Findings of Congress The Endangered Species Act is the last resort for species at risk of...
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![Page 1: Findings of Congress The Endangered Species Act is the last resort for species at risk of extinction. Under the ESA, the National Marine Fisheries Service.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070418/5697bf701a28abf838c7d3f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Findings of Congress
• The Endangered Species Act is the last resort for species at risk of extinction.
• Under the ESA, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) is accountable to ensure that salmon and marine species are preserved for future generations.
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Scope of FederalSalmon Recovery
Initiatives
WASHINGTON
IDAHO
OREGON
MONTANA
Snake River
Columbia River
Listed Salmon & Steelhead
Chum (1 Stock)
Sockeye (1 Stock)
Chinook (5 Stocks)
Steelhead (5 Stocks)
Federal Dams
Non-Federal Dams
Canadian Dams
Dams without Fish Passage
Salmon & Steelhead Range Affected by Lower Snake River Dams
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Effects of Dams on Salmonids
• Restrict access to habitat• Alter habitat• Alter hydrology• Alter gradient• Passage hazard• Creates recreational opportunities and
expectations. • Creates opportunities for further water
development within the basin.
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Actions called for in NMFS’ biological opinions
• Dam Operations• Spill at Dams• Flow Measures• Transportation• Dam Modifications• Research Monitoring & Evaluation• Hatcheries• Habitat
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Status of Adult Passage
• Successful for adult salmon, generally in the range of 98% conversion per dam.
• Lamprey passage success is poor
• Sturgeon passage is poor
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Turbine Survival
• Varies by project
• Survival range is 85 to 100%
• Most projects are in the range of 90%
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Most fish are transported
• 1993-2006– 60-99% of non-tagged stream-type
Chinook– 70-99% of non-tagged steelhead
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Transport study results
• Transportation appears to benefit hatchery stream-type Chinook and steelhead
• Transportation does not appear to greatly benefit wild stream-type Chinook
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Spillway Survival
• Spillway survival varies by project
• Survival range is 90 to 100%
• Most projects are in the upper 90% range
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Bypass Survival
• Varies by project
• Range of survival is 90 to 100%
• Most projects are in the mid to upper 90% range.
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Wild chinook salmon
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1 2 3 4Number of detections
Notdetected
* P<0.05
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5LGR only
*
** * **
** *ns**
**
*
% of fish in thenot-detectedcategory
13.6 28.8 29.3 17.5 14.1 29.6 1.0 24.8 26.9 7.9 4.0
Year of outmigration
Rela
tive r
etu
rn r
ate
s to
Low
er
Gra
nite
Dam
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Flow Management Program
• Spring Season– Yearling migrants
• Summer Season– Subyearling migrants
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Spring Flow Management
• Largely achieved by having reservoirs operate no lower than their flood control rule curves by April 10.
• Rationale is it passes the freshet into the river as opposed to refilling reservoir space.
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Historic estimated juvenile chinook traveltime from Lewiston to Bonneville Dam
(after Raymond 1979)
0
10
20
30
40 no dams
Low flow Moderate flow High FlowSnake R. (35-53 kcfs) (71-106 kcfs) (106-177 kcfs)
Columbia R. (141-177 kcfs) (212-318 kcfs) (353-494 kcfs)
Tra
vel t
ime
(d
ays
)
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Estimated yearling chinook travel time -Lewiston to Bonneville Dam
0
10
20
30
40no dams4 dams8 dams
Low flow Moderate flow High FlowSnake R. (35-53 kcfs) (71-106 kcfs) (106-177 kcfs)
Columbia R. (141-177 kcfs) (212-318 kcfs) (353-494 kcfs)
Tra
vel t
ime
(d
ays
)
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Basis for Managing Flow
• Evolutionary Considerations
• Recognition there was a flow/travel time relationship for juvenile salmon.
• Data suggesting survival benefits over the life cycle of salmon (SARs).
• Beneficial effects of a freshwater plume to estuary and near ocean environmental processes.
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Flow Objectives
• Flow levels sought during the spring juvenile migration.
• Columbia River
Spring: 220 – 260 kcfs depending on runoff volume
Snake River
Spring: 85 – 100 kcfs depending on runoff
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Recent and Near Term Project Modifications
• Lower Monumental Dam RSW - 2008
• Spill Wall extension at The Dalles – 2008
• Ice Harbor RSW – 2005
• Bonneville Corner Collector - 2004
• The Dalles Spillway Wall – 2008
• John Day Surface Bypass - 2008
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Chinook salmon
1965 1970 1975 1980
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1995 2000
Nodata
Outmigration year
Est
imat
ed h
ydro
pow
ersy
stem
sur
viva
l
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1970 1980 1990 20000
1
2
3
4
5
6
2-oceanonly
Raymond (1988)
afterPetrosky et al.(2001)
Williams et al. (2005)(updated)
Estimated Snake River wild spring-summerchinook salmon returns (escapement to upperSnake River dam + catch)
CSS PIT
Outmigration year
Sm
olt-
to-a
du
lt re
turn