First AidFirst Aid

Minimizes injury to affected person until help arrives

Minimizes injury to affected person until help arrives

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

Remain calmEvaluate situationTreatments varies based on

need and supplies

Remain calmEvaluate situationTreatments varies based on

need and supplies

StepsSteps

Recognize emergency existsSometimes signs are

obvious, other times they are not

Check area for safetyCall for medical help Get permission if possibletriage

Recognize emergency existsSometimes signs are

obvious, other times they are not

Check area for safetyCall for medical help Get permission if possibletriage

NEXTNEXT

Avoid movement of victimBe calmAvoid food/ drinks to victimProtect victimMaintain privacyProvide treatment that you

are qualified to give

Avoid movement of victimBe calmAvoid food/ drinks to victimProtect victimMaintain privacyProvide treatment that you

are qualified to give

CPRCPR

CardioHeartPulmonary

lungsResuscitation

to remove from apparent death/ unconsciousness

you breath and circulate blood for patient

CardioHeartPulmonary

lungsResuscitation

to remove from apparent death/ unconsciousness

you breath and circulate blood for patient

Purpose of CPR

Purpose of CPR

Keep blood flowing to vital organs

Performed until heart/lungs start working or until medical personnel arrive

Clinical vs. biological death

Keep blood flowing to vital organs

Performed until heart/lungs start working or until medical personnel arrive

Clinical vs. biological death

ABCD’sABCD’s

A- airwayB- breathingC- circulationD- defibrillation

A- airwayB- breathingC- circulationD- defibrillation

Performing CPRPerforming CPR

Evaluation victimCheck to see if unconsciousCheck for breathing

If not , place on backOpen airway

Evaluation victimCheck to see if unconsciousCheck for breathing

If not , place on backOpen airway

Performing CPRadults

Performing CPRadults

Correct hand positionOne person/two person

adult30:2 ratio

Correct hand positionOne person/two person

adult30:2 ratio

Infant- [0- one year]Infant- [0- one year]

One person- 30:2Two person 15:2

One person- 30:2Two person 15:2

Children [1 yr- puberty]Children [1 yr- puberty]

One rescuer30:2 ratioTwo rescuer

15:2 ratio

One rescuer30:2 ratioTwo rescuer

15:2 ratio

FIRST AID for bleeding and wounds

FIRST AID for bleeding and wounds

WoundsInjury to soft tissues

Open- break in skinClosed- no break

Wounds can cause infections, bleeding, or tetanus

WoundsInjury to soft tissues

Open- break in skinClosed- no break

Wounds can cause infections, bleeding, or tetanus

Types of woundsTypes of wounds

PAILPunctureAbrasion

Amputationavulsion

Incisionlaceration

PAILPunctureAbrasion

Amputationavulsion

Incisionlaceration

BleedingBleeding

Control bleedingDeath can occurCan come from veins,

arteries, or capillariesObserve standard precautions

Control bleedingDeath can occurCan come from veins,

arteries, or capillariesObserve standard precautions

Controlling BleedingControlling Bleeding

Direct pressureElevationBandagesPressure on pressure pointsDon’t remove dressing

Direct pressureElevationBandagesPressure on pressure pointsDon’t remove dressing

Controlling bleedingControlling bleeding

Minor WoundsMinor Wounds

Prevent infectionWash handsGlovesWash woundRinseUse sterile supplies

Prevent infectionWash handsGlovesWash woundRinseUse sterile supplies

Signs of infectionSigns of infection

SwellingHeatRednessPainFeverPusRed streaks

SwellingHeatRednessPainFeverPusRed streaks

TetanusTetanus

Bacteria can easily enter an open wound

Tetanus shot/booster shot as needed [ usually every 10 years]

Bacteria can easily enter an open wound

Tetanus shot/booster shot as needed [ usually every 10 years]

Objects embedded in wound

Objects embedded in wound

examplesexamples

Splinters, pieces of glassIf superficial, removeEmbedded objects should be

removed by a doctor

Splinters, pieces of glassIf superficial, removeEmbedded objects should be

removed by a doctor

Closed woundsClosed wounds

If bruised, apply ice to reduce swelling

Look for internal bleedingGet medical helpCheck for breathing and

shockNo food/ drink

If bruised, apply ice to reduce swelling

Look for internal bleedingGet medical helpCheck for breathing and

shockNo food/ drink

ShockShock

Also called hypofusionClinical set of signs and

symptoms that are associated with inadequate blood supply to body organs;especially heart and brain

Also called hypofusionClinical set of signs and

symptoms that are associated with inadequate blood supply to body organs;especially heart and brain

Types of shockTypes of shock

AnaphylacticCardiogenicHemorrhagicMetabolicNeurogenicPschogenicRespiratorySeptic

AnaphylacticCardiogenicHemorrhagicMetabolicNeurogenicPschogenicRespiratorySeptic

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms

Pale skin, cool to touchSweatyRapid weak pulseShallow respirationsLow blood pressure

Pale skin, cool to touchSweatyRapid weak pulseShallow respirationsLow blood pressure

General weaknessAnxiety and extreme

restlessnessExcessive thirstNausea and/or vomitingBlurred vision or changes in

appearance of eyes

General weaknessAnxiety and extreme

restlessnessExcessive thirstNausea and/or vomitingBlurred vision or changes in

appearance of eyes

TreatmentTreatment

Positioning of victimMaintain body temperatureAvoid food or drink

Positioning of victimMaintain body temperatureAvoid food or drink

PoisoningPoisoning

Can happen to anyone Poison: any substance that

causes a harmful reaction to the outside or inside of the body

Immediate action is neededFirst aid varies depending on

type of poison, injury involved, and the method of contact

Can happen to anyone Poison: any substance that

causes a harmful reaction to the outside or inside of the body

Immediate action is neededFirst aid varies depending on

type of poison, injury involved, and the method of contact

ingestioningestion

Call poison control centerSave labelTry to figure out how much

was taken/ time takenIf vomits, save sampleIpecac/ charcoal

Call poison control centerSave labelTry to figure out how much

was taken/ time takenIf vomits, save sampleIpecac/ charcoal

inhalationinhalation

Before entering area, breathe deeply

Do not breathe gasAfter rescuing victim, check

for breathingProvide artificial breathing if

neededObtain medical help

Before entering area, breathe deeply

Do not breathe gasAfter rescuing victim, check

for breathingProvide artificial breathing if

neededObtain medical help

Contact PoisoningContact Poisoning

Wash area 15-20 minutesRemove clothing/jewelry

that contain substanceCall poison controlGet medical help

Wash area 15-20 minutesRemove clothing/jewelry

that contain substanceCall poison controlGet medical help

Injection poisoningInjection poisoning

Remove embedded stinger using a credit cardDon’t use tweezers because

venom sac can release more poison

Wash areaApply dressing and cold pack

Remove embedded stinger using a credit cardDon’t use tweezers because

venom sac can release more poison

Wash areaApply dressing and cold pack

Tick bitesTick bites

Use tweezers to remove tickWash areaApply antisepticWatch for infectionGet medical help if needed

Use tweezers to remove tickWash areaApply antisepticWatch for infectionGet medical help if needed

Snakebites/ spider bitesSnakebites/ spider bites

Wash woundImmobilize area, placing

area below heartMonitor breathing, give

artificial respiration if needed

Get medical help ASAP

Wash woundImmobilize area, placing

area below heartMonitor breathing, give

artificial respiration if needed

Get medical help ASAP

A Florida snakeA Florida snake

Coral snake- recall red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black, friend of Jack’s

Coral snake- recall red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black, friend of Jack’s

BURNSBURNS

Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity

Classifications of burnsSuperficial - first degreePartial-thickness- secondFull-thickness- third

Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity

Classifications of burnsSuperficial - first degreePartial-thickness- secondFull-thickness- third

TreatmentTreatment

First degree usually doesn’t require medical treatment

Third degree doesMedical care should be

obtained if more than 15% of body is affected for an adult and 10% for a child

First degree usually doesn’t require medical treatment

Third degree doesMedical care should be

obtained if more than 15% of body is affected for an adult and 10% for a child

Rule of Nine’sRule of Nine’s

Another diagramAnother diagram

MINOR BURNSMINOR BURNS

Cool areaUse sterile gauze to dry

areaUse sterile gauze to dress

areaTry to elevate area

Cool areaUse sterile gauze to dry

areaUse sterile gauze to dress

areaTry to elevate area

SEVERE BURNSSEVERE BURNS

Seek medical helpCover areas with sterile

gauze If legs affected, don’t allow

victim to walkWatch for shock, respiratory

distress

Seek medical helpCover areas with sterile

gauze If legs affected, don’t allow

victim to walkWatch for shock, respiratory

distress

CHEMICAL BURNSCHEMICAL BURNS

Wash area for 15-30 minutes with water

Gently remove clothing that contains chemical

If one eye affected, wash affected eye for 15-30 minutes with water.Do not get chemical into uninjured eye

Wash area for 15-30 minutes with water

Gently remove clothing that contains chemical

If one eye affected, wash affected eye for 15-30 minutes with water.Do not get chemical into uninjured eye

HEAT EXPOSUREHEAT EXPOSURE

Heat cramps- cause muscle pains and spasms that result from water loss and salt thru perspiration

Apply pressure to area, drink small amounts of water or electrolytes

Heat cramps- cause muscle pains and spasms that result from water loss and salt thru perspiration

Apply pressure to area, drink small amounts of water or electrolytes

HEAT EXHAUSTIONHEAT EXHAUSTION

Due to loss of fluids thru sweating

Pale & clammy skin, fatigue, headache, muscle cramps, vomiting, dizziness, fainting

Move to cooler area, apply cool cloths, elevate legs, sips of water

Due to loss of fluids thru sweating

Pale & clammy skin, fatigue, headache, muscle cramps, vomiting, dizziness, fainting

Move to cooler area, apply cool cloths, elevate legs, sips of water

HEAT STROKEHEAT STROKE

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures

Medical emergencyBody temp risesRed, hot, dry skin. Rapid pulseApply ice/cold packs @ wrists,

ankles, armpit, groin areas

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures

Medical emergencyBody temp risesRed, hot, dry skin. Rapid pulseApply ice/cold packs @ wrists,

ankles, armpit, groin areas

COLD EXPOSURECOLD EXPOSURE

Cause body tissues to freeze and body processes to slow

Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure to cold

Cause body tissues to freeze and body processes to slow

Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure to cold

HypothermiaHypothermia

Body temp < 95o FOlder people more susceptible Shivering, numbness, weakness,

poor coordination, fatigue,loss of consciousness

Body processes can slow resulting in death

Body temp < 95o FOlder people more susceptible Shivering, numbness, weakness,

poor coordination, fatigue,loss of consciousness

Body processes can slow resulting in death

FROSTBITEFROSTBITEFreezing of tissue fluids with

damage to skin and tissuesEarly signs: redness, tinglingPale glossy skin, white/gray

in color, blisters, numbnessConfusion, lethargic,

incoherent, unconsciousness

Warm area slowly

Freezing of tissue fluids with damage to skin and tissues

Early signs: redness, tinglingPale glossy skin, white/gray

in color, blisters, numbnessConfusion, lethargic,

incoherent, unconsciousness

Warm area slowly

www.health-pictures.com

BONE INJURIESBONE INJURIES

Fractures- break in boneDislocations- moved out

of positionSprains- tissue injury

around boneStrains- overstretching

muscle

Fractures- break in boneDislocations- moved out

of positionSprains- tissue injury

around boneStrains- overstretching

muscle

FIRST AIDFIRST AID

Fractures/dislocation- immobilize bone

Seek medical helpUse sling/ splints

Fractures/dislocation- immobilize bone

Seek medical helpUse sling/ splints

moremore

SprainsElevate partSupply support to area

Strains Apply cold/ warm applications Rest If severe, seek medical help

SprainsElevate partSupply support to area

Strains Apply cold/ warm applications Rest If severe, seek medical help

splintssplints

Devices to immobilize injured parts

Types of splintsPneumatic or air splintsPadded boardsTraction splints

Splints can also be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards

Should be padded

Devices to immobilize injured parts

Types of splintsPneumatic or air splintsPadded boardsTraction splints

Splints can also be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards

Should be padded

NECK/SPINAL INJURIESNECK/SPINAL INJURIES

Very dangerous, can result in paralysis

Avoid movementWait for help

Very dangerous, can result in paralysis

Avoid movementWait for help

OTHER INJURIESOTHER INJURIESEYEEARBRAINNOSECHESTABDOMINALHEART ATTACKSTROKEFAINTINGSEIZURESDIABETES

EYEEARBRAINNOSECHESTABDOMINALHEART ATTACKSTROKEFAINTINGSEIZURESDIABETES

Applying Dressings and Bandages

Applying Dressings and Bandages

Used as a sterile covering and to control bleeding

Tape, pins, tying to hold in place along with splints and body parts

Used as a sterile covering and to control bleeding

Tape, pins, tying to hold in place along with splints and body parts

Types of bandagesTypes of bandages

GauzeTriangularElastic

WrappingFigure 8SpiralRecurrent

GauzeTriangularElastic

WrappingFigure 8SpiralRecurrent

Post wrappingPost wrapping

Check for circulationSwelling/edemaPale colorColdnessNumbness/tinglingSlow capillary refill

Loosen bandage if these signs appear

Check for circulationSwelling/edemaPale colorColdnessNumbness/tinglingSlow capillary refill

Loosen bandage if these signs appear

The endThe end