First Wave of European Enlargement-1973 Britain, Denmark, Ireland.

First Wave of European First Wave of European Enlargement-1973Enlargement-1973

Britain, Denmark, IrelandBritain, Denmark, Ireland

Original 6(1957 Rome Treaties)Original 6(1957 Rome Treaties)

GermanyGermany FranceFrance ItalyItaly BENELUX(Belgium, The Netherlands, BENELUX(Belgium, The Netherlands,

Luxembourg)Luxembourg)

The first enlargement-1973The first enlargement-1973

Britain, Ireland, Denmark and Norway Britain, Ireland, Denmark and Norway appliedapplied

Negotiations were decided to start in La Negotiations were decided to start in La Haye conference-1969Haye conference-1969

Norway (-)Norway (-) Britain, Ireland and Denmark (+)Britain, Ireland and Denmark (+)

BRITAIN-The Anglosaxon Trojan BRITAIN-The Anglosaxon Trojan Horse? Horse?

Because of Because of sui generissui generis relations with relations with Commonwealth countries, Britain did not Commonwealth countries, Britain did not become a part to EC.become a part to EC.

It established EFTA(It established EFTA(The European Free The European Free Trade AssociationTrade Association) as a counter attack. ) as a counter attack.

It was an unsuccessful effort and could not It was an unsuccessful effort and could not stand against EC. stand against EC.

BRITAIN-The Anglosaxon Trojan BRITAIN-The Anglosaxon Trojan Horse?Horse?

First application in 1961First application in 1961 Foreign policy priority for MacMillan(British Foreign policy priority for MacMillan(British

PM)PM) Kennedy also supported BritainKennedy also supported Britain

Chronic Blocker of Britain: De Chronic Blocker of Britain: De GaulleGaulle

Close relationship between US and Britain Close relationship between US and Britain vs. De Gaulle’s idea of European Europevs. De Gaulle’s idea of European Europe

Advantage through Commonwealth networkAdvantage through Commonwealth network Balance within the Community and a Balance within the Community and a

potential challenge from Britainpotential challenge from Britain The will of Britain to become a member with The will of Britain to become a member with

its special conditionsits special conditions Press conference of De Gaulle(Black Press conference of De Gaulle(Black

Monday) End of first round!Monday) End of first round!

Second round for Britain-1967Second round for Britain-1967

Second application in 1967Second application in 1967 Downs in the econ. and pol. relations with Downs in the econ. and pol. relations with

Commonwealth and Ups in the Commonwealth and Ups in the commercial contacts with continent commercial contacts with continent (positive for membership)(positive for membership)

Still blockage from De Gaulle with almost Still blockage from De Gaulle with almost same reasonssame reasons

Post-De Gaulle EraPost-De Gaulle Era

1968 events: End of the period of De Gaulle1968 events: End of the period of De Gaulle New president: Georges PompidouNew president: Georges Pompidou Economical problems in France decreased Economical problems in France decreased

the power of France within ECthe power of France within EC On the contrary, Germany was risingOn the contrary, Germany was rising FR+BR can balance Germany’s FR+BR can balance Germany’s

rise(Pompidou)rise(Pompidou) Need for financing CAP (Common Need for financing CAP (Common

Agricultural Policy)Agricultural Policy)

Post-De Gaulle EraPost-De Gaulle Era

Negotiations started again in 1970Negotiations started again in 1970 Decrease in the relations with Commonwealth and EFTADecrease in the relations with Commonwealth and EFTA Public opinion in BritainPublic opinion in Britain

• More security, more prosperity, better economy etc.More security, more prosperity, better economy etc. Economic decline of the community, need for financingEconomic decline of the community, need for financing

Referandum in France: %60 in favorReferandum in France: %60 in favor

NORWAYNORWAY

Norwegian people voted against in the Norwegian people voted against in the referandum-1972referandum-1972

Crucial pointsCrucial points FishingFishing AgricultureAgriculture OilOil

IrelandIreland

If Britain is a member, then Ireland should If Britain is a member, then Ireland should also bealso be

Because of political and economical Because of political and economical interestsinterests

DenmarkDenmark

Most of the exports from Denmark was to Most of the exports from Denmark was to Britain and GermanyBritain and Germany

It was crucial for Denmark to joinIt was crucial for Denmark to join Otherwise, collapse of the foreign tradeOtherwise, collapse of the foreign trade

Effects of first enlargementEffects of first enlargement

Good for the economy of the EC because Good for the economy of the EC because new states were prosperous enough to new states were prosperous enough to assist ECassist EC

Britain changed the balance within the ECBritain changed the balance within the EC Benelux countries were happy with this Benelux countries were happy with this

because hegemony of Germany and because hegemony of Germany and France was undesirable for themFrance was undesirable for them

Easier round of enlargement comparing Easier round of enlargement comparing with the otherswith the others

Because there were no cultural differences Because there were no cultural differences between original six and the new statesbetween original six and the new states

Third Wave of EnlargementThird Wave of Enlargement

Spain (1986)Spain (1986)

Portugal (1986)Portugal (1986)

Motivation for membershipMotivation for membership

Franco dictatorshipFranco dictatorship Agriculture-based economy- poor countryAgriculture-based economy- poor country Subsequent international isolationSubsequent international isolation ** EC’s ** EC’s “political commitment”“political commitment”

In 1979, (during the Commission In 1979, (during the Commission Presidency of Roy Jenkins (1977 – 1981))Presidency of Roy Jenkins (1977 – 1981))Treaty of Accession with Treaty of Accession with

GreeceGreece The First Direct Elections to the The First Direct Elections to the

European ParliamentEuropean Parliament The inauguration of the EMS (European The inauguration of the EMS (European

Monetary Systems)Monetary Systems)

2nd Enlargement: 1981, Greece

In Greece In Greece Between 1967 – 1974Between 1967 – 1974

Military regime in AthensMilitary regime in Athens Committee suspended its Committee suspended its 1962 1962

association agreement with Greeceassociation agreement with Greece Restoration of Democracy in Greece Restoration of Democracy in Greece

(Committee reactivated association (Committee reactivated association with Greece)with Greece)

Athens applied for full membershipAthens applied for full membership (1976) (1976) Accession to the Economic MeritsAccession to the Economic Merits

Cont’dCont’d

Greece began negotiations in Greece began negotiations in July 27, 1976July 27, 1976

In the 1980’s Andreas In the 1980’s Andreas Papandreou’s anti – EC Papandreou’s anti – EC governmentgovernment

Application of Greece coincided Application of Greece coincided with Spain and Portugalwith Spain and Portugal

Spain and Portugal similarly Spain and Portugal similarly emerged from dictatorship in emerged from dictatorship in the mid 1970’s.the mid 1970’s.

Commission opinionCommission opinion

The Commission published its "opinion" on The Commission published its "opinion" on January 28, 1976. Surprisingly, while it January 28, 1976. Surprisingly, while it stressed that a "clearly positive response" stressed that a "clearly positive response" should be given to Greece's request for should be given to Greece's request for accession, it proposed accession, it proposed the institutionalization the institutionalization of a pre-accession transition period before full of a pre-accession transition period before full institutional integration, in order for the institutional integration, in order for the necessary economic reforms to take place.necessary economic reforms to take place.

Reasons for Application for Full Reasons for Application for Full MembershipMembership

A A source ofsource of stability stability forfor its democratic political system and institutions. its democratic political system and institutions.

to enforce its independence and position within the regional and to enforce its independence and position within the regional and international system as well as its "power to negotiate", particularly in international system as well as its "power to negotiate", particularly in relation to Turkeyrelation to Turkey. (Cyprus issue) . (Cyprus issue)

To diminish dependency on US.To diminish dependency on US.

Accession into the Community Accession into the Community as a source of development and as a source of development and modernizationmodernization of the Greek economy and Greek society. of the Greek economy and Greek society.

TTo have "presence" in, and an impact on, the process towards European o have "presence" in, and an impact on, the process towards European integration and the European model.integration and the European model.

Cont’dCont’d France feared the France feared the

consequences of competition consequences of competition with another agricultural with another agricultural Mediterranean state (Greece).Mediterranean state (Greece).

In 1979 Prime Minister In 1979 Prime Minister Karamanlis reached an Karamanlis reached an accession agreement with the accession agreement with the EC.EC.

Signed in Athens in May, Signed in Athens in May, 1979.1979.

The Treaty of Accession came into force in January 1, 1981.

… and Greece became a member of European Community as a result of the 2nd enlargement.

3rd Enlargement: 3rd Enlargement: 1986, Iberians 1986, Iberians

(Portugal & Spain)(Portugal & Spain)

3rd Enlargement of the EC began with Portugal 3rd Enlargement of the EC began with Portugal in Octoberin October, 1978, 1978..

And with Spain in February, 1979.And with Spain in February, 1979.

Portugal & Spain Want To Join EC !!Portugal & Spain Want To Join EC !!

To end their relative international isolation,To end their relative international isolation, To stabilize their newly established To stabilize their newly established

democracies,democracies, To help develop their comparatively To help develop their comparatively

antiquated economies.antiquated economies.

Profile: Portugal & SpainProfile: Portugal & Spain

Poor countriesPoor countries ( (during the applicationduring the application)) Their population is 20% of existing EC’s Their population is 20% of existing EC’s

populationpopulation Dictatorship in the mid 1970’sDictatorship in the mid 1970’s EC has the fear of economic and political EC has the fear of economic and political

consequences of memberships.consequences of memberships.

Protracted Negotiations Protracted Negotiations with Portugalwith Portugal

EC lumped together Lisbon’s and Madrid’s EC lumped together Lisbon’s and Madrid’s applications.applications.

EC’s preoccupation withEC’s preoccupation with

- internal budgetary- internal budgetary

- institutional issues- institutional issues

Factors peculiar to Portugal;Factors peculiar to Portugal;

Textiles, Migrant Workers, AgricultureTextiles, Migrant Workers, Agriculture

(talks’ slow process)(talks’ slow process)

PortugalPortugal

First application in March, 1977First application in March, 1977 Negotiations began with the EC before Negotiations began with the EC before

SpainSpain EC considered them “interrelated”EC considered them “interrelated” Preaccession agreement came into Preaccession agreement came into

force on January 1, 1983force on January 1, 1983 Providing funds to help modernize the Providing funds to help modernize the

Portugal’s economyPortugal’s economy

Cont’dCont’d EC blocked fund on projects in the EC blocked fund on projects in the

industrial, agricultural and industrial, agricultural and fisheries sectorsfisheries sectors

In order to improve infrastructural In order to improve infrastructural and regional development in and regional development in PortugalPortugal

Margaret Thatcher supported Margaret Thatcher supported Portuguese accessionPortuguese accession

““the tradition of alliance and friendship the tradition of alliance and friendship with Portugal and tradition of wanting a with Portugal and tradition of wanting a wider and weaker community”wider and weaker community”

Negotiations with PortugalNegotiations with Portugal(April,1982; Commission president Gaston Thorn)(April,1982; Commission president Gaston Thorn)

Capital movementsCapital movements Regional policyRegional policy TransportTransport ServicesServices Nuclear CooperationNuclear Cooperation TextileTextile FisheriesFisheries Free movementFree movement of labor of labor

UNSOLVED

Administration in LisbonAdministration in Lisbon

1983, Mario Soares1983, Mario Soares Pro – ECPro – EC Agreement with IMF; to reduce Agreement with IMF; to reduce

country’s foreign debt and country’s foreign debt and restructure of the economyrestructure of the economy

Visits to EC CapitalsVisits to EC Capitals Close relationships with Close relationships with

Mitterrand:Mitterrand: ““model membermodel member state: Portugal”state: Portugal”

SpainSpain

French concerns on Spanish French concerns on Spanish membershipmembership

With the accession of Spain,With the accession of Spain,

- EC’s agricultural area would inc. by 30% - EC’s agricultural area would inc. by 30%

- farm workforce by 25%- farm workforce by 25% Time of budgetary crises Time of budgetary crises Attempted reform of the CAP (Common Attempted reform of the CAP (Common

Agricultural Policy)Agricultural Policy)

Cont’dCont’d

French VS Spanish competition in the French VS Spanish competition in the production of fruit, vegetables and production of fruit, vegetables and olive oil.olive oil.

Military coup in Madrid Jan, 1981 Military coup in Madrid Jan, 1981 (Nevertheless, France recognized Spain)(Nevertheless, France recognized Spain)

““strengthens the political structures strengthens the political structures which will enable a democratic to which will enable a democratic to accede to the … European accede to the … European Communities.”Communities.”

Cont’dCont’d

The government seemed unwilling to The government seemed unwilling to embrace obligations;embrace obligations;

- value added tax- value added tax

- curtail subsidies- curtail subsidies

- end protectionism from the date of - end protectionism from the date of accessionaccession

Administration in MadridAdministration in Madrid

Felipe Gonzales Felipe Gonzales governmentgovernment

Passionate EurophilePassionate Europhile Inspired by the visits of Inspired by the visits of

SoSoaares to the EC statesres to the EC states

- personal charm- personal charm

- political savvy - political savvy

- ideological affinity- ideological affinity

Tense Issues Between Tense Issues Between EC and SpainEC and Spain

AgricultureAgriculture Fishery problem with France Fishery problem with France

(Bay of Biscay)(Bay of Biscay) 1984 1984 Common Fisheries PolicyCommon Fisheries Policy

As a result of Fontainebleau summit in 1984 obstacles on fisheries removed.

… And on January 1, 1986 Portugal and Spain became member states of the European Community as a result of 3rd enlargement.

Fourth enlargementFourth enlargementAustria, Finland, SwedenAustria, Finland, Sweden

Economic situation-better than the most Europe was Economic situation-better than the most Europe was SwedenSweden

Austria and Finland under the Soviet Union influence:Austria and Finland under the Soviet Union influence: discussion of possible membership ECSC (1951-1952)discussion of possible membership ECSC (1951-1952) EEC (1957-1958) EEC (1957-1958) 1957-1958 membership of the EEC was ruled out by 1957-1958 membership of the EEC was ruled out by

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Austria was hesitating itself (hungarian revolution Austria was hesitating itself (hungarian revolution

supressed by the red army)supressed by the red army) Importance of neutralityImportance of neutrality

Fourth enlargement (2)Fourth enlargement (2)Austria, Finland, SwedenAustria, Finland, Sweden

1959-1960 Austria joined EFTA, 1959-1960 Austria joined EFTA, increase of the chance increase of the chance to enter the EECto enter the EEC

1961-application for EEC association 1961-application for EEC association Soviet Union’s Soviet Union’s vetoveto

low chances to enter the EEC for Austrialow chances to enter the EEC for Austria 1961-FINEFTA with EFTA members1961-FINEFTA with EFTA members 1991-1994 –Austrian government supports the integration1991-1994 –Austrian government supports the integration


Sweden:Sweden: Nordic cooperation Nordic cooperation more valuable than European more valuable than European

integrationintegration The Nordic Council (1952)The Nordic Council (1952) Reasons of the SAP`s scepticism towards the governments Reasons of the SAP`s scepticism towards the governments

of Western Europe were mainly culturalof Western Europe were mainly cultural Reasons of the refusal towards the EEC membership: Reasons of the refusal towards the EEC membership:

external tariff, the possibility of threatening the Nordic external tariff, the possibility of threatening the Nordic Customs UnionCustoms Union


1958-active part in the creation of the EFTA 1958-active part in the creation of the EFTA (Scandinavian states, Great Britain, Austria, Portugal)(Scandinavian states, Great Britain, Austria, Portugal)

1972-the EC agreement was concluded (forbade tariffs, 1972-the EC agreement was concluded (forbade tariffs, cartels)cartels)

1990-economic crisis1990-economic crisis 1990-the application for Swedish full membership (break 1990-the application for Swedish full membership (break

up of the Soviet Union)up of the Soviet Union)

Europe after the fourth enlargementEurope after the fourth enlargement

The Fifth EnlargementThe Fifth Enlargement On May 1, 2004, ten countries will join the

European Union (EU). These countries are: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

The EU will extend from the existing 15 to 25 Member States. This is the biggest enlargement since the EU creation.

The enlarged EU: 455 million inhabitants; around 18% of world trade; a combined GDP of Euro 9,712 billion or 28% of total world GDP.

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

Political Political EconomicEconomic SocialSocial

EU Enlargement: QuestionsEU Enlargement: Questions

Why did the EU expand?Why did the EU expand? How did the EU expand?How did the EU expand? What were the political implications of What were the political implications of

expansion?expansion? How did EU change to prepare for 15 new How did EU change to prepare for 15 new

members?members? What were the political, economic and social What were the political, economic and social

requirements of new member-states?requirements of new member-states? What is the future for EU expansion?What is the future for EU expansion?

Why did the EU expand?Why did the EU expand?

Changes the internal order of the EU;Changes the internal order of the EU; Allows for greater divisions in the EU;Allows for greater divisions in the EU; Forces painful economic and institutional Forces painful economic and institutional

adaptations required of the applicant country;adaptations required of the applicant country; Encourages anxiety over immigration in the Encourages anxiety over immigration in the

existing member-states.existing member-states.


Three views:Three views:1.1. Rationalist approachRationalist approach

2.2. Ethical-political approachEthical-political approach

3.3. Moral approachMoral approach


Three views and hypotheses:Three views and hypotheses:1.1. Rationalist approachRationalist approach

• The EU would concentrate only on those states that The EU would concentrate only on those states that offered the most gainoffered the most gain

2.2. Ethical-political approachEthical-political approach• The EU would concentrate on those states that had an The EU would concentrate on those states that had an

element of kinshipelement of kinship

3.3. Moral approachMoral approach• The EU would concentrate on democratic states outside The EU would concentrate on democratic states outside

the communitythe community

Who supported enlargement?Who supported enlargement?

‘‘Drivers’ vs. ‘Brakemen’Drivers’ vs. ‘Brakemen’ DriversDrivers

• those bordering the CEEC’s (except for Italy and those bordering the CEEC’s (except for Italy and Greece)Greece)

BrakemenBrakemen• All others (except for BritainAll others (except for Britain and Spain and Spain))


Limited Limited EnlargementEnlargement

Inclusive Inclusive EnlargementEnlargement

DriversDrivers AustriaAustria, , FinlandFinland, , GermanyGermany

BritainBritain, Denmark, , Denmark, SwedenSweden

BrakemenBrakemenBelgium, Luxembourg,Belgium, Luxembourg,

NetherlandsNetherlands

France, Greece, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, SpainPortugal, Spain


Reasons for supportReasons for support Geographical proximityGeographical proximity

• InterdependenceInterdependence• Shared bordersShared borders• Economic gainsEconomic gains

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement Copenhagen CriteriaCopenhagen Criteria

stability of institutions guaranteeing stability of institutions guaranteeing democracydemocracy, the , the rule of law, human rights and respect for and rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; protection of minorities;

the existence of a functioning the existence of a functioning marketmarket economy as economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; and market forces within the Union;

the ability to take on the obligations of membership the ability to take on the obligations of membership including including adherence to the aimsadherence to the aims of political, of political, economic & monetary union. economic & monetary union.

EU EnlargementEU Enlargement

The logisticsThe logistics Should the Commission be re-weighted?Should the Commission be re-weighted? Should voting change in the Council?Should voting change in the Council? How will the new states be represented in How will the new states be represented in

Parliament?Parliament?

Political ConditionsPolitical Conditions

DemocracyDemocracy TransitionTransition ConsolidationConsolidation European Union and DemocratisationEuropean Union and Democratisation

Political ConditionsPolitical Conditions

Political ConditionalityPolitical Conditionality ‘‘This is achieved by specifying conditions or This is achieved by specifying conditions or

even preconditions for support, involving even preconditions for support, involving either promises of material aid or political either promises of material aid or political opportunities.’opportunities.’

Democratic ConditionalityDemocratic Conditionality

Financial IssuesFinancial Issues

PHAREPHARE ((PPoland and oland and HHungary: ungary: AAid for id for EEconomic conomic

RRestructuring)estructuring) Three aims:Three aims:

1.1. Pre-accession Funds for adoption of the Pre-accession Funds for adoption of the AcquisAcquis

2.2. Structural FundsStructural Funds

3.3. Aimed at Regions and regional institutionsAimed at Regions and regional institutions

Financial IssuesFinancial Issues

PHAREPHARE Three phases:Three phases:

• Mark I (1989-97)Mark I (1989-97)• Mark II (1997-2000)Mark II (1997-2000)• Mark III (2000-)Mark III (2000-)

Candidate CountriesCandidate Countries

TurkeyTurkey

Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

CroatiaCroatia

Potential Candidate CountriesPotential Candidate Countries

AlbaniaAlbania

Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina MontenegroMontenegro SerbiaSerbia KosovoKosovo

First Wave of European Enlargement-1973 Britain, Denmark, Ireland.

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Transcript of First Wave of European Enlargement-1973 Britain, Denmark, Ireland.