183283104714234

614714834654274

844944174194705

674874105225045

305405925155075

825925555975895

575675506036156

216416446176496

556756986817247

896007437467097

047247977118938

748948198829069

459659010105010801

07110711032108210331

08310931064102510751

4232

"23/52212

0251.00451.02651.00751.00951.0

51810.036810.071910.063910.068910.0

402012612812322

882592403703513

053953073373383

204214424824044

644854274674884

094105515025435

525935455065475

855375985595116

985506326926546

916536356066776

476196117317737

817737857567587

867887118918048

818938368278498

768098619529949

2990201050106010901

02110511081100210321

07310141054106410051

02610661017103710771

029181

"46/1171

0161.00661.05961.09171.00371.0

63020.046120.065220.002320.015320.0

922342452162462

323343853863373

393714534744354

154974994315025

105235555175875

745185606326236

985526256176086

626566496317327

166307337357367

496837967097108

657308738168278

508558298719929

168519459189499

719579020105010601

3790401080101110311

02110911042107210921

06210431093103410541

04510361007105710771

02810391010207020012

61514131

0771.00081.00281.00581.0

16420.054320.020620.088620.0

772682392203

093304214624

574194205815

545365675595

506626046166

166486996227

117637257777

657287008628

997628548378

938868788619

319449569799

379010103010601

0401080100110411

0111051108110121

0811022105210921

0531004103410741

0251075101610661

0681029106910302

0022072202320042

"61/3211101

9

5781.00981.00191.00391.00691.0

16720.060820.056820.004920.071030.0

013513223133933

734544454664874

235145255765285

116126436056766

976096407327247

247457077097018

897118828058278

948268188409729

698119039559089

14965967901010301

03010501070109010211

00110111041107110021

07110911022105210721

05210721092103310631

02310431073101410541

01510451075101610561

00710371077101810681

08020212061202220822

06420052065202620962

87

"46/3165

0991.00102.01302.00402.05502.0

01130.037130.014230.096230.071330.0

053753463763373

394305315815525

006216526036936

886207717327437

567087797408618

538258078878198

998719739549959

65957969901010201

01010301060107010801

06010901011102110311

06110811012102210321

03210621092100310231

02310531073109310141

00410341064108410051

09410251055107510951

00710471087109710281

02910691000202020502

05320932054207420052

07720382098202920692

43

"23/721

0902.00312.07812.00122.00822.0

13430.036530.085730.063830.038040.0

683004224134954

345465595806746

166786427937787

937887138948309

4486784293490101

129959010103010011

1990301090101110811

06010011061108110621

02110611022105210331

07110221082101310041

08210331004103410251

06310141094102510261

05410151095103610371

05510161007103710481

04610171008104810591

08810591060200120422

02120022023207320252

09520962038209820803

07720382098202920692

A"46/51

BCD

0432.04432.00832.00242.00642.0

10340.041340.094440.000640.033740.0

384584005715435

186386507527337

928138758619

15945948902010601

06010601001103110711

06110611002104210821

05210521092103310731

03310331073102410641

00410041054100510551

07410741025107510261

00610061056101710771

00710171067102810881

02810381088105910102

04910591010208020412

06020702031200220822

06320632044202520062

05620662047204820392

04230523053307430853

06030813053302430463

"4/1=EFG

"46/71H

0052.00752.00162.06562.00662.0

90940.078150.005350.024550.075550.0

255385106326426

777128748878088

6490001040107010701

09010511091103210321

01210821023107310731

02310041044109410051

02410051055101610161

01510061056101710171

00610961047101810181

08610771038109810091

03810391099106020702

04910502021209120022

08020022072205320532

01220432014200520152

05320842065205620662

09620482039203030403

03030023003301430243

00730193030408140914

08340264077404940594

- continued -

Technical

K - 110

KK

)deunitnoc(secifirOdnasdupSfoseiticapaC

LLIRD-GISED

NOITAN

,RETEMAIDSEHCNI

,AERAERAUQSSEHCNI



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 21 41 61 81 02 52 03 04 05

IJK

"23/9L

0272.00772.00182.02182.00092.0

118500.0620600.0201600.0311600.0506600.0

356776796896247

6197593894890501

02110711002100210821

09210431083108310641

03410941035103510361

06510261076107610871

08610571008100810191

09710681019101910302

09810691020202020512

08910602021202120522

06120422003201320542

00320932054206420162

06420552036203620082

02620272008200820892

08720882079207920613

08130033093300430163

08530173028303830704

08340454086408640894

08150735035504550985

M"46/91

N"61/5

O

0392.09692.00203.05213.00613.0

538600.0229600.0361700.0076700.0348700.0

867877508268188

09010011041102210521

02310431083108410251

02510351095100710471

08610171067109810391

04810681039106020112

08910002070202220722

00120312012206320142

02220522033209420552

03320632044202620662

04520752066205820192

01720472038203030013

09820392030305230233

08030213032306430453

07230133034307630573

04730973029300240924

01240624014402740384

05150225004508750195

09060716093604860996

P"46/12

QR

"23/11

0323.01823.00233.00933.07343.0

491800.0654800.0756800.0620900.0182900.0

02905927902010501

00310431073103410741

08510361076104710971

02810781029100020602

02020802031202220922

00220722033203420052

07320542005270620962

02520062066208720682

06620572018203920203

00820982059208030713

04030413012305330543

04230533024307530763

07430853066302830393

09630183009307040814

02930404041402340444

08440364047404940805

05050125033506550275

08160736025600860996

00370457027704080728

ST

"46/32U

"8/3

0843.00853.04953.00863.00573.0

11590.06001.04101.05601.05011.0

07010311041100210421

01510061016109610571

04810491069105020312

01120322052206320542

04320842005202620272

03520172037206820792

05720192039208030023

03920013021307230043

09030723003306430953

04230343064303630773

03530473077305930014

06730004010401240734

02040624092400540764

09240354075409740894

05540184058405050825

00250055055502850406

06850026042605560086

07170857046702080338

08480798040908490589

VW

"46/52XY

0773.00683.00693.00793.00404.0

6111.00711.08911.08321.02821.0

06210231053109310441

07710681009106910302

05120622013209320742

07420952056204720482

05720092059205030513

00030023022303330543

03230833064308530173

03430063086301830493

03630083098302040614

01830993090402240734

04140434054400640674

01440364047400940705

02740005001504250245

03050725004508550875

04350955037502950316

00160536055607760107

07860027083702670987

01480288030903390669

0599004,01007,01001,11005,11

"23/31Z

"46/72"61/7"46/92

2604.00314.09124.05734.01354.0

5921.00431.08931.03051.03161.0

06410151075109610281

06020312022208320652

00520952007200920113

07820792001303330753

09130033044300730004

08430063067304040324

05730783040405340664

09930314003402640005

01240534045408840415

02440754077402150055

01840794091508550995

02150035035504950836

08450765019506360286

04850406003607760727

00260046086600270077

09070337056702280288

08970528016805290399

067900101006010041100221

006,11000,21005,21004,31004,41

"23/51"46/13

"2/1"46/33"23/71

7864.04484.00005.06515.03135.0

6271.03481.04691.08802.07122.0

04910702012205320942

04720823011301330153

03330553097303040824

02830804053402640194

05240354038404150545

04640594082501650695

09940335086504060146

01350765043602460286

01650995083608760027

08850826096602170657

01460486092705770328

02860827067705280678

00370977013809480739

07770038058800490899

003800880049000,01006,01

0449001,01008,01005,11002,21

007,01004,11001,21009,21007,31

003100931008410085100761

004,51004,61005,71006,81008,91

"46/53"61/9"46/73"23/91"46/93

9645.05265.01875.08395.04906.0

9432.05842.05262.09672.07192.0

04620972059201130823

02730493061409340264

03540774060504350265

00250055018503160546

08750116054601860717

01360866050704470387

09760817095700080348

02270467070801580798

03670708025809980749

01080748059804490499

027802290479003,01009,01

09290289073,01049,01006,11

0399005,01001,11007,11004,21

006,01002,11009,11005,21002,31

003,11009,11006,21003,31000,41

009,21006,31004,41002,51000,61

005,41003,51002,61001,71000,81

0077100881008910090200022

000,12000,22004,32007,42000,62

"8/5"46/14"23/12"46/34"61/11

0526.06046.02656.09176.05786.0

8603.03223.02833.05453.02173.0

05430263008308930714

06840115063502650885

01950126025603860517

09760317084704870128

04570297023802780319

04280668080902590799

078801390779003,01006,01

03490199004,01009,01005,11

0699005,01000,11005,11001,21

005,01000,11006,11001,21007,21

004,11000,21006,21002,31008,31

002,21008,21004,31000,41007,41

007,21007,31003,41000,5100751

009,31006,41003,51000,61008,61

007,41004,51002,61000,71008,71

008,61007,71005,81004,91003,02

009,81009,91009,02009,12009,22

0013200342005520076200082

004,72008,82002,03006,13001,33

"23/32"4/3

"23/52"61/31"23/72

8817.00057.02187.05218.08348.0

7504.08144.04974.05815.01955.0

06540694093503850826

03460007095701280588

0287015804290999008,01

07980779006,01005,11004,21

0799009,01008,11008,21008,31

009,01009,11009,21000,41000,51

008,11008,21009,31000,51002,61

005,21006,31008,41000,61002,71

002,31004,41006,51009,61002,81

009,31001,51004,61007,71001,91

001,51004,61008,71003,91008,02

001,61005,71000,91005,02001,22

002,71007,81003,02000,22007,32

003,81009,91006,12004,32002,52

004,91002,12009,22008,42007,62

002,22002,42002,62004,82006,03

000,52002,72005,92000,23004,43

0060300333001630019300124

002,63004,93008,24002,64008,94

"8/7"23/92"61/51"23/13

"0.1

0578.02609.05739.08869.00000.1

3106.00546.03096.01737.04587.0

06760527057708280288

0259002,01009,01007,11004,21

006,11004,21003,31002,41001,51

003,31003,41003,51003,61004,71

008,41009,51000,71002,81003,91

002,61004,71006,81008,91001,12

004,71007,81000,02003,12007,22

005,81000,91002,12007,22002,42

006,91000,12004,22000,42005,52

005,02000,22006,32001,52008,62

003,22000,42006,52004,72002,92

008,32005,52005,72002,92001,13

005,52004,62002,92002,13002,33

001,72001,92001,13002,33004,53

008,82009,03000,33003,53006,73

009,23003,53008,73003,04000,34

000,73007,93005,24004,54004,84

0035400684000250065500295

006,35005,75005,16007,56000,07

Technical

K - 111

KK

SIL

ICO

NE

FL

UID

200

CS

SIL

ICO

NE

FL

UID

1000

CS

MIL

-T-5624

(JP-4)

MIL

-C-7024

TYPE

II

JET

A

ALC

OHO

L&

ACETO

NE

ETHYLEN

EG

LYCO

LW

ATERM

IXTURE

50/50

DIE

SEL

FU

EL

MIL

-T-5624

(JP-5)

&K

ER

OSEN

E

JET

A

H02

BE

NZE

NE

MIL

-G-5572

AV

IATIO

NG

AS

OLIN

E

ETHYLENEO

XIDE

AU

TOM

OB

ILE

GA

SO

LIN

EAVG

MIL

-T-5624

(JP-5)

&K

ER

OSEN

E

MIL

-H-6

083

MIL

-H-5

606

SK

YD

RO

L500

B-4

&LD

-4

MIL

-H-5

606

MIL

-L-23699

MIL

-H-6

083

MIL

-L-7808

&M

IL-H

-83282

MIL

-L-7808

&M

IL-H

-83282

SK

YD

RO

L7000

MIL

-L-6081

(1010)

#4

FU

EL

OIL

#4

FU

EL

OIL

DIE

SEL

FU

EL

ETH

YLE

NE

GLY

CO

L100%

SA

E30

SA

E20

SA

E10

MIL

-L-23699

SK

YD

RO

L7000

SA

E40

10

,00

0

Vis

co

sitie

so

fTy

pic

al

Flu

ids

vs

.Te

mp

era

ture

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

EF°

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY - CENTISTOKES5

,00

0

2,0

00

1,0

00

50

0

20

0

10

0

50

20

10

.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

-60

-40

-20

02

04

06

08

01

00

15

02

00

25

03

00

35

0

SA

E90

SA

E90

SA

E140

SA

E140

SIL

ICO

NE

FL

UID

500

CS

MIL

-L-6082

(1100),SA

E50,&

BU

NK

ER

-C

MIL

-L-6081

(1010)

Technical

K - 112

KK

JE

TA

AL

CO

HO

L&

AC

ET

ON

E

H02

H02

MIL

-G-5

572

AV

IAT

ION

GA

SO

LIN

E

ETH

YLE

NE

OX

IDE

AU

TO

MO

BIL

EG

AS

OL

INE

AV

G

ET

HY

LE

NE

GLY

CO

LW

AT

ER

MIX

TU

RE

50/5

0

SK

YD

RO

L500

B-4

SIL

ICO

NE

FL

UID

S

#4

FU

EL

OIL

&B

UN

KE

R-C

MIL

-H-5

606

&M

IL-H

-83282

MIL

-L-6

081

(1010)

&M

IL-H

-6083

MIL

-T-5

624

(JP

-5)

MIL

-C-7

024

TY

PE

11

MIL

-T-5

624

(JP

-4)

MIL

-L7808

MIL

-L7808

MIL

-L-2

3699

KE

RO

SE

NE

MIL

-L-6

082

(1100),

SA

E50,90

&140

AV

GD

IES

EL

FU

EL

S,B

EN

ZE

NE

&S

AE

10

TH

RU

40

AV

G

SIL

ICO

NE

FL

UID

S

SK

YD

RO

L7000

SK

YD

RO

LL

D-4

ET

HY

LE

NE

GLY

CO

L100%

1.2

0

1.1

5

1.1

0

1.0

5

1.0

0

0.9

5

0.9

0

0.8

5

0.8

0

0.7

5

0.7

0

0.6

5

0.6

0

0.5

5

0.5

0

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

EF°

SPECIFIC GRAVITY(WITH RESPECT TO H 0 @ 60 F)2 °

-60

-40

-20

020

40

60

80

100

180

160

140

120

200

280

260

240

220

300

Sp

ecific

Gra

vity

of

Typ

icalF

luid

svs.Tem

pera

ture

Technical

K - 113

KK

Effect of Inlet Swage On CriticalFlow Cg Requirements

Valve Cg/Valve Inlet Area

Sw

ag

ed

Cg

/Lin

e-S

ize

Cg

1

0

1.5:1 2:1 3:1 4:1

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

Technical

K - 114

KK

srotalugeRdegnalFrofsnoisnemiDecaF-oT-ecaFISNA

,EZISYDOBSEHCNI

)7991-1.10.4SASIHTIWECNADROCCANIERASNOISNEMIDHCNI(SNOITCENNOCDNEDNASSALCISNA

)norItsaC(FF521,)leetS(FR051

)mm(sehcnI

)norItsaC(FR052,)leetS(FR003

)mm(sehcnI

,)leetS(TJR051)mm(sehcnI


,)leetS(FR006)mm(sehcnI


14/1-12/1-1

)481(52.7)002(88.7)322(57.8

)791(57.7)312(83.8)532(52.9

)791(57.7)312(83.8)532(52.9

)012(52.8)522(88.8)842(57.9

)012(52.8)922(00.9)152(88.9

)012(52.8)922(00.9)152(88.9

22/1-2

3

)452(00.01)672(88.01)992(57.11

)762(05.01)292(05.11)813(05.21

)762(05.01)982(83.11)113(52.21

)382(21.11)803(21.21)333(21.31

)682(52.11)113(52.21)733(52.31

)982(83.11)413(83.21)043(83.31

468

)253(88.31)154(57.71)345(83.12

)863(05.41)374(26.81)865(83.22

)563(83.41)464(52.81)655(88.12

)483(21.51)984(52.91)485(00.32

)493(05.51)805(00.02)016(00.42

)793(26.51)115(21.02)316(21.42

012161

)376(05.62)737(00.92)6101(00.04

)807(88.72)577(05.03)7501(26.14

)686(00.72)947(05.92)9201(05.04

)427(05.82)097(21.13)3701(52.24

)257(26.92)918(52.23)8011(26.34

)657(57.92)228(83.23)1111(57.34

tnioJepyTgniR—JTRdna,ecaFdesiaR–FR,ecaFtalF—FF

)6791-401.61BISNAhtiwecnadroccAnI(snoitacifissalCegakaeLtaeSSSALCEGAKAEL

NOITANGISEDEGAKAELMUMIXAM

ELBAWOLLAMUIDEMTSET ERUSSERPTSET

DERIUQERSERUDECORPGNITSETGNITARGNIHSILBATSEROF

I --- --- --- .eergaosreilppusdnaresudedivorpderiuqertsetoN

II yticapacdetarfo%5.0taretawroriA

)C°25ot01(F°521ot05

ro)rab1,4ot1,3(isp06ot54,laitnereffidgnitarepomumixam

rewolsirevehcihw

roerehpsomtaotnepoteltuohtiw,telnievlavotdeilppaerusserPgnisolclamronlluf,ecivedgnirusaemssoldaehwolaotdetcennoc

.rotautcaybdedivorptsurht

III yticapacdetarfo%1.0 evobasA evobasA evobasA

VI yticapacdetarfo%10.0 evobasA evobasA evobasA

Vretawfoetunimreplm5000.0retemaidtropfo)mm(hcnirep

laitnereffid)rab(isprep

taretaW)C°25ot01(F°521ot05

porderusserpecivresmumixaMdeecxeotton,gulpevlavssorca

)rab9,6(isp001(.gnitarydobISNA)muminimporderusserp

dnaytivacydoberitnegnillifretfatelnievlavotdeilppaerusserPesU.desolcgulpevlavgnikortsdnaretawhtiwgnipipdetcennoc

fineve,eromontub,tsurhtrotautcamumixamdeificepsten.rezilibatsotwolfegakaelrofemitwollA.tsetgnirudelbaliava

IVnwohsstnuomadeecxeottoNtropnodesabelbatgniwollofni

retemaid)ecifiro(

tanegortiNroriA)C°25ot01(F°521ot05

detarmumixamro)rab4,3(gisp05evlavssorcaerusserplaitnereffid

.rewolsirevehcihw,gulp

htiwdeificepssnoitidnocgnitarepootdetsujdaebdluohsrotautcArofemitwollA.taesgulpevlavotdeilppatsurhtgnisolclamronlluf

.ecivedgnirusaemelbatiusesudnaezilibatsotwolfegakael

elbawollAegakaeLtaeSIVssalCRETEMAIDTROPLANIMON ETARKAEL

sehcnI sretemilliM etuniMreplmrepselbbuB

etuniM )1(

12/1-1

22/1-2

3468

5283154667201251302

51,003,054,006,009,007,100,457,6

12346117254

desabevitanretladetseggusderusaemylisaenaeradetalubatsaetunimrepselbbuB.1llawhcni-230.0x.D.Ohcni-4/1asahcusecivedgnirusaemdetarbilacelbatiusano

tucebllahsdneebutehT.hcni4/1othcni8/1fohtpedaotretawnidegrembusebutralucidneprepebllahssixaebutehtdnasrubrosrefmahconhtiwhtoomsdnaerauqs

forebmunehtdnadetcurtsnocebyamsutarapparehtO.retawehtfoecafrusehtotehtetacidniyltcerrocyehtsagnolsa,nwohsesohtmorfyravyametunimrepselbbub

.etunimreplmniwolf

Technical

K - 115

KK

seidoBevlaV051ssalCISNArofsgnitaRerutarepmeT-erusserPdradnatS )1(

ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°

)RAB(GISP,ERUSSERPGNIKROW

BCL CCL BCW CCW 6CW 9CW 8FC ro 403 M8FC ro 613 M3FC ro L613 M8GC ro 713 C8FC ro 743

)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

)3.81(562)2,71(052

)0,02(092)9.71(062

)7.91(582)9.71(062

)0,02(092)9.71(062

)0,02(092)9.71(062

)0,02(092)9.71(062

)0,91(572)8,31(032

)0,91(572)2.61(532

)0,91(572)2.61(532

)0,91(572)2.61(532

)0,91(572)6,71(552

)941(003)402(004

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)1,41(502)1,31(091

)8,41(512)4,31(591

)8,41(512)4,31(591

)8,41(512)4,31(591

)9,51(032)8,31(002

)062(005)613(006

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)7,11(071)56,9(041

)343(056)173(007

)26,8(521---

)26,8(521---

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

)26,8(521)85,7(011

.dradnatsEMSAehthtiwecnadroccanidesuebtsumselbatesehT.6991-43.61BdradnatSEMSA,dnEgnidleWdna,dedaerhT,degnalF-evlaVehtmorfdetcartxesinoitamrofnielbaT.1


ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°



)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

)9,74(596)2,54(556

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)0,15(047)5,64(576

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)6,94(027)4,14(006

)6,94(027)7,24(026

)6,94(027)7,24(026

)6,94(027)7,24(026

)6,94(027)5,54(066

)941(003)402(004

)1,44(046)7,24(026

)3,05(037)6,84(507

)2,54(556)8,34(536

)3,05(037)6,84(507

)6,94(027)9,74(596

)3,05(037)6,84(507

)5,63(035)4,23(074

)6,83(065)5,53(515

)6,83(065)5,53(515

)6,83(065)5,53(515

)4,24(516)6,93(575

)062(005)613(006

)3,04(585)9,63(535

)9,54(566)7,14(506

)4,14(006)9,73(055

)9,54(566)7,14(506

)9,54(566)7,14(506

)9,54(566)7,14(506

)0,03(534)6,82(514

)1,33(084)1,13(054

)1,33(084)1,13(054

)1,33(084)1,13(054

)2,73(045)5,53(515

)343(056)173(007

)2,63(525---

)7,04(095---

)9,63(535)9,63(535

)7,04(095)3,93(075

)7,04(095)3,93(075

)7,04(095)3,93(075

)3,82(014)9,72(504

)7,03(544)6,92(034

)7,03(544)6,92(034

)7,03(544)6,92(034

)8,43(505)1,43(594



ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°



)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

09315131

00510051

08410531

00510051

00510051

00510051

04410021

04410421

04410421

04410421

04410231

)941(003)402(004

57215321

55410141

51310721

55410141

54415831

55410141

0801599

02115201

02115201

02115201

03215411

)062(005)613(006

56115601

03310121

00215901

03310121

03310121

03310121

039578

559509

559509

559509

08015201

)343(056)173(007

5401---

5711---

57015601

57115311

57115311

57115311

068058

098078

098078

098078

0101099


seidoBevlaVEWBroTPN051ssalCISNArofsgnitaRerutarepmeT-erusserPlaicepS )1(

ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°



)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

)3,81(562)3,81(562

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)6,71(552

)0,02(092)3,81(562

)0,02(092)3,81(562

)0,02(092)3,81(562

)0,02(092)0,91(572

)941(003)402(004

)3,81(562)3,81(562

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)7,91(582)3,91(082

)9,51(032)5,41(012

)5,61(042)2,51(022

)5,61(042)2,51(022

)5,61(042)2,51(022

)2,71(052)2,61(532

)062(005)613(006

)3,81(562)3,81(562

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,91(572

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,02(092)0,02(092

)0,91(572)0,91(572

)8,31(002)8,21(581

)1,41(502)4,31(591

)1,41(502)4,31(591

)1,41(502)4,31(591

)9,51(032)2,51(022

)343(056)173(007

)9,71(062---

)0,02(092---

)6,81(072)3,81(562

)0,02(092)0,91(572

)0,02(092)3,91(082

)0,91(572)0,91(572

)8,21(581)4,21(081

)1,31(091)8,21(581

)1,31(091)8,21(581

)1,31(091)8,21(581

)8,41(512)5,41(012


Technical

K - 116

KK

-29 0 30 65 100 150 178 208

34.5

232

27.6

22.0

17.2

13.8

12.1

8.6

5.0

00

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

-20100

TEMPERATURE, F°

TEMPERATURE, °C

PR

ES

SU

RE

RA

TIN

G–P

SI–

LIQ

UID

,G

AS

,S

TE

AM

PR

ES

SU

RE

RA

TIN

G–B

AR

200 300 353 406 450

CLASS B(1”-12”)

CLASS B(1”-12”)

CLASS A(1”-12”)

CLASS B(14”-24”)

CLASS B(14”-24”)

CLASS A(1”-12”)

ANSI CLASS125 RATINGS

SATURATEDSTEAM

ANSI CLASS 250 RATINGS

Pressure/Temperature Ratings for ASTM A126 Cast Iron Valves

selcriCtloBforetemaiD

LANIMON,EZISEPIP

SEHCNI

SSALCISNA)NORITSAC(521

051SSALCRO)LEETS( )1(

052SSALCISNARO)NORITSAC(

003SSALC)LEETS( )2(

ISNASSALC

006

ISNASSALC

009

ISNASSALC

0051

ISNASSALC

0052

14/1-12/1-1

22/1-2

21.305.388.357.405.5

05.388.305.400.588.5

05.388.305.400.588.5

00.483.488.405.605.7

00.483.488.405.605.7

52.421.557.557.657.7

34568

00.605.705.805.9357.11

26.688.752.926.0100.31

26.605.805.0105.1157.31

05.752.900.1105.2105.51

00.805.905.1105.2105.51

00.957.0157.2105.4152.71

0121416181

52.4100.7157.8152.1257.22

52.5157.7152.0205.2257.42

00.7152.9157.0257.3257.52

05.8100.1200.2252.4200.72

00.9105.2200.5257.7205.03

57.1283.42---------

024203632484

00.5205.9200.6357.2405.9400.65

00.7200.2352.9300.6457.2557.06

05.8200.33------------

05.9205.53------------

57.2300.93------------

------------------

.segnalfeznorb051ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni21hguorhthcni1seziS.1.segnalfeznorb003ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni8hguorhthcni1seziS.2


ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°



)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

)9,74(596)9,74(596

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)2,64(076

)7,15(057)6,74(096

)7,15(057)6,74(096

)7,15(057)6,74(096

)7,15(057)3,94(517

)941(003)402(004

)9,74(596)9,74(596

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)0,15(047)0,05(527

)4,14(006)3,83(555

)1,34(526)3,93(075

)1,34(526)3,93(075

)1,34(526)3,93(075

)2,54(556)4,24(516

)062(005)613(006

)9,74(596)9,74(596

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)3,94(517

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)7,15(057)7,15(057

)6,94(027)6,94(027

)9,53(025)8,33(094

)5,63(035)8,43(505

)5,63(035)8,43(505

)5,63(035)8,43(505

)0,14(595)6,93(575

)343(056)173(007

)9,64(086---

)7,15(057---

)3,84(007)9,74(596

)7,15(057)0,94(017

)7,15(057)7,05(537

)3,94(517)0,94(017

)1,33(084)4,23(074

)1,43(594)4,33(584

)1,43(594)4,33(584

)1,43(594)4,33(584

)0,93(565)9,73(055



ECIVRESERUTAREPMET

)C°(F°



)83ot92-(001ot02-)39(002

09310931

00510051

00510051

00510051

00510051

00510051

00515531

00510831

00510831

00510831

00510341

)941(003)402(004

09310931

00510051

00510051

00510051

00510051

58410541

00215011

05210411

05210411

05210411

01315321

)062(005)613(006

09310931

00510051

00515241

00510051

00510051

04410441

5301579

56015001

56015001

56015001

09115411

)343(056)173(007

0631---

0051---

00410931

00515241

00515641

03415241

069549

589079

589079

589079

52115011


Technical

K - 117

KK

sevlaVdnasgnittiFepiPfoshtgneLtnelaviuqE

EVLAVROGNITTIFFOEPYT

EPIPDRADNATSFOTEEFNISHTGNEL

sehcnInieziSepiPlanimoN

2/1 4/3 1 4/1-1 2/1-1 2 2/1-2 3 4 6 8 01 21 .D.O41 .D.O61 .D.O81 .D.O02 .D.O42 .D.O03

royrtnehtiweetdradnatSedishguorhtegrahcsid

4.3 5.4 5.5 5.7 0.9 21 41 71 22 33 34 55 56 87 58 501 511 531 071

nurrowobledradnatS )1(

2/1decudereetfo )2( 7.1 2.2 7.2 7.3 3.4 5.5 5.6 8 21 61 02 62 13 63 24 74 25 46 08

nurrowoblepeewsmuideM )1(

4/1decudereetfo )2( 3.1 8.1 3.2 0.3 7.3 6.4 4.5 8.6 0.9 41 81 22 62 03 53 04 34 55 76

nurrowoblepeewsgnoL )1( foevlavylfrettubroeetdradnats

1 3.1 7.1 3.2 7.2 5.3 2.4 3.5 7 11 41 71 02 32 62 13 43 14 25

woble°54 8.0 0.1 2.1 6.1 0.2 5.2 0.3 7.3 0.5 5.7 01 21 51 71 02 22 42 03 73

dnebnruteresolC 7.3 1.5 2.6 5.8 01 31 51 91 42 73 94 26 57 68 001 011 521 051 581

nepo-ediw,evlavebolG 6.0 22 72 04 34 54 56 28 021 071 042 092 043 004 044 005 055 086 058

nepo-ediw,evlavelgnA 2.8 11 41 81 12 82 33 24 65 58 211 541 561 091 022 052 082 043 024

nepo-ediw,evlavkcehcgniwS 0.4 2.5 6.6 0.9 11 41 61 91 62 93 25 66 87 29 601 021 031 541 061

,nepo-ediw,evlavetaGnoitcudergnihsubthgilsro

4.0 5.0 6.0 80. 9.0 2.1 3.1 7.1 3.2 5.3 5.4 7.5 7.6 0.8 0.9 11 21 41 71

.noitceridfoegnahconhtiweetehthguorhtthgiartssiwolfehtnehweetafonurehthguorhtwolfotdiassidiulfA.1.epipgnitcennocregralehtfoaeralanretniehtnahtssel%52siepipgnitcennocrellamsehtfoaeralanretniehtfi4/1decuderebotdiassieetA.2

SHARP ENTRANCELOSS = 0.9 VP

MANIFOLD TAKE-OFFLOSS = 0.7 VP

FLANGED ENTRANCELOSS = 0.5 VP

a° LOSS15 16 VP30 17 VP45 25 VP60 35 VP

a

snoitanibmoClairetaMfotrahCecnatsiseRgnillaGdnaraeW

LAIRETAM403

sselniatSleetS

613sselniatS

leetSeznorB lenocnI lenoM CyolletsaH lekciN 02yollA

614epyTdraH

044epyTdraH

HP4-71 CNE )1( etalPrClA

eznorB

leetSsselniatS403leetSsselniatS613

eznorBlenocnI

lenoM

PPFPP

PPFPP

FFSSS

PPSPP

PPSPP

FFSFF

PPSFF

PPSFF

FFFFF

FFFFF

FFFFF

FFFFF

FFFFF

FFFSS

CyolletsaHlekciN02yollA

draH614epyTdraH044epyT

FPPFF

FPPFF

SSSFF

FPFFF

FFFFF

FFFFF

FPPFF

FPPFF

FFFFS

FFFFF

FFFFS

FFFSS

SFFSS

SSSSS

HP4-71CNE )1(

etalPrCeznorBlA

FFFF

FFFF

FFFF

FFFS

FFFS

FFSS

FFSS

FFSS

FSSS

SSSS

PSSS

SPSS

SSPS

SSSP

gnitaoClekciNsselortcelE.1yrotcafsitaS-S

riaF-FrooP-P

Technical

K - 118

KK

leetSsselniatS—leetSyollAdnanobraC:ataDepiP

lanimoNeziSepiP)sehcnI(

edistuOretemaiD)sehcnI(

noitacifitnedIllaW

)t(ssenkcihT)sehcnI(

edisnI)d(retemaiD

)sehcnI(

lateMfoaerAerauqS()sehcnI

aerAlanretnIesrevsnarTepiPthgieWrepsdnuoP(

)tooF

thgieWretaW

repsdnuoP()epiPfotooF

leetS sselniatSleetS

eludehcS.oN

)a(erauqS()sehcnI

)A(erauqS(

)teeFepiPnorI

eziSeludehcS

.oN

8/1 504.0

...DTS

...04

S01S04

940.0860.0

703.0962.0

8450.00270.0

0470.08650.0

15000.004000.0

91.042.0

230.0520.0

SX 08 S08 590.0 512.0 5290.0 5630.0 52000.0 13.0 610.0

4/1 045.0

...DTS

...04

S01S04

560.0880.0

014.0463.0

0790.00521.0

0231.01401.0

19000.027000.0

33.024.0

750.0540.0

SX 08 S08 911.0 203.0 4751.0 6170.0 05000.0 45.0 130.0

8/3 576.0

...DTS

...04

S01S04

560.0190.0

545.0394.0

6421.00761.0

3332.00191.0

26100.033100.0

24.075.0

101.0380.0

SX 08 S08 621.0 324.0 3712.0 5041.0 89000.0 47.0 160.0

2/1 048.0

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0380.0901.0

017.0476.0226.0

3851.04791.03052.0

9593.08653.00403.0

57200.084200.011200.0

45.076.058.0

271.0551.0231.0

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

741.0781.0492.0

645.0664.0252.0

0023.06383.03405.0

0432.06071.0

050.0

36100.081100.053000.0

90.113.117.1

201.0470.0220.0

4/3 050.1

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0380.0311.0

029.0488.0428.0

1102.01252.06233.0

8466.08316.00335.0

26400.062400.017300.0

96.068.031.1

882.0662.0132.0

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

451.0912.0803.0

247.0216.0434.0

5334.08965.00817.0

0334.01692.0

841.0

00300.060200.030100.0

74.149.144.2

881.0821.0460.0

1 513.1

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0901.0331.0

581.1790.1940.1

3552.00314.09394.0

9201.12549.00468.0

66700.065600.000600.0

78.004.186.1

8740904.0573.0

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

971.0052.0853.0

759.0518.0995.0

8836.05638.00670.1

0917.07125.0

282.0

99400.026300.069100.0

71.248.266.3

213.0032.0221.0

4/1-1 066.1

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0901.0041.0

035.1244.1083.1

7523.07174.05866.0

938.1336.1594.1

77210.043110.004010.0

11.118.172.2

797.0807.0946.0

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

191.0052.0283.0

872.1061.1698.0

5188.00701.1

435.1

382.1750.1036.0

19800.043700.083400.0

00.367.312.5

555.0854.0372.0

2/1-1 009.1

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0901.0541.0

077.1286.1016.1

7473.03316.05997.0

164.2222.2630.2

90710.034510.041410.0

82.190.227.2

660.1369.0288.0

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

002.0182.0004.0

005.1833.1001.1

860.1924.1588.1

767.1604.1059.0

52210.067900.006600.0

36.368.414.6

567.0806.0

24.0

2 573.2

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

560.0901.0451.0

542.2751.2760.2

7174.00677.0570.1

859.3456.3553.3

94720.083520.003320.0

16.146.256.3

27.185.154.1

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

812.0443.0634.0

939.1786.1305.1

774.1091.2656.2

359.2142.2477.1

05020.065510.023210.0

20.564.730.9

82.179.077.0

.91.93Bdna01.63BISNAmorfdetcartxeerasthgiewdnassenkcihtllaw,noitacifitnedI.ylevitcepserepipgnortSartxEelbuoDdna,gnortSartxE,dradnatSetacidniSXXdna,SX,DTSsnoitatonehT

.htgnelepipfotoofrepteefcibucniemulovtneserperosla"teeferauqs"nidetsilseulavaeralanretniesrevsnarT

- continued -

Technical

K - 119

KK

)deunitnoc(leetSsselniatS—leetSyollAdnanobraC:ataDepiP

lanimoNeziSepiP)sehcnI(

edistuOretemaiD)sehcnI(

noitacifitnedIllaW

)t(ssenkcihT)sehcnI(

edisnI)d(retemaiD

)sehcnI(

lateMfoaerAerauqS()sehcnI

aerAlanretnIesrevsnarTepiPthgieWrepsdnuoP(

)tooF

thgieWretaW

repsdnuoP()epiPfotooF

leetS sselniatSleetS

eludehcS.oN

)a(erauqS()sehcnI

)A(erauqS(

)teeFepiPnorI

eziSeludehcS

.oN

2/1-2 578.2

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

380.0021.0302.0

907.2536.2964.2

0827.0930.1407.1

467.5354.5887.4

20040.078730.022330.0

84.235.397.5

05.263.270.2

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

972.0573.0255.0

323.2521.2177.1

452.2549.2820.4

832.4645.3464.2

24920.036420.001710.0

66.710.0196.31

78.145.170.1

3 005.3

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

380.0021.0612.0

433.3062.3860.3

0198.0472.1822.2

037.8743.8393.7

36060.069750.003150.0

30.333.485.7

87.326.302.3

SX...SXX

08061...

S08......

003.0834.0006.0

009.2426.2003.2

610.3502.4664.5

506.6804.5551.4

78540.055730.058820.0

52.0123.4185.81

68.253.208.1

2/1-3 000.4

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

380.0021.0622.0

438.3067.3845.3

120.1364.1086.2

545.11401.11

688.9

71080.011770.007860.0

84.379.411.9

00.518.492.4

SX 08 S08 813.0 463.3 876.3 888.8 07160.0 05.21 48.3

4 005.4

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

380.0021.0732.0

433.4062.4620.4

251.1156.1471.3

57.4152.4137.21

54201.089890.004880.0

29.316.597.01

93.681.605.5

SX......SXX

08021061...

S08.........

733.0834.0135.0476.0

628.3426.3834.3251.3

704.4595.5126.6101.8

05.1113.01

82.908.7

68970.06170.05460.02450.0

89.4100.9115.2245.72

89.474.420.483.3

5 365.5

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01

04

901.0431.0852.0

543.5592.5740.5

868.1582.2003.4

44.2220.2210.02

8551.09251.00931.0

63.677.726.41

27.945.976.8

SX......SXX

08021061...

S08.........

573.0005.0526.0057.0

318.4365.4313.4360.4

211.6359.7696.9043.11

91.8153.6116.4179.21

3621.06311.05101.01090.0

87.0240.7269.2355.83

88.790.733.616.5

6 526.6

...

...DTS

...

...04

S5S01S04

901.0431.0082.0

704.6753.6560.6

132.2337.2185.5

42.2347.1398.82

9322.04022.06002.0

06.792.979.81

79.3157.3115.21

SX......SXX

08021061...

S08.........

234.0265.0917.0468.0

167.5105.578105798.4

504.807.0123.3146.51

70.6277.3251.1248.81

0181.00561.09641.08031.0

75.8293.6353.5461.35

92.1103.01

61.961.8

9 526.8

...

...

...

...DTS

...

...020304

S5S01......S04

901.0841.0052.0772.0223.0

704.8923.8521.8170.8189.7

619.2149.3

75.662.704.8

15.5584.4558.1561.1530.05

5583.04873.01063.03553.04743.0

39.904.3163.2207.4255.82

60.4216.3274.2271.2207.12

...SX.........SXX...

0608001021041...061

...S08...............

604.0005.0495.0917.0218.0578.0609.0

318.7526.7734.7781.7100.7578.6318.6

84.0167.2169.4148.7139.9103.1279.12

49.7466.5464.3495.0405.8321.7364.63

9233.01713.08103.09182.03762.08752.02352.0

46.5393.3459.0517.0667.7624.2796.47

77.0287.9138.8195.7186.6101.6108.51

01 057.01

...

...

...

...DTS

...

...020304

S5S01......S04

431.0561.0052.0703.0563.0

284.01024.01052.01631.01020.01

63.494.542.870.0109.11

92.6882.5825.2896.0868.87

2995.02295.01375.03065.05745.0

91.5156.8140.8242.4384.04

93.7359.6367.5369.4302.43

SX.........SXX...

0608001021041061

S08...............

005.0495.0917.0448.0000.1521.1

057.9265.9213.9260.9057.8005.8

01.6129.8136.2242.6236.0320.43

66.4748.1731.8635.4631.0657.65

5815.09894.02374.01844.06714.01493.0

47.4534.4630.7792.9831.40146.511

53.2331.1335.9269.7260.6295.42

.91.93Bdna01.63BISNAmorfdetcartxeerasthgiewdnassenkcihtllaw,noitacifitnedI.ylevitcepserepipgnortSartxEelbuoDdna,gnortSartxE,dradnatSetacidniSXXdna,SX,DTSsnoitatonehT

.htgnelepipfotoofrepteefcibucniemulovtneserperosla"teeferauqs"nidetsilseulavaeralanretniesrevsnarT

Technical

K - 120

KK

snoisnemiDegnalFepiPnaciremA42.61BDNA,5.61B,1.61BISNAREP,SEHCNI--RETEMAIDEGNALFSSALCISNA

lanimoNeziSepiP

)norItsaC(521051ro)leetS( )1(

)norItsaC(052)leetS(003ro )2( 006 009 0051 0052

14/1-12/1-1

22/1-2

52.426.400.500.600.7

88.452.521.605.605.7

88.452.521.605.605.7

88.552.600.705.826.9

88.552.600.705.826.9

52.652.700.852.905.01

34568

05.700.900.0100.1105.31

52.800.0100.1105.2100.51

52.857.0100.3100.4105.61

05.905.1157.3100.5105.81

05.0152.2157.4105.5100.91

00.2100.4105.6100.9157.12

0121416181

00.6100.9100.1205.3200.52

05.7105.0200.3205.5200.82

00.0200.2257.3200.7252.92

05.1200.4252.5257.7200.13

00.3205.6205.9205.2300.63

05.6200.03---------

024203632484

05.7200.2357.8300.6400.3505.95

05.0300.6300.3400.0500.7500.56

00.2300.73------------

57.3300.14------------

57.8300.64------------

------------------

.segnalfeznorb051ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni-21hguorhthcni-1seziS.1.segnalfeznorb003ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni-8hguorhthcni-1seziS.2

snoisnemiDegnalFepiPnaciremA,SEHCNINIRETEMAIDELOHDNASTLOBDUTSFOREBMUN,SSALCISNA

42.61BDNA,5.61B,1.61BISNAREP

lamroNpiP e

eziS

tsaC(521)norI051ro)leetS( )1(

tsaC(052)norI003ro)leetS( )2(

006 009 0051 0052

.oN .aiD .oN .aiD .oN .aiD .oN .aiD .oN .aiD .oN .aiD

14/1-12/1-1

22/1-2

44444

05.005.005.026.026.0

44488

26.026.057.026.057.0

44488

26.026.057.026.057.0

44488

88.088.000.188.000.1

44488

88.088.000.188.000.1

44488

88.000.121.100.121.1

34568

48888

26.026.057.057.057.0

8882121

57.057.057.057.088.0

8882121

57.057.000.100.121.1

8882121

88.021.152.121.183.1

8882121

21.152.105.183.126.1

888821

52.105.157.100.200.2

0121416181

2121216161

88.088.000.100.121.1

6161020242

00.121.121.152.152.1

6102020202

52.152.183.105.126.1

6102020202

83.183.105.126.188.1

2161616161

88.100252.205.257.2

2121---------

05.257.2---------

024203632484

020282236344

21.152.152.105.105.105.1

424282236304

52.105.157.100.200.200.2

4242------------

26.188.1------------

0202------------

00.205.2------------

6161------------

00.305.3------------

------------------

------------------

.segnalfeznorb051ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni-21hguorhthcni-1seziS.1.segnalfeznorb003ssalCISNAotylppaoslahcni-8hguorhthcni-1seziS.2

61kcurdnneN–dradnatSegnalFleetStsaCNID)raB61erusserPlanimoN(

LANIMON,EROB

mm

EPIP,SSENKCIHT

mm

,EGNALF mm ,GNITLOB mm

edistuOretemaiD

ssenkcihTtloBelcriC

retemaiD

rebmuNstloBfo

daerhTtloBdloH

retemaiD0151025223

665,6

77

0959501511041

6161818181

06565758001

44444

21M21M21M21M61M

4141414181

04055608001

5,7885,85,9

051561581002022

8102810202

011521541061081

44488

61M61M61M61M61M

8181818181

521051571002052

0111212141

052582513043504

2222424262

012042072592553

8882121

61M02M02M02M42M

8132323272

003053004005006

5161811232

064025085517048

8203236304

014074525056077

2161610202

42M42M72M03M33M

7272033363

00700800900010021

4262729223

0195201521155215841

2424446425

048059050107110931

4242828223

33M63M63M93M54M

6393932484

00410061008100020022

4363931434

58610391031254325552

8546860747

09510281020203220442

6304448425

54M25M25M65M65M

8465652626

52kcurdnneN—dradnatSegnalFleetStsaCNID)raB52erusserPlanimoN(

LANIMON,EROB

mm

EPIP,SSENKCIHT

mm


edistuOretemaiD

ssenkcihTtloBelcriC

retemaiD

rebmuNstloBfo

daerhTdloHtloBretemaiD

0151025223

665,6

77

0959501511041

6161818181

06565758001

44444

21M21M21M21M61M

4141414181

04055608001

5,785,8

901

051561581002532

8102224242

011521541061091

44888

61M61M61M61M02M

8181818132

521051571002052

1121212141

072003033063524

6282820323

022052082013073

88212121

42M42M42M42M72M

7272727203

003053004005006

5161811232

584555026037548

4383044464

034094055066077

6161610202

72M03M33M33M63M

0333636393

00700800900010021

4262729223

0695801581102310351

0545852607

578099090101210241

4242828223

93M54M54M25M25M

2484846565

0041006100810002

43730434

5571579159125242

67480969

0461068107020032

63044484

65M65M46M46M

26260707

Technical

K - 121

KK


LANIMON,EROB

mm

EPIP,SSENKCIHT

mm


edistuOretemaiD

ssenkcihTelcriCtloBretemaiD

rebmuNstloBfo


0151025223

665,6

77

0959501511041

6161818181

06565758001

44444

21M21M21M21M61M

4141414181

04055608001

5,785,8

901

051561581002532

8102224242

011521541061091

44888

61M61M61M61M02M

8181818132

521051571002052

1121314161

072003053573054

6282234383

022052592023583

88212121

42M42M72M72M03M

7272030333

003053004054005

7191121212

515085066586557

2464050525

054015585016076

6161610202

03M33M63M63M93M

3363939324

0060070080090001

4272033363

098599041105210631

0646276708

597009030104110521

0242428282

54M54M25M25M25M

8484656565

002100410061

247445

575159715202

8889801

064108610091

236304

65M65M46M

262607


LANIMON,EROB

mm

EPIP,SSENKCIHT

mm


edistuOretemaiD

ssenkcihTelcriCtloBretemaiD

rebmuNstloBfo


0151522304

0101012101

001501041551071

0202424282

0757001011521

44444

21M21M61M02M02M

4141813222

055608001521

0101112131

081502512052592

6262820343

531061071002042

48888

02M02M02M42M72M

2222226203

051571002052003

4151619112

543573514074035

6304246425

082013543004064

821212161

03M03M33M33M33M

3333636363

053004005006007

3262135304

0060760080395401

6506866748

525585507028539

6161020242

63M93M54M25M25M

9324846565

00800900010021

54055546

5611582151415661

2989801621

0501071109210351

42828223

65M65M46M

6X27M

26260787

aCNID 001kcurdnneN—dradnatSegnalFleetSts)raB001erusserPlanimoN(

LANIMON,EROB

mm

EPIP,SSENKCIHT

mm

EGNALF mm, GNITLOB mm,

edistuOretemaiD

ssenkcihTtloBelcriC

retemaiD

rebmuNstloBfo


0151522304

0101012101

001501041551071

0202424282

0757001011521

44444

21M21M61M02M02M

4141813222

055608001521

0111214161

591022032562513

0343630404

541071081012052

48888

42M42M42M72M03M

6262620333

051571002052003

8102125292

553583034505585

4484250686

092023063034005

2121212161

03M03M33M63M93M

3333639324

053004005006007

2363441595

5565170780995411

478749401021

0650260675780201

6161020242

54M54M25M65M46M

8484652607

sgnitaRevlaVleetStsaCNID–sdradnatSNID )1(

LANIMON,ERUSSERP

)RAB(

)RAB(ERUSSERPGNIKROWELBISSIMREP

021–01- oC 002 oC 052 oC 003 oC 053 oC 004 oC

61520446001

61520446001

4122530508

3102235407

1171820406

0161426365

831122305

061052023004

061052023004

031002052023

211571522082

69051291042

09041081522

08521061002

02tagnitarsemit5.1:erusserptsetcitatsordyH.1 o .C

Technical

K - 122

KK

seziSllirDtsiwTdradnatSNOITANGISED ).NI(RETEMAID ).NI.QS(AERA NOITANGISED ).NI(RETEMAID ).NI.QS(AERA NOITANGISED ).NI(RETEMAID ).NI.QS(AERA

2/146/1323/5146/92

61/7

0005.04484.08864.01354.05734.0

3691.03481.06271.03161.03051.0

3456

46/31

312.0902.05502.0

402.01302.0

36530.013430.071330.096230.014230.0

23/324344454

8390.05390.00980.00680.00280.0

09600.078600.022600.018500.082500.0

46/72Z

23/31YZ

9124.0314.03604.0

404.0793.0

8931.00431.06921.02821.08321.0

7890111

102.0991.0691.05391.0191.0

37130.001130.071030.004920.056820.0

647446/5

8494

0180.05870.01870.00670.00370.0

51500.048400.097400.045400.091400.0

46/52WV8/3

U

6093.0683.0773.0573.0863.0

8911.00711.06111.04011.04601.0

2161/3

314151

981.05781.0

581.0281.00081.0

60820.016820.088620.020620.045520.0

05152561/1

35

0070.00760.05360.05260.05950.0

58300.035300.071300.070300.087200.0

46/32TS

23/11R

4953.0853.0843.08343.0

933.0

4101.06001.011590.018290.062090.0

6171

46/118191

0771.00371.09171.05961.00661.0

16420.015320.002320.065220.046120.0

455546/3

6575

0550.00250.03740.05640.00340.0

83200.021200.037100.0896100.0254100.0

Q46/12

PO

61/5

233.01823.0

3230613.05213.0

75680.065480.049180.034870.007670.0

02122223/5

32

0161.00951.00751.03651.00451.0

63020.068910.063910.071910.036810.0

8595061626

0240.00140.00040.0

930.0830.0

583100.0023100.0752100.0591100.0431100.0

N46/91

ML

23/9

203.09692.0

592.092.0

3182.0

36170.022960.053860.050660.031260.0

4252627246/9

0251.05941.00741.00441.06041.0

51810.055710.079610.092610.035510.0

3646566676

730.0630.0530.0330.0230.0

570100.0810100.0269000.0558000.0408000.0

KJIH

46/71

182.0772.0272.0662.06562.0

20260.062060.011850.075550.024550.0

8292038/113

5041.00631.05821.00521.00021.0

94510.035410.069210.072210.013110.0

23/186960717

3130.0130.02920.0

820.0620.0

567000.0557000.0076000.0616000.0135000.0

GF

4/1EDC

162.0752.00052.0

642.0242.0

05350.078150.090940.035740.000640.0

2333435346/7

0611.00311.00111.00011.04901.0

75010.030010.086900.005900.004900.0

2737475767

520.0420.05220.0120.0020.0

194000.0254000.0893000.0643000.0413000.0

B46/51

A12

832.04432.0

432.0822.0122.0

94440.041340.010340.038040.063830.0

6373839304

5601.00401.05101.05990.00890.0

19800.094800.090800.087700.045700.0

778746/1

9708

810.0610.06510.05410.05310.0

452000.0102000.0191000.0561000.0341000.0

23/7 8812.0 85730.0 14 0690.0 42700.0

.srebmuneguageriwleetssaemasehtgniebrettaleht,srebmunllirdtsiwtdradnatsniro,srettelllirdtsiwtdradnatsni,hcninafosnoitcarfnierasnoitangiseD:etoN

spaTepiProfseziSllirDEPIPLANIMON)SEHCNI(EZIS

EZISLLIRDPAT)SEHCNI(

EPIPLANIMON)SEHCNI(EZIS

EZISLLIRDPAT)SEHCNI(

8/1 23/11 2/1-1 23/32-1

4/1 61/7 2 61/3-2

8/3 23/91 2/1-2 61/9-2

2/1 23/32 3 61/3-3

4/3 61/51 4 61/3-4

1 23/5-1 5 61/5-5

4/1-1 2/1-1 6 61/5-6

Fisher Regulator Handbook - Technical - ACD AmericaK - 1 K The Technical Reference section includes...

Documents

Transcript of Fisher Regulator Handbook - Technical - ACD AmericaK - 1 K The Technical Reference section includes...