FIRE PREVENTION &FIRE PREVENTION &CONTROL SERVICESCONTROL SERVICES

Mohd Rodzi Ismail

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Definition of fire prevention & control system:– “Protection in the aspects of fire prevention,

control and extinguishment for a certain area based on the availability of risks in that area" (JPBM:1997)

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FIRE PREVENTION & CONTROL SYSTEM

FIRE PREVENTION & CONTROL SYSTEM

PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE

• Portable extinguishers• Alarm detection• Hose reels• Automatic extinguishers• Pressurised escape route• Smoke extraction &

ventilation

• Portable extinguishers• Alarm detection• Hose reels• Automatic extinguishers• Pressurised escape route• Smoke extraction &

ventilation

• Design of buildings• Structure• Fabric• Components & their

installation

• Design of buildings• Structure• Fabric• Components & their

installation

(Building services area)

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PORTABLE FIRE PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUSHERSEXTINGUSHERS

Bucket of water and sands –inadequate

Colour coded cylinders containing compressed liquids and gasses appropriate to various sources of fire

– Standard fire fighting equipment in all commercial & public buildings

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Colour-coded cylinders, content and application (BS)Colour-coded cylinders, content and application (BS)

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Objective of portable fire extinguishers– To remove or sufficiently reduce at least one

component of the fire trianglefire triangle

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9Fire alarm circuit

Alarm bell

Alarm bell

Break-glass call button

Break-glass call button

1.5 m above floor level

ALARM DETECTIONALARM DETECTION

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Objectives of automatic fire detectors– To indicate location of the outbreak of fire– To operate alarm bells, and– To communicate with the local authority

Various types of operating characteristics:– A bimetallic strip– An ionisation chamber– Light scattering devices– A laser beam

Automatic Fire DetectorsAutomatic Fire Detectors

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HOSE REELSHOSE REELS

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Hose reel installationHose reel installation

Direct supply

Indirect supply

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HYDRANTSHYDRANTS

Internal hydrants: Dry riserInternal hydrants: Dry riser

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Internal hydrants: Wet riserInternal hydrants: Wet riser

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Internal hydrants: Foam installationsInternal hydrants: Foam installations

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AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC EXTINGUISHERSEXTINGUISHERS

Gas extinguishing Gas extinguishing systemssystems

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Water sprinklerWater sprinkler

Main supply

Cistern supply

Simplified sprinkler installationSimplified sprinkler installation

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Types of sprinkler heads– Glass bulb– Fusible link– Chemical– Open

19Sprinkler headsSprinkler heads

20Fusible linkFrangible bulb

21Sprinkler bulb colour & rupturing temperatureSprinkler bulb colour & rupturing temperature

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Spacing and area allocation of sprinklers according to hazard groupSpacing and area allocation of sprinklers according to hazard group

(staggered)

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Types of sprinkler systems– Wet– Dry– Alternate wet & dry– Tail end– Pre-action– Recycling

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Wet sprinkler systemWet sprinkler system

Wet sprinkler installation

Wet sprinkler installation

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Sprinkler controlsSprinkler controls

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Dry sprinkler systemDry sprinkler system

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Alternate wet & dry sprinkler systemAlternate wet & dry sprinkler system– Alternate systems can have the pipes full of water for

the summer and be drained down and filled with air (under pressure) for the winter

– This is important for buildings that are not heated.

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Tail end sprinkler systemTail end sprinkler system– This is a variation on the wet system and the alternate

wet and dry system– It is appropriate where only part of a building is subject

to frost of extremely high ambient temperature

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PrePre--action sprinkler systemaction sprinkler system

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Recycling sprinkler systemRecycling sprinkler system– This a development of the pre-action system– The system is used where it is considered appropriate to

limit damage from water after a fire has been extinguished, or when a sprinkler is accidentally fractured

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Deluge sprinkler systemDeluge sprinkler system

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Water supplies for sprinkler systems

Elevated reservoirElevated reservoir

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Water supplies for sprinkler systems

Gravity tankGravity tank

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Water supplies for sprinkler systems

Suction tank & pumpSuction tank & pump

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Sprinklers’ pipework configuration

Two-end side with central feed pipe

Two-end side with central feed pipe

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Sprinklers’ pipework configuration

Three-end side with end feed pipeThree-end side with end feed pipe

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Sprinklers’ pipework configuration

Two-end centre with end feed

pipe

Two-end centre with end feed

pipe

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Sprinklers’ pipework configuration

Two-end centre with central feed

pipe

Two-end centre with central feed

pipe

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Spacing of sprinkler heads relative to adjacent walls

* Refer to the “Spacing of sprinkler heads” table

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Spacing calculations

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Pipe sizing

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PRESSURISED ESCAPE PRESSURISED ESCAPE ROUTESROUTES

Objective– To create greater

air pressure in escape routes than the remainder of rooms in buildings

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SMOKE EXTRACTION & SMOKE EXTRACTION & VENTILATIONVENTILATION

Objective– To aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic

and inflammable gases from the source of a fire– To retain visibility for escapers, and– To provide clear access for fire fighters

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Smoke logging & ventilationSmoke logging & ventilation

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Number & size of vents

Roof vent, ventilator factorRoof vent, ventilator factor

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Example

Fire vent area calculation

Fire vent area calculation

From table, vent factor is 0.37 mVent area = 50 m x 0.37 m = 18.5 m2

or

18.52000

= 0.0093

Or approximately 1% of the floor area

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Two methods of smoke control in shopping centres

1. Direct extraction from individual shop units (shop extract)

2. A common extract system (mall extract)

SHOP EXTRACT AND SMOKE SHOP EXTRACT AND SMOKE CONTROLCONTROL

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Shop extractShop extract

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Mall extractMall extract

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DRENCHERSDRENCHERS

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Fire Preventing in Ventilating Systems

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Fire Dampers in Ventilation Ductwork

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REFERENCESREFERENCES

Hall, F. & Greeno, R. (2005). Building Services Handbook. London: ElsvierGreeno, R. (1997). Building Services, Technology and Design. Essex: Longman