Biomass, Bioenergy, & Biofuels Energy, Environmental Impacts, and Sustainability
First Workshop ESSP Bioenergy Bioenergy and Earth Sustainability University of São Paulo
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Transcript of First Workshop ESSP Bioenergy Bioenergy and Earth Sustainability University of São Paulo
First Workshop ESSP Bioenergy
Bioenergy and Earth SustainabilityUniversity of São Paulo
Centro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”
19-21 July 2008
“Nitrogen dynamics and sugar cane in Brazil”
Luiz A Martinelli (CENA/USP)Reynaldo L Victoria (CENA/USP)
Janaina Braga do Carmo (UFSCar-Sorocaba)Jean Pierre Ometto (IGBP-INPE)
GLOBAL VIEW - Ethanol
North
Northeast
Center-West
Southeast
South
Brazil
Nitrogen fertilizers in sugar cane
Sugar cane: 80 -100 kg N.haSugar cane: 80 -100 kg N.ha-1-1.yr.yr-1-1
Pasture: 0 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Soybean: 0 kg N.ha-1.yr-1 (BNF)Corn: 150-200 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Coffee: 250-300 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Most as UREA – (CO(NH(CO(NH22))22))
Losses of UREA: volatilization and nitrification
Volatilization: 1.UREA is transformed in ammonium carbonate2. Ammonium carbonate under high pH and temperature is transformed in NHNH33
Nitrification:1. NH3 is oxidized into NH4
+
2. NH4 is nitrified to NO3-
3. NO3- is leached out of the soil profile or
4. NO3- is denitrified to NN22OO
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2 denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvestN-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC) -15N labeled fertilizer
Cana
Reciclagem
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2 denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvestN-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC)
Cana
Reciclagem
N wet deposition– kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Piracicaba * 5.0 – 6.0
NE - USA 6.0 – 8.0
Scandinavia 15.0
Central Amazonia * * 1.6
Balbina (Amazonia) *** 1.4
Rondônia (Amazonia) *** 0.8
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor agricultural system
Reciclagem
N-harvest
Fonte: Cerri & Cerri (CENA), Melillo, Neill (WHOI), Bernoux (IRD)
Pastagem
N-fert
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMmineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor natural system
reciclagem
CerradoCerrado
deposition
Fonte: Bustamante, Miranda, Klink (UnB)
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMmineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor natural system
reciclagem
deposition
If Meq/M>1.0, there will be net climate warming, the greenhouse warming by in creased N2O release to the atmosphere then being larger than the quasi-cooling effect from “saved fossil CO2”.
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvest
Reciclagem
N-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC), Urquiaga (Embrapa)
Cana
denitrification