GENERAL FIRST AIDGENERAL FIRST AID

GENERAL FIRST AIDGENERAL FIRST AID

• FIRST AID IS THE IMMEDIATE CARE GIVEN TO A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN INJURED OR SUDDENLY TAKEN ILL.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

1. Gentle – should not cause pain2. Resourceful – should make the best use

of things at hand3. Observant – should notice all signs4. Tactful – should not alarm the victim5. Emphatic – should be comforting6. Respectable – should maintain a

professional & caring attitude

HINDRANCES IN GIVING HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AIDFIRST AID

• Unfavorable surroundings

• The presence of crowds

• Pressure from victim of relatives

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CAREEMERGENCY CARE

• What to DO:– Do obtain consent when possible– Do think the worst. It is best to administer first aid for the

gravest possibility.– Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.– Do provide comfort and emotional support.– Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy.– Do be as calm and as direct as possible.– Do care for the most serious injuries first.– Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication.– Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.– Do handle the victim to a minimum.– Do loosen tight clothing.

• What Not to DO:– Do not let the victim see his/her own injury.– Do not leave the victim alone except to get

help.– Do not assume that the victim’s obvious

injuries are the only ones.– Do not make any unrealistic promises.– Do not trust the judgment of a confused

victim and require them to make decision.

BURNSBURNS

• is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of radiation.

Common CausesCommon Causes

• Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.

• Scald from hot liquid.

• Defective heating, cooking and electrical equipment.

• Immersion in overheated bath water.

• Use of such chemicals as lye, strong acids and strong detergents

Types of Burn InjuriesTypes of Burn Injuries

1. Thermal – not all-thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites and causes a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are other common causes of burns.

Factors to determine the Factors to determine the seriousness of thermal burns.seriousness of thermal burns.

• 1. The Depth. The deeper the burn, the more severe it is. Three depth classifications are used.1. First degree burns (Epidermis) 2. Second degree burns (Dermis)3. Third degree burns (Subcutaneous, Epidermis, Dermis,

Muscles, Bones, Veins)• 2. The extent to the affected body surface area. This means

estimating how much body surface area the burns covers.• 3. Location of the burns. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and • genitals are more severe than on other body parts.• 4. Victim’s age and medical condition. Determine if other injuries • or preexisting medical problems exist of it the victim is elderly • (over 55) or very young (under %).

Care for Thermal BurnsCare for Thermal Burns

– Care of First-Degree and Second-Degree Burns

• Relieve pain by immersing the burned are in cold water or by applying a wet, cold cloth. If cold water is unavailable, use any cold liquid you drink to reduce the burned skin’s temperature.

• Cover the burn with dry, nonsticking, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.

Care for Third-Degree BurnsCare for Third-Degree Burns

• > Cover the burn with a dry, nonsticking, sterile Dressing or a clean cloth.

• > Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the victim warm with a clean sheet or blanket.

2. Chemical2. Chemical – Chemicals will continue to cause tissue – Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until the chemical agent is destruction until the chemical agent is

removed.removed.

• Care for chemical burns• immediate remove the chemical by flushing with water.• Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing while flushing

with water.• Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a

mild soap before a final rinse.• Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas,

a clean pillowcase.• If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 20 minutes,

using low pressure.• Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.

ElectricalElectrical – The injury severity from exposure to electrical – The injury severity from exposure to electrical current depends on the type of current (direct current depends on the type of current (direct

or altering), the voltage, the area of the body or altering), the voltage, the area of the bodyexposed, and the duration of contact. exposed, and the duration of contact.

• CARE FOR ELECTRICAL BURNS* Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If that is impossible, call the Power Company or ask for help.* Check the ABCs, (Air Way, Breathing, Circulation) Provide Rescue Breathing (RB) or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if necessary. * If the victim fell, check for spine injury. * Treat the victim for shock. * Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn center.

POISONPOISON

is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair health or cause death when introduced into the body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.

•Causes:• Common in suicide attempts.

• Occasional accidental poisoning.

•Ways in which poisoning may occur:

• Ingestion – by mouth

• Inhalation – by breathing

• Injection – by animal bites, stings, syringes.

• Absorption – by skin contact.

Common Household Poison:Common Household Poison:

• Sleeping pills• Pain relievers• Insect and rodent poisons• Kerosene• Denatured alcohol• Lye and acids including boric• Poisonous plants• Contaminated water• Fume

Ingested PoisonIngested Poison - - is one that is is one that is introduced into the digestive tract by way of introduced into the digestive tract by way of the mouth. One form of ingestion poisoning is the mouth. One form of ingestion poisoning is food poisoning, a general form that covers a food poisoning, a general form that covers a variety of conditions.variety of conditions.

• Suspect food poisoning if:• The victim ate food that “didn’t taste right” or that

may have been old, improperly prepared, contaminated, left At room temperature for a long time, or processed with an excessive amount of chemicals.

• Several people who ate together become ill.

Signs and symptoms:Signs and symptoms:

• Altered mental status.

• Burns around the mouth

• Odd breath odors.

• Nausea, vomiting

• Abdominal pain

• Diarrhea

Instances when vomiting Instances when vomiting should not be induced..should not be induced..

• If unresponsive.

• Cannot maintain an airway open.

• Has ingested an acid, a corrosive such as lye, or a petroleum product such as gasoline or furniture polish.

• Has a medical condition that could be complicated by vomiting, such as heart attack, seizures and pregnancy.

First Aid First Aid ADMINISTRATION…..ADMINISTRATION…..

• Try to identify the poison.

• Place the victim on his or her left side.

• Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis.

• Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an emergency facility.

Inhaled PoisonInhaled Poison - - is a poison breathe is a poison breathe into the lungs.into the lungs.

Sign and Symptoms• Breathing difficulty.• Chest pain.• Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the

throat.• Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and

mucous membranes).• Dizziness, headache.• Seizures, unresponsiveness (advance stages).

First Aid AdministrationFirst Aid Administration

• Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately.

• Seek medical attention.

Absorbed Poison-Absorbed Poison- is a poison that is a poison that enters the body through the skin.enters the body through the skin.

Sign and Symptoms:• History of exposures.

• Liquid or powder on the skin.

• Burns

• Itching, irritation.

• Redness, rash, blisters.

First Aid Administration…First Aid Administration…

• Remove the clothing.

• With a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off.

• Flood the area with copious amounts of water.

• Continually monitor the patient’s vital signs.

Injected Poison-Injected Poison- is a poison that is a poison that enters the body through a bite, sting or enters the body through a bite, sting or syringe.syringe.

1.INSECT BITES:Signs and Symptoms

*Stinger may be present

* Swelling

*Pain

* Possible allergic reaction

First Aid Administration…First Aid Administration…

1. Remove stinger

2. Wash wound

3. Cover the wound

4. Apply a cold pack

5. Watch for signals of allergic reaction.

2. Spider/Scorpions bites2. Spider/Scorpions bites

• Signs and Symptoms– Bite mark * Nausea and vomiting– Swelling * Difficulty breathing or – Pain swallowing.

First Aid Administration…First Aid Administration…

– Wash wound.– Apply a cold pack.– Get medical care to receive antivenim– Call local emergency number, if necessary

3. Marine Life Sting Bites3. Marine Life Sting Bites

Signs and Symptoms :

• Possible marks

• Swelling

• Pain

• Possible allergic reaction

First Aid Administration…First Aid Administration…

– If Jellyfish – soak area in vinegar

– If sting ray – soak in nonscalding hot water until pain goes away

– Clean and bandage the wound.

– Call local emergency number, if necessary.

4. Snake Bites4. Snake Bites

• Signs and Symptoms* Bite mark

* Pain

• First Aid Administration– Wash wound– Keep bitten part still, and lower than the heart.– Call local emergency number.

5. Human or Animal Bites5. Human or Animal Bites

• Signs and Symptoms– Bite Mark– Bleeding

• First Aid Administration– If bleeding is minor – wash wound.– Control Bleeding.– Apply antibiotic ointment.– Cover the wound.– Get medical attention if wound bleeds severely or if

you suspect animal has rabies.– Call local emergency number or contact animal

control personnel.

• General Care of Poisoning– Survey the scene– Remove the victim from the source of the

poison.– Do a primary survey– Care for any life threatening condition.– If the victim is conscious, do a secondary

survey.– Do not give the victim anything by mouth

unless advised by medical professionals.

Soft Tissues InjuriesSoft Tissues Injuries

• Wound - is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.

Two Classification of Wounds:

1. Close Wound

Causes:

- Blunt object result in contusion or bruises.

- Application of external forces.

Signs and Symptoms:• Pain and tenderness• Swelling • Discoloration• Hematoma• Uncontrolled restlessness• Thirst• Symptoms of shock• Vomiting or cough up blood• Passage of blood in the urine or feces• Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal

First Aid Management• I- ice application- first an hours

• C- compression

• E- elevations- above heart level

• S- splinting- to mobilize the injured part

2. Open Wound2. Open Wound

Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding, wound is clea

Sharp bladed instrument such as blades, razors etc.

I- INCISION

Tissue forcefully separated from the body.

Explosion, animal bites, mishandling of tools, etc. A- AVULSION

Tissue forcefully separated from the body

Blunt instrucnents such as sharpnels, rocks, broken glasses, etc.

L- LACERATION

Torn with irregular edges, serious or slight bleeding.

Scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces.

A- ABRASION

Deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding.

Penetrating pointed instruments such as nails, ice picks, daggers, etc.

P- PUNCTURE

CHARACTERISTICSCAUSESCLASSIFICATION of OPEN WOUND

Dangers– Hemorrhage– Infection– Shock

Kinds of bleeding– Arterial bleeding– Venous bleeding– Capillary bleeding

First Aid ManagementWound with severe bleeding* C- control bleeding * C- cover the wound* C- care for shock* C- consult physician

First Aid Management….Wound with bleeding not severe (home care)

• Clean the wound with soap and water.• Apply mild antiseptics.• Cover wound with dressing and bandage.Reminders :• All wounds must be thoroughly inspected and covered with a dry

dressing to control bleeding and prevent further contamination.• Once bleeding is controlled by compression, the limb should be

splinted to further control bleeding, stabilize the injured part, minimize the victim’s pain and facilitate the patient’s transport to the hospital.

• As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured part should be elevated to just above the level of the victim’s heart to minimize severity.

• Amputated body parts should be saved, wrapped in a dry gauze, placed in a plastic bag, kept cool, and transported with the patient.

• Don’t induce further bleeding to clean the wound.• Don’t use absorbent cotton as a dressing.

SHOCK-SHOCK- is a depressed condition of many body is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough blood to functions due to failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following serious circulate throughout the body following serious injury.injury.

Dangers of Shock:– Lead to death– Predisposes body to infection– Lead to loss of body part

Causes

• Severe bleeding • Crushing injury.• Infection• Heart Attack.• Perforation• Shell bomb and bullet wound.• Rupture of tubal pregnancies.• Anaphylaxis (extreme sensitivity to a substance such as a

protein or drug) Microsoft® Encarta® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.)

• Starvation and disease may also cause shock.

Factors which contribute to shock• P- Pain• R- Rough handing• I- Improper transfer• C- Continues Bleeding• E- Excessive exposure to extremes in temperature• F- Fatigue

Signs of Symptoms of Shock

Early stage:• Face-pale or cyanotic in color • Skin-cold and clammy• Breathing-irregular• Pulse-rapid and weak• Nausea and vomiting• Weakness• Thirsty

Late stage:• Apathetic or relatively unresponsive.• Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression.• Pupils are dilated.• Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled

appearances.• Blood pressure has very low level.• Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls.Objectives of First Aid• To improve circulation of the blood.• To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen• To maintain normal body temperature.First Aid and Preventive Management of

Shock• Proper positioning• Proper body heat• Administration of saline solution or proper hydration

FOREIGN BODY AIRWAYOBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENTCAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION

– Improper chewing of large pieces of food.– Excessive intake of alcohol.– The presence of loose upper and lower dentures.– For children-running while eating.– For smaller children of “hand-to-mouth” stage left

unattended.TWO TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION

– Anatomical. When tongue drops back and obstructs the throat. Other causes are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling, and cough (whooping).

– Mechanical. When foreign objects lodged in the pharynx or airways; fluids accumulate in the back of the throat.

• CLASSIFICATION OF OBSTRUCTION1. Partial obstruction with good air exchange. The

victim is responsive and can cough forcefully, although frequently there is wheezing between coughs.

• 2. Partial obstruction with poor exchange. The victim has a weak, in effective cough, high-pitched noise while inhaling, increased respiratory difficulty, and possibly cyanosis.

• 3. Complete or total obstruction. The victim is unable to speak, breathe, or and may clutch the neck with the thumb and fingers. Movement of air is absent.

BODY SYSTEMBODY REGIONS1. Cranial Cavity

– Brain 2. Spinal Cavity

– Spinal Cord3. Thoracic Cavity

– Heart– Lungs

4. Abdominal Cavity– Liver * Large Intestines– Pancreas * Bladder– Stomach * Gallbladder

5. Pelvic Cavity– Uterus * Urinary Bladder– Ovary * Rectum– Ureter

• The Respiratory SystemIt delivers oxygen to the body, as well as removes carbon dioxide from the body. The passage of air into and out of the lungs is called respiration. Breathing in is called inspiration or inhaling. Breathing out is called expiration or exhaling.

Breathing and CirculationBreathing and Circulation

• Air that enters the lungs contains about 21% oxygen and only a trace of carbon dioxide. Air that is exhaled from the lungs contains about 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

• The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

• The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the tissues of the body.

• In the body tissues, blood releases oxygen and takes up carbon dioxide after which it flows back to the right side of the heart.

• All body tissues require oxygen, but the brain requires more that any other tissue.

• When breathing and circulation stop, this is called Clinical Death (0-4 minutes brain damage not likely, 4-6 minutes, damage probable)

7. 7. When the brain has been deprived of oxygenated When the brain has been deprived of oxygenated blood for a period of 6 minutes or more an blood for a period of 6 minutes or more an irreversible damage probably occurred. This is irreversible damage probably occurred. This is called called Biological Death Biological Death (6-10 minutes brain (6-10 minutes brain damage probable; over 10 minutes brain damage is damage probable; over 10 minutes brain damage is certain).certain).

8. It is obvious from the above stated facts that both 8. It is obvious from the above stated facts that both respiration and circulation are required maintain life.respiration and circulation are required maintain life.

• The Nervous System- It is composed of the brain, spinal cord and

nerves. It has two major functions – communication and control. It lets a person be aware of and react to the environment. It coordinates the body’s responses to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

• Risk Factors to Cardiovascular Disease1. Risk Factors that cannot be changed (Non-modifiable)*Age * Sex * Heredity

2. Risk Factors that can be changed or controlled (Modifiable)* Cigarette Smoking * Diabetes* Obesity * High Blood Pressure• High Cholesterol Level * Lack of Exercise

• Heart Attack. It occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is cut-off for a prolonged period of time. This cut-off results from a reduced blood supply due to severe narrowing or complete blockage of the diseased artery. The results is death (infarction) of the affected part of the heart.

Warning SignalsWarning Signals* Chest discomfort characterized by:* Chest discomfort characterized by:

Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or tightness, aching, crushing, constricting, oppressive or heavy.tightness, aching, crushing, constricting, oppressive or heavy.* Sweating* Sweating* Nausea* Nausea* Shortness of breathe * Shortness of breathe

• First Aid Management– Recognize the signals of heart attack and take action.– Have patient stop what he or she is doing and have

him/her sit or lie down in a comfortable position. Do not let the patient move around.

– Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.

– If patient is under medical care, assist him/her in taking his/her prescribed medicine/s.

GUIDELINES IN GIVING GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CAREEMERGENCY CARE

GETTING STARTED1. Planning of Action2. Gathering of needed materials3. Remember the initial response as follows:

A – Ask for HelpI - InterveneD – do not Further Harm

4. Instructions to helper/s

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES1. Scene SurveyTake time to answer these questions:– Is the scene safe?– What happened?– How many people are injured?– Are there bystanders who can help?– Identify yourself as a trained CPR Provider.– Get consent to give care.

• 2. Activate Medical Assistance– Depending on the situation

• Phone First and Phone Fast• A bystander should make the telephone call for help (if

available)• Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.

– Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:

• What happened?• Location?• Number of persons injured?• Extent of injury and first aid given?• The telephone number from where you are calling?• Person who activated medical assistance must

identify him/herself and drop the phone last.

3. Primary Survey – Check for Responsiveness or Consciousness– Check for Airway

• Ways in opening the airway1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver2. Jaw-Thrust Maneuver– Check for Breathing– Check for Circulation

4. Secondary Survey– Interview the victim.– Check vital signs– Perform head-to-toe examination

BYE-BYE!!!