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TSUNAMIS IN THE OCEANS AND MEDITERRANEAN
Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department Ocean Engineering Research Center
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3
TSU: harbor
NAMI: wave
( )
The word tsunami was regitered in all languages after Great Meiji Tsunami 1883.
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WHAT IS TSUNAMI?
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves of extremely long wave length and long period generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that displaces the water.
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CAUSES OF TSUNAMI
Impulses are:
Submarine Earthquakes
Undersea Landslides
Volcanoes
Impacts of objects from outer space
(such as meteorites, asteroids, and
comets)
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Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand)
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Vertical motion of the plates
IAEA
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Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand)
Vertical motion of the plates
IAEA
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TSUNAMI AMPLIFICATION
Thanks Dr. Wattana (Thailand) 8
IAEA
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9
IAEA
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10
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Generation
Split
Propagation
Transformation
Reflection
Amplification
Tsunami model NAMI DANCE Developed from TUNAMI N2
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Deadliest Tsunamis in History
2004 9.0 Indian Ocean
1630-1410 b.c. Crete-Santorini, Ancient Greece
1755 8.5 Portugal, Morocco, Ireland, and the United Kingdom
1908 Messina, Italy
1782 7.0 South China Sea, Taiwan
1883 Krakatau, Indonesia
1707 8.4 Tokaido-Nankaido, Japan
1896 7.6 Sanriku, Japan
1868 8.5 Northern Chile
2011 8.9 Great East Japan Tsunami
1792 6.4 Kyushu Island, Japan 1Source: National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Read more: Tsunami Factfile Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/tsunami.html#tsunami#ixzz29zaNUS4U
Fatalities1 Year Magnitude Principal areas
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Fatalities1 Year Magnitude Principal areas
830,000 1556 8.0 Shansi, China 255,000+ 1976 8.0 Tangshan, China
230,000+ 2004 9.1 off west coast of northern Sumatra
230,000 1138 n.a. Aleppo, Syria 222,570 2010 7.0 Haiti 200,000 1920 8.6 Gansu, China 200,000 1927 7.9 near Xining, China 200,000 856 n.a. Damghan, Iran 150,000 893 n.a. Ardabil, Iran 143,000 1923 7.9 Kwanto, Japan Source: National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Data compiled from several sources.
Read more: Tsunami Factfile Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/tsunami.html#tsunami#ixzz29zc1Wizm
Deadliest Earthquakes in History
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List of Recent Tsunamis Sep. 5, 2012 --Costa Rica: Aug. 27, 2012 -- El Salvador: Apr. 11, 2012 -- Sumatra: Jul. 6, 2011 -- Kermadec: Mar. 11, 2011 -- Honshu, Japan: Dec. 21, 2010 -- Bonin Islands, Japan: Oct. 25, 2010 -- Mentawai, Indonesia: Apr. 6, 2010 -- Sumatra: Feb. 27, 2010 -- Chile Jan. 12, 2010 -- Haiti Jan. 3, 2010 -- Solomon Islands:
Oct. 7, 2009 -- Vanuatu and Santa Cruz Islands: Sep. 29, 2009 -- Samoa: Aug. 10, 2009 -- Andaman Islands: Jul. 15, 2009 -- New Zealand: Nov. 14, 2007 -- Northern Chile:
Sep. 12, 2007 -- Sumatra: Aug. 15, 2007 -- Peru: Apr. 1, 2007 -- Solomon Islands:
Jan. 13, 2007 -- Kuril Islands, Russia: Nov. 15, 2006 -- Kuril Islands, Russia: Jul. 17, 2006 -- South Java: Mar. 28, 2005 -- Indonesia: Dec. 26, 2004 -- Indonesia (Sumatra): Sep. 25, 2003 -- Hokkaido: Jun. 23, 2001 -- Peru: Jan. 13, 2001 -- El Salvador: Nov. 26, 1999 -- Vanuatu: Jul. 17, 1998 -- Papua New Guinea: Jun. 10, 1996 -- Andreanov: Jul. 12, 1993 -- Okushiri, Japan:
http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html
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SUMATRA
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NORTHERN SUMATRA (INDONESIA, INDIAN OCEAN) EARTHQUAKE (Mw~9. 0) of DECEMBER 26, 2004 :
Source Rupture Processes , Slip Distribution Modeling and Tsunami Generation
Preliminary Rupture Model Contributed by
Tuncay Taymaz, O nur Tan and Seda Yolsal
Department of Geophysics
http://www.geop.itu.edu.tr/~taymaz/sumatra
Kenji Satake
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EPICENTER
3.298 LU, 95.779 BT
ACEH
SUMATERA UTARA
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Acknowledgements UNESCO IOC
Middle East Technical University, METU, Ankara
YILDIZ Technical University, YTU, Istanbul
TMMOB-Chambers of Geological and Civil Engineers
Yuksel Insaat A.
Mavi Jeans
Lafarge
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Acknowledgements
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Republic of Indonesia
Prof. Ir. Widi Agoes Pratikto
Dr. Ir. Subandono Dipsosaptono
Dr. Gegar Sapta Prasetya
Dr. Ir. Rahman Hidayat
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Eng. Dinar Catur Istiyanto
Ir. Widjo Kongko, M.Eng
and
Russian Colleagues and Team
American Colleagues and Team
Japanese Colleagues and Team
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GREAT EAST JAPAN TSUNAMI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chamber of Civil Engineers Turkey
Yuksel Project International Co., Turkey
Dolsar Ltd., Turkey
Kiska Com. , Turkey
Cesas Ltd., Turkey
METU and Bogazici University KOERI, Turkey
Tohoku University , Japan
NSF Rapid Grant, USA
TUBITAK (Turkey)-RFBR (Russia) Joint Research Grant (MORAT)
HCMR, Greece
Dr. Masahiro Yamamoto and Dr. Laura Kong 39
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GENERAL EVALUATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
Narrow long bays
Along rivers
Coastal Forestation
Marine Vessels
Tsunami Breakwaters
Tsunami Walls along the Coastlines
Wooden Structures
Concrete Structures
Bridges
Scouring
Berthing Places
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Erick
Mas
Dr. Anawat
Suprassi Nikos
Kaligeris
Prof. Dr. Ahmet
Yalciner
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MEGA TSUNAMIS IN JAPAN
42
869 JOGAN TSUNAMI
1611 KEICHO TSUNAMI
1896 MEIJI TSUNAMI
1933 SHOWA TSUNAMI
1960 SHIZUKAWA TSUNAMI
(CHILE EARTHQUAKE)
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From field guide, 3rd International Tsunami Field Symposium, April, 2010, Tohoku University, Sendai
Trip leaders: Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura
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From field guide, 3rd International Tsunami Field Symposium, April, 2010, Tohoku University, Sendai
Trip leaders: Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura
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Distribution of Maximum Tsunami Amplitude in Pacific Ocean
Intial Wave
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TSUNAMI RUNUP DISTRIBUTION
Ref: Coastal Engineering Committe Japan
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Field Investigations after Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami May 30 June 3, 2011
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SENDAI
Sendai airport
Yuriage
Arahama
Sendai port
SENDAI a i
49
SENDA PORT
SENDA AIR PORT
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ARAHAMA-SENDAI
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Morioka Taro
Miyako
Yamada
Otsuchi
Kamaishi
Ofunato
Ichinoseki
Rikuzentakata
Kesennuma
Kitakami
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TARO
1896
1933
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MIYAKO
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KAMAISHI
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KAMAISHI
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OFUNATO
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OFUNATO
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RIKUZENTAKATA
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Before, 2010 Before, 2010
Before 2010 After Tsunami
The only pine tree in Rikuzentakata
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RIKUZENTAKATA
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KESENNUMA
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Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, Hittites, Akkadians, Etruscans, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Babylonians, Sumerians, Nubians, Persians , Phonecians, Vencians, Genoans, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Ottomans
Civilizations Plato, Socrates, Hammurabi, Aristotle , Alexander, C easar, Cleopatra, Augustus
Philosofers Pharaohs, Emperors, Kings, Queens and Sultans
Governors
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W ar and Peace, Olive, Grape, Date, Sun, Beach, Breeze Culture, archaeology, art, music, theater, language, philosophy, politics, democracy, l ife and more
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MEDITERRANEAN SEA
E-W 3900 km S-N 1600 km max
4 000 000 km 2 Depth max. 4400 m
Map from IOC UNESCO
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NOAH FLOOD
Noah Flood (approximately 7000-5000 years
before present)
CONNECTION BETWEEN AEGEAN AND
BLACK SEAS THROUGH STRAITS
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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
35
36
37
38
39
40
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Santorini
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The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption and Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea
One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is
located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of
the Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600
1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most
significant Aegean explosive volcanism during
the late Holocene.
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Map of Aegean Sea and adjacent region showing areas and sites mentioned in text. Felsic volcanic products of Minoan eruption are found on Aegean Sea coasts and in eastern Mediterranean deep-sea cores. Tsunamigenic sediment layers were discovered in Didim and Fethye (western Turkey) and Gouves (Crete) (Minoura et. al., 2000)
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23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
-50010020030050070010001400180022502750325037504250
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
-50
0
100
200
300
500
700
1000
1400
1800
2250
2750
3250
3750
4250
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EARTHQUAKES FOR OVER 4000 YEARS INSTRUMENTAL SEISMICITY FOR OVER 100 YEARS MANY IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST WERE DESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
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134 tsunami in Easterm Mediterranean
365 Tsunami
is the strongest known tsunami
in Eastern Mediterranaean
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Altinok TRANSFER Project.
Altinok Y. and Ersoy Journal of Natural Hazards 21, 185-199, (2000)
Cita M.B., Rimoldi Eastern Mediterranean Deep- -7 pp. 293-304, (1997)
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A., and TrainaInstituto Nazionale di , Rome (1994).
Tinti S. and Maramai Azur, France: A Step Annali di Geofisica, Vol. 39, pp. 1253-1299. (1996)
Annali di Geofisica, Vol. 13, pp. 369-386, (1960)
AmbraseysAnnali di Geofisica, Vol. 32, pp. 113-130, (1962)
Papadopoulos G. A. and Chalkis317.
Tinti S., Maramai, A. and GrazianiNo. 3, pp. 439-465.(2004).
Papadopoulos G.A. and Fokaefs --170, (2005)
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The locations of the tsunami triggered events in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea classified according to the estimated earthquake magnitudes
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Probable Sources :
Sea floor deformations with fault breaks related to earthquakes
Submarine or Subaerial Landslides
Sea floor subsidence by pull apart mechanism of strike slip faults
Caldera Collapse, Volcanic eruptions,
Explosions or cosmic collision
which disturb the overlying water column and cause instability in water body
UNESCO-RELEMR Workshop on Seismicity and Earthquake Engineering in the Extended Mediterranean
Ankara Plaza Hotel, 21-24 June 2010
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Dalaman
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
35
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37
38
39
40
41
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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
35
36
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38
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40
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DALAMAN
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Dalaman Imamura, Minoura, Takahashi, Papadopoulos, Kuran Yalciner
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1303?
1473
1740 ?
Dalaman
Imamura, Minoura, Takahashi,
Paapdopoulos, Kuran, Yalciner
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Dalaman Mediterranean Meulaboh Indian Ocean
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July 21, 365 event by NAMI DANCE;
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10min
30min
60min
90min
Figure 6.12: Propagation of the landslide generated tsunami wave in 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes