First Aid

First Steps

• Know your duty to care– You have a duty to give the level of care that

you will learn in this course. You have a legal responsibility to act the way a reasonable person with your level of training would act.

• Check the Scene

• Introduce yourself and your qualifications

Protective Equipment

• Gloves– How to remove gloves

Protect yourself and the victim

Proper Disposal

- Biohazard bag

Controlling Bleeding

1. Apply gloves2. Using gauze… apply direct pressure to

the wound.3. If the wound continues to bleed through

add another layer of gauze…NOT removing the first layer

4. If the wound STILL doesn’t stop bleeding apply pressure to the nearest pressure point

a. Brachial Artery or Femoral Artery

Controlling Bleeding

• For small cuts/ wounds– Vaseline is oil based and blood is water

based. Oil and water don’t mix!– Superglue vs. Liquid bandaid

• Bandaids and Athletes don’t work!– Sticky spray– Pre-wrap and elastic tape

Controlling Bleeding cont.

• During competition an ATC must control bleeding quickly and effectively.

• Once bleeding is controlled all equipment/ uniforms must be cleaned w/ either water or Hydrogen peroxide.

(1)

Bleeding from the Nose

1. Send someone to get the first aid kit2. Put on gloves3. Have the athlete

• Pinch their nose on the bridge• Lean FORWARD

4. If bleeding continues apply an icepack to the nose

5. Apply some Vaseline to a nose plug and have the athlete insert it into the nose.

Phone or ask someone to call 911 if• You cant stop the bleeding in about 15 minutes• The bleeding is heavy, such as gushing blood• The victim has trouble breathing (2)

Splinting

Only if transporting without EMS assistance

1. Stabilize the injury

2. Check blood flow

3. Apply the splint to joint above and below the injury

4. Tie the splint below then above the injury

5. Re-check blood flow

Splinting

• Anatomical– To another body part (fingers)

• Soft Splint– Towels, blanket, etc

• Hard Splint– Splint, cardboard, etc

Sling

• Go UNder the arm to the UNinjured side

• Go over the arm to the injured side

• Tighten the sling to raise the arm until comfortable

• Tie the sling to the side of the neck

• RE-check pulse

(3)

Conscious Choking1. Ask if they are choking

2. Stand firmly behind him and wrap your arms around him so that your hands are in front

3. Make a fist with one hand

4. Put the thumb side of your fist slightly above his navel (belly button) and around the waist

5. Grasp the fist with your other hand and give quick upward thrusts into his abdomen

6. Give thrusts until the object is forced out and he can breath, cough, or talk OR until he stops responding

Unconscious Choking

1. Call 9-1-1

2. Lower the victim to the ground, face up.

3. Open the airway

4. Look in the victim’s mouth for an object, a. If you see an object then remove it with your fingers,

b. If you don’t see one then give 2 breaths and a set of 30 compressions,

5. Repeat steps 3-4 until an AED or other medical professionals arrive.

AsthmaSteps for using your inhaler• Getting Ready

– Take off the cap and shake the inhaler.– Breathe out all the way.– HOLD YOUR INHALER ABOUT 2 INCHES IN FRONT

OF YOUR MOUTH (2 FINGERS) or use a spacer.

• Breathe In Slowly and Deep– As you start breathing in slowly through your mouth,

press down on the inhaler one time.

• Hold Your Breath– Hold your breath as you count to ten slowly, if you can.

• Wait about one minute between puffs. – There is no need to wait between puffs for other

medicines.

Bad Allergic Reactions

1. Make sure the scene is safe2. Call 911 and get the first aid kit.3. HELP the person use their injector.4. If the victim stops responding, start the steps

of CPR.5. If possible: save a sample of what caused the

allergy in case it is new….

• Some have voice instructions…..

How to use an epinephrine pen

1. Get the prescribed epinephrine pen. 2. Take off the safety cap. Follow the instructions printed

on the package.3. Hold the epinephrine pen in your fist without touching

either end.4. Press the tip of the pen hard against the side of the

victim’s thigh, about halfway between the hip and knee. 5. Hold the pen in place for several seconds.6. Rub the injection spot 7. After using the pen, properly dispose it. 8. Write down the time of the injection.9. Stay with the victim until trained help arrives and takes

over.

Heart Attack

• Signs– Chest discomfort/ heartburn/ indigestion– Pain in one or both arms, back, neck, jaw, or

abdomen– Shortness of breath– Cold sweat– Nausea– Light-headedness** Women, Elderly, and those with diabetes

may show more subtle symptoms

Heart Attack

1. Have the victim sit quietly.

2. Phone or have someone phone 911.

3. Ask someone to get the first aid kit and AED if available.

4. Be ready to start the steps pf CPR and use the AED if the victim stops responding.

(4)

Shock

A sudden physical or biochemical disturbance that results in inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of vital organs

• Types– Septic shock results from bacteria multiplying in the

blood and releasing toxins. – Anaphylactic shock is a type allergic reaction. – Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart is

damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body.

– Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss,

– Neurogenic shock is caused by spinal cord injury,

Signs of Shock

• restlessness or irritability

• altered consciousness

• pale, moist, cool and eventually blue skin

• rapid breathing

• rapid pulse

Fainting

1. Make sure the scene is safe.2. Help the victims lie flat on the floor. 3. Ask the victim to stay flat on the floor until

the dizziness goes away.4. Look for injuries caused by the fall. 5. Once the victim is no longer dizzy, help the

victim to sit up very slowly and briefly remain sitting before slowly standing.

(5)

Diabetes• Hypoglycemia

(not enough sugar)

– hunger – shakiness – nervousness – sweating – dizziness or light-

headedness – sleepiness – confusion – difficulty speaking – anxiety – weakness

• Diabetic Coma– Shut down of body

functions due to not enough glucose (sugar) in the body to perform basic body functions

Diabetes

1. Have the victim sit or lie down

2. If the victim can sit up and swallow • give the victim something containing sugar

to eat or drink.

3. Call 911 if the person does not feel better within a few minutes of eating something with sugar in it.

Stroke

F.A.S.T.• Face

• Arm

• Speech

• Time

1. Make sure the scene is safe.

2. Call 911

3. If needed perform CPR.

(6)

Seizure1. Protect the victim from, injury by

• Moving furniture or other objects out of the victim’s way

• Placing a pad or towel under the victim’s head• DO NOT RESTRAIN OR PUT ANYTHING IN

THEIR MOUTH!2. Call 911.3. After the seizure, check to see if the victim is

breathing. If you know they aren’t responding then start the steps of CPR.

4. Stay with the victim until– They become conscious– The EMS arrives

Injuries from Puncturing Objects

1. Make sure the scene is safe for you and the victim2. Phone or ask someone to phone 9113. Put on personal protective equipment4. Stop any bleeding you can see5. Try to keep the victim from moving6. Check for signs of shock

DO NOT-If a person is injured and a sharp object, such as a nail or aknife, remain partly stuck in the body, do not take it out.

Taking it out could cause more damage.

(8)

Tooth Injuries

1. Make sure the scene is safe for you and the victim

2. Send someone to get the first aid kit

3. Put on personal protective equipment

4. Check the victim’s mouth for any missing teeth, loose teeth, or parts of teeth

5. If a tooth is loose, have the victim bite down on a piece of gauze to keep the tooth in place and call the victim’s dentist.

Teeth Injuries Continued

6.If a tooth is chipped, gently clean the injured area and call the victims dentist

7. If the victim lost a tooth, rinse the tooth in water, put the tooth in a cup of milk and immediately take the victim and tooth to a dentist

8. Apply pressure with gauze to stop any bleeding at the empty tooth socket.

9. Tell the victim to talk with a dentist if a tooth changes color after an injury

Bleeding you can not see

1. Make sure the scene is safe for you and the victim

2. Phone or ask someone to phone 911 and get the first aid kit and AED if available

3. Have the victim lie down and keep still4. Check for signs of shock5. If the victim stops responding, start the

steps of CPR if you know how

(9)

Head, Neck, and Spine Injuries

• Head– Disorientation– Confusion– Blurry vision– “Blacking Out”– Amnesia– Irregular eye

tracking

• Neck/ Spine– Pain along CENTER

of neck/ back– Numbness/ Tingling

into arms, core, or legs

– Weakness in arms/ legs

– Inability to move arms/ legs

Signs/ Symptoms

Head, Neck and Spine Injuries

1. Make sure the scene is safe for you and the victim

2. Phone or ask someone to phone 911 and get the first aid kit

3. Hold the head and neck so that the head and neck DO NOT MOVE, bend, or twist.

4. ONLY turn or move the victim if• The victim is in danger• You need to do so to check breathing or open

the victims airway• The victim is vomiting

Head, Neck and Spine Injuries continued

5. If the victim does not respond, start the steps of CPR if you know how

6. If you turn the victim, be sure to roll the victim while you support the victim’s head, neck and body in a straight line so that they do not twist, bend or turn in any direction. This requires two rescuers

7. If the victim responds but is vomiting, roll the victim onto her side

(11)

Small Burns

1. Make sure the scene is safe2. Send someone to get the first aid kit, or

go get it.3. If the burn is small, cool it immediately

with cold, but not ice cold, water.4. Cover the burn with a dry, nonstick

sterile or clean dressing.5. Phone 911 if there is a fire, or the burn is

large.

Electrical Injury

1. Make sure the scene is safe, do not touch the victim if they are in contact with the power source.

2. Phone 9113. When it is safe touch the victim, check for a

response. If the victim doesn’t respond then start the steps of CPR.

4. Check for signs of shock5. A healthcare provider should check the victims

with electrical injury.

Animal and Human Bites

1. Safe Scene?2. Stay away from any animals that is acting strangely. An

animal with rabies can bite again.3. For animal bites, phone 911.4. Put on personal protective equipment.5. Clean the victim’s wound with running water, and soap if

available.6. Stop any bleeding with pressure.7. Report all animal bites to police or animal control officer.8. If there is a bruise or swelling, place ice on it for 20 min

(10)

Snakebites

1. Be careful around snake; if alive back away and go around snake if dead leave it alone.

2. Phone 911.3. Ask another person to move any other people inside or

away from the area.4. Put on personal protective equipment. 5. Ask the victim to be still and calm. 6. Tell the victim not to move the part of the body that

was bitten.7. Gently wash the bite with running water.8. If a coral snake bit the victim, apply mild pressure by

wrapping a bandage comfortably tight.

Insect: Bee and Spider Bites and Stings

1. Make sure the scene is safe.2. Phone 911.3. If a bee stung the victim; look for the stinger,

Scrape away the stinger with a dull edge such as a credit card.

4. Wash the bite or sting area with running water.5. Put an ice bag wrapped in a towel on the sting

or bite, to reduce swelling.6. Watch the victim for at least 30 mins for signs

of a bad allergic reaction.

Tick Bites

1. Grab the tick by its mouth or head as close to the skin as possible with tweezers or a tick-removing device. Try to avoid pinching the tick.

2. Lift the tick straight out without twisting or squeezing its body. If you lift the tick until the victim’s skin tents and wait for several seconds the tick might let go.

3. Wash the bite with running water.4. See a healthcare provider if you are in an area

where Lyme disease occurs.

Poison Emergencies1. Safe Scene?2. Look out for spilled or leaking bottles or

boxes. 3. Call 9-1-1/ the poison control center. Tell

them the name of the poison if possible.4. Not breathing? Do CPR.5. If safe for you, remove the poison from the

victim’s skin and clothing- Brush off powders, Flush liquids with A LOT of

water for at least 20 minutes or until help arrives