First Aid and Wound Care2 (1)

8/4/2019 First Aid and Wound Care2 (1)

1/24

Silliman UniversityCollege of Nursing

Dumaguete City

Research UnitResearch Unitonon

FIRST AID AND WOUND CAREFIRST AID AND WOUND CARE

Submitted by:Submitted by: Corsame, Artlene MaerCorsame, Artlene MaerZosima, Zenaida Flor de May Y.Zosima, Zenaida Flor de May Y.

Submitted to:Submitted to: MrMr.. Michael B. ObateMichael B. Obate

June 11, 2011June 11, 2011


2/24

VISIONVISION

A leading Christian institution committed to total human development for

the well- being of society and environment.

MISSIONMISSION

Infuse into the academic learning the Christian faith anchored on the gospel of Jesus Christ; provan environment where Christian fellowship and relationship can be nurtured and promoted.

Provide opportunities for growth and development in every dimension of the university life in orto promote character, competence and faith.

Instill in all members of the university community an enlightened social consciousness and a dsense of justice and compassion.

Promote unity among peoples and contribute to national development.


3/24

RESOURCE UNIT ON FIRST AID AND WOUND CARE

Time allotment: 1 hour and 30 mins.Topic Description: This topic deals with first aidits aims and guidelines, and the first aid measures used in managing common problems in the ca

school-age children. It also includes the guidelines in doing wound care. The nursing process is utilized as a guide in giving first Central Objective: At the end of the ward class, the learners will gain broader knowledge, develop beginning skills and manifest desirable attit

integrating first aid in the care of school-age children.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENTS T/A T/L STRATEGIES EVALUATION

After the ward class, thelearners will:

PrayerDear heavenly father we praise and thank you for the

wonderful blessings that you have showered upon us, for givingus our parents, our classmates, our teachers and all the peoplethat have been part of our lives. May you forgive us and cleanseus from all the sins we have committed. And Lord, may Youcontinue to guide us in our studies and that we may be able to bea good sons and daughters of yours that we may not be temptedto do evil things or even think of evil thoughts. And please helpus to do good things Lord and help us to appreciate all the goodthings in life. This we ask in your Almighty name.

Amen.

I. IntroductionA. Overview

First-aid procedures are constantly being reviewed toensure that the casualty is getting the best possible care.Most of us feel apprehensive when dealing with "the realthing". By facing up to these feelings, we are better ableto cope with the unexpected. It is not an exact science,and is thus open to human error. Even with appropriatetreatment, and however hard we try, a casualty may not

respond as hoped. Some conditions inevitably lead todeath, even with the best medical care. If we do our best,our conscience can be clear.

II. First Aid2.1Definition

1 min.

3 mins

Lecture: Social Discussion

Lecture: Social DiscussionQuestion and Answer

The students shable to:

Define First Atheir own terms


4/24

Discuss the three aims of first

aid concisely.

First aid is the immediate assistance or treatment givento someone injured or suddenly taken ill before thearrival of an ambulance, doctor or other appropriatelyqualified person. The person offering this help to acasualty must act calmly and with confidence, and aboveall must be willing to offer assistance whenever the needarises.

2.2Aims

2.2.1 To preserve life and limb the overriding aim of allmedical care, including first aid, is to save lives.

Pay strict attention to safety

Follow the ABC of resuscitation

Control any major bleeding

2.2.2 To prevent the patients condition from worsening

sometimes also called prevent further harm or danger of

further injury, this covers both external factors, such as

moving a patient away from any cause of harm, andapplying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the

condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed

becoming dangerous.

Make diagnosis of the injury or illness, if possible, bymeans of a thorough examination.

Give priority to seriously injured casualties.

Treat multiple injuries in order of priority, dealing withlife-threatening conditions first. Consider the possibilityof hidden secondary conditions.

2.2.3 To promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to

start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in

some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as

in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound

(Quick Review)


5/24

Relieve any discomfort, pain or anxiety.

Arrange for appropriate medical attention.

2.3Priorities

2.3.1 Assess the situationYour priorities are to identify any risks to yourself, to

the casualty, and to any bystanders, then to assess theresources available to you and the kind of help youmay need help. Your approach should be brisk, butcalm and controlled, so that you can quickly take in asmuch information as possible. State that you havefirst-aid skills when offering your help. If there are nodoctors, nurses, or more experienced people present,calmly take charge.

2.3.2 Make the area safeThe conditions that caused the accident may still be

presenting further danger. Remember that you mustput your own safety first. You cannot help others if youbecome a casualty yourself. Often, very simplemeasures, such as turning off a switch, are enough tomake the area safe. Sometimes more complicatedprocedures are required. Never put yourself and thecasualty at further risk by attempting to do too much;be aware of your limitations.

2.3.3 Assess all the casualties and give emergency first aidQuickly assess all casualties moving them only if

they are in danger or you need to do so to apply life-saving treatment. Deal with life threatening conditionsfirst. Search the area thoroughly, so that you do notoverlook a casualty who may have been thrown nearin the accident or have wandered away whileconfused. Give emergency first aid. Once it is safe,quickly make an initial assessment of each casualtyfollowing the ABC of resuscitation, so that any

55mins


6/24

Outline the steps inresuscitation correctly.

casualty needing emergency first aid is treatedimmediately.

2.3.4 Get helpYou may be faced with a number of tasks: to

maintain safety, to telephone for help, and to start firstaid. Often people can be asked to:o Make the area safe

o Telephone for assistance

o Fetch first-aid equipmento Control traffic and onlookers

o Control bleeding or support a limb

o Maintain the casualtys privacy.

o Transport the casualty to a safe place.

2.4 Resuscitation2.4.1 Definition

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation is the first aidprocedure intended to revive a heart and lungarrest within 3 to 4 minutes, from the time the

heartbeat and breathing stops prevent deathor irreversible brain damage.

2.4.2 The ABC of ResuscitationCPR has its ABCs and these are as follows:

A-irway check for airway clearance by openingthe clients mouth. Look for an object thatobstructs it like food or small toys. Get anyobstructions using your index and middle fingers.

B-reathing while tilting the clients head, placeyour ear over his mouth, facing his chest andlisten for breathing and watch for the rise and fall

of the chest. If the client is not breathing, provideventilation by giving rescue breathing.

C-irculation check for the circulation bypalpating the carotid pulse. Provide artificialcirculation the use of external chest compression

Lecture: Social DiscussionQuestion and Answer(Quick Review)


7/24

Given actual situations, thelearners will:

Explain briefly the nature ofeach problem.

2.4.3 The Resuscitation SequenceWhen dealing with a collapsed casualty, following

the sequence below will enable you to check thecasualty's response, breathing, and circulation, andslow you how to resuscitate if necessary.

Check the casualtys response: Try to get aresponse by asking questions, carefully shakinghim or gently pinching him.

Open the airway and check breathing: Tilt thehead back to open the airway. Check forbreathing. If the casualty is breathing, place him inthe recovery position.

Breathe for the casualty: look into the mouth andremove any obvious obstruction. If the casualty isnot breathing, keep the head tilted back, pinch thenostrils, closed, and give two breaths or mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

Assess for circulation: Check the pulse for up toten seconds. If you can feel a pulse, continueartificial ventilation. If there is no pulse or no othersign of recovery, begin CPR.

Commence CPR: Alternate 15 chestcompressions to 2 breaths of artificial ventilation(repeat this sequence as necessary).

III. Common Problems of School-Age Children and theirManagement

3.1 Wounds and Wound Care3.1.1 Types

A. According to degree of contaminationa. Clean

An uninfected wounds in which no inflammationis encountered and the respiratory, alimentary,genital, and urinary tract are not entered.

Are primarily closed wounds; or if necessary

Lecture through a game:MechanicsIdentify the type of woundof the picture given to you.Then give a shortdescription.

Slideshow presentation


8/24

they are drained with no drainage.

Wound containing no pathogenic organisms

There is low risk of infection

b. Clean-contaminated

Are surgical wounds in which the respiratory,alimentary, genital or urinary tract has been

entered? Such wounds show no evidence ofinfection.

Wound made under aseptic conditions butinvolving body cavity that normally harborsmicroorganisms.

There is greater risk of infection than withclean wound

c. Contaminated

Include open, fresh, accidental wounds andsurgical wounds involving a major break insterile technique or a large amount of spillagefrom the gastrointestinal tract. Contaminated

wounds show evidence of inflammation. Wound existing under conditions in which

presence of microorganisms is likely

There is high risk of infection

d. Dirty or infected

Wound presents signs of infection(inflammation, purulent, drainage, skinseparation)

Include old, accidental wounds containingdead tissue and wounds with evidence of aclinical infection, such as purulent drainage.

(e.g., ruptured bowel) Bacterial organisms present in wound site

usually 105 organisms per gram of tissue


9/24

Identify at least 2signs/symptoms for eachcommon problem.

Cite at least 75% of the firstaid measures for eachproblem.

Perform the appropriate firstaid measures satisfactorily.

Give at least 2 tips to preventthe problem.

B. According to how they are acquired (extent of tissuelayers involved)

a. Incision clean cut from a sharp edge such as a broken

glass (e.g. knife or scalpel)

Open wound; deep or shallow; painful

b. Contusion

closed wound caused by a blow to body byblunt object; contusion or bruise characterizedby swelling, discoloration, and pain

wound is more severe if internal organ iscontused; wound may cause temporary loss offunction of body part; localized bleeding intotissues may cause hematoma (collection ofblood)

c. Abrasion

a superficial wound in which the top layers ofthe skin are scraped off, leaving raw tenderarea

open wound involving the skind. Puncture

a wound with small entry site, but a deep trackof internal damage

penetration of the skin and the underlying

tissues by a sharp instrument, either intentionalor unintentional

e. Laceration

a crushing or ripping forces which results inrough tears or lacerations

tissues torn apart, often from accident (e.g.,


10/24

with machinery)f. Penetrating Wound

penetration of the skin and the underlyingtissues, usually unintentional (e.g., from a bulletor metal fragments)

3.1.2 Kinds of Wound Drainage/ExudatesA. Serous

A serous exudate consists chiefly of serum (theclear portion of the blood) derived from blood

and the serous membranes of the body, suchas the peritoneum. It looks watery and has fewcells. An example is the fluid in a blister from aburn.

B. Purulent

It is thicker than serous exudate because of thepresence of pus, which consist of leukocytes,liquefied, dead tissue debris, and dead livingbacteria.

C. Sanguineous

It is consist of large amounts of red blood cells,indicating damage to capillaries that is severeenough to allow the escape of red blood cellsfrom plasma. This type of exudates isfrequently seen in open wounds.

D. Mixed Typesa. serosanguineous- consisting of clear and

blood-tinged drainage; exudate is commonlyseen in surgical incision

b. purosanguineous- discharge consisting pusand blood which is often seen in a new woundthat is infected

3.1.3 Factors Affecting Wound HealingA. Developmental Considerations

Healthy children and adults often heal morequickly than older people, who are more likelyto have chronic diseases that hinder healing.For example, reduced liver function can impairthe synthesis of blood clotting factors.

Lecture with slideshowpresentation


11/24

B. Nutrition

Wound healing places additional demands onthe body. Clients require a diet rich in protein,carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins A and C, andminerals, such as iron, zinc, copper.Malnourished clients may require time toimprove their nutritional status before surgery, ifthis is possible. Obese clients are at increasedrisk of wound infection and slower healing

because adipose tissue usually has a minimalblood supply.

C. Lifestyle

People who exercise regularly tend to havegood circulation and because blood bringsoxygen and nourishment to the wound, they aremore likely to heal quickly. Smoking reducesthe amount of functional hemoglobin in theblood, thus limiting the oxygen-carryingcapacity of the blood, and constricts arterioles.

D. Medications

Anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., steroids and

aspirin) and anti-neoplastic agents interferewith healing. Prolonged use of antibiotics maymake a person susceptible to wound infectionby resistant organisms.

3.1.4 Wound CareA. Guidelines in cleaning wounds

Use solutions such as isotonic saline or tap water toclean or irrigate wounds. If antimicrobial solutions areused, make sure they are well diluted.

When possible, warm the solution to body

temperature before use. (This prevents lowering thewound temperature, which slows the healingprocess).

If a wound is grossly contaminated by foreignmaterial, bacteria, slough, or necrotic tissue, clean


12/24

the wound at every dressing change.(Foreign bodiesand devitalized tissue act as a focus for infection andcan delay healing).

If a wound is clean, has little exudates, and revealshealthy granulation tissue, avoid repeated cleaning.(Unnecessary cleaning can delay wound healing bytraumatizing newly produced, delicate tissues,reducing the surface temperature of the wound, and

removing exudates which itself may have bactericidalproperties).

Use gauze squares. Avoid using cotton balls andother products that shed fibers into the woundsurface. (The fibers become embedded ingranulation tissue and can act as foci for infection.They may also stimulate foreign body reactions,prolonging the inflammatory phase of healing anddelaying the healing process).

Clean superficial noninfected wounds by irrigating

them with normal saline. (The hydraulic pressure ofan irrigating stream of fluid dislodges contaminatingdebris and reduces bacterial colonization).

To retain wound moisture, avoid drying a wound aftercleaning it.

Hold cleaning sponges with forceps or with a sterilegloved hand.

Clean from the wound in an outward direction to

avoid transferring organisms from the surroundingskin into the wound.

Consider not cleaning the wound at all if it appears tobe clean.


13/24

3.2 Burns and Scalds3.2.1 Definition

Burns results to excessive exposure to thermal,chemical, electric, or radioactive agents

A scald is a burn from a hot liquid or vapour, suchas steam.

3.2.2 Types and Assessment Findings

First-degree burn- damage is limited to the top skinlayer called epidermis; the burn cases pain andredness

Second-degree burn- the top skin layer and the partof the layer under it called the dermis, aredamaged; the person has blisters, pain, andswelling

Third-degree burn- damages both the epidermisand the dermis; no blisters appear, but white, red,brown, gray, or black leathery tissue is visible.

3.2.3 First Aid Measures

Remove the child from the cause of burning withoutendangering yourself.

Hold the burn under cold water at least 10 minutes.

If the burn is minor remove clothing from the affectedarea.

If the burn is more serious, remove clothing only if it isstuck to the burn and you can do so easily and withoutdoing more harm. Do this after cooling with water.

Loosen tight clothing and removed any jewellery,

because the burnt area may swell. Cover the burn with clingfilm or a clean, non-fluffy cloth

(handkerchief, pillow case or linen/cotton tea towel). Orput a clean plastic bag over a foot, hand, arm or leg.

Do not apply any lotions, creams or fats.

Do not burst blisters or use adhesive dressings.


14/24

Take the child to the neatest Accident and Emergency.

Watch for signs of shock.

3.2.4 Tips on Prevention

Never leave children alone around open flames, stovesor candles.

Keep matches, gasoline, lighters and other flammable

materials out of childrens reach. Teach children a plan for escaping your home in a fire

and practice it!

Install smoke alarms in your home on every level and inevery sleeping area, testing them once a month andreplacing the batteries at least twice a year.

Before bathing children in heated water, always run youropen hand through the water to check its temperature oruse a tub thermometer.

Keep hot foods and liquids away from table and counteredges. Never carry children and hot foods or liquids at

the same time. Make sure that pot handles are turned towards the stove

when cooking so that a child cannot accidentally grabthe handle and spill the contents.

Keep things that easily catch fire (such as papers) awayfrom heat sources like stoves, heaters and fireplaces.

3.3 Bruises and Sprains3.3.1 Definition

Bruise are accompanied by bleeding into thedamaged area, which can lead to pain,swelling, and bruising

Sprain is an injury to a ligament at or near ajoint.

3.3.2 First Aid MeasuresBruises

Raise the injured part. Lift up the affected part


15/24

of the body to a comfortable position so that itcan rest. This reduces the circulation andminimizes swelling.

Apply firm pressure with your hand on a coldcompress for as long as 30 minutes to minimizethe swelling. You can use a cold paddampened with cold water or an ice pack.

SprainFollow the RICE procedure.

R est, steady and support the injured part in them the most comfortable position for thecasualty.

Ice pack or cold compress should be applied tocool the area, if the injury has just happened.This will reduce swelling, bruising, and pain.

C ompress the injury. Apply gentle evenpressure to the injured part.

E levate and support the injured limb, to reduceblood flow to the injury and to minimize thebruising.

Dipped Take or send the casualty to thehospital or if injury seems very minor, advisethe casualty to rest the injured part.

3.4 Nosebleed

3.4.1 Definition and CauseTiny blood vessels in the membranes that line the nostrilsmay rupture when treated roughly. This can happenduring a sneeze, a bang on the nose, or if the child blowstheir nose too vigorously. A nosebleed is only dangerousif the child loses a lot of blood or if the blood is thin andwatery following a head injury.

3.4.2 First Aid measures

Let the child sit down. Ask her to lean forward over abasin to allow the blood to flow freely from her nose. Donot let her lean back, as the blood may tickle down her


16/24

throat and cause her to vomit.

Pinch the nostrils. Encourage her to breathe through hermouth. Ask her to spit any blood into the basin..

Reassure and encourage her not to sniff, swallow,cough, or even speak. This will allow time for clots toform. Her nostrils needs to be pinched for about 10minutes.

Release the nostrils to see if the nosebleed has stopped.If it has not, her nostrils will have to be pinched for two

more periods of about 10 minutes. If the nosebleed lastsfor longer than 30 minutes, take her to an emergencydepartment or see a doctor.

If the nosebleed has stopped, ask her to remain leaningforward. Clean the blood from around her nose withcotton wool dipped in tepid water.

The child now needs to rest for a while. Mostimportantly, she must avoid doing anything that willdisrupt the clotting process.

3.5 Fainting3.5.1 Definition and Cause

Fainting is caused by a brief restriction in blood flowto the brain, which usually corrects itself quickly.Children may faint out of hunger, fear or pain, or ifthey have to stand without moving for a long time.

3.5.2 First Aid MeasuresIf your child feels faint, lay her down with her legspropped up on cushions and carry out the following:

Watch for signs of dizziness, sickness or weakness,very pale face, briefly losing consciousness, and slowpulse.

Lie the child down, raise his/her legs and supportthem.

Loosen any clothing that is tight-fitting and providefresh air.

Give calm reassurance.

Offer a sugary drink or small snack to raise the sugar


17/24

level in her blood. Do not offer food or drink if she isnot fully conscious.

If she loses consciousness, monitor her condition(ABC). If she is breathing, place her in the recoveryposition. Call an ambulance if she doesnt regainconsciousness within three minutes.

3.6 Hyperventilation3.6.1 Definition and Cause

Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing, usually

caused by anxiety or panic. This overbreathing, as it issometimes called, may actually leave you feelingbreathless. When you breathe, you inhale oxygen andexhale carbon dioxide. Excessive breathing may lead tolow levels of carbon dioxide in your blood, which causesmany of the symptoms that you may feel if youhyperventilate.

3.6.2Signs and Symptoms

Your heart pounds.

It feels like you can't get enough air.

You feel tingling and numbness in the arms, legs,

and around the mouth. You feel a sense of doom.

You may pass out.

3.6.3First aid measures

Have the hyperventilating person breathe slowlyinto a paper bag that's held closely around his orher mouth and nose.

The person should breathe like this for five toseven minutes.

Talk to the individual the entire time. Try to

distract him or her and make the person feelcomfortable and safe.

If symptoms fail to improve or the person losesconsciousness, take him or her to the emergencyroom.

3.7 Animal Bites


18/24

3.7.1 Insect Bites

Bee, wasp, and hornet stings usually are painful ratherrather than dangerous. An initial sharp pain is followedby a mild swelling and soreness, which first aid canrelieve. Some people are allergic to stings and canrapidly develop the serious condition of anaphylapticshock. Stings in the mouth or throat are serious, as theswelling can cause airway obstruction.

Foreign protein in insects saliva introduced when skin ispenetrated for a blood-sucking meal. Fleas, mosquitoes,ants, bees, and other insects are found everywhere.

Manifested by firm papules capped by vesicles orexcoriated and popular urticaria for hypersensitivityreaction. There is little or no reaction in nonsensitizepeople.

A. First Aid Measure

First aid measure: Use antipruritic agents and

baths; Administer antihistamines and preventsecondary infection

Rinse the area under cool running water or put acold compress on it for a few minutes to reducepain and swelling.

If the sting is inside the mouth give an ice-colddrink to sip or ice cubes to suck.

If the swelling gets worse or the child's breathingis affected, call an ambulance and monitor thechild's airway, breathing, and circulation (the ABCof resuscitation) until the ambulance arrives.

3.7.2 Dogs and RodentsA. First Aid Measure

Superficial Bites- Bites that puncture only the skincan be safely treated at home.

Wash the wound thoroughly with warm, soapy water.


19/24

Wash away any dirt by rinsing the wound underrunning water for several minutes.

Gently pat the wound dry with a clean tissue thencover it with plaster or sterile dressing until it hashealed.

Deep Bites- Bites that penetrate deep into thetissues beneath the skin needs medical expert.

Put a clean pad over the wound and press down

on it to control the bleeding. Raise the injured part of the body above the level

of the heart to reduce blood flow to the wound.

Cover the bite. Use either a clean pad or a steriledressing. Bandage it firmly.

Take the child to the accident and emergencydepartment or to the doctor.

3.8 Seizures (Convulsions)3.8.1 Definition and Cause

A convulsion, or fit, consists of involuntarycontractions of many of the muscles in the body, cause

by a disturbance in the function of the brain.Convulsions usually result in loss of, or impaired,consciousness.

3.8.2 TypesMinor Epilepsy short of major epilepsy which causeonly a brief blurring of consciousness likedaydreaming. On recovery, the casualty may simplyhave lost the thread of what he or she was doing.

Major Epilepsy this condition is characterized byrecurrent, major disturbance, of brain activity,resulting in violent seizures and severe impairment ofconsciousness. Epileptic fits can be sudden anddramatic, but the casualty may have a brief warningperiod for example a strange feeling or a specialsmell or taste.


20/24

3.8.3.Signs and SymptomsMinor Epilepsy

sudden switching off; like the casualty may bestaring blankly ahead.

slight or localised twitching or jerking of the lips,eyelids, head or limbs.

Odd automatic movements, such as lip-smacking, chewing or making noises.

Major Epilepsy

the casualty suddenly falls unconscious, oftenletting out a cry.

Breathing may cease. The lips may show grey-blue tinge (cyanosis) and the face and neckmay become congested.

Convulsive movement begin. The jaw may beclenched and breathing may be noisy. Salivamay appear at the mouth, blood stained if lipsor tongue have been bitten. There may be lossof bladder or bowel control.

3.8.4First Aid MeasuresMinor Epilepsy

Help the casualty to sit down in a quiet place.Remove any possible sources of harm, forexample hot drinks or sharp objects, from theimmediate vicinity.

Talk to her calmly and reassuringly. Do not pesterher with questions. Stay with her until you are sureshe is herself again. If the casualty does notrecognize and know about her condition, advise

her to consult her own doctor as soon as possible.

Major Epilepsy

If you see the casualty falling, try to support him orease his fall. Make space around him and askbystanders to move away.


21/24

Loosen clothing around his neck and, if possible,protect his head.

When the convulsions cease, place him in therecovery position. Check breathing and pulse, beprepared to resuscitate if necessary. Stay withhim until he is fully recovered.

3.9 Poisoning3.9.1 Definition

Poisoning is often accidental, but can also deliberate(for example in cases of attempted suicide). It canoccur as a result of accidents, or be caused by eatingcontaminated food or poisonous plants. Drugs andalcohol can also poison the body.

3.9.2 First Aid MeasuresOpen an unconscious casualtys airway and monitorairway, breathing and circulation.

Swallowed Poison do not attempt to induce vomiting,as this may harm the casualty further.

Inhaled Poison remove the casualty from danger andplaced into fresh air. Do not endanger yourself.

Absorbed Poison flush away any residual chemical onthe skin. Obtain appropriate medical assistance.

3.9.3 Tips on Prevention

Keep toxic chemicals out of childrens reach and sight(not under the sink).

Keep medicines in a locked cupboard.

Leave poisonous household substances in their originalcontainers. Never store them in old soft drinks bottles;children are commonly misled by such container and tryto drink the contents.

Buy medicines and household substances in child-resistant containers.

Dispose appropriately of unwanted medicines.


22/24

4.0 Fractures4.1 Definition

Fracture is a break in the rigid structure and continuity ofa bone; and is known as the most common type of bonelesion4.2 Common Types

4.2.1 Closed

a closed fracture has intact skin over the site ofinjury

There will often be bruising and swelling around thefracture site.

4.2.2 Open

When the underlying skin is broken. Thebone is therefore exposed through the tissues tocontamination bacteria from the skin surface andthe air.

4.3 Signs and SymptomsIndications of a fracture are deformity, tenderness,swelling, pain, inability to move the injured part,protruding bone, bleeding, or discoloured skin at the

injury site. A sharp pain when the individual attemptsto move the part is also a sign of a fracture.

4.4 First Aid Measures

Closed Fracture

Tell the casualty to keep still and steady andsupport the injured part with your hands until it isimmobilised

For firmer support, secure the injured part to asound part of the body. For upper limb fractures:always support the arm against the trunk with asling. For lower limb fractures: if removal tohospital will be delayed, bandage the sound leg tothe injured one.

Call for an ambulance. Treat the casualty forshock, if necessary. If possible, raise the injuredlimb.


23/24

Check the circulation beyond any bandages every10 minutes and loosen if necessary.

Open Fracture

Cover the wound with a clean pad or steriledressing and apply pressure to control thebleeding.

Without touching an open wound with yourfingers, carefully place some clean padding overand around the dressing. If bone is protruding,

build up pads of soft, non-fluffy material aroundthe bone until you can bandage over the pads.

Secure the dressing and padding: bandage firmly,but not so tightly that the circulation is impeded.

Immobilize the injured part as for a closedfracture.

Treat the casualty for shock. Check thecirculation beyond the bandage every 10 minutes.

4.1Drowning4.1.1 Definition

Drowning is the process of experiencingrespiratory impairment from submersion/immersionin liquid. When a person is drowning, the airpassages close to prevent water from entering thelungs, thus depriving the victim of oxygen andeventually leading to unconsciousness and death.Usually, only if the victim has been unconscious inthe water for some time do the lungs fill up withwater. More commonly, the water goes into thestomach.

4.1.2 First aid measures Drowning causes asphyxia by water getting intothe lungs. To help a drowning child you must besafe. Drowning can also cause hypothermia.

Carry the child out of the water with the head lowerthan the chest.

Get another adult to call an ambulance.

30mins


24/24

Evaluate the progress of thehealth problem.

Don't bother trying to get water out of the lungs .the child will cough it out as she starts to breathe.

If the child is conscious:

Wrap her in dry clothes coats or towels and get herinto clothes.

Take her to the hospital. She might have inhaledsome water, which may damage her lungs.

If the child is unconscious:

Call an ambulance. Assess her airway, breathing and circulation.

IV. EvaluationOpen Forum

References:

Bale, S. & Jones, V. (1197). Wound Care Nursing. London: Balliere Tindall.

First Aid and CPR . 3rd ed. Sudbury Massachusetts: Jones and Barlett Pub.

First aid manual. (1997). London: Dorling Kinderseley Limited.

Hockenberry, M. & D. Wilson. (2007). Wong's nursing care of infant's and children. (8 th ed.). Singapore: Elsiever Pte. Limited.

Kozier, B. (2004). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice. Phil.: Pearson.

Middlemiss, P. (1998). The Hamlyn encyclopedia of child health. London: Reedd Consumers Books.

Thott, A.T. (1997) Wounds and lacerations. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby Co.

West, R. (2003). Family guide to children's ailments. London: Quantum Publishing Limited.

Wound care . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Wolters Kluwer Co.

First aid: aims . (June 8, 2011).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid

First Aid and Wound Care2 (1)

Documents

Transcript of First Aid and Wound Care2 (1)