Financial Sector has been incrementally deregulated and exposed to international financial markets...
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Transcript of Financial Sector has been incrementally deregulated and exposed to international financial markets...
• Financial Sector has been incrementally deregulated and exposed to international financial markets in the last 15 years;
• Consequently, elements of the Indian financial sector are close to international standards.
• Global financial market conditions are favourable
• Are we seizing the opportunity for urgent reforms and greater integration?
• How do we decide what is an optimal rate to integrate with global financial markets?
• Increase competition and thereby enhance the efficiency of financial intermediation and promote overall savings;
• Widen and deepen the reach of the formal financial sector;
• Ensure that the country’s savings are utilized most productively; and
• Manage the risks stemming from disturbances in global markets to insulate the financial sector and the Indian economy.
OBJECTIVES
• There should be an adequate number of buyers and sellers such that all market participants are price-takers
• The primary market (for all issuance) should have a large number of participants
• Valuations in the secondary market should be transparent and liquid enough to allow easy exit
• The bid-ask spreads in the secondary markets should be narrow.
CRITERIA FOR COMPETITIVE MARKETS
ISSUES
• The depth of the financial sector is relatively low
• About two-thirds of private savings are mobilized by the financial sector.
• Productivity of investments should be given greater weightage in allocation of credit.
Table 1
Stock of Financial Assets as % of GDP(2004)
Country Financial Assets
India 160
Japan 420
Malaysia 400
South Korea 235
China 220
• A gradualist approach to “Fuller Capital Account Convertibility” is in order. The risks stemming from potential demand for investments in foreign assets (including real-estate) are not quantifiable and may be unmanageable in times of domestic-international stress
• Domestic interest rates are not adequately market determined i.e. there is need for further deregulation of interest rates
Table 3
Financial Sector Regulators
Country Regulators of Financial Services
UK Financial Service Authority (FSA)
Japan Financial Service Agency (FSA)
Germany The Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin)
India Banking – RBICapital Markets – SEBI
Insurance – IRDAPension – PFRDA
China Banking – China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC)Capital Markets – State Council Securities Commission (SCSC)Insurance – The China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIR)
USA Banking – Federal Reserve BankCapital Markets – Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)Derivatives – Commodities and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
• The banking sector has reformed considerably since the early 1990s but is excessively dominated by the public sector which receives 78% of the deposits and makes about 73% of the loans
Table 4
Indian Banks – Market shares (in percent) Deposits Loans
Mar 2000 Mar 2005 Mar 2000 Mar 2005
Public Sector
81.9 78 79.3 73.2
New Private
5.2 10.9 5.0 13.8
Old Private
7.4 6.4 7.6 6.2
Foreign 5.5 4.7 8.0 6.8
Table 5
Bank Lending as percentage of Deposits
(2004) Country Lending as percent of Deposits
China 130
UK 114
Malaysia 101
USA 92
India 61
• Efficiency in the banking sector lags international comparators in terms of intermediation costs
• Just two domestic private banks have entered this sector in the last ten years
• A coordinated effort is needed to hasten consolidation among and international listings of public sector banks and entry of new private sector banks
• Separate regulator for banking
• We should not mix up insolvency with illiquidity
• Indian equity and related exchange traded derivatives markets and to some extent the mutual fund industry compare well with international markets
• The over the counter (OTC) interest rate and currency swap markets cannot grow without better market determination of domestic interest rates and further capital account convertibility (FCAC)
• The corporate debt market is miniscule and needs a series of reforms including stamp duty rationalization, repos in corporate bonds, settlement and clearing of corporate bonds through the same clearing system as government securities, introduction of credit derivatives, lifting of limits for FII purchases of corporate bonds
• Exchange traded interest rate derivatives should be encouraged since this will improve the market determination of domestic interest rates and help the corporate bond market to grow
• Exchange traded currency derivatives can wait for next steps towards FCAC
• Commodity derivatives markets should be regulated by SEBI
• The Companies Act needs to be amended and SEBI strengthened to take over the regulatory responsibilities under this Act
• The private equity market should be courted and exit valuation methodologies made transparent and predictable.
• The asset backed securities market will not develop without considerable preparatory work particularly on the legal issues involved. Hence, special efforts need to be directed to this end.
• In cross-country terms, the Indian insurance industry is small in depth and coverage and there is tremendous potential for growth. Premiums should be deregulated, the requirement to hold at least 50% of assets in government securities should be gradually relaxed as also the ceiling of 26% ceiling for foreign ownership
• The pension sector is almost entirely in the public sector and covers only about 16% of the work-force. Progress is hindered by a multiplicity of Acts, administered by several GoI Ministries, which have subdivided the sector. The pay-as-you-go government administered pension systems should be gradually replaced by defined contribution schemes in which pension assets are invested in securities, both debt and equity. The pension sector needs to be comprehensively reviewed, at a GoI wide level, in the light of the potential for it to help boost the equity and bond markets and thereby the entire financial sector
• The complex web of legislation that applies to the financial sector needs to be simplified. Further, there are obvious anomalies in certain Acts e.g. those which provide for RBI representation on the boards of public sector banks such as State Bank of India (SBI), National Housing Bank (NHB).
Table 6
Debit and Credit Card Penetration2004
(percent of population)
India 3
South Korea 174
Brazil 71
China 61
Thailand 54
Mexico 44
Table 7
Equity Market Capitalisation and Traded Values(2005)
Country Market Capitalisation
Value Added Listed Domestic Cos.
India 71 57 4763
USA 136 172 5143
Japan 104 109 3279
UK 139 189 2759
Germany 44 63 648
China 35 26 1387
*Figures in percent
Table 8
OTC and Exchange Traded Derivatives
Country/ Region
OTC Derivatives Markets Average daily turnover*
Exchange-tradedDerivatives MarketsAnnual turnover**
India (2005) Not available 1
USA (2004) 355 819
EU (2004) 1001 487
*US$ billion; ** US$ trillion
Table 9
Mutual Fund Assets Under Management(US$ billion end 2005)
Country Mutual Fund Assets % of GDP
India 64 8
USA 8,905 71
France 1,363 65
Switzerland 117 32
UK 547 25
Netherlands 94 15
Germany 297 11
Japan 470 10
Table 10
Issuance of Equity and Debt
Year Equity Issues
Rs. Crores
GOI Securities
Rs. Crores
Debt Issues
Publicly placed
Privately placed
2004-05 28,200 (0.9)
1,06,501 (3.4)
4,094 55,408 (1.8)
2005-06 36,533 (1.0)
1,60,018 (4.5)
-- 81,846 (2.3)
2006-07
(Apr-Sep)
8,205 BE 1,81,875
-- 47,945
Figures in () are percent of GDP
Table 11
Corporate Bond Markets(2004)
Country % of GDPIndia 2
USA 145
Germany 116
UK 83
Malaysia 73
Thailand 22
South Africa 17
China 1
Table 12
Mortgage Balances Outstanding 2005
(Percent of GDP)
India 3
USA 51
UK 54
South Korea 13
Thailand 9
Malaysia 23
Germany 48
Table 13
OTC and Exchange Traded Commodity Derivatives
Country OTC Commodity Derivatives Trading (Average daily turnover 2004 – US$ billion)
Exchange Traded Commodity Derivatives (Annual turnover 2005 – US$ trillion)
India -- 0.33
USA 4.6 82
EU 13 49
Table 14
International Comparision of Insurance Penetration
Country 20022002 20032003 20042004
Total Life Non-life
Total Life Non-life
Total Life Non-life
USA 9.58 4.6 4.98 9.61 4.25 5.15 9.17 4.12 5.05
UK 14.75 10.19 4.56 13.37 8.62 4.75 12.6 8.92 3.68
Germany 6.76 3.06 3.7 6.99 3.17 3.82 6.97 3.11 3.86
Japan 10.86 8.64 2.22 10.81 8.61 2.2 9.52 6.75 2.77
India 3.26 2.59 0.67 2.88 2.26 0.62 3.17 2.53 0.65
China 2.98 2.03 0.96 3.33 2.3 1.03 3.06 2.21 1.05
World 8.14 4.76 3.38 8.06 4.59 3.48 7.99 4.55 3.43
Table 15
International Comparision of Insurance Density
CountryCountry 20032003 20042004
Total Life Non-life Total Life Non-life
USA 3637.7 1657.5 1980.2 3755.1 1692.5 2062.6
UK 4058.5 2617.1 1441.4 4508.4 3190.4 1318.0
Germany 2051.2 930.4 1120.8 2286.6 1021.3 1265.3
Japan 3770.9 3002.9 768 3874.8 3044 830.8
India 16.4 12.9 3.5 19.7 15.7 4.0
China 36.3 25.1 12.2 40.2 27.3 12.9
World 469.6 267.1 202.5 511.5 291.5 220
Table 16
Insurance Assets Under Management (US$ billion end 2005)
Country Insurance Assets % of GDP
India 22 3
USA 5,465 44
Japan 2,264 50
UK 1,907 87
France 1,527 72
Germany 1,370 49
Netherlands 385 61
Switzerland 337 91
Table 17
Pension Assets Under Management (US$ billion end 2005)
Country Pension Funds % of GDP
India 60* 8
Switzerland 469 127
Netherlands 693 110
USA 12,119 97
Japan 3,419 75
UK 1,607 73
France 165 8
Germany 114 4
* Estimate of EPFO, EPS and PF Funds.
Table 18
Asset Allocation of Pension Funds (2005)
Country Domestic Equity
International Equity
Domestic Bonds
International Bonds
Cash Others
Japan 29 16 26 11 11 7
UK 39 28 23 1 2 7
USA 47 13 33 1 1 5
Table 19
Old-dependency ratio (population above 64 years of age divided by the
population between 14-64)
20052005 20502050
World 11 25G10 23 42China 11 37Latin America 9 29India 8 22