Fire safety

CHAPTER –FIRE SAFETYCHAPTER –FIRE SAFETY

THREE ELEMENT OF FIRETHREE ELEMENT OF FIRE

FUELFUEL

Fuel is substance or material that will combine with oxygen in the presence of heat and burn as a result

Source :gases/liquid/gasCompound: Hydrogen and Carbon (can

oxidized)Must mix with air in order to burn

HEATHEAT

Absorbed by substance when it is converted from a solid to a liquid, from liquid to gas

The source of heat : overhead electrical wiring, boiler, chimney, open flame, electrical heater, hotplate etc.

Most substance will burn only after the solid/liquid fuel has been vaporized or decomposed by heat to produce gas

OXYGENOXYGENOxygen is odorless, tasteless and

colorless gasAir contain 21% oxygen, a fire require

16% to burnIt is most difficult element to control in

order to prevent fire.

CLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRE

CLASS ACLASS A

Class A – Ordinary Combustible Solids- Fire that caused by solid,

combustible material

- Example: - Wood, paper, cloth, plastic, rubber

Class A – Ordinary Combustible Solids- Fire that caused by solid,

combustible material

- Example: - Wood, paper, cloth, plastic, rubber

CLASS BCLASS B

Class B – Flammable & Combustible Liquids

Fire that is cause by flammable liquid or liquefiable solid or

combustible gasses

- Example: - Petrol, oil, kerosene, thinner,

alcohol

Class B – Flammable & Combustible Liquids

Fire that is cause by flammable liquid or liquefiable solid or

combustible gasses

- Example: - Petrol, oil, kerosene, thinner,

alcohol

CLASS CCLASS C

Class C – Flammable Gases

Fire that cause by energized electrical, or chemical, equipment or

gases/ liquefiable gases resulted by spillage/ leakage

- Example: - LPG, Gas Butane, Methane, Hydrogen

Class C – Flammable Gases

Fire that cause by energized electrical, or chemical, equipment or

gases/ liquefiable gases resulted by spillage/ leakage

- Example: - LPG, Gas Butane, Methane, Hydrogen

CLASS DCLASS D

Class D – Combustible Metals

Fire which cause by combustible, extinguishing metal

- Example: - Magnesium, Aluminium,Sodium

Class D – Combustible Metals

Fire which cause by combustible, extinguishing metal

- Example: - Magnesium, Aluminium,Sodium

CLASS ECLASS E

Class E – Electrical Fires

Fire which cause by electrical material, electrical device, short circuit

- Example: - Plug, Computer, Switchboard

Class E – Electrical Fires

Fire which cause by electrical material, electrical device, short circuit

- Example: - Plug, Computer, Switchboard

CLASS FCLASS F

Class F – Cooking Oils and Fats

Fire cause by cooking activity

- Example: - Cooking Oil,Fat

Class F – Cooking Oils and Fats

Fire cause by cooking activity

- Example: - Cooking Oil,Fat

FIRE SAFETY PLAN

INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLANPLAN

Must include: 1. Identification of the significant fire

hazard

2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions

3. Alarm procedures

Must include: 1. Identification of the significant fire

hazard

2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions

3. Alarm procedures


Must include: 4. Procedures for notifying employees of a

fire emergency

5. Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency

6. Procedures for evacuation

Must include: 4. Procedures for notifying employees of a

fire emergency

5. Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency

6. Procedures for evacuation


Must include: 7. Procedures to account for all employees

after an evacuation

8. Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan.

Must include: 7. Procedures to account for all employees

after an evacuation

8. Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan.

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIESEMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES

1. The employer must review the plan with each employee at the following times :

I) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and

II) When the actions the employee must take under the plan change because of a change in duties or a change in the plan

1. The employer must review the plan with each employee at the following times :

I) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and

II) When the actions the employee must take under the plan change because of a change in duties or a change in the plan

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIESEMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES2. Keep the plan accessible to employees,

employee representatives, and OSHA

3. Review and update the plan whenever necessary. Employees have been informed about the plan as required

4. Ensure any outside fire response organization that the employer expects to respond to fires at the employer's worksite has been given a copy of the current plan.

2. Keep the plan accessible to employees, employee representatives, and OSHA

3. Review and update the plan whenever necessary. Employees have been informed about the plan as required

4. Ensure any outside fire response organization that the employer expects to respond to fires at the employer's worksite has been given a copy of the current plan.

SAMPLE OF FIRE SAFETY PLAN

FIRE CONTROL METHODFIRE CONTROL METHOD

METHODMETHOD

The methods used to extinguish a fire, once started, fall into two classes:

1. deprive the fire of oxygen and

2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature

3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding oxygen from the site of combustion

The methods used to extinguish a fire, once started, fall into two classes:

1. deprive the fire of oxygen and

2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature

3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding oxygen from the site of combustion

CONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERCONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2

2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen

3. water and foam extinguishers typically use air

1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2

2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen

3. water and foam extinguishers typically use air

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERTYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A small, disposable sodium bicarbonate dry chemical unit intended for home kitchen use

A typical dry chemical extinguisher containing 5 lbs. of ammonium phosphate dry chemical.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERTYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A 20lb.U.S.Navy cartridge-operated purple-K dry chemical (potassium bicarbonate) extinguisher

TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALPowder

Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.

It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.

Powder

Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.

It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.

TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALFoam

Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The foam is generated in the extinguisher using water and a foaming agent.

The most type in portable foam extinguisher is aqueous film forming foam.

Foam

Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The foam is generated in the extinguisher using water and a foaming agent.

The most type in portable foam extinguisher is aqueous film forming foam.

TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALWater

Air pressurized water cool burning material by absorbing heat. (cool burning material)

Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator

Water

Air pressurized water cool burning material by absorbing heat. (cool burning material)

Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator

TYPES OF WET CHEMICALTYPES OF WET CHEMICALAntifreeze Chemicals added to water to

lower its freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.

Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature.

Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.

Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature.

COCO22 AND CLEAN AGENT AND CLEAN AGENTSuch extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2

particles, which convert to gas and blanket the area, excluding oxygen

Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen gas or Freon.

CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials

Such extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2

particles, which convert to gas and blanket the area, excluding oxygen

Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen gas or Freon.

CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials

STEP TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERSTEP TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher

2. Aim at the base of the fire

3. Squeeze the lever slowly

4. Sweep from side to side

5.Call 999 (if required)

1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher

2. Aim at the base of the fire

3. Squeeze the lever slowly

4. Sweep from side to side

5.Call 999 (if required)

METHODS OF METHODS OF EXTINGUISHINGEXTINGUISHING

METHODS OF METHODS OF EXTINGUISHINGEXTINGUISHING

CLASS ACLASS AMethod to extinguishing fire are using :

1.Water

2.Dry chemical

3.Carbon dioxide

Method to extinguishing fire are using :

1.Water

2.Dry chemical

3.Carbon dioxide

CLASS BCLASS BMethod to extinguishing fire are :

1.foam, dry chemical

2. carbon dioxide

3. Powder

4.Water Spray/Light Water/Vaporizing Liquid

5.Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder

Method to extinguishing fire are :

1.foam, dry chemical

2. carbon dioxide

3. Powder

4.Water Spray/Light Water/Vaporizing Liquid

5.Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder

CLASS CCLASS CMethod to extinguishing fire are :

1.Carbon dioxide, dry powder, carbon dioxide agent

2. foam, dry powder in


1.Carbon dioxide, dry powder, carbon dioxide agent

2. foam, dry powder in

CLASS D,E,FCLASS D,E,FMethod to extinguishing fire are :

Class D - Use heat absorbing medium that are reactive with the burning metal

Class E -Dry Chemical and carbon dioxide

Class F – Wet Chemical and carbon dioxide


Class D - Use heat absorbing medium that are reactive with the burning metal

Class E -Dry Chemical and carbon dioxide

Class F – Wet Chemical and carbon dioxide

FIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHOD

PREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION METHODS

1.Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants & other facilities to assist fire & rescue personnel

2. Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires

1.Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants & other facilities to assist fire & rescue personnel

2. Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires


3. Designing & installing building services so that they do no assist the spread

of fire, smoke or toxic fumes

4. Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants

of the building

3. Designing & installing building services so that they do no assist the spread

of fire, smoke or toxic fumes

4. Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants

of the building


5. Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke

6. Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors & compartments

5. Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke

6. Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors & compartments


7. Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building

7. Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building

FIRE PREVENTION PROGRAMFIRE PREVENTION PROGRAM

CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY

Cause:Smoking

Activity:

1.Prohibit smoking in all area2.Clearly marked smoking area and display

sign3. Proper handling and disposal match

Cause:Smoking

Activity:

1.Prohibit smoking in all area2.Clearly marked smoking area and display

sign3. Proper handling and disposal match


Cause:Equipment

Activity:

Equipment should be selected to fit the need of job.

2.Equipment approved by government standard3.provision for safe storage and handling fuel.

Provision for safe disposal for all wasteTraining for personal

Cause:Equipment

Activity:

Equipment should be selected to fit the need of job.

2.Equipment approved by government standard3.provision for safe storage and handling fuel.

Provision for safe disposal for all wasteTraining for personal


Cause:Documentation

Activity:

prepare standard operating procedure (SOP)

Cause:Documentation

Activity:

prepare standard operating procedure (SOP)


Cause:Housekeeping

Activity:

1.provide good housekeeping program2. Minimize accumulation of waste3.Provide safe container for all flammable

and combustion substance

Cause:Housekeeping

Activity:

1.provide good housekeeping program2. Minimize accumulation of waste3.Provide safe container for all flammable

and combustion substance


Cause:Chemical Flammable Liquid

Activity:

1.avoid use highly flammable liquid2. All flammable liquid kept in closed safety container3.limit the supply of flammable liquid4.provide SOP for all hazardous and critical process5.Provide adequate ventilation6.Safety disposal of flammable liquid7.Provide substance for cleaning spillage/leakages8.Prohibit smoking

Cause:Chemical Flammable Liquid

Activity:

1.avoid use highly flammable liquid2. All flammable liquid kept in closed safety container3.limit the supply of flammable liquid4.provide SOP for all hazardous and critical process5.Provide adequate ventilation6.Safety disposal of flammable liquid7.Provide substance for cleaning spillage/leakages8.Prohibit smoking


Cause:Structural Design and fire extinguisher

Activity:

1. use incombustible roof, sparks arrester, insulator of combustible

2.Provide housekeeping to avoid accumulation of fuel

3.Provide fire extinguisher4.Provide periodic maintenance5.Provide SOP

Cause:Structural Design and fire extinguisher

Activity:

1. use incombustible roof, sparks arrester, insulator of combustible

2.Provide housekeeping to avoid accumulation of fuel

3.Provide fire extinguisher4.Provide periodic maintenance5.Provide SOP


Cause:Source of Ignition

Activity:

1.must have proper lubrication and maintenance for friction of machine

2.hot surface must be cooled down3.Electrical arcing must be monitor and check

Cause:Source of Ignition

Activity:

1.must have proper lubrication and maintenance for friction of machine

2.hot surface must be cooled down3.Electrical arcing must be monitor and check


Cause:Fuel

Activity:1. Amount of fuel should be kept to

minimum2.Constant monitoring

Cause:Fuel

Activity:1. Amount of fuel should be kept to

minimum2.Constant monitoring

FIRE PREVENTION EQUIPMENT

FIRE PREVENTION EQUIPMENT

SMOKE DETECTORSMOKE DETECTOR

Function: to warn occupants of a fire in time for them to leave the building and seek safety away from the burning structure.

Benefit : you will receive warning in the event of a fire

Type:1.ion smoke detector -uses a radioactive source

to detect smoke. 2.use a radioactive source to create an electrical

circuit. Breaking the circuit causes the alarm to go off

Function: to warn occupants of a fire in time for them to leave the building and seek safety away from the burning structure.

Benefit : you will receive warning in the event of a fire

Type:1.ion smoke detector -uses a radioactive source

to detect smoke. 2.use a radioactive source to create an electrical

circuit. Breaking the circuit causes the alarm to go off

HEAT DETECTORHEAT DETECTOR

Photoelectric cell detected the emission of infrared/uv radiation from the fire

The radiation produces an electrical current.

Tiny amounts of smoke, even if invisible, disrupt the production of the current, setting off the alarm. Thus, detectors using this system respond quickly, even to fires that do not produce much smoke.

Photoelectric cell detected the emission of infrared/uv radiation from the fire

The radiation produces an electrical current.

Tiny amounts of smoke, even if invisible, disrupt the production of the current, setting off the alarm. Thus, detectors using this system respond quickly, even to fires that do not produce much smoke.

FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORFLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR

Function: used to give early warning of leaks from plant containing flammable gases or vapors, or for monitoring concentrations of such gases and vapors within plant

Benefit: useful where there is the possibility of a leak

If a specified gas concentration or set point is exceeded, the detector system should trigger an alarm.

Function: used to give early warning of leaks from plant containing flammable gases or vapors, or for monitoring concentrations of such gases and vapors within plant

Benefit: useful where there is the possibility of a leak

If a specified gas concentration or set point is exceeded, the detector system should trigger an alarm.

HUMAN DETECTORHUMAN DETECTORThrough surveillance, inspection,

rounding, patrol serves as early as fire detection system

In case of the fire, the number to call is 999, it is recommended to have the number of the Jabatan Bomba

Through surveillance, inspection, rounding, patrol serves as early as fire detection system

In case of the fire, the number to call is 999, it is recommended to have the number of the Jabatan Bomba

ALARM SYSTEMALARM SYSTEMAn automatic fire alarm system is

designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion

A fire alarm system will indicate a FIRE EMERGENCY requiring immediate action. The system shall alert all occupants of a building where it is installed when a fire emergency is present.

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion

A fire alarm system will indicate a FIRE EMERGENCY requiring immediate action. The system shall alert all occupants of a building where it is installed when a fire emergency is present.

SPRINKLERSPRINKLER

The use of sprinkle is to:a.To detect, control and extinguish a fire

b. To warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire

The use of sprinkle is to:a.To detect, control and extinguish a fire

b. To warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire

HOSE REEL SYSTEMHOSE REEL SYSTEMintended for the occupant to use during

the early stages of fire Hose reel: a. 30mcoverage of each hose reel b. One hose reel for every 800sq.mof

usable floor space c. Located along escape routes or besides

exit doors or staircase

intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire

Hose reel: a. 30mcoverage of each hose reel b. One hose reel for every 800sq.mof

usable floor space c. Located along escape routes or besides

exit doors or staircase

Fire safety

Education

Transcript of Fire safety