STANDARDSTANDARD FIRST FIRST AIDAID

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTOTO

FIRST AIDFIRST AID

FIRST AIDFIRST AIDIs an immediate care given to a

person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.

It can help prevent infection and serious loss of blood.

It could even save a limb or a life.

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDERTHE FIRST AIDER1. Bridge that fills the gap between the

victim and the physician. 2. Ensure safety of him / herself and that of

the bystanders.3. Gain access to the victim.4. Determine any threats to patient’s life.5. Summon advanced medical care as

needed.6. Provide needed care for the patient.7. Record all finding and care given to the

patient.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID◦To alleviate suffering.◦To prevent added / further injury or

danger.◦To prolong life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER◦Gentle◦Resourceful◦Observant◦Tactful◦Empathy◦Respectful

HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AIDAID1. Unfavorable Surrounding

2. The presence of Crowds

3. Pressure from the Victim or Relatives

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE AND TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE AND THE FIRST AIDERSTHE FIRST AIDERS1. Direct Contact

◦ When a person touches an infected person’s body fluid.

2. Indirect Contact◦ When a person touches objects that have been

contaminated by the blood or another body fluid of an infected person.

3. Airborne◦ When a person inhales infected droplets that have

become airborne as an infected person cough or sneeze.

4. Bites◦ When an animal such as dog or an insect, such as

tick transmits a pathogen into a body through a bite.

DISEASES THAT CAUSES DISEASES THAT CAUSES CONCERNCONCERN

Disease Sign & Symptoms Infective Material

HERPES Lesions, general ill feeling, sore throat

Broken skin, mucous

membranes

Meningitis Respiratory illness, sore throat nausea,

vomiting

Food and Water, Mucus

Tuberculosis Weight loss, night sweats, occasional fever, general ill

feeling

Saliva, Airborne droplets

Hepatitis Flu-like jaundice Blood, Saliva, Semen, Feces, Food, Water

HIV / AIDS Fever, Night sweats, weight loss, chronic

diarrhea, severe fatigue, shortness of

breath, swollen lymph nodes, lesions

Blood, semen, vaginal fluid

Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from any other type of bodily exposure from any other type of bodily substance.substance.

BASIC PRECAUTIONS and PRACTICES

1.Personal hygiene

2.Protective equipment

3.Equipment cleaning and disinfecting

SAMPLE OF PPE’sSAMPLE OF PPE’s

FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIESSUPPLIES Basic Equipments◦ Spine Board◦ Short Board / Kendrick’s

Extrication device◦ Sets of splints◦ Poles◦ Blankets

Suggested First Aid Kit Contents (Basic)

◦ Rubbing Alcohol◦ Povidone Iodine◦ Cotton◦ Gauge pads◦ Tongue depressor◦ Penlight◦ Band aid◦ Gloves◦ Scissors◦ Forceps◦ Bandage (Triangular)◦ Elastic roller bandage◦ Occlusive dressing◦ Plaster

Clothe materials commonly used in First Aid

◦ Safety Dressing – any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound.

◦ Triangular Bandage – any clean cloth material sterile or unsterile that is use to held the dressing in place.

GUIDELINES IN GUIDELINES IN GIVINGGIVING

EMERGENCY EMERGENCY CARECARE

Getting StartedGetting Started

1. Planning of Action2. Gathering of needed materials3. Remember the initial response

as follows:

A – Ask for help I – InterveneD – Do no further harm

4. Instruction to helpers

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLESEMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

Survey the scene◦ Is the scene safe?◦ What happened?◦ How many people are

injured?◦ Are there bystanders who

can help?◦ Identify yourself as a trained

first aider.◦ Get consent to give care.

Primary Surveyo Check responsiveness (if

unresponsive, consent is implied).

o Protect spine if necessaryo Check for:o A – Airwayo B – Breathingo C – Circulation

Activate Medical Assistance◦ Depending on the situation:

Phone First or Phone Fast Infant – Care First , Phone Fast Child – Care First , Phone Fast Adult – Phone First , Care Fast

Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.

◦ Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance: What happened Location Number of persons injured Extent of injury and first aid given The telephone number from where you are calling Person who activated medical assistance must

identify him/herself and must drop the phone last.

Secondary survey◦ Interview the victim

Ask the victim’s name Ask what happened Assess the SAMPLE history

S - Signs & Symptoms A - Allergy M - Medication taken P - Past and Present Medical History L - Last meal taken E - Events prior to injury / accident/

◦ Check the vital signs Determine Radial / Carotid Pulse (Pulse Rate) Determine breathing (Respiration Rate) Determine skin appearance

Look at the victim’s face and lips. Record skin appearance, temperature, moisture and

color

◦Do head-to-toe examination looking for DCAP-BTLS

D - DeformityC - ContusionA - AbrasionP - PunctureB - BurnT - TendernessL - LacerationS - Swelling

PATIENT / PATIENT / CASUALTYCASUALTY HANDLINGHANDLING

Emergency Rescue - is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place of safety.◦ Indications for Emergency Rescue

1. Danger of fire or explosion 2. Danger of toxic gases or Asphyxia due to lack of

oxygen.3. Serious traffic hazard4. Danger of electrocution5. Danger of collapsing walls

◦ Methods of Rescue

1. For immediate rescue without any assistance drag or pull the victim.

2. Most of the one-man drags / carries and other transfer methods can be used as methods of rescue.

Emergency Transfer - is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid.◦Factors to be considered in the selection

or choosing the transfer method:

1. Nature and severity of the injury.

2. Size of the victim

3. Physical capabilities of the first aider

4. Number of personnel and equipment

available.

5. Nature of evacuation route.

6. Distance to be covered

7. Sex of the victims (last consideration).

◦Pointers to be observed during transfer:1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open.2. Hemorrhage is controlled.3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct

position.4. Regular check if the victim’s condition is

made.5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain

effectively applied.6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable

an as speedy as circumstances permit.7. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.8. The taller first aider stay at the head side

of the victim.9. First Aiders / bearers must observed

ergonomics in lifting and moving of patient.

◦Methods of Transfer1. One-man assist/carries/drags

Assist to walk Carry in arms Pack strap carry Piggy back carry Fireman’s carry Armpit/shoulder drag

2. Two-man assist/carries Assist to walk Four-hand seat Hands as a litter Carry by extremities Fireman’s carry with assistance

3. Three-man assist/ carries Bearers alongside (for narrow alleys) Hammock Carry (4-10 man carry)