ABCB Reference Document

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

September 2008

This document includes material (including illustrations) based on Australian Standards AS 2118.1-1999 and AS 2118 - 2006. The copyright owner, Standards Australia Limited, has consented to the reproduction of that material in this document for the purpose of allowing it to be issued for public review. However, Standards Australia Limited does not accept responsibility for the technical content of this public review document.

PREFACE This reference document was prepared by the Australian Building Codes Board. The document has been prepared in consideration of the content of AS2118.1 (2006) Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems with modifications as necessary to render it suitable for adoption within the Building Code of Australia (BCA).

The document includes changes to AS2118 (1999) that reflect advances in technology and also refines the content of AS2118 (1999) for clarity and conciseness.

The document also reflects the ABCB objective to include all public policy matters within the BCA.

Changes to Sections 1 and 2

(a) Preface and Foreword amended to reflect the goals of the BCA

(b) Revised Scope to reflect the requirements of the ABCB

(c) New definitions added for the terms Appropriate Authority, Building Solution and Required Duration and an amended definition for Design Area,

(d) General classifications of systems have been relocated to the BCA

(e) Required duration times have been relocated to the BCA

Changes to Sections 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12

(a) Various editorial changes for consistency with the BCA

(b) Certain requirements for the operation of alarms have been relocated to the BCA

(c) Required duration times have been relocated to the BCA

(d) Permitted exceptions in Section 3 have been reduced to reflect safety and compatibility issues.

(e) Tables for sprinkler clearances in Section 5 have been expanded to include Light Hazard spray sprinklers.

(f) Concealed space protection has been revised to take into account potential changes during the life of the building.

(g) Requirements for systems interface alarm signals have been added to Section 8 to align with current practice.

(h) The design process for ordinary hazard in Section 10 has been simplified to align with the previously adopted approach in Section 9 particularly in regard to the number of sprinklers in operation.

(i) The principles for calculations in Section 12 remain unchanged; however, the determination of the design area has been simplified. An appendix has been provided to assist the designer with hydraulic calculations in preparing the graphical representation of supply and demand curves and includes worked examples.

Changes to Section 4

The restructured Section 4 discards the principle of graded water supplies. Instead, it accepts a single town main supply meeting prescribed criteria, including the capability of simultaneously supplying specified hydrant flows, as the benchmark reliable supply.

Other acceptable sources of water supply are selected to equate to this reliability benchmark. For example, when a town main supply requires boosting by automatic pumps in order to meet the specified flow and pressure demand, two parallel-connected full capacity pumps are required, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

Where a higher degree of water supply reliability is required (in the case, for example, of a high-rise apartment building), Section 4 introduces the concept of dual water supplies. Dual water supplies are not duplicate supplies, but are considered to be more reliable than single supplies. This is illustrated in the case of pump suction tanks which, as single supplies, may be 2/3 capacity (if provided with adequate automatic inflow) and supply two automatic full capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

The corresponding dual water supply arrangement would involve two-pump suction tanks (each 2/3 capacity and not requiring automatic inflow) supplying two automatic full capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

Changes to Sections 7 and 13

AS 2118.8, AS 2118.9 and AS 2118.10 have been included in this Standard, consistent with consolidating the AS 2118 sprinkler suite of Standards.

Section 14

Consistent with the elements comprising design, installation and commissioning of automatic fire sprinkler systems, Section 14 addresses commissioning and acceptance testing of sprinklers and covers the hydrostatic pressure test, pre-test equipment checks, equipment tests and water supply tests. Personnel involved in the commissioning process have a commissioning check list to follow to ensure that, when complete, the system is ready for operation.

Appendices A and B have been deleted in accordance with the ABCB Protocol for Development of Reference Documents

Appendix C Graphic representation of hydraulic characteristics is new and should be of assistance when interpreting the requirements of Sections 4 and 12.

Appendix D has been deleted

The suite of sprinkler installation systems and components, when completed, will incorporate the current AS 4118 series and will comprise two sets, all within the AS 2118 designation, as follows:

AS 2118 Automatic fire sprinklerSystems Part 1: General systems requirements Part 2: Drenchers Part 3: Deluge Part 4: Residential Part 5: Home (Supersedes Domestic) Part 6: Combined sprinklers and hydrants

AS 4118 Automatic fire sprinklerComponents Part 1.1: Sprinklers and sprayers Part 1.2: Alarm valves (wet) Part 1.3: Water motor alarms Part 1.4: Valve monitors Part 1.5: Deluge and pre-action valves Part 1.6: Stop valves and non-return valves Part 1.7: Alarm valves (dry) Part 1.8: Pressure reducing valves Part 2.1: PipingGeneral

The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.

This Standard incorporates commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary directly follows the relevant clause, is designated by C preceding the clause number and is printed in italics in a panel. The commentary is for information only and does not need to be followed for compliance with the Standard.

CONTENTS

PREFACE 2

FOREWORD 14

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 15

1.1 SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 15

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.......................................................................................... 15

1.3 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE) ............................................................................... 16 1.3.2 Alarm valve................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3 Appropriate Authority ................................................................................................... 16 1.3.4 Automatic inflow........................................................................................................... 16 1.3.5 Building owner.............................................................................................................. 16 1.3.6 Building Solution .......................................................................................................... 16 1.3.7 Compartment................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.8 Design area.................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.9 Design density ............................................................................................................... 17 1.3.10 Designated building entry point (DBEP) ..................................................................... 17 1.3.11 Designated site entry point (DSEP) ............................................................................. 17 1.3.12 Effective height ........................................................................................................... 17 1.3.13 Fire and draft stop ....................................................................................................... 17 1.3.14 High-rise ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.15 Installation................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.16 K factor (nominal) ....................................................................................................... 17 1.3.17 Listed .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.18 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.) .................................................................... 18 1.3.19 Monitoring centre ........................................................................................................ 18 1.3.20 Multiple controls ......................................................................................................... 18 1.3.21 Multistorey .................................................................................................................. 18 1.3.22 Net positive suction head (NPSH) ............................................................................... 18 1.3.23 Open joists and exposed common rafters..................................................................... 18 1.3.24 Post or box pallet......................................................................................................... 18 1.3.25 Required duration of operation .................................................................................... 18 1.3.26 Special sprinkler .......................................................................................................... 18 1.3.27 Special sprinkler system .............................................................................................. 19 1.3.28 Sprayer ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.3.29 Sprinkler-protected building........................................................................................ 20 1.3.30 Sprinkler system.......................................................................................................... 20 1.3.31 Standard sprinkler........................................................................................................ 20 1.3.32 Standard sprinkler system............................................................................................ 22 1.3.33 Thermal sensitivity ...................................................................................................... 22

SECTION 2 SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGN DATA 23

2.1 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS .................................. 23 2.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Standard sprinkler system.............................................................................................. 23 2.1.3 Special sprinkler systems............................................................................................... 27

2.1.4 Sprinkler compatibility .................................................................................................. 29

SECTION 3 EXTENT OF PROTECTION AND SYSTEM MONITORING 30

3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS ......................................................... 30 3.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Sprinklers ...................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.3 Shielding ....................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.4 Sprinkler spacing and location....................................................................................... 30 3.1.5 Piping ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.1.6 Performance .................................................................................................................. 35 3.1.7 Water supply ................................................................................................................. 35

3.2 ALARM SIGNALLING ..................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Integrity and marking requirementsElectrical wiring................................................. 35

3.3 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING............................................................ 35 3.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.2 Fault monitoring devices ............................................................................................... 35 3.3.3 Systems to be monitored................................................................................................ 36 3.3.4 Components to be monitored......................................................................................... 36 3.3.5 Installation..................................................................................................................... 36

SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 37

4.1 SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................. 37 4.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Reliable water supply .................................................................................................... 37 4.1.3 Acceptable sources of water supply............................................................................... 37

4.2 DUAL WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................ 37 4.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Acceptable arrangements............................................................................................... 38

4.3 GENERAL WATER SUPPLY PROVISIONS.................................................................... 40 4.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Town main water supply ............................................................................................... 40 4.3.3 Private system water supply .......................................................................................... 41 4.3.4 Pump suction tank water supply .................................................................................... 42 4.3.5 Supply from natural source............................................................................................ 45 4.3.6 Gravity tank water supply.............................................................................................. 48 4.3.7 Pressure tank water supply ............................................................................................ 49 4.3.8 Pump system design and installation ............................................................................. 50 4.3.9 Pumpsets ....................................................................................................................... 54

4.4 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES ................................................................................... 55

4.5 CONNECTIONS FOR OTHER SERVICES....................................................................... 55 4.5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 55 4.5.2 Combined sprinkler and hydrant water supply............................................................... 55 4.5.3 Fire hose reel connections ............................................................................................. 56 4.5.4 Fire brigade booster connection..................................................................................... 57

SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 58

5.1 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS............................................................................................. 58 5.1.1 Standard sprinkler spacing............................................................................................. 58 5.1.2 Special sprinkler spacing ............................................................................................... 58 5.1.3 Staggered spacing.......................................................................................................... 58

5.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS ......................................................... 58

5.3 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) ................ 58 5.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 58 5.3.2 Walls and partitions....................................................................................................... 58 5.3.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs ........................................................................... 60

5.4 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS.......................................... 61 5.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 61 5.4.2 Spacing of special sidewall sprinklers ........................................................................... 61 5.4.3 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers ...................................................................... 61 5.4.4 Distance between rows of sprinklers ............................................................................. 61

5.5 OBSTRUCTIONS TO SPRINKLER DISCHARGE........................................................... 61 5.5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 61 5.5.2 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers........................................................................ 61 5.5.3 Standard sidewall sprinklers .......................................................................................... 63 5.5.4 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers near columns.................................................. 65 5.5.5 Standard sidewall sprinklers near columns .................................................................... 66 5.5.6 Roof trusses................................................................................................................... 66 5.5.7 Clear space below sprinklers ......................................................................................... 67 5.5.8 Obstructions in clear space ............................................................................................ 67 5.5.9 Obstructions under sprinklers ........................................................................................ 67

5.6 CONCEALED SPACES..................................................................................................... 68 5.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 68 5.6.2 Protection criteria .......................................................................................................... 69 5.6.3 Hydraulic designconcealed spaces............................................................................. 69 5.6.4 Deformable ceilings ...................................................................................................... 69

5.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) FOR REQUIRED SPRINKLER SYSTEMS. ......................................................................................................... 69

5.7.1 Machinery pits and production lines.............................................................................. 69 5.7.2 Hoists, lift shafts, building services shafts and enclosed chutes..................................... 69 5.7.3 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxes and dust receivers............. 70 5.7.4 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills ................................................................................ 70 5.7.5 Bins and silos ................................................................................................................ 71 5.7.6 Escalators ...................................................................................................................... 71 5.7.7 Canopies........................................................................................................................ 71 5.7.8 Roof overhang ............................................................................................................... 71 5.7.9 Exterior docks and platforms......................................................................................... 71 5.7.10 Covered balconies ....................................................................................................... 71 5.7.11 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures ................................................. 71 5.7.12 Spray booths................................................................................................................ 72 5.7.13 Oil and flammable liquid hazards ................................................................................ 72 5.7.14 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems.................... 72 5.7.15 Air-handling plant ....................................................................................................... 75 5.7.16 Computer and other electronic equipment areas .......................................................... 75 5.7.17 Cupboards and wardrobes............................................................................................ 75 5.7.18 Film and television production studios ........................................................................ 75

5.7.19 Theatres and music halls (protection on the stage side of the proscenium wall) .......... 75 5.7.20 Cold chambers............................................................................................................. 76

SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 78

6.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 78

6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS ......................... 78 6.2.1 Standard sprinklers ........................................................................................................ 78 6.2.2 Special sprinklers .......................................................................................................... 78 6.2.3 Sprayers......................................................................................................................... 78 6.2.4 Multiple controls ........................................................................................................... 79

6.3 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS ............................ 79

6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES ......................................................................... 79

6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS.............................................................................................. 80

6.6 COLOUR CODING............................................................................................................ 80

6.7 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS .................................................... 80

6.8 SPRINKLER GUARDS...................................................................................................... 80

6.9 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES ............................................................................ 80

6.10 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST .................................................................................. 81

SECTION 7 PIPING 82

7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS ............................................................................................... 82

7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE ...................................................................................... 82

7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS............................................. 82

7.4 DRAINAGE ....................................................................................................................... 82 7.4.1 Wet system piping ......................................................................................................... 82 7.4.2 Dry or alternate wet and dry system piping ................................................................... 82

7.5 FLEXIBLE TUBE ASSEMBLIES ..................................................................................... 82

7.6 ORIFICE PLATES ............................................................................................................. 83

7.7 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING ................................................................................. 83 7.7.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 83 7.7.2 Design ........................................................................................................................... 83 7.7.3 Corrosion protection of pipe supports............................................................................ 83 7.7.4 Requirements for pipe support components (see Figures 7.7.8.1(A) and (B))................ 84 7.7.5 Fixing of pipe supports.................................................................................................. 85 7.7.6 Spacing of supports ....................................................................................................... 86 7.7.7 Location of supports ...................................................................................................... 87 7.7.8 Verification of design .................................................................................................... 88

7.8 INSTALLATIONGENERAL ......................................................................................... 91

7.8.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications ................................................................................ 91 7.8.2 Welding of piping.......................................................................................................... 92 7.8.3 Hydrostatic pressure test................................................................................................ 92 7.8.4 Pneumatic leak test ........................................................................................................ 92 7.8.5 Embedding of piping ..................................................................................................... 92 7.8.6 Corrosion protection of piping....................................................................................... 92 7.8.7 Protection of piping against mechanical damage ........................................................... 92 7.8.8 Facilities for flushing piping.......................................................................................... 92 7.8.9 Prohibited use of piping................................................................................................. 92 7.8.10 Pipe sizes..................................................................................................................... 93 7.8.11 Spacing of brackets and clips ...................................................................................... 93

7.9 INSTALLATIONSTEEL PIPING .................................................................................. 93 7.9.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications ................................................................................ 93 7.9.2 Pipes.............................................................................................................................. 93 7.9.3 Pipe jointing .................................................................................................................. 93

7.10 INSTALLATIONLIGHT WALL STEEL PIPING........................................................ 94 7.10.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications .............................................................................. 94 7.10.2 Pipes............................................................................................................................ 94 7.10.3 Pipe jointing ................................................................................................................ 94

7.11 INSTALLATIONCOPPER PIPING ............................................................................. 94 7.11.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 94 7.11.2 Pipes............................................................................................................................ 94 7.11.3 Pipe jointing ................................................................................................................ 95 7.11.4 Pipe bending................................................................................................................ 95

7.12 INSTALLATIONPLASTIC PIPING ............................................................................ 95 7.12.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications .............................................................................. 95 7.12.2 Pipe and fittingsJointing .......................................................................................... 96 7.12.3 Corrosion protection of piping..................................................................................... 96

SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 97

8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES................................................................................................. 97 8.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 97 8.1.2 Designated site and building entry points ...................................................................... 97

8.2 STOP VALVES.................................................................................................................. 97 8.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 97 8.2.2 Main stop valves............................................................................................................ 98 8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies........................................................................... 98 8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves ................................................................................................... 98

8.3 BLOCK PLAN ................................................................................................................... 98

8.4 SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE PLATE................................................................. 99

8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS..................................................................................... 100

8.6 PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE................................................................................... 100

8.7 SYSTEM INTERFACE DIAGRAM................................................................................. 102

8.8 STOP, DRAIN AND TEST VALVES, AND ALARM COCKS....................................... 102

8.9 NON-RETURN (BACK-PRESSURE) VALVES ............................................................. 102

8.10 ALARM VALVES ......................................................................................................... 103 8.10.1 Wet............................................................................................................................ 103 8.10.2 Dry ............................................................................................................................ 103 8.10.3 Composite alarm valves............................................................................................. 103 8.10.4 Accelerators or exhausters for alarm valves (dry system).......................................... 103 8.10.5 Identification of control assemblies and water motor alarms ..................................... 103

8.11 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE STATIONS ............................................................. 103

8.12 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES ...................................................................... 104 8.12.1 Deluge valves ............................................................................................................ 104 8.12.2 Pre-action valves ....................................................................................................... 104

8.13 ALARM DEVICES ........................................................................................................ 104 8.13.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 104 8.13.2 Prevention of false alarms ......................................................................................... 104 8.13.3 Water motor alarms ................................................................................................... 105 8.13.4 Fire alarm signal........................................................................................................ 106 8.13.5 System interface alarm signal .................................................................................... 106 8.13.6 Lock-open valve ........................................................................................................ 106 8.13.7 Testing of alarm devices............................................................................................ 106

8.14 REMOTE TEST VALVES ............................................................................................. 106

8.15 PRESSURE GAUGES.................................................................................................... 107

SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 109

9.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 109

9.2 DESIGN DATA................................................................................................................ 109

9.3 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................ 109 9.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements .................................................................................. 109 9.3.2 Water storage capacity ................................................................................................ 109 9.3.3 Additional storage capacity ......................................................................................... 110 9.3.4 Pump suction tanks...................................................................................................... 110 9.3.5 Pressure tanks.............................................................................................................. 110 9.3.6 Pumpsets ..................................................................................................................... 110 9.3.7 Proving of water supplies ............................................................................................ 110

9.4 SPRINKLERS .................................................................................................................. 110 9.4.1 Size and type ............................................................................................................... 110 9.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler......................................................................... 110 9.4.3 Reduced coverage........................................................................................................ 110 9.4.4 Maximum spacing ....................................................................................................... 111 9.4.5 Special sprinklers ........................................................................................................ 111

9.5 PIPING ............................................................................................................................. 111 9.5.1 Pipe types .................................................................................................................... 111 9.5.2 Pipe sizes..................................................................................................................... 111 9.5.3 Hydraulic calculations ................................................................................................. 111 9.5.4 Concealed spaces......................................................................................................... 111

SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 112

10.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 112

10.2 DESIGN DATA.............................................................................................................. 112 10.2.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 112 10.2.2 Sprinklers under flat roofs and ceilings ..................................................................... 112 10.2.3 Sprinklers under sloping roofs and in bays ................................................................ 112

10.3 WATER SUPPLY .......................................................................................................... 113 10.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements ................................................................................ 113 10.3.2 Water storage capacity .............................................................................................. 113 10.3.3 Additional storage capacity ....................................................................................... 113 10.3.4 Pump suction tanks.................................................................................................... 113 10.3.5 Pressure tanks............................................................................................................ 114 10.3.6 Pumpsets ................................................................................................................... 114 10.3.7 Proving of water supplies .......................................................................................... 114

10.4 SPRINKLERS ................................................................................................................ 114 10.4.1 Size and type ............................................................................................................. 114 10.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler....................................................................... 114 10.4.3 Reduced coverage...................................................................................................... 114 10.4.4 Maximum spacing ..................................................................................................... 114 10.4.5 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (see also Clause 5.3.2) ........................ 115 10.4.6 Special sprinklers ...................................................................................................... 115

10.5 PIPING ........................................................................................................................... 115 10.5.1 Pipe types .................................................................................................................. 115 10.5.2 Pipe sizes................................................................................................................... 115 10.5.3 Hydraulic calculations ............................................................................................... 115 10.5.4 Concealed spaces....................................................................................................... 115

SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 116

11.1 DESIGN DATA.............................................................................................................. 116 11.1.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 116 11.1.2 Process risks .............................................................................................................. 116 11.1.3 High piled storage risks ............................................................................................. 116 11.1.4 Type of system .......................................................................................................... 122

11.2 WATER SUPPLIES ....................................................................................................... 127 11.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements ................................................................................. 127 11.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies ......................................................................... 128 11.2.3 Pumps........................................................................................................................ 130 11.2.4 Proving of water supplies .......................................................................................... 130

11.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS................................................................... 130 11.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler....................................................................... 130 11.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of

sprinklers ................................................................................................................. 130 11.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions ............................................................ 130

11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS ............................................................................................. 130 11.4.1 Sprinklers .................................................................................................................. 130 11.4.2 Piping ........................................................................................................................ 131

SECTION 12 HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 140

12.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 140

12.2 DESIGN AREAS (ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION) ........................................... 140

12.3 SPRINKLERS IN SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION ..................................................... 141

12.4 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES .................................................................. 141 12.4.1 Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard class systems...................................................... 141 12.4.2 High Hazard class systems ........................................................................................ 141

12.5 POSITION OF DESIGN AREAS ................................................................................... 142 12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation.................................................. 142 12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation .................................................. 147

12.6 SHAPE OF DESIGN AREAS......................................................................................... 147 12.6.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation.................................................. 147 12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation...................................................... 148

12.7 SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH......................................................................................... 149 12.7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 149 12.7.2 Supply characteristics ................................................................................................ 149 12.7.3 Demand characteristics.............................................................................................. 149

12.8 WATER SUPPLIES ....................................................................................................... 150

12.9 PUMPSETS .................................................................................................................... 150 12.9.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 150 12.9.2 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.) .................................................................. 150

12.10 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES ..................................................... 150

12.11 PRESSURE LOSSES.................................................................................................... 153 12.11.1 Fittings and valves................................................................................................... 153 12.11.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers ......................................................................... 153

12.12 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS............................................................................ 153

12.13 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE (HIGH HAZARD ONLY)........ 153

12.14 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES............................................................................................... 154

12.15 VELOCITY LIMITATION .......................................................................................... 154

12.16 VELOCITY PRESSURE .............................................................................................. 154

12.17 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS............. 154

APPENDIX A ORIFICE PLATES 156

A1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 156

A2 REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................................... 156

A3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES A1 AND A2 ......................................................... 156

APPENDIX B WATER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS 159

APPENDIX C GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS 163

C1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 163

C2 THE SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH................................................................................. 163

C3 STATIC PRESSURE AND DEMAND CURVES........................................................... 164

C4 SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLY................................................................................... 165

C5 PUMPS DRAWING DIRECT FROM A SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLY................... 168

C6 DUAL TOWN MAIN SUPPLIES................................................................................... 176

C7 HIGH-RISE SYSTEMS WITH BOOSTED TOWN MAIN SUPPLIES.......................... 183

C8 PUMPS DRAWING FROM PUMP SUCTION TANKS ................................................ 189

FOREWORD Automatic fire sprinklers can provide a level of fire safety for the occupants of buildings, and fire service personnel engaged in search, rescue and firefighting operations whilst providing a level of fire protection for buildings and structures.

The scope of property protection provided through compliance with this document is deemed to be consistent with the respective performance requirements of the BCA. Compliance with other applicable legislation should not be assumed.

When designing a sprinkler system there is a need to consider how other fire safety systems may impact on the function and operation of a sprinkler system. Other active fire safety systems that can either interface or integrate with a fire sprinkler system, include; fire automatic heat and smoke detection systems, emergency warning and intercommunication systems and smoke management systems.

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S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE

This Standard specifies a deemed-to-satisfy Building Solution for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings and structures listed in BCA Table E1.5.

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:

AS 1074 Steel tubes and tubulars for ordinary service

1281 Cement mortar lining of steel pipes and fittings

1349 Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges

1432 Copper tubes for plumbing, gasfitting and drainage applications

1516 The cement mortar lining of pipelines in situ

1579 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and waste-water

1650 Galvanized coatings on ferrous articles Metric Units

1670 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systemsSystem design, installation and commissioning

1670.1 Part 1: Fire

1674.1 Safety in Welding and Allied Processes Part 1 Fire Precautions

1724 Cast grey iron pressure pipes and fittings with bolted gland joints

1735 Lifts, escalators and moving walks

1834 Material for soldering Part 1 Solder Alloys

1873 Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools

2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems 2118.1 Part 1: General requirements Part 2 Not referenced in 06 code except in approval section 2118.3 Part 3: Deluge 2118.6 Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant

2201 Intruder alarm systems 2201.2 Part 2: Monitoring centres 2419.1 Part 1: Fire hydrant installations - System design, installation and

commissioning

2544 Grey iron pressure fittings

2941 Fixed fire protection installationsPumpset systems

3688 Water supplyMetallic fittings and end connectors

4041 Pressure piping

4118 Fire sprinkler systems 4118.1.1 Part 1.1: ComponentsSprinklers and sprayers 4118.1.2 Part 1.2: ComponentsAlarm valves (wet) 4118.1.3 Part 1.3: ComponentsWater motor alarms

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4118.1.4 Part 1.4: ComponentsValve monitors 4118.1.5 Part 1.5: ComponentsDeluge and pre-action valves 4118.1.6 Part 1.6: ComponentsStop valves and non-return valves 4118.1.7 Part 1.7: ComponentsAlarm valves (dry) 4118.1.8 Part 1.8: ComponentsPressure-reducing valves 4118.2.1 Part 2.1: PipingGeneral

4428 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systemsControl and indicating equipment

4428.1 Part 1: Fire 4428.6 Part 6: Alarm signalling equipment

4254 Ductwork for air-handling systems in buildings AS/NZS

1167.1 Welding and Brazing Filler Metals Part 1 Filler metal for brazing and braze welding

1668.1 Part 1 The use of ventilation and airconditioning in buildingsFire and smoke control in multi-compartment buildings

3000 Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules)

3013 Electrical installationsClassification of the fire and mechanical performance of wiring systems.

3500 Plumbing and drainage 3500.1 Part 1: Water services 3500.1.2 Part 1.2: Water supplyAcceptable solutions

1.3 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard the following definitions apply.

1.3.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE)

Equipment complying with AS 4428.6, Alarm signalling equipment.

1.3.2 Alarm valve

A non-return valve that allows the water to enter the installation and operate the alarms when the installation pressure falls below the water supply pressure.

1.3.3 Appropriate Authority

The relevant authority as determined by the building regulatory legislation in each State and Territory.

1.3.4 Automatic inflow

Automatic flow into a tank to partially make up, within a prescribed time, water drawn off under operational conditions.

1.3.5 Building owner

The owner of a building or the authorised representative of the owner.

1.3.6 Building Solution

As defined within the Building Code of Australia

1.3.7 Compartment

A space that is enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The walls of the compartment enclosure may have openings to an adjoining space, provided there is a minimum depth of 200 mm

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from the ceiling to the top of the opening. Not to be confused with fire or smoke compartment as defined in the BCA.

1.3.8 Design area

An area containing the maximum number of sprinklers likely to operate when involved in a fire.

1.3.9 Design density

The minimum density of discharge of water in millimetres per minute (mm/min) for which a sprinkler installation is designed. It is determined by the discharge of the group of sprinklers in the design area, in litres per minute (L/min), divided by the area covered by that group in square metres (m2). Also known as Design density of discharge.

1.3.10 Designated building entry point (DBEP)

An entry point to a building that provides firefighters with information as to the location of the fire alarm.

1.3.11 Designated site entry point (DSEP)

An entry point to a site that provides firefighters with information as to the location of the building from which the fire alarm originated.

1.3.12 Effective height

As defined within the Building Code of Australia.

1.3.13 Fire and draft stop

A partition or bulkhead, extending from end to end and top to bottom of a concealed space, installed to delay the spread of fire and constructed from imperforate materials that are non-shatterable under fire conditions.

NOTES: 1 Examples of acceptable fire and draught stops include the following:

(a) Structural features such as a reinforced beam or steel joist extending to or through the ceiling, and a brick wall extended up through the ceiling to the floor above.

(b) A purpose-built partition mounted on wood or steel framework, constructed of 10 mm gypsum board, 0.6 mm sheet steel or 7 mm high-density tempered hardboard.

2 They have the following acceptable apertures: (a) Openings for the passage of individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts,

provided that such openings are reasonably close fitting or sealed with fire resistant sealant.

(b) Openings not exceeding 2 m in width for the passage of groups of pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts, protected by a cut-off sprinkler or sprinklers as required to provide full protection to such openings.

1.3.14 High-rise

A multistorey building exceeding an effective height of 25 m (see Clauses 1.3.12 and 1.3.21).

1.3.15 Installation

The portion of a sprinkler system downstream from and inclusive of a control assembly.

1.3.16 K factor (nominal)

A constant that defines the pressure and flow characteristics of a sprinkler, as determined by the formula

PQK =

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where

Q = Flow, L/min

P = Pressure, kPa

1.3.17 Listed

Sprinkler equipment or materials that are demonstrated to meet the requirements of AS 4118 or have been tested in a specified manner and found suitable for use.

1.3.18 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.)

The maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.) occurs at the point of intersection of the maximum water supply curve and the hydraulically most favourable system requirement curve when the hydraulic characteristics are represented in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 12.7 and 12.9.

1.3.19 Monitoring centre

A facility that receives signals from a monitored site and transmits signals to a fire dispatch centre.

1.3.20 Multiple controls

Heat-sensitive sealed valves that control a single outlet or multiple outlets using either a glass bulb or a soldered link or lever as the heat-sensing device.

1.3.21 Multistorey

A building with a rise of more than two storeys, which may also be a high-rise building (see Clause 1.3.14) or with more than two storeys below the floor of the lowest storey providing egress to a road or open space.

1.3.22 Net positive suction head (NPSH)

The total inlet head, plus the head corresponding to the atmospheric pressure, minus the head corresponding to the vapour pressure. NPSH, as well as inlet total head, is referred to the reference plane. It is necessary to make a distinction between

(a) required net positive suction head (NPSHR)a function of pump design, which may be obtained from the pump manufacturer; and

(b) available net positive suction head (NPSHA)a function of the system in which the pump operates, which can be calculated for any installation.

1.3.23 Open joists and exposed common rafters

A series of members (including purlins) spaced not more than 600 mm apart, measured from centre to centre of members.

1.3.24 Post or box pallet

Solid or mesh box with the open face uppermost, designed to be stacked one upon the other in a self-supporting manner.

1.3.25 Required duration of operation

The minimum period of operation of an automatic fire sprinkler system as required by Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions of the BCA

1.3.26 Special sprinkler

A listed sprinkler other than those specified in Table 1.1 of AS 4118.1.1. (See also Clause 6.2.2.) Special sprinklers include the following:

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(a) Extended coverage sprinkler A type of spray sprinkler with a higher pressure requirement and a modified deflector specifically developed to achieve an extended maximum protected area.

(b) Large drop sprinkler A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing large water droplets, enabling better penetration of the fire plume and improved ability to control high-challenge fires.

(c) Early suppression fast response sprinkler (ESFR) A type of fast response sprinkler developed to provide fire suppression of high-challenge fires, which, in many instances, eliminates the need for in-rack protection. This sprinkler has special design requirements and limitations in respect to the building structure and the system application.

(d) Residential sprinkler A type of fast response sprinkler, developed for the type of fire hazard found in dwellings, with spray patterns and discharge rates specifically designed for life safety applications.

(e) Sealed water mist nozzle A fast response, sealed, spray nozzle listed as providing equivalent performance to pendent spray sprinklers for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard Group 1 and 2 application.

(f) Enhanced protection extended coverage (EPEC) A type of fast response sprinkler with enhanced fire control characteristics for extended coverage in Ordinary Hazard Group 3 applications.

C1.3.26 The difference between special sprinklers and standard sprinklers, in simple terms, can best be described as follows:

(a) Special sprinklers have been developed for a specific purpose, and the system design parameters must suit the sprinkler performance characteristics. (The sprinkler characteristics dictate the system design parameters required.) As such, standard sprinkler system design requirements, as specified in this Standard, may not be suited to systems incorporating special sprinklers. Design requirements for such systems should be determined with reference to Clause 2.3.3.

(b) Standard sprinklers have been developed to suit the particular system design parameters set down in Sections 9, 10, and 11 of this Standard. (The system design parameters dictate the required sprinkler characteristics.)

The design of systems using standard sprinklers is based on providing a given density of water over a specified floor area. Standard sprinklers were originally restricted to those conforming to specific thread and orifice sizes. The range has been extended to include sprinklers with larger thread and orifice size, provided the sprinklers suit the system design parameters of Sections 9, 10 and 11. These sprinklers include large orifice types, which are also often identified by reference

to a K factor (a constant in the formulaP

QK = , see Clause 1.4.14).

1.3.27 Special sprinkler system

A system utilizing either in total, or in part, sprinkler types other than those listed in AS 4118.1.1. (See also Clauses 2.1.3 and 6.2.2.)

1.3.28 Sprayer

Special purpose nozzle for use in water spray systems with capabilities of extinguishing, containing or controlling fires involving hazards such as flammable liquids.

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C1.3.28 Sprayers generally are of two basic types, medium velocity and high velocity. Medium-velocity sprayers are either open or sealed with a heat-responsive element, producing a fine droplet spray with a limited distance of direct impingement. They are designed for the extinguishing, containing or controlling fires involving low-flashpoint liquids as well as for cooling protected (adjacent) areas exposed to fire. High-velocity sprayers are open-type sprayers producing a large droplet with high momentum and have a direct impingement distance of up to 5 m. High-velocity sprayers are designed for extinguishing, containing and controlling fires involving high-flashpoint liquids, principally by the emulsification of the burning fuel surface.

1.3.29 Sprinkler-protected building

A building equipped throughout with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this Standard.

1.3.30 Sprinkler system

A system comprising components such as valves, alarms, pipework, sprinklers and water supplies designed to control fire in a building. Sprinkler systems may be either standard systems or special systems, and may be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following:

(a) Wet system A system permanently charged with water both above and below the installation alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.10.1).

(b) Alternate wet and dry system A system that incorporates either a composite alarm valve, or a combination valve set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry).

(c) Dry system A system permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure, above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below (see Clause 8.10.2).

(d) Pre-action system A combination of a sprinkler system and an independent system of heat or smoke detectors installed in the same area as the sprinklers. A heat or smoke detector operates prior to the sprinklers, allowing the pre-action valve to open and water to flow into the sprinkler piping, before the first sprinkler starts to operate (see Clause 8.12.2).

(e) Recycling pre-action system A system with heat detectors and incorporating a pre-action flow control valve capable of repeated on/off cycles appropriate to the possible redevelopment of fire in the protected area. The cycling occurs as a result of heat detector operation which, as an electric interlock, causes the pre-action flow control valve to open and close.

(f) Deluge system A system of open sprinklers controlled by a quick-opening valve, (deluge valve) (see Clause 8.12.1) which is operated by a system of listed heat detectors or sprinklers installed in the same areas as the open sprinklers (see AS 2118.3).

(g) Tail-end system A system essentially similar to dry, alternate wet and dry, pre-action and deluge systems, with the limitation that it only forms an extension to a sprinkler installation.

1.3.31 Standard sprinkler

A sprinkler conforming to the thread sizes, deflector type and K factors specified in AS 4118.1.1, or spray sprinklers with K factors of 16.0 (ELO), 20.0 (VELO), 24.0 or 36.0. (See also Clause 6.2.1.)

Standard sprinklers include the following:

(a) Conventional sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. A conventional sprinkler is usually designed with a universal type deflector enabling

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the sprinkler to be used in either the upright or pendent position. Some conventional sprinklers are made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright position and the other for use in the pendent position.

(b) Spray sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a parabolic discharge below the plane of the deflector with little or no water being discharged upwards to wet the ceiling. Spray sprinklers are made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright position and the other for use in the pendent position.

(c) Flush sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use with concealed piping where it is required, for reasons of appearance, to make the sprinklers inconspicuous.

NOTES: 1 A flush sprinkler is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling, but has an

exposed heat-responsive element and retracted deflector which drops down to the normal position on actuation.

2 Flush sprinklers are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content. Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise.

(d) Recessed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler provided with a separate escutcheon housing, usually two-piece adjustable, where part of the sprinkler yoke and heat-responsive element are mounted within the recessed housing.

NOTE: Escutcheon housings are used with the spray sprinkler to ensure that the response time of the heat-responsive element is not unduly impeded and that the discharge spray pattern is not obstructed.

(e) Concealed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler that is fully recessed in a concealed housing and fitted with a cover plate assembly designed to release at or before the operating temperature of the sprinkler.

NOTE: Concealed sprinklers provide the same unobtrusive appearance as flush sprinklers.

(f) Sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for installation along the walls of a room close to the ceiling. A sidewall sprinkler provides a one-sided (half-paraboloid) discharge pattern directed outwards with a small proportion discharging on the wall behind the sprinkler.

NOTES: 1 Sidewall pattern sprinklers are not normally a substitute for conventional or spray pattern

sprinklers and their use is limited to such locations as offices, entrance halls, lobbies and corridors.

2 A sidewall sprinkler may be used to advantage in drying tunnels and hoods over papermaking machines where condensate dripping from sprinklers and pipework at the ceiling could be troublesome and also in certain other locations, such as shop windows and under platforms having low headroom, where sprinklers would be subject to damage.

(g) Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use in portions of premises protected by a dry or an alternate wet and dry system where it is not practicable to install sprinklers in the upright position, or in a wet system where the sprinklers may be subject to frost.

NOTE: Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are designed having either conventional or pendent spray-type deflectors. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are manufactured integral with drop pipes of varying lengths, the valve being so placed that there is no pocket or depression where water can be trapped.

(h) Dry upright sprinkler A sprinkler essentially the same as the dry pendent types except that an upright type deflector is incorporated.

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NOTE: A dry upright sprinkler is designed for use in wet systems for the protection of concealed spaces subject to freezing.

(i) Fast-response sprinkler A sprinkler that has a high level of thermal sensitivity, which enables it to respond at an early stage of fire development and belongs to the fast-response category (see AS 4118.1.1).

(j) Enlarged orifice sprinkler A sprinkler having a nominal 20 mm diameter orifice and a nominal 15 mm shank fitted with a metal rod extension (pintle), which is used for upgrading the density requirements of existing ordinary hazard installations (see AS 4118.1.1).

(k) Large orifice, extra large orifice and very extra large orifice sprinklers Types of sprinklers with increased orifice sizes to permit high-flow rates.

C1.3.30 The life safety aspects of a sprinkler system are improved by using fast response sprinklers. Fast response and quick response are synonymous terms.

1.3.32 Standard sprinkler system

A system utilizing sprinkler types as listed in AS 4118.1.1. (See also Clause 6.2.1.)

1.3.33 Thermal sensitivity

A measure of the response time index (RTI) and the conductivity factor expressed in categories of RTI, being: fast response, special response or standard response (see AS 4118.1.1).

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S E C T I O N 2 S P R I N K L E R S Y S T E M D E S I G N D A T A

2.1 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS

2.1.1 General

Sprinkler systems are either

(a) standard sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.3.31 ); or

(b) special sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.3.27).

2.1.2 Standard sprinkler system

2.1.2.1 General requirements

A standard sprinkler system shall be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following:

(a) Wet system.

(b) Alternate wet and dry system.

(c) Dry system.

(d) Pre-action system.

(e) Recycling pre-action system.

(f) Deluge system.

(g) Tail-end system.

Standard sprinkler systems shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.9, as applicable.

2.1.2.2 Wet systems

Wet systems shall not be installed in premises where there is danger, at any time, of the water in the pipes freezing or where the lowest average ambient temperature is less than 4C.

Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end extensions (see Clause 2.1.2.8) does not exceed the following:

(a) 9000 m2 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard installations.

(b) 8000 m2 for High Hazard process occupancy installations

(c) 8000 m2 for High Hazard storage occupancy installations provided the total area of storage does not exceed 1000 m 2 and there is ceiling or roof protection only;

(d) 6000 m2 for High Hazard storage risk installations where the total area of storage exceeds 1000 m2 and there is ceiling or roof protection only;

(e) 8000 m2 for High Hazard storage occupancy installations provided the total area of storage has intermediate level sprinklers; or

(f) 4000 m2 for single installations controlling intermediate level sprinklers in storage racks, made up of the floor area occupied by the racks and the aisles combined.

Where single installations protect both High Hazard areas and Ordinary Hazard or Light Hazard areas, the High Hazard area shall not exceed the floor area specified in Items (b), (c), (d) or (e) above, as appropriate, and the total area shall not exceed 9000 m2.

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2.1.2.3 Alternate wet and dry systems (see Clause 1.3.29)

An alternate wet and dry sprinkler system shall incorporate either a composite alarm valve (see Clause 8.10.3) or a combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry) (see Clauses 8.10.1 and 8.10.2). During winter months, the installation piping above the composite alarm valve, or alarm valve (dry) shall be charged with air and the remainder of the system, below the valve, shall be charged with water and, at other times, the system shall operate as a wet system as described in Clause 2.1.2.2.

Sprinklers in alternate wet and dry systems shall be installed in the upright position, above the line of pipe. An exception is allowed where listed dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause 1.3.30) are installed or where sprinklers have an anti-freezing device incorporated therein.

Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4).

Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end extensions (see Clauses 2.1.2.8 and 2.1.2.9), does not exceed the following:

(a) Where an accelerator or exhauster is used

(i) 3700 m2 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems; and

(ii) 2100 m2 for High Hazard systems.

(b) Where an accelerator or exhauster is not used

(i) 2500 m2 for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard systems; and

(ii) 1400 m2 for High Hazard systems.

2.1.2.4 Dry systems (see Clause 1.3.29)

A dry sprinkler system shall be permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below the valve.

Dry systems permit sprinklers to be installed in buildings where the temperature conditions are maintained close to or below freezing, such as in cool stores, or fur vaults, or where the temperature is maintained above 70C, such as in drying ovens (see Clause 5.6.14).,

The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a dry system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.1.2.3 for alternate wet and dry systems.

Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4). Standard sprinklers shall only be installed in the upright position above the line of the pipe.

2.1.2.5 Pre-action systems (see Clause 1.3.29)

Pre-action systems may remain dry with atmospheric air above the alarm valve when they protect areas not exceeding 200 m2 otherwise they shall be permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure. Where the systems are pressurized above the alarm valve, they shall be monitored so that an alarm is given on a reduction of pressure.

The pre-action alarm valve shall be operated as follows:

(a) For a single interlock pre-action configurationsolely by the system of heat or smoke detectors to allow the sprinkler piping to become charged with water prior to or following the operation of a sprinkler.

(b) For a double interlock pre-action configurationby both the system of detectors and the monitored low-pressure alarm resulting from the operation of a sprinkler.

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The pre-action detection system may utilize a heat or smoke detection system complying with AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA or, where electrical supply is to be avoided, a sprinkler detection system charged with either air or water under pressure. In each case the detection system shall automatically initiate an alarm.

The heat or smoke detection system shall operate a solenoid valve or trip mechanism as one action to release the pre-action alarm valve. Solenoid valve wiring shall be fire resistant and supervised when the solenoid is not continuously energised as fail-safe, that is, set to release when de-energized.

The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a pre-action system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.1.2.2 for wet systems.

Where the piping could be subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage -(see Clause 7.4) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipe.

The installation spacing and location of heat or smoke detectors shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA.

C2.1.2.5 A single interlock system only becomes a wet system following the operation of the detection system, the objective being to prevent a discharge of water from piping or sprinklers that may have suffered mechanical damage.

A double interlock system offers the greatest safeguard against inadvertent water discharge by requiring that both the system of detectors and the sprinkler installation be activated before water is admitted to the installation piping.

2.1.2.6 Recycling pre-action systems

Re-closing the flow control valve shall be delayed for a period of 5 min, by means of an automatic timer, as a safety measure. Should the fire re-kindle and re-actuate the heat detectors, the flow control valve shall re-open immediately and water shall again flow from the open sprinklers.

The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a recycling pre-action system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems.

The piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.4) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipe.

The installation and spacing of heat or smoke detectors in recycling pre-action systems shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1 as referenced in the BCA

2.1.2.7 Deluge systems (see Clause 1.3.29)

Deluge systems shall be in accordance with AS 2118.3.

C2.1.2.7 Deluge systems are designed primarily for special hazards such as those listed as High Hazard in Clause 2.2. Where any fire could be anticipated to be intense and with a fast rate of propagation. In such circumstances, it is desirable to apply water simultaneously over a complete zone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to open sprinklers or to medium- or high-velocity sprayers.

2.1.2.8 Tail-end systems (see Clause 1.3.29)

Tail-end systems shall form extensions to sprinkler systems.

The following limitations and specific requirements shall apply for tail-end installations:

(a) The total area of tail-end systems on one wet pipe installation shall not exceed 2500 m2. Any one tail-end system shall not exceed 1000 m2.

(b) The subsidiary stop valve shall be monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.

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(c) Suitable drainage shall be provided.

(d) Tail-end systems connected to dry and alternate wet and dry installations shall be limited to dry systems.

2.1.2.9 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems

Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems shall only be connected to wet pipe installations.

In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.1.2.8, the following requirements shall apply for tail-end systems incorporating anti-freezing solutions:

(a) Piping within the area subject to freezing shall be filled with anti-freezing solution and shall be arranged so as to prevent diffusion of water into that area.

(b) Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10C below the minimum temperature possible in the area subject to freezing.

(c) The area covered by any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall not exceed 250 m2.

(d) The piping shall be arranged so that the interface between the anti-freezing solution and the water in the wet system is lower than the point of connection to the wet system.

(e) The following valves and fittings shall be incorporated in the piping:

(i) A subsidiary stop valve monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.

(ii) A drain valve.

(iii) An upper test valve, not more than 350 mm nor less than 250 mm below the filling connection in the wet system.

(iv) A lower test valve, not less than 1.2 m below the upper test valve.

(v) A filling connection.

(vi) A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole to allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise and thus prevent damage to sprinklers. All valves in the system piping shall be metal-faced.

NOTES: 1 These systems are suitable for use in small coolrooms and freezing chambers and other areas

such as loading docks and outhouses in localities subject to freezing conditions. 2 See Figure 2.1.2.9 for an arrangement of the fittings.

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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 2.1.2.9 ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES, AND TAIL-END ANTI-FREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM

2.1.3 Special sprinkler systems

2.1.3.1 General requirements

A special sprinkler system, as defined in Clause 1.3.26, shall be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following:

(a) Wet system.

(b) Alternate wet and dry system.

(c) Dry system.

(d) Pre-action system.

(e) Recycling pre-action system.

(f) Tail-end system.

A special sprinkler system shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.9 and Clauses 2.1.3.2 to 2.1.3.5. NOTE: The use of special sprinklers in High Hazard deluge systems is not recommended unless the special sprinkler is listed for High Hazard applications. Deluge systems should utilize open standard sprinklers or listed medium- or high-velocity sprayers.

2.1.3.2 Specific requirements

2.1.3.2.1 General

Special sprinkler systems shall incorporate special sprinklers installed in accordance with the spacing, location, maximum and minimum pressure limitations, and other requirements set out in -

(a) the listing for the specific sprinkler;

(b) the manufacturers published data sheets, and

(c) the codes and Standards referenced therein.

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The critical design and installation requirements for special sprinkler systems are those that directly affect the performance of the sprinklers. They shall apply only to that part of each system downstream of the control assembly. Other issues, such as the maximum floor area controlled by one control assembly, alarm and monitoring systems, valving, pipe materials, hangers, bracing and the like, shall conform to the requirements of this Standard.

The maximum area covered by a special sprinkler installation shall be in accordance with Clause 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.9

2.1.3.3 ESFR sprinkler system

Special sprinkler systems incorporating ESFR sprinklers (see Clause 1.3.26) shall be wet systems and shall be designed in accordance with Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data Sheets 2-2 and 8-9 and the requirements of this Section

C2.1.3.3 ESFR sprinkler systems are designed exclusively to suppress high-challenge fires in High Hazard storage occupancies. In many instances, in-rack sprinklers can be reduced or eliminated. The system is expected to discharge a large volume of water at high speed, directly onto a fire to suppress the fire before it is fully developed. ESFR sprinklers are quick-acting high-performance sprinklers which have the capability of suppressing fires within designated occupancies.

2.1.3.4 Special systems incorporating residential sprinklers

Residential sprinkler heads may be installed in wet pipe sprinkler systems conforming to this Standard, provided the following criteria are met:

(a) The installation of residential sprinklers is limited to sole occupancy units and their adjoining corridors in residential portions of buildings.

(b) The design requirements of the portion of the system utilizing residential sprinklers conform to Section 9, Light Hazard, and the number of sprinklers assumed to be in operation includes the hydraulically most unfavourable six sprinklers.

(c) Residential sprinklers are listed and installed in strict accordance with positioning, spacing and roof slope requirements. The minimum design density for residential sprinkler systems is 2 mm/min, but not less than that produced from the flow requirements of the individual sprinkler as a function of its spacing, roof slope, temperature rating and minimum pressure requirements.

(d) Special sprinkler systems incorporating residential sprinklers are designed such that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, does not exceed 9000 m2.

(e) Concealed spaces are protected in accordance with Clause 5.6.

C2.1.3.4 Residential sprinkler system design criteria for buildings up to four storeys in involve concessions in terms of extent of sprinkler coverage. Such concessions have not been demonstrated to be applicable to taller buildings involving common service shafts, central HVAC systems, and the like. Therefore, these taller buildings should be protected in accordance with the requirements of this Standard.

Standard sprinkler systems that permit the inclusion of residential sprinklers are designated as special sprinkler systems.

2.1.3.5 Hydraulic calculation

Special sprinkler system designs shall utilize hydraulic calculation procedures, in accordance with Section 12.

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2.1.4 Sprinkler compatibility

Except where localized higher than normal ambient temperatures exist (see Clause 6.5), all sprinklers installed in a compartment shall be of the same category of heat response (RTI), temperature rating, K factor, type (Standard or Special) and sub type (Large Orifice, Large Drop, ESFR, etc.).

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S E C T I O N 3 E X T E N T O F P R O T E C T I O N A N D S Y S T E M M O N I T O R I N G

3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS

3.1.1 General

Where compliance with the BCA requires an external wall to be protected by a sprinkler system, clauses 3.1.2 to 3.1.7 shall apply.

3.1.2 Sprinklers

All sealed sprinklers used for exposure protection shall be rated as fast response, as defined in AS 4118.1.1, and shall have a temperature rating of 93C.

Sprinklers shall be any of the following types and orientation:

(a) Pendent spray (SP)mounted horizontally with the deflector towards the window or wall.

(b) Upright spray (SU)mounted horizontally with the deflector away from the window or wall.

(c) Pendent sidewall(WP) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray towards the window or wall.

(d) Pendent sidewall(WP) mounted horizontally and oriented to direct the spray downwards and parallel to the window or wall.

(e) Horizontal sidewall(WH) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray downwards and parallel to the window or wall.

(f) Sprinklers specifically designed for the purpose and located and spaced in accordance with their listing.

Conventional sprinklers (CU/P) shall not be used, except in the case of protection beneath roof overhangs. Sprinklers beneath roof overhangs shall not be considered a substitute for protection of walls.

3.1.3 Shielding

Where building features do not shield sprinklers to prevent cooling from sprinklers operating above, such sprinkl