Fire Explosion Hazard Management IRP18

8/14/2019 Fire Explosion Hazard Management IRP18

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Fire and ExplosionHazard Management (FEHM):

An Overview

Overview of Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Figures

Figure 1. Accident Investigation and Causal Analysis

Figure 2. Fire and Explosion Incidents:Relationship of Key FEHM Components

Figure 3. Understanding Fire and Explosion Mechanics : Fault-Tree-Analysis Diagram based on Ball Energy Model

Figure 4. Preventing Fires and Explosions:Understanding the Expanded Fire Triangle

Figure 5. Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM)

ProcessFigure 6. Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management

Process

Figure 7. Potential Fire and Explosion Controls

Figure 8. Fire and Explosions – Overview of System Dynamics



Overview of Fire and Explos ionHazard Management Figures

The purpose of the document is to provide a printable version and briefexplanation of the diagrams used to develop Industry Recommended PracticeIRP 18 – Fire and Explosion Hazard Management. These diagrams were createdas part of the work of a Canadian Oil and Gas Industry Committee looking intofires and explosions in the upstream industry. Enform has issued an IndustryRecommended Practice prepared by the IRP18 Committee. Further informationabout this IRP can be found on the Enform website http://www.enform.ca/316 .These diagrams were created by Walter Tersmette, P. Eng., as part of his role asthe Co-chairman of this industry committee.

Figure Discussion

1 Accident Investigat ion and Causal AnalysisOne focus of the IRP18 Committee’s work was to identify and analyze relevantfire and explosion case studies. To complete the analysis, two accident theorymodels used by the safety industry were applied: 1) James Reason’s “SwissCheese” model and 2) Edward Adam’s “Organizational Responsibility Model”.Reason’s “Swiss Cheese” model sets out the basic relationships betweenhazards, defenses and losses. The model identifies three basic levels ofdefenses based on organizational, local workplace and human factors and thepotential holes in those defenses. Adam’s “Organizational Responsibility Model”looks more closely at the activities of managers, supervisors and workers, the keypeople in every management system.

2 Fire and Explosion Incidents: Relationship of Key FEHM ComponentsThis diagram illustrates the relationship between the key components of fire andexplosion management relative to the sequential events in an accident.

• What was the fire and explosion hazard management process? (FEHM - Thisis described by Figures 5, 6 and 7)

• Were the potential hazards fully recognized: fuel, oxygen-air and ignition-energy sources? (Figure 4)

• What were the preventive barriers and controls? What plans and procedures

http://www.enform.ca/316

http://www.enform.ca/316



Figure Discussion

3 Understanding Fire and Explosion Mechanics: A Simplif ied Fault-Tree AnalysisThis is a simplified fault-tree-analysis diagram based on the Ball Energy Model.One important addition resulting from the analysis of fire and explosion casestudies was the recognition that dealing with a ‘closed’ system, there is a need toassess how oxygen may enter that system and the potential consequencesshould this occur.

4 Preventing Fires and Explosions - Understanding the Fire TriangleBased on the case studies reviewed, the committee ascertained that many of theincidents were the result of failure to recognize potential fire and explosionhazards. Figure 4 shows a more complete range of potential hazards related tofuel, oxygen and ignition sources .

5 Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM) ProcessThis diagram depicts the relationship between an employer’s philosophy, fire and

explosion hazard management process and prevention plans and controls.6 Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Process

This diagram depicts the five stages of an effective FEHM process. The figureincludes reduced images of a number of the other figures to help clarify therelationships between the figures in this document.

7 Potential Fire and Explosion ControlsThis diagram shows a list of potential controls that should be considered toprevent or reduce the risk of fires and explosions.

8 Fire and Explos ions – Overview of System DynamicsThis diagram shows the complex interrelations between the three components ofthe fire triangle and the factors affecting the probability of ignition.



Figure 1

Investigation and Analysis of Fire and Explosion Incidents

Worker Supervisor Management

Organizational Workplace Human

Engineering Controls

Admin is tra tive Controls

ProtectiveEquipment

Defenses

FireExplosion

Incident

Fire & ExplosionHazard - Threat

Incident Causation Model

Determining the Nature of Incident Dynamics

Understanding the Physical Operations Being Completed

Identifying Site Layout, Equipment and Protection

Assessing the Abil ity of People to Avoid Errors

Fire & Explosion Hazard Management Diagrams.doc5_DR1



Figure 3

Understanding Fire and Explosion MechanicsFault-Tree-Analysis Diagram based on Ball Energy Model

HazardThreat

Present

Barriers /Controls

Fail

IgnitionSource

Fire andExplosion

Incident

Heat (Ignition) Oxygen (Air)

Fuels [6]

FEHM

Strategy

Procedures

Must be considered for thoseoperations where oxygen may beintroduced into a “closed”system. For hydrocarbonreleases into atmosphere, thereis no opportunity to affect thisdimension of the fire triangle.

OxygenSource

HazardThreat

Present

Barriers /Controls

Fail

Barriers /HazardThreat

PresentControls

Fail

FuelSource





Heat / Igni tion Sources [5]

1. Hot Work2. Vehicles (Inluding engines and3. Other Open Flames (i.e. Flare

Stacks, Burners, Torches)4. Electric Arcs and Sparks (i.e.

non-explosion proof equipment)

5. Static Electricity6. Hot Surfaces7. Friction and Mechanical Sparks8. Chemical Reactions and Sparks

(i.e. fuel - oxidizer reactions)9. Spontaneous Combustion10. Pyrophors (i.e. Iron Sulphide)

11. Pressure / Compression Ignition(Dieseling)12. Sudden Decompression13. Catalytic Reactions

Oxygen SourcesPlanned Introduction of Airo Air-based operationso Air Purging

Unplanned Introduction of Airo Underbalanced operationso Swabbing & other operations

that create a vacuumo Pockets of air created during the

installation and servicing ofEquipment

o Oxidized (Weathered)Hydrocarbons

o Oxidizerso Chemical Reactionso On-Site Generated Nitrogeno Tank Drawdown

Release of Hydrocarbons into Ai r

Liquids / Vapourso Crude oil / Condensateo NGL liquidso Hydrocarbon based frac

fluidso Gasoline, Diesel & other

fuelso Methanol

Solidso Lubricantso Sealants,o Packings, “O” rings,

diaphragms and valveseats

o Paints and Coatings

Oxygen / Air

Fuels [6]

FEHM

Strategy

Procedure

Ignition /

Chemicalso Solvents and cleaning

agentso Special compounded

hydraulic fluids &lubricants

o Chemicals used for wellservicing and stimulations

Gaseso Natural Gaso Hydrogen Sulphideo LPG Gases (Including

propane and butane)o Other hazardous gases

(i.e. hydrogen, acetylene,carbon monoxide)

Figure 4Preventing Fires and Explosions: Understanding the Fire Triangle



Figure 5

Fire and Explosion Hazard Management (FEHM) Process

Fire and Ex losion Mana ement ProcessThe overall strategic approach the company establishesfor managing fire and explosion hazards.

• Inherently Safe Design• Hazard / Risk Assessment

FEHM • Process Safety Management• Assigned Responsibilities• Safety Management Systems• Education & Training

Philosophy • Communication (Worksite &

Industry)

• Site-Specific Prevention

PlanningWhat a companybelieves. Its approach

to hazard managementand what risk it iswilling to accept.

Prevention Plans The specific measures thatdetermine how the FEHMprocess is implemented.


Preventive Barriers and ControlsFEHM Process System & Equipment Design

Layout and SpacingThis is the company’s overall, systematicapproach to identifying, reducing and

managing hazards. It defines how and when acompany plans to execute its philosophies.

Equipment Inspection &Maintenance

Operating Procedures

Protective & Emergency Contro ls Gas and Fire Detection

Fire and Explosion Prevention PlansThese concise plans document the protocols required for

specific operations. They show how the FEHM philosophy andprogram will be applied to a specific job and work site.

Emergency Controls andShutdowns

Emergency ResponseEquipment and Procedures

Fire Protection Systems



STAGE 1 Assess Fire and

Explosion Hazardsfor PlannedOperations

STAGE 2Identify Need for Site-

Specific Fire &Explosion PreventionPlan

Preventive Controls

Emergency Procedures

Emergency Equipment

Detection / SuppressionSystems

Alarms and Controls

Protective Controls

EquipmentRequirements

Planned Operations

Incident Experience

What Are You Doing?

Fuel Source

Ignition Sources

Oxygen Sources

What Can Go Wrong?

STAGE 4Develop &

Implement Fire& ExplosionPrevention Plan

STAGE 5Monitor

Effectiveness &Revise Processas Needed

STAGE 3Evaluate and

Choose Fire andExplosion ControlMeasures

Equipment Designand Barriers

Worker Training

Operating Plans

and Procedures

Figure 6– Stages of a Fire and Explosion Hazard Management Process




Vehicle Access Control

Lease / Equipment Layout

Equipment Design Specifications

Equipment and Design Contro ls

O2 / LEL sensors

Fixed Fire Protection Systems

Warning & Alarm Systems

Detection and Suppression Systems

Isolate - Blank and Blind.(Lock-out / Tag Out)

Purge Out of Service(Clean or Clear)

Fuel – Hydrocarbon Source Controls

Explosion Proof Electrical Equipment

Elimination of Open Flames

Pressure / Temperature Control

Energy – Ignition Source Controls

Site-Specific Operating Procedures

Codes of Practice & Related IRPs

Equipment Inspection & Maintenance

Emergency Transporation Plans

Escape Equipment & Routes

Emergency Response Plans (ERP)

“ O x y g e n –

A i r S o u r c e

”

C o n

t r o

l

Grounding and Bonding Spill Containment / Control

Fire Control Equipment

First Aid Equipment

Evacuation Plans

Inert Gas Blanket

Seals & Gaskets

Purging Into Service

Material Inventory Control

Figure 7

Potential Fire and

Explosion Controls

Gas and/or FireDetection

Equipment

EmergencyShutdowns &

Controls

Area Classifications

Material Substitution

Ventilation

Safe Work Permit System

Management of Change

Pre-Startup Safety Review

Worker Training & Education

Emergency Controls

Operating Plans and Practices




There are 3 key points that must be remembered:1. Anytime all three sides of the fire triangle can co-exist, there is real potential for a fire or explosion.2. There are 8 critical risk factors that increase the probability of a fire and explosion significantly.3. The system is dynamic and circumstances change over time. As a result, safe situations may become unsafe.

Ignition Delays:Is there enough timefor the required heat

transfer to take place?

What are the potential fuel– hydrocarbon sources?

How are workactivities affectingfuel quantity andquality?

Can work activities

introduce additionalignition sources?

What are thepotential energy orignition sources?

What are theoxygen or airsources?

Are work activitiescausing oxygen/air to beadded into the system?Is it possible for fuels tobe released into theworkspace?

OxygenAir

Fuel Hydrocarbon

Energy Ignition

Figure 8 Fire and Explosions – Overview of System Dynamics

What controls are in placeto ensure worker and

equipment safety?


Fire Explosion Hazard Management IRP18

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